(T, I, F)-Neutrosophic Structures

In this paper we introduce for the first time a new type of structures, called (T, I, F)-Neutrosophic Structures, presented from a neutrosophic logic perspective, and we show particular cases of such structures in geometry and in algebra.

(between 2006-2011) were generalized by the same researchers to neutrosophic bi-algebraic structures, and more general to neutrosophic N-algebraic structures.
Afterwards, the neutrosophic structures were further extended to neutrosophic soft algebraic structures by Florentin Smarandache, Mumtaz Ali, Muhammad Shabir, and Munazza Naz in 2013-2014. In 2015 Smarandache refined the indeterminacy I into different types of indeterminacies (depending on the problem to solve) such as I 1 , I 2 , …, I p with integer p ≥ 1, and obtained the refined neutrosophic numbers of the form N p = a+b 1 I 1 +b 2 I 2 +…+b p I p where a, b 1 , b 2 , …, b p are real or complex numbers, and a is called the determinate part of N p , while for each k {1, 2, …, p} I k is called the k-th indeterminate part of N p , and for each k {1, 2, …, p}, and similarly mI k + nI k = (m + n)I k , 0·I k = 0, I k n = I k for integer n ≥ 1, and I k /I k = undefined. The relationships and operations between I j and I k , for j ≠ k, depend on each particular problem we need to solve.
Then consequently Smarandache [2015] extended the neutrosophic algebraic structures to Refined Neutrosophic Algebraic Structures [or Refined Neutrosophic I-Algebraic Structures], which are algebraic structures based on the sets of the refined neutrosophic numbers a+b 1 I 1 +b 2 I 2 +…+b p I p .

(T, I, F)-Neutrosophic Structures
We now introduce for the first time another type of neutrosophic structures. These structures, in any field of knowledge, are considered from a neutrosophic logic point of view, i.e. from the truthindeterminacy-falsehood (T, I, F) values. In neutrosophic logic every proposition has a degree of truth (T), a degree of indeterminacy (I), and a degree of falsehood (F), where T, I, F are standard or non-standard subsets of the non-standard unit interval ] -0, 1 + [. In technical applications T, I, and F are only standard subsets of the standard unit interval [0, 1] with: -0 ≤ sup(T) + sup(I) + sup(F) ≤ 3 + , where sup(Z) means superior of the subset Z.
In general, each structure is composed from: a space, endowed with a set of axioms (or laws) acting (governing) on it. If the space, or at least one of its axioms, has some indeterminacy, we consider it as a (T, I, F)-Neutrosophic Structure.
Indeterminacy with respect to the space is referred to some elements that partially belong [i.e. with a neutrosophic value (T, I. F)] to the space, or their appurtenance to the space is unknown.
An axiom (or law) which deals with indeterminacy is called neutrosophic axiom (or law). We introduce these new structures because in the world we do not always know exactly or completely the space we work in; and because the axioms (or laws) are not always well defined on this space, or may have indeterminacies when applying them.
The neutrosophic structures are used in sensor fusions employed by robots and various technologies.

Refined (T, I, F)-Neutrosophic Structures [or (T j , I k , F l )-Neutrosophic Structures
In 2013  . These are structures whose elements have a refined neutrosophic value of the form (T 1 , T 2 , …, T m ; I 1 , I 2 , …, I p ; F 1 , F 2 , …, F r ) or the space has some indeterminacy of this form.

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But we can combine both of them and obtain a (T, I, F)-Neutrosophic I-Algebraic Structures, i.e. algebraic structures based on neutrosophic numbers of the form a+bI, but also have indeterminacy related to the structure space (elements which only partially belong to the space, or elements we know nothing if they belong to the space or not) or indeterminacy related to at least an axiom (or law) acting on the structure space.
Even more, we can generalize them to Refined (T, I, F)-Neutrosophic Refined I-Algebraic Structures, or (T j , I k , F l )-Neutrosophic I s -Algebraic Structures.

