Ernesto Jimenez Ruiz
Irina Pene
v1.0 (July 1, 2020)
in Ma (million years)
Balanced cross-section
Block diagram
Geological cross-section
Geological image
This axiom is important to query for the data in systems like OptiqueVQS
Geological map
Lithostratigraphic chart
Map with geo-properties
Paleogeographic map
Stratigraphic cross-section
Structural cross-section
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174.1
Abandoned well is a well permanently plugged in the drilling phase for technical reasons.
Accreted Terrane
Tectonostratigraphic Terrane
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440.8
100.5
113.0
242.0
247.2
An anticline is a type of fold that is an arch-like shape and has its oldest beds at its core, whereas a syncline is the inverse of a anticline.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticline
113.0
125.0
20.44
23.03
2500.0
4000.0
283.5
290.1
293.52
298.9
168.3
170.3
125.0
129.4
37.8
41.2
315.2
323.2
166.1
168.3
139.8
145.0
15.97
20.44
0.781
1.8
163.5
166.1
485.4
541.0
72.1
83.6
A cap rock is a relatively impermeable rock, commonly shale, anhydrite or salt, that forms a barrier or seal above and around reservoir rock so that fluids cannot migrate beyond the reservoir.
https://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/c/cap_rock.aspx
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265.1
298.9
358.9
227.0
237.0
93.9
100.5
251.9
254.14
23.03
27.82
272.95
298.9
86.3
89.8
66.0
145.0
61.6
66.0
467.3
470.0
458.4
467.3
In geology, depositional environment describes the combination of physical, chemical and biological processes associated with the deposition of a particular type of sediment and, therefore, the rock types that will be formed after lithification, if the sediment is preserved in the rock record.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depositional_environment
Deposition is the geological process in which sediments, soil and rocks are added to a landform or land mass. Wind, ice, water, and gravity transport previously weathered surface material, which, at the loss of enough kinetic energy in the fluid, is deposited, building up layers of sediment.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition_(geology)
Development well is a collective term for wells used to recover petroleum, including injection wells, observation wells, production wells and possible combinations of these.
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419.2
500.5
504.5
387.7
393.3
393.3
407.6
3600.0
4000.0
33.9
56.0
Exploration well is a well drilled to prove a possible deposit of petroleum or obtain information to delimit a discovered deposit.
https://www.npd.no/en/about-us/information-services/abc-of-oil/
358.9
372.2
A fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock-mass movement.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_(geology)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust_fault
A system of interconnecting and intersecting faults of the same or different ages.
Fault-propagation folds form at the tip of a thrust fault where propagation along the decollement has ceased but displacement on the thrust behind the fault tip is continuing.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrust_fault
Geologists use the term fault zone when referring to the zone of complex deformation associated with the fault plane. A fault plane is the plane that represents the fracture surface of a fault.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault_(geology)
Field represents one discovery, or a number of concentrated discoveries, which the licensees have decided to develop and for which the authorities have approved, or granted exemption for, a Plan for Development and Operation (PDO).
https://www.npd.no/en/about-us/information-services/abc-of-oil/
470.0
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Flower structures are folded structures associated with strike-slip faults. In areas where strike-slip faults occur in converging crust, or transpression, rocks are faulted upward in a positive flower structure. In areas of strike-slip faulting in diverging crust, or transtension, rocks drop down to form a negative flower structure. Flower structures can form hydrocarbon traps. The term "flower structure" reflects the resemblance of the structure to the petals of a flower in cross section.
https://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/f/flower_structure.aspx
A fold occurs when one or a stack of originally flat and planar surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, are bent or curved as a result of permanent deformation.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fold_(geology)
A fold and thrust belt (FTB) is a series of mountainous foothills adjacent to an orogenic belt, which forms due to contractional tectonics. Fold and thrust belts usually comprise both folds and thrust faults, commonly interrelated. They are commonly also known as thrust-and-fold belts, or simply thrust-fold belts.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fold_and_thrust_belt
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A fossil is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil
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1.8
2.58
The geological time hierarchy was created based on ICC (International Chronotratigraphic Chart), v 2020/01.
http://www.stratigraphy.org/
GeochronologicTime
The units of geologic time during which chronostratigraphic units were formed are called geochronologic units. Chronostratigraphic units are bodies of rocks, layered or unlayered, that were formed during a specified interval of geologic time.
https://stratigraphy.org/guide/chron
A geological contact is a boundary which separates one rock body (geological object) from another. There are three different types of contacts, which are divided into primary contacts and secondary contacts. Primary contacts include depositional, unconformable, and intrusive contacts. Secondary contacts include those induced by tectonic activity such as fault contacts and shear zones.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_(geology)
GeologicalObject describes the basic items that are gathered in geological assemblages. It is categorized in Units and Boundaries.
This concept has been reused from The Basic Geology Ontology.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290734392_Formalizing_Geological_Knowledge_through_Ontologies_and_Semantic_Annotation
This concept has been reused from The Basic Geology Ontology.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290734392_Formalizing_Geological_Knowledge_through_Ontologies_and_Semantic_Annotation
Geologic structures are usually the result of the powerful tectonic forces that occur within the earth. These forces fold and break rocks, form deep faults, and build mountains.
This concept has been reused from The Basic Geology Ontology.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290734392_Formalizing_Geological_Knowledge_through_Ontologies_and_Semantic_Annotation
A geological unit is a volume of rock with distinct characteristics.
Geological Unit
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AA graben is a fault block, generally elongate, that has been lowered relative to the blocks on either side without major disturbance or pronounced tilting.
https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F3-540-31060-6_165
0.0082
0.0117
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272.95
497.0
500.5
298.9
303.7
4000.0
4600.0
A half-graben is a geological structure bounded by a fault along one side of its boundaries, unlike a full graben where a depressed block of land is bordered by parallel faults.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-graben
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445.2
1.0E-4
0.0117
427.4
430.5
A horst is a raised fault block bounded by normal faults.
A horst is a raised block of the Earth's crust that has lifted, or has remained stationary, while the land on either side (graben) has subsided.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_(geology)
Horst and graben complex refer to regions that lie between normal faults and are either higher or lower than the area beyond the faults.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_and_graben
Hydrocarbon represents a naturally occurring organic compound comprising hydrogen and carbon. Hydrocarbons can be as simple as methane [CH4], but many are highly complex molecules, and can occur as gases, liquids or solids. The molecules can have the shape of chains, branching chains, rings or other structures. Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons.
The most common hydrocarbons are natural gas, oil and coal.
https://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Terms/h/hydrocarbon.aspx
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251.9
Island arcs are long chains of active volcanoes with intense seismic activity found along convergent tectonic plate boundaries (such as the Ring of Fire). Most island arcs originate on oceanic crust and have resulted from the descent of the lithosphere into the mantle along the subduction zone.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_arc
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307.0
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453.0
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Landmass is a contiguous region of land surrounded by ocean.
It may be a continent or an island.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmass
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Lithostratigraphic units are sequences of sedimentary and volcanic rocks that are subdivided on the basis of their lithology. Going from smaller to larger in scale, the main units recognised are Bed, Member, Formation, Group and Supergroup.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratigraphic_unit
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423.0
427.4
41.2
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72.1
Map contours represent lines that include points of equal value and separate points of higher value from points of lower value. Common types of contour maps include topographic contour maps, which show the elevation of the Earth's surface; structure contour maps, which show the elevation or depth of a formation; and gross or net sand or pay maps, which show variations in the thickness of a stratigraphic unit, also called isopachs.
https://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/c/contour_map.aspx
A map key or legend is included with a map to unlock it. It gives you the information needed for the map to make sense. Maps often use symbols or colors to represent things, and the map key explains what they mean. Map keys are often boxes in the corner of the map, and the information they give you is essential to understanding the map.
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-a-map-key-legend-definition-symbols-examples.html
In geology, a key bed or marker bed is a relatively thin layer of sedimentary rock that is readily recognized on the basis of either its distinct physical characteristics or fossil content and can be mapped over a very large geographic area. As a result, a key bed is useful for correlating sequences of sedimentary rocks over a large area.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_bed
In classical physics and general chemistry, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume. Matter exists in various states (also known as phases). These include classical everyday phases such as solid, liquid, and gas.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter
1.0E-4
0.0042
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1000.0
1600.0
66.0
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5.333
7.246
MetamorphicRock
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A mid-ocean ridge (MOR) is a seafloor mountain system formed by plate tectonics.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge
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315.2
0.126
0.781
237.0
247.2
5.333
23.03
323.2
358.9
307.0
315.2
2500.0
2800.0
2.58
23.03
541.0
1000.0
The "net-to-gross ratio" or "net/gross" (N/G) is the total amount of pay footage divided by the total thickness of the reservoir interval. A N/G of 1.0 means that the whole of the reservoir interval is pay footage.
https://petrowiki.org/Net_pay_determination
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An ocean is a body of water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean
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A rock rich in organic matter which, if heated sufficiently, will generate oil or gas. Typical source rocks, usually shales or limestones, contain about 1% organic matter and at least 0.5% total organic carbon (TOC), although a rich source rock might have as much as 10% organic matter.
https://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/en/Terms/s/source_rock.aspx
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Permeability in fluid mechanics and the Earth sciences (commonly symbolized as k) is a measure of the ability of a porous material (often, a rock or an unconsolidated material) to allow fluids to pass through it.
The permeability of a medium is related to the porosity, but also to the shapes of the pores in the medium and their level of connectedness.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_(Earth_sciences)
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The petroleum system is a unifying concept that encompasses all of the disparate elements and processes of petroleum geology, including: the essential elements (source, reservoir, seal, and overburden rock) and processes (trap formation, generation-migration-accumulation) and all genetically related petroleum that originated from one pod of active source rock and occurs in shows, seeps, or accumulations; also called hydrocarbon system.
https://wiki.aapg.org/Petroleum_system
Phanerozoic Eon
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3.6
0.0117
2.58
182.7
190.8
2.58
5.333
Porosity or void fraction is a measure of the void spaces in a material, and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume, between 0 and 1, or as a percentage between 0% and 100%.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porosity
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PrecambrianEonotherm
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419.2
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423.0
541.0
2500.0
1.0E-4
2.58
Reservoir rocks are rocks that have the ability to store fluids inside their pores, so that the fluids (water, oil, and gas) can be accumulated. In petroleum geology, reservoir is one of the elements of petroleum system that can accumulate hydrocarbons (oil or gas). Reservoir rock must have good porosity and permeability to accumulate and drain oil in economical quantities.
https://wiki.aapg.org/Reservoir
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272.95
A rock is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its chemical composition and the way in which it is formed. Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks and sedimentary rocks. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the crust.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_(geology)
Tilted block faulting, also called rotational block faulting, is a mode of structural evolution in extensional tectonic events, a result of tectonic plates stretching apart.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilted_block_faulting
27.82
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83.6
86.3
The sea is the connected body of salty water that covers over 70% of Earth's surface.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea
Sediment represents the unconsolidated grains of minerals, organic matter or preexisting rocks, that can be transported by water, ice or wind, and deposited.
https://www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com/Terms/s/sediment.aspx
SedimentaryRock
A seismic attribute is a quantity extracted or derived from seismic data that can be analysed in order to enhance information that might be more subtle in a traditional seismic image, leading to a better geological or geophysical interpretation of the data. Examples of seismic attributes can include measured time, amplitude, frequency and attenuation, in addition to combinations of these.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_attribute
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Sequence stratigraphy, a branch of sedimentary stratigraphy, deals with the order, or sequence, in which depositionally related stratal successions (time-Rock) units were laid down in the available space or accommodation.
http://www.sepmstrata.org/page.aspx?pageid=15
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13.82
A shear zone is a zone of strong deformation (with a high strain rate) surrounded by rocks with a lower state of finite strain. It is characterised by a length to width ratio of more than 5:1.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shear_zone
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Source rock refers to rocks from which hydrocarbons have been generated or are capable of being generated. They form one of the necessary elements of a working petroleum system. They are organic-rich sediments that may have been deposited in a variety of environments including deep water marine, lacustrine and deltaic.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_rock
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Subduction zones are sites of gravitational sinking of Earth's lithosphere (the crust plus the top non-convecting portion of the upper mantle).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subduction
System tracks are genetically associated stratigraphic units that were deposited during specific phases of the relative sea-level cycle (Posamentier, et al, 1988).
http://www.sepmstrata.org/Terminology.aspx?id=systems%20tract
Tectonics is the process that controls the structure and properties of the Earth's crust and its evolution through time. In particular, it describes the processes of mountain building, the growth and behavior of the strong, old cores of continents known as cratons, and the ways in which the relatively rigid plates that constitute the Earth's outer shell interact with each other.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonics
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59.2
145.0
152.1
174.1
182.7
7.246
11.63
346.7
358.9
477.7
485.4
201.3
251.9
89.8
93.9
66.0
100.5
358.9
382.7
145.0
163.5
323.2
330.9
443.8
458.4
298.9
307.0
0.0117
0.126
201.3
237.0
132.9
139.8
330.9
346.7
Well is a hole drilled to find or delimit a petroleum deposit and/or produce petroleum or water for injection purposes, inject gas, water or another medium, or map or monitor well parameters.
https://www.npd.no/en/facts/wells/well-classification/
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5.333
Abyssal channel
Deep marine depositional environment
Shallow marine to deep marine depositional environment
Abyssal fan
Turbidite
Turbidity-current deposit
Turbidity-flow deposit