{ "access": { "embargo": { "active": false, "reason": null }, "files": "public", "record": "public", "status": "open" }, "created": "2019-06-21T04:35:17.266624+00:00", "custom_fields": { "journal:journal": { "issue": "", "pages": "e37084", "title": "Biodiversity Information Science and Standards", "volume": "3" } }, "deletion_status": { "is_deleted": false, "status": "P" }, "files": { "count": 2, "enabled": true, "entries": { "BISS_article_37084.pdf": { "checksum": "md5:f0f74f608c938c9efaea1abc2d0c75ba", "ext": "pdf", "id": "a65b54bc-6af7-4ec9-aed5-0eb79670f80c", "key": "BISS_article_37084.pdf", "metadata": null, "mimetype": "application/pdf", "size": 85429 }, "BISS_article_37084.xml": { "checksum": "md5:1b7f016f538d879edf1d3c2bfa8a1ea4", "ext": "xml", "id": "6dff2fe3-b199-4fa0-96c1-3369a26105f6", "key": "BISS_article_37084.xml", "metadata": null, "mimetype": "text/xml", "size": 21899 } }, "order": [], "total_bytes": 107328 }, "id": "3251321", "is_draft": false, "is_published": true, "links": { "access": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3251321/access", "access_links": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3251321/access/links", "access_request": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3251321/access/request", "access_users": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3251321/access/users", "archive": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3251321/files-archive", "archive_media": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3251321/media-files-archive", "communities": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3251321/communities", "communities-suggestions": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3251321/communities-suggestions", "doi": "https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.3.37084", "draft": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3251321/draft", "files": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3251321/files", "latest": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3251321/versions/latest", "latest_html": "https://zenodo.org/records/3251321/latest", "media_files": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3251321/media-files", "parent": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3251320", "parent_doi": "https://zenodo.org/doi/", "parent_html": "https://zenodo.org/records/3251320", "requests": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3251321/requests", "reserve_doi": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3251321/draft/pids/doi", "self": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3251321", "self_doi": "https://zenodo.org/doi/10.3897/biss.3.37084", "self_html": "https://zenodo.org/records/3251321", "self_iiif_manifest": "https://zenodo.org/api/iiif/record:3251321/manifest", "self_iiif_sequence": "https://zenodo.org/api/iiif/record:3251321/sequence/default", "versions": "https://zenodo.org/api/records/3251321/versions" }, "media_files": { "count": 0, "enabled": false, "entries": {}, "order": [], "total_bytes": 0 }, "metadata": { "creators": [ { "affiliations": [ { "name": "Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands|Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden, Netherlands" } ], "person_or_org": { "family_name": "Jahanbanifard", "given_name": "Mehrdad", "name": "Jahanbanifard, Mehrdad", "type": "personal" } }, { "affiliations": [ { "name": "Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands" } ], "person_or_org": { "family_name": "Gravendeel", "given_name": "Barbara", "name": "Gravendeel, Barbara", "type": "personal" } }, { "affiliations": [ { "name": "Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, Netherlands" } ], "person_or_org": { "family_name": "Lens", "given_name": "Frederic", "name": "Lens, Frederic", "type": "personal" } }, { "affiliations": [ { "name": "Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science, Leiden, Netherlands" } ], "person_or_org": { "family_name": "Verbeek", "given_name": "Fons", "name": "Verbeek, Fons", "type": "personal" } } ], "description": "
Illegal logging is a serious global issue. It is not only a great threat to rare forest species, but also contributes to the current biodiversity crisis and climate change. Despite international agreements, 10-30% of all imported wood has been illegally logged. Many of these trees, especially rosewood (Dalbergia) and ebony (Diospyros), are very important for the global market because of their high economic value. Ebony is a common name for the black heartwood (inner parts of the stem) of some Diospyros species. These woods are used in products such as acoustic musical instruments. The genus Diospyros includes\u00a0over 700 species globally. More than 200 of them are endemic to Madagascar, which is a one of the richest regions in terms of biodiversity. This island is situated in the Indian Ocean off\u00a0the coast of Eastern Africa\u00a0and is known for its unique biodiversity.
\nDue to over-harvesting in recent decades, many Malagasy species of Diospyros are listed\u00a0as endangered under\u00a0the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES; CITES checklist for Diospyros). Trade of these\u00a0species requires\u00a0CITES permits. All described Malagasy ebony species under Appendix II\u00a0meaning that, while not currently\u00a0threatened with extinction\u00a0they may become so if trade is not controlled. Controlling the logging trade is often more difficult than it seems. Labels are easily switched, different species of wood can be mixed, permits can be falsified, and many more tricks are used to get illegally logged wood onto the global market.