Example of Refined I-Neutrosophic Algebraic Structure
Let the indeterminacy I be split into I 1 = contradiction (i.e. truth and falsehood simultaneously), I 2 = ignorance (i.e. truth or falsehood), and I 3 = unknown, and the corresponding 3-refined neutrosophic numbers of the form a+b 1 I 1 +b 2 I 2 +b 3 I 3 .
The (G, *) be a groupoid. Then the 3-refined I-neutrosophic groupoid is generated by I 1 , I 2 , I 3 and G under * and it is denoted by

Indeterminate Space (due to Partially Known Element). And Neutrosophic Number included.
Let C = {-7, 0, 2+I(0.5, 0.4, 0.1), 11(0.9, 0, 0) }, which contains a neutrosophic number 2+I, and this neutrosophic number is actually only partially in C; also, the element 11 is also partially in C. 3 There are many cases in our world when we barely know some axioms (laws).

Examples of Refined (T, I, F)-Neutrosophic Refined I-Algebraic Structures
We combine the ideas from Examples 5 and 6 and we construct the following example. Let's consider, from Example 5, the groupoid (G, *), where G is a subset of positive real numbers, and its extension to a 3-refined I-neutrosophic groupoid, which was generated by I 1 , I 2 , I 3 and G under the law * that was denoted by N 3 (G) = { a+b 1 I 1 +b 2 I 2 +b 3 I 3 / a, b 1 , b 2 We then endow each element from N 3 (G) with some (2; 2; 3)-refined degrees of membership/indeterminacy/nonmembership, as in Example 6, of the form (T 1 , T 2 ; I 1 , I 2 ; F 1 , F 2 , F 3 ), and we obtain:

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Neutrosophic Geometric Examples a. Indeterminate Space. We might not know if a point P belongs or not to a space S [we write P(0, 1, 0), meaning that P's indeterminacy is 1, or completely unknown, with respect to S].
Or we might know that a point Q only partially belongs to the space S and partially does not belong to the space S [for example Q(. 3, 0.4, 0.5), which means that with respect to S, Q's membership is 0.3, Q's indeterminacy is 0.4, and Q's non-membership is 0.5].
Such situations occur when the space has vague or unknown frontiers, or the space contains ambiguous (not well-defined) regions.
b. Indeterminate Axiom. Also, an axiom (α) might not be well defined on the space S, i.e. for some elements of the space the axiom (α) may be valid, for other elements of the space the axiom (α) may be indeterminate (meaning neither valid, nor invalid), while for the remaining elements the axiom (α) may be invalid.
As a concrete example, let's say that the neutrosophic values of the axiom (α) are (0.6, 0.1, 0.2) = (degree of validity, degree of indeterminacy, degree of invalidity).

(T, I, F)-Neutrosophic Geometry as a Particular Case of (T, I, F)-Neutrosophic Structures
As a particular case of (T, I, F)-neutrosophic structures in geometry, one considers a (T, I, F)-Neutrosophic Geometry as a geometry which is defined either on a space with some indeterminacy (i.e. a portion of the space is not known, or is vague, confused, unclear, imprecise), or at least one of its axioms has some indeterminacy (i.e. one does not know if the axiom is verified or not in the given space). This is a generalization of the Smarandache Geometry (SG) [57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75], where an axiom is validated and invalidated in the same space, or only invalidated, but in multiple ways. Yet the SG has no degree of indeterminacy related to the space or related to the axiom.
A simple Example of a SG is the following -that unites Euclidean, Lobachevsky-Bolyai-Gauss, and Riemannian geometries altogether, in the same space, considering the Fifth Postulate of Euclid: in one region of the SG space the postulate is validated (only one parallel trough a point to a given line), in a second region of SG the postulate is invalidated (no parallel through a point to a given line -elliptical geometry), and in a third region of SG the postulate is invalidated but in a different way (many parallels through a point to a given line -hyperbolic geometry). This simple example shows a hybrid geometry which is partially Euclidean, partially Non-Euclidean Elliptic, and partially Non-Euclidean Hyperbolic. Therefore, the fifth postulate (axiom) of Euclid is true for some regions, and false for others, but it is not indeterminate for any region (i.e. not knowing how many parallels can be drawn through a point to a given line).
We can extend this hybrid geometry adