July 26, 2019 Journal article Open Access

Castiglione, Filippo; Ghersi, Dario; Celada, Franco

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    <subfield code="a">Castiglione, Filippo</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">Computer Modeling of Clonal Dominance: Memory-Anti-Naïve and Its Curbing by Attrition</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">&lt;p&gt;Experimental and computational studies have revealed that T-cell cross-reactivity is a&amp;nbsp;widespread phenomenon that can either be advantageous or detrimental to the host.&amp;nbsp;In particular, detrimental effects can occur whenever the clonal dominance of memory&amp;nbsp;cells is not justified by their infection-clearing capacity. Using an agent-based model&amp;nbsp;of the immune system, we recently predicted the &amp;ldquo;memory anti-na&amp;iuml;ve&amp;rdquo; phenomenon,&amp;nbsp;which occurs when the secondary challenge is similar but not identical to the primary&amp;nbsp;stimulation. In this case, the pre-existingmemory cells formed during the primary infection&amp;nbsp;may be rapidly deployed in spite of their low affinity and can actually prevent a potentially&amp;nbsp;higher affinity na&amp;iuml;ve response from emerging, resulting in impaired viral clearance. This&amp;nbsp;finding allowed us to propose a mechanistic explanation for the concept of &amp;ldquo;antigenic&amp;nbsp;sin&amp;rdquo; originally described in the context of the humoral response. However, the fact&amp;nbsp;that antigenic sin is a relatively rare occurrence suggests the existence of evolutionary&amp;nbsp;mechanisms that can mitigate the effect of the memory anti-na&amp;iuml;ve phenomenon. In&amp;nbsp;this study we use computer modeling to further elucidate clonal dominance and the&amp;nbsp;memory anti-na&amp;iuml;ve phenomenon, and to investigate a possible mitigating factor called&amp;nbsp;attrition. Attrition has been described in the experimental and computational literature&amp;nbsp;as a combination of competition for space and apoptosis of lymphocytes via type-I&amp;nbsp;interferon in the early stages of a viral infection. This study systematically explores&amp;nbsp;the relationship between clonal dominance and the mechanism of attrition. Our results&amp;nbsp;suggest that attrition can indeed mitigate the memory anti-na&amp;iuml;ve effect by enabling the&amp;nbsp;emergence of a diverse, higher affinity na&amp;iuml;ve response against the secondary challenge.&lt;br&gt;
In conclusion, modeling attrition allows us to shed light on the nature of clonal interaction&amp;nbsp;and dominance.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/p&gt;</subfield>
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    <subfield code="a">10.3389/fimmu.2019.01513</subfield>
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