{ "access": { "embargo": { "active": false, "reason": null }, "files": "public", "record": "public", "status": "open" }, "created": "2020-07-16T09:49:56.458883+00:00", "custom_fields": { "meeting:meeting": { "dates": "22-25 August 2019", "place": "University of California, Santa Barbara", "title": "Second PQC Standardization Conference" } }, "deletion_status": { "is_deleted": false, "status": "P" }, "files": { "count": 1, "enabled": true, "entries": { "18-A-Lightweight-Implementation-of-NTRUEncrypt-for-8-bit-AVR-Microcontrollers.pdf": { "checksum": "md5:5f7cdfd248b028cb03a8cdca655c4ec2", "ext": "pdf", "id": "3f926301-086e-4a2f-8b5b-4c6eb4f2af7c", "key": "18-A-Lightweight-Implementation-of-NTRUEncrypt-for-8-bit-AVR-Microcontrollers.pdf", "metadata": null, "mimetype": "application/pdf", "size": 545986 } }, "order": [], "total_bytes": 545986 }, "id": "3947856", "is_draft": false, "is_published": true, "links": { "access": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3947856/access", "access_links": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3947856/access/links", "access_request": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3947856/access/request", "access_users": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3947856/access/users", "archive": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3947856/files-archive", "archive_media": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3947856/media-files-archive", "communities": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3947856/communities", "communities-suggestions": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3947856/communities-suggestions", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3947856", "draft": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3947856/draft", "files": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3947856/files", "latest": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3947856/versions/latest", "latest_html": "https://zenodo.org/records/3947856/latest", "media_files": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3947856/media-files", "parent": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3947855", "parent_doi": "https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.3947855", "parent_html": "https://zenodo.org/records/3947855", "requests": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3947856/requests", "reserve_doi": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3947856/draft/pids/doi", "self": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3947856", "self_doi": "https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.3947856", "self_html": "https://zenodo.org/records/3947856", "self_iiif_manifest": "https://zenodo.org/api/iiif/record:3947856/manifest", "self_iiif_sequence": "https://zenodo.org/api/iiif/record:3947856/sequence/default", "versions": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3947856/versions" }, "media_files": { "count": 0, "enabled": false, "entries": {}, "order": [], "total_bytes": 0 }, "metadata": { "creators": [ { "affiliations": [ { "name": "University of Luxembourg" } ], "person_or_org": { "family_name": "Cheng", "given_name": "H.", "name": "Cheng, H.", "type": "personal" } }, { "affiliations": [ { "name": "University of Luxembourg" } ], "person_or_org": { "family_name": "Gro\u00dfsch\u00e4dl", "given_name": "J.", "name": "Gro\u00dfsch\u00e4dl, J.", "type": "personal" } }, { "affiliations": [ { "name": "University of Luxembourg" } ], "person_or_org": { "family_name": "R\u00f8nne", "given_name": "P.", "name": "R\u00f8nne, P.", "type": "personal" } }, { "affiliations": [ { "name": "University of Luxembourg" } ], "person_or_org": { "family_name": "Ryan", "given_name": "P.", "name": "Ryan, P.", "type": "personal" } } ], "description": "
Introduced in 1996, NTRUEncrypt is not only one of the earliest but also one of the most scrutinized lattice-based cryptosystems and a serious contender in NIST’s ongoing Post-Quantum Cryptography (PQC) standardization project. An important criterion for the assessment of candidates is their computational cost in various hardware and software environments. This paper contributes to the evaluation of NTRUEncrypt on the ATmega class of AVR microcontrollers, which belongs to the most popular 8-bit platforms in the embedded domain. More concretely, we present AvrNtru, a carefully-optimized implementation of NTRUEncrypt that we developed from scratch with the goal of achieving high performance and resistance to timing attacks. AvrNtru complies with version 3.3 of the EESS#1 specification and supports recent product-form parameter sets like ees443ep1, ees587ep1, and ees743ep1. A full encryption operation (including mask generation and blindingpolynomial generation) using the ees443ep1 parameters takes 834,272 clock cycles on an ATmega1281 microcontroller; the decryption is slightly more costly and has an execution time of 1,061,683 cycles. When choosing the ees743ep1 parameters to achieve a 256-bit security level, 1,539,829 clock cycles are cost for encryption and 2,103,228 clock cycles for decryption. We achieved these results thanks to a novel hybrid technique for multiplication in truncated polynomial rings where one of the operands is a sparse ternary polynomial in product form. Our hybrid technique is inspired by Gura et al’s hybrid method for multiple-precision integer multiplication (CHES 2004) and takes advantage of the large register file of the AVR architecture to minimize the number of load instructions. A constant-time multiplication in the ring specified by the ees443ep1 parameters requires only 210,827 cycles, which sets a new speed record for the arithmetic component of a lattice-based cryptosystem on an 8-bit microcontroller.