\nOne of the most commonly\u00a0used techniques to identify timber products\u00a0is the\u00a0assessment of\u00a0species-specific cellular patterns\u00a0(White et al. 1991). Wood anatomy has been practiced for more than 200 years, and automated tools have been developed to identify wood at the genus and species level over the past decade\u00a0(Figueroa-Mata et al. 2018, Hafemann et al. 2014, Koch et al. 2011, Ravindran et al. 2018). However, the lack of sufficient resolution for species-level identification, especially for speciose\u00a0genera such as Diospyros, is the main drawback of this method. Identification using molecular barcoding is an alternative but challenging method\u00a0as\u00a0timber\u00a0is composed mainly\u00a0of dead cells and the few living cells often have poor DNA quality. A third identification method is\u00a0direct analysis in real time time-of-flight mass spectrometry (DART TOF MS; Espinoza et al. 2015, Evans et al. 2017). This method analyses the chemical composition of a wood sample, resulting in a species-specific chemical fingerprint. DART TOF MS has already been successfully applied to several tree genera\u00a0including Dalbergia (rosewood), Aquilaria (agarwood), and Quercus (oak). The main disadvantage of this method is that it can only be applied to heartwood samples from the inner part of the trunk.
\nIn order to develop a comprehensive and accurate identification tool to identify Malagasy ebony woods, we are working towards building an image recognition model based on wood anatomical microscopic images. As a case study, we successfully trained our classifier using a public dataset (Martins et al. 2012) such that our model was able to distinguish different tree genera of that dataset with 93% accuracy. We are currently extending this work to the subgeneric level of Diospyros. This will be used to establish the presence of ebony woods in acoustic musical instruments based on reference samples from wood specimens preserved in natural history musea. To\u00a0achieve sufficient accuracy, we are focusing on the microscopic features of transverse and tangential orientation planes\u00a0in\u00a0ebony woods. Our database will include very high resolution images of Diospyros species, and can help wood anatomist at wood identification institute and customs officers at harbours to increase the accuracy of the identification of illegally logged ebony woods.\u00a0
", "publication_date": "2019-06-13", "publisher": "Pensoft Publishers", "resource_type": { "id": "publication-article", "title": { "de": "Zeitschriftenartikel", "en": "Journal article" } }, "rights": [ { "description": { "en": "The Creative Commons Attribution license allows re-distribution and re-use of a licensed work on the condition that the creator is appropriately credited." }, "icon": "cc-by-icon", "id": "cc-by-4.0", "props": { "scheme": "spdx", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode" }, "title": { "en": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International" } } ], "subjects": [ { "subject": "Malagasy Diospyros" }, { "subject": "convolutional neural network" }, { "subject": "ebony wood identification" }, { "subject": "illegal logging" } ], "title": "Ebony Wood Identification to Battle Illegal Trade" }, "parent": { "access": { "owned_by": { "user": 1161 } }, "communities": { "default": "c529f97d-f8cb-4c13-a439-9e36891694c2", "entries": [ { "access": { "member_policy": "open", "members_visibility": "public", "record_policy": "open", "review_policy": "open", "visibility": "public" }, "children": { "allow": false }, "created": "2013-11-11T14:14:18+00:00", "custom_fields": {}, "deletion_status": { "is_deleted": false, "status": "P" }, "id": "c529f97d-f8cb-4c13-a439-9e36891694c2", "links": {}, "metadata": { "curation_policy": "The Biodiversity Literature Repository (BLR) is to share publications related to bio-systematics. The goal is to provide
\nFor additional search functionality refindit can be used. This includes also searches in CrossRef, DataCite, PubMed, RefBank, GNUB and Mendeley.
\nUpload guideline
\nA provisional guideline how to upload is here.
\n\n
\n
\n
\n
", "title": "Biodiversity Literature Repository", "type": { "id": "topic" }, "website": "https://www.biolitrepo.org" }, "revision_id": 10, "slug": "biosyslit", "updated": "2024-03-19T21:45:50.430526+00:00" } ], "ids": [ "c529f97d-f8cb-4c13-a439-9e36891694c2" ] }, "id": "3251320", "pids": {} }, "pids": { "doi": { "identifier": "10.3897/biss.3.37084", "provider": "external" }, "oai": { "identifier": "oai:zenodo.org:3251321", "provider": "oai" } }, "revision_id": 4, "stats": { "all_versions": { "data_volume": 5469623.0, "downloads": 67, "unique_downloads": 64, "unique_views": 1499, "views": 1537 }, "this_version": { "data_volume": 5469623.0, "downloads": 67, "unique_downloads": 64, "unique_views": 1488, "views": 1525 } }, "status": "published", "updated": "2020-01-20T15:32:51.424339+00:00", "versions": { "index": 1, "is_latest": true } }