January 30, 2020 Project deliverable Open Access

Moat, Ben; Herbaut, Christophe; Larsen, Karin Margretha; Hansen, Bogi; Sinha, Bablu; Sanchez-Franks, Alejandra; Houpert, Loic; Liu, Yang; Hazeleger, Wilco; Attema, Jisk; Yeager, Stephen; Small, Justin; Valdimarsson, Hedinn; Berx, Barbara; Cunningham, Stuart; Houpert, Loic; Hallam, Samantha; Woodgate, Rebecca; Lee, Craig; Kwon, Young Oh; Flemming, Laura; Mercier, Herle; Jochumsen, Kerstin; Mecking, Jennifer; Holliday, Penny Holliday; Josey, Simon

DataCite XML Export

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  <identifier identifierType="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.3631100</identifier>
  <creators>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Moat, Ben</creatorName>
      <givenName>Ben</givenName>
      <familyName>Moat</familyName>
      <affiliation>National Oceanography Centre</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Herbaut, Christophe</creatorName>
      <givenName>Christophe</givenName>
      <familyName>Herbaut</familyName>
      <affiliation>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Larsen, Karin Margretha</creatorName>
      <givenName>Karin Margretha</givenName>
      <familyName>Larsen</familyName>
      <affiliation>Faroe Marine Research Institute</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Hansen, Bogi</creatorName>
      <givenName>Bogi</givenName>
      <familyName>Hansen</familyName>
      <affiliation>Faroe Marine Research Institute</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Sinha, Bablu</creatorName>
      <givenName>Bablu</givenName>
      <familyName>Sinha</familyName>
      <affiliation>National Oceanography Centre</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Sanchez-Franks, Alejandra</creatorName>
      <givenName>Alejandra</givenName>
      <familyName>Sanchez-Franks</familyName>
      <affiliation>National Oceanography Centre</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Houpert, Loic</creatorName>
      <givenName>Loic</givenName>
      <familyName>Houpert</familyName>
      <affiliation>National Oceanography Centre</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Liu, Yang</creatorName>
      <givenName>Yang</givenName>
      <familyName>Liu</familyName>
      <affiliation>Netherlands eScience Center</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Hazeleger, Wilco</creatorName>
      <givenName>Wilco</givenName>
      <familyName>Hazeleger</familyName>
      <affiliation>Netherlands eScience Center</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Attema, Jisk</creatorName>
      <givenName>Jisk</givenName>
      <familyName>Attema</familyName>
      <affiliation>Netherlands eScience Center</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Yeager, Stephen</creatorName>
      <givenName>Stephen</givenName>
      <familyName>Yeager</familyName>
      <affiliation>National Center for Atmospheric Research</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Small, Justin</creatorName>
      <givenName>Justin</givenName>
      <familyName>Small</familyName>
      <affiliation>National Center for Atmospheric Research</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Valdimarsson, Hedinn</creatorName>
      <givenName>Hedinn</givenName>
      <familyName>Valdimarsson</familyName>
      <affiliation>Marine and Freshwater Research Institute</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Berx, Barbara</creatorName>
      <givenName>Barbara</givenName>
      <familyName>Berx</familyName>
      <affiliation>Marine Scotland Science</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Cunningham, Stuart</creatorName>
      <givenName>Stuart</givenName>
      <familyName>Cunningham</familyName>
      <affiliation>Scottish Association for Marine Science</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Houpert, Loic</creatorName>
      <givenName>Loic</givenName>
      <familyName>Houpert</familyName>
      <affiliation>University of Southampton</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Hallam, Samantha</creatorName>
      <givenName>Samantha</givenName>
      <familyName>Hallam</familyName>
      <affiliation>University of Southampton</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Woodgate, Rebecca</creatorName>
      <givenName>Rebecca</givenName>
      <familyName>Woodgate</familyName>
      <affiliation>University of Washington</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Lee, Craig</creatorName>
      <givenName>Craig</givenName>