", "funding": [ { "award": { "acronym": "FutureTPM", "id": "00k4n6c32::779391", "identifiers": [ { "identifier": "https://cordis.europa.eu/projects/779391", "scheme": "url" } ], "number": "779391", "program": "H2020", "title": { "en": "Future Proofing the Connected World: A Quantum-Resistant Trusted Platform Module" } }, "funder": { "id": "00k4n6c32", "name": "European Commission" } } ], "languages": [ { "id": "eng", "title": { "en": "English" } } ], "publication_date": "2020-07-16", "publisher": "Zenodo", "resource_type": { "id": "publication-conferencepaper", "title": { "de": "Konferenzbeitrag", "en": "Conference paper" } }, "rights": [ { "description": { "en": "The Creative Commons Attribution license allows re-distribution and re-use of a licensed work on the condition that the creator is appropriately credited." }, "icon": "cc-by-icon", "id": "cc-by-4.0", "props": { "scheme": "spdx", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode" }, "title": { "en": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International" } } ], "subjects": [ { "subject": "Post-Quantum Cryptography" }, { "subject": "NTRU" }, { "subject": "Polynomial Arithmetic" }, { "subject": "Product- Form Polynomials" }, { "subject": "Constant-Time Implementation" } ], "title": "A Lightweight Implementation of NTRUEncrypt for 8-bit AVR Microcontrollers" }, "parent": { "access": { "owned_by": { "user": 41483 } }, "communities": { "default": "23cefd56-a879-4d78-97b1-289b8d2ea3d7", "entries": [ { "access": { "member_policy": "open", "members_visibility": "public", "record_policy": "open", "review_policy": "open", "visibility": "public" }, "children": { "allow": false }, "created": "2018-03-08T08:11:35.495469+00:00", "custom_fields": {}, "deletion_status": { "is_deleted": false, "status": "P" }, "id": "23cefd56-a879-4d78-97b1-289b8d2ea3d7", "links": {}, "metadata": { "curation_policy": "Only publications related to the H2020 FutureTPM Project will be curated.", "page": "GOALS
\r\n\r\nWith the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), industry’s digital transformation has begun by bringing new challenges. Security, in particular, is one of the main concerns due, in part, to recent developments in quantum computing.
\r\n\r\nA quantum computer is different from common digital computers, where data are encoded into binary digits (bits), each of which is always in one of two definite states (0 or 1). Instead, a quantum computation uses quantum bits (qubits), which can be in superpositions of states. This means that a quantum computer with n qubits can be in an arbitrary superposition of up to 2n different states simultaneously, whereas a "normal' computer can only be in one of these 2n states at any one time. Experts believe that once a fault-tolerant universal quantum computer is available, which may still be several years away, it will be capable of solving complex mathematical problems, rendering all currently used public-key cryptographic solutions insecure. As a result, the need to find ways to incorporate quantum-resistant (QR) cryptographic algorithms into deployed systems is becoming very pressing.
\r\n\r\nThe FutureTPM project is aimed at designing and developing a Quantum-Resistant (QR) Trusted Platform Module (TPM). FutureTPM will provide a new generation of TPM-based solutions, including hardware, software and virtualization environments, by incorporating robust and physically secured Quantum-Resistant cryptographic primitives. This will allow long-term security, privacy and operational assurance for future ICT systems and services. FutureTPM solutions will also improve the security of Hardware Security Modules, Trusted Execution Environments, Smart Cards, and the Internet of Things.
", "title": "FutureTPM" }, "revision_id": 0, "slug": "futuretpm-h2020", "updated": "2018-03-08T08:13:27.779185+00:00" }, { "access": { "member_policy": "open", "members_visibility": "restricted", "record_policy": "open", "review_policy": "closed", "visibility": "public" }, "children": { "allow": true }, "created": "2022-11-23T15:53:29.436323+00:00", "custom_fields": {}, "deletion_status": { "is_deleted": false, "status": "P" }, "id": "f0a8b890-f97a-4eb2-9eac-8b8a712d3a6c", "links": {}, "metadata": { "curation_policy": "The EU Open Research Repository serves as a repository for research outputs (data, software, posters, presentations, publications, etc) which have been funded under an EU research funding programme such as Horizon Europe, Euratom or earlier Framework Programmes.
\nThe community is managed by CERN on behalf of the European Commission.
\nZenodo’s general policies and Terms of Use apply to all content.
\nThe EU Open Research Repository accepts all digital research objects which is a research output stemming from one of EU’s research and innovation funding programmes. The funding programmes currently include:
\nHorizon Europe (including ERC, MSCA), earlier Framework Programmes (eg Horizon 2020) as well as Euratom.
\nIn line with the principle as open as possible, as closed as necessary both public and restricted content is accepted. See note on how Zenodo handles restricted content.
\nEU programme beneficiaries are eligible to submit content to the community. The community supports three types of content submissions:
\nSubmission via an EU Project Community (through user interface or programmatic APIs).
\nSubmission directly to the EU Open Research Repository.
\nAutomated harvesting from existing Zenodo content.
\nA representative of an EU project may request an EU Project Community and invite other project participants as members of the community. The project community is linked to one or more European Commission grants. All records in the project community are automatically integrated into the EU Open Research Repository immediately upon acceptance into the project community.
\nAny user may submit a record directly to the EU Open Research Repository. The submission will be moderated by Zenodo staff for compliance with the minimal required metadata requirements and its correctness.
\nRecords found among Zenodo’s existing content will on a regular basis automatically be integrated if they are found to comply with the requirements. The submissions through this method are integrated into the EU Open Research Repository with delay in a fully automated way.
\nRecords in the EU Open Research Repository are required to comply with the following minimal metadata requirements:
\nVisibility: Both public and restricted (with or without embargo and/or access request)
\nResource types: All resource types.
\nLicenses: Public and embargoed records MUST specify a license.
\nFunding information: Records MUST specify at least one grant from the European Commission.
\nCreators: Creators SHOULD be identified with a persistent identifier (e.g. ORCID, GND, …), and affiliations SHOULD be identified with a persistent identifier (e.g. ROR, ISNI, …)
\nSubjects: Records SHOULD specify one or more fields of science from the European Science Vocabulary.
\nAll submissions will undergo automated curation checks for compliance with the policy. Submissions through project communities are reviewed by the project community. Submission directly to the EU Open Research Repository is reviewed by Zenodo staff.
\nCommunity curators may at any point edit metadata of the records in the community without notice through human or automated processing. The curators may at their sole discretion remove records from the community that are deemed not to comply with the content and curation policy or which are deemed of insufficient quality.
\nThe content and curation policy is subject to change by the community owner at any time and without notice, other than through updating this page.
", "description": "Open repository for EU-funded research outputs from Horizon Europe, Euratom and earlier Framework Programmes.", "organizations": [ { "id": "00k4n6c32" } ], "page": "The EU Open Research Repository is a Zenodo-community dedicated to fostering open science and enhancing the visibility and accessibility of research outputs funded by the European Union. The community is managed by CERN on behalf of the European Commission.
\nThe mission of the repository is to support the implementation of the EU's open science policy, providing a trusted and comprehensive space for researchers to share their research outputs such as data, software, reports, presentations, posters and more. The EU Open Research Repository simplifies the process of complying with open science requirements, ensuring that research outputs from Horizon Europe, Euratom, and earlier Framework Programmes are freely accessible, thereby accelerating scientific discovery and innovation.
\nThe EU Open Research Repository serves as a complementary platform to the Open Research Europe (ORE) publishing platform. Open Research Europe focuses on providing a publishing venue for peer-reviewed articles, ensuring that research meets rigorous academic standards. The EU Open Research Repository provides a space for all the other research outputs including data sets, software, posters, and presentations that are out of scope for ORE. This holistic approach enables researchers to not only publish their findings but also share the underlying data and materials that support their work, fostering transparency and reproducibility in the scientific process.
\nCurrently in its pilot phase and set to be fully operational during autumn 2024, the EU Open Research Repository is constantly evolving. Efforts are committed to integrating cutting-edge features, including automated curation checks and FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) assistance, to further support the research community. The goal is to provide researchers with a simple goto solution for making their publicly funded research open and as FAIR as possible.
\nThe EU Open Research Repository is funded by the European Union under grant agreement no. 101122956(HORIZON-ZEN). For more information about the project see https://about.zenodo.org/projects/horizon-zen/.
", "title": "EU Open Research Repository (Pilot)", "type": { "id": "organization" }, "website": "https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu" }, "revision_id": 16, "slug": "eu", "theme": { "brand": "horizon", "enabled": true, "style": { "font": { "family": "Arial, sans-serif", "size": "16px", "weight": 600 }, "mainHeaderBackgroundColor": "#FFFFFF", "primaryColor": "#004494", "primaryTextColor": "#FFFFFF", "secondaryColor": "#FFD617", "secondaryTextColor": "#000000", "tertiaryColor": "#e3eefd", "tertiaryTextColor": "#1c5694" } }, "updated": "2024-03-20T06:47:47.577483+00:00" } ], "ids": [ "23cefd56-a879-4d78-97b1-289b8d2ea3d7", "f0a8b890-f97a-4eb2-9eac-8b8a712d3a6c" ] }, "id": "3947855", "pids": { "doi": { "client": "datacite", "identifier": "10.5281/zenodo.3947855", "provider": "datacite" } } }, "pids": { "doi": { "client": "datacite", "identifier": "10.5281/zenodo.3947856", "provider": "datacite" }, "oai": { "identifier": "oai:zenodo.org:3947856", "provider": "oai" } }, "revision_id": 3, "stats": { "all_versions": { "data_volume": 68007395.0, "downloads": 155, "unique_downloads": 140, "unique_views": 186, "views": 204 }, "this_version": { "data_volume": 49138740.0, "downloads": 90, "unique_downloads": 82, "unique_views": 104, "views": 111 } }, "status": "published", "updated": "2021-01-11T10:17:38.359176+00:00", "versions": { "index": 1, "is_latest": false } }