      <familyName>Lee</familyName>
      <affiliation>University of Washington</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Kwon, Young Oh</creatorName>
      <givenName>Young Oh</givenName>
      <familyName>Kwon</familyName>
      <affiliation>Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Flemming, Laura</creatorName>
      <givenName>Laura</givenName>
      <familyName>Flemming</familyName>
      <affiliation>Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Mercier, Herle</creatorName>
      <givenName>Herle</givenName>
      <familyName>Mercier</familyName>
      <affiliation>Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Jochumsen, Kerstin</creatorName>
      <givenName>Kerstin</givenName>
      <familyName>Jochumsen</familyName>
      <affiliation>Bundesamts für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Mecking, Jennifer</creatorName>
      <givenName>Jennifer</givenName>
      <familyName>Mecking</familyName>
      <affiliation>National Oceanography Centre</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Holliday, Penny Holliday</creatorName>
      <givenName>Penny Holliday</givenName>
      <familyName>Holliday</familyName>
      <affiliation>National Oceanography Centre</affiliation>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Josey, Simon</creatorName>
      <givenName>Simon</givenName>
      <familyName>Josey</familyName>
      <affiliation>National Oceanography Centre</affiliation>
    </creator>
  </creators>
  <titles>
    <title>Model-observation and reanalyses comparison at key locations for heat transport to the Arctic (D2.1)</title>
  </titles>
  <publisher>Zenodo</publisher>
  <publicationYear>2020</publicationYear>
  <dates>
    <date dateType="Issued">2020-01-30</date>
  </dates>
  <language>en</language>
  <resourceType resourceTypeGeneral="Text">Project deliverable</resourceType>
  <alternateIdentifiers>
    <alternateIdentifier alternateIdentifierType="url">https://zenodo.org/record/3631100</alternateIdentifier>
  </alternateIdentifiers>
  <relatedIdentifiers>
    <relatedIdentifier relatedIdentifierType="DOI" relationType="IsVersionOf">10.5281/zenodo.3631099</relatedIdentifier>
    <relatedIdentifier relatedIdentifierType="URL" relationType="IsPartOf">https://zenodo.org/communities/blue-actionh2020</relatedIdentifier>
  </relatedIdentifiers>
  <rightsList>
    <rights rightsURI="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International</rights>
    <rights rightsURI="info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess">Open Access</rights>
  </rightsList>
  <descriptions>
    <description descriptionType="Abstract">&lt;p&gt;Assessment of key lower latitude influences on the Arctic and their simulation&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Summary&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Blue-Action Work Package 2 (WP2) focuses on lower latitude drivers of Arctic change, with a focus on&lt;br&gt;
the influence of the Atlantic Ocean and atmosphere on the Arctic. In particular, warm water travels from&lt;br&gt;
the Atlantic, across the Greenland-Scotland ridge, through the Norwegian Sea towards the Arctic. A&lt;br&gt;
large proportion of the heat transported northwards by the ocean is released to the atmosphere and&lt;br&gt;
carried eastward towards Europe by the prevailing westerly winds. This is an important contribution to&lt;br&gt;
northwestern Europe&amp;#39;s mild climate. The remaining heat travels north into the Arctic. Variations in the&lt;br&gt;
amount of heat transported into the Arctic will influence the long term climate of the Northern&lt;br&gt;
Hemisphere. Here we assess how well the state of the art coupled climate models estimate this&lt;br&gt;
northwards transport of heat in the ocean, and how the atmospheric heat transport varies with changes&lt;br&gt;
in the ocean heat transport. We seek to improve the ocean monitoring systems that are in place by&lt;br&gt;
introducing measurements from ocean gliders, Argo floats and satellites.&lt;br&gt;
These state of the art computer simulations are evaluated by comparison with key trans-Atlantic&lt;br&gt;
observations. In addition to the coupled models &amp;lsquo;ocean-only&amp;rsquo; evaluations are made. In general the&lt;br&gt;
coupled model simulations have too much heat going into the Arctic region and the transports have too&lt;br&gt;
much variability. The models generally reproduce the variability of the Atlantic Meridional Ocean&lt;br&gt;
Circulation (AMOC) well. All models in this study have a too strong southwards transport of freshwater&lt;br&gt;
at 26&amp;deg;N in the North Atlantic, but the divergence between 26&amp;deg;N and Bering Straits is generally&lt;br&gt;
reproduced really well in all the models.&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;Altimetry from satellites have been used to reconstruct the ocean circulation 26&amp;deg;N in the Atlantic, over&lt;br&gt;
the Greenland Scotland Ridge and alongside ship based observations along the GO-SHIP OVIDE Section.&lt;br&gt;
Although it is still a challenge to estimate the ocean circulation at 26&amp;deg;N without using the RAPID 26&amp;deg;N&lt;br&gt;
array, satellites can be used to reconstruct the longer term ocean signal. The OSNAP project measures&lt;br&gt;
the oceanic transport of heat across a section which stretches from Canada to the UK, via Greenland.&lt;br&gt;
The project has used ocean gliders to great success to measure the transport on the eastern side of the&lt;br&gt;
array. Every 10 days up to 4000 Argo floats measure temperature and salinity in the top 2000m of the&lt;br&gt;
ocean, away from ocean boundaries, and report back the measurements via satellite. These data are&lt;br&gt;
employed at 26&amp;deg;N in the Atlantic to enable the calculation of the heat and freshwater transports.&lt;br&gt;
As explained above, both ocean and atmosphere carry vast amounts of heat poleward in the Atlantic. In&lt;br&gt;
the long term average the Atlantic ocean releases large amounts of heat to the atmosphere between&lt;br&gt;
the subtropical and subpolar regions, heat which is then carried by the atmosphere to western Europe&lt;br&gt;
and the Arctic. On shorter timescales, interannual to decadal, the amounts of heat carried by ocean and&lt;br&gt;
atmosphere vary considerably. An important question is whether the total amount of heat transported,&lt;br&gt;
atmosphere plus ocean, remains roughly constant, whether significant amounts of heat are gained or&lt;br&gt;
lost from space and how the relative amount transported by the atmosphere and ocean change with&lt;br&gt;
time. This is an important distinction because the same amount of anomalous heat transport will have&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p&gt;very different effects depending on whether it is transported by ocean or the atmosphere. For example&lt;br&gt;
the effects on Arctic sea ice will depend very much on whether the surface of the ice experiences&lt;br&gt;
anomalous warming by the atmosphere versus the base of the ice experiencing anomalous warming&lt;br&gt;
from the ocean. In Blue-Action we investigated the relationship between atmospheric and oceanic heat&lt;br&gt;
transports at key locations corresponding to the positions of observational arrays (RAPID at 26&amp;deg;N,&lt;br&gt;
OSNAP at ~55N, and the Denmark Strait, Iceland-Scotland Ridge and Davis Strait at ~67N) in a number of&lt;br&gt;
cutting edge high resolution coupled ocean-atmosphere simulations. We split the analysis into two&lt;br&gt;
different timescales, interannual to decadal (1-10 years) and multidecadal (greater than 10 years). In the&lt;br&gt;
1-10 year case, the relationship between ocean and atmosphere transports is complex, but a robust&lt;br&gt;
result is that although there is little local correlation between oceanic and atmospheric heat transports,&lt;br&gt;
Correlations do occur at different latitudes. Thus increased oceanic heat transport at 26&amp;deg;N is&lt;br&gt;
accompanied by reduced heat transport at ~50N and a longitudinal shift in the location of atmospheric&lt;br&gt;
flow of heat into the Arctic. Conversely, on longer timescales, there appears to be a much stronger local&lt;br&gt;
compensation between oceanic and atmospheric heat transport i.e. Bjerknes compensation.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
    <description descriptionType="Other">The Blue-Action project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020
Research and Innovation Programme under Grant Agreement No 727852.</description>
  </descriptions>
  <fundingReferences>
    <fundingReference>
      <funderName>European Commission</funderName>
      <funderIdentifier funderIdentifierType="Crossref Funder ID">10.13039/501100000780</funderIdentifier>
      <awardNumber awardURI="info:eu-repo/grantAgreement/EC/H2020/727852/">727852</awardNumber>
      <awardTitle>Arctic Impact on Weather and Climate</awardTitle>
    </fundingReference>
  </fundingReferences>
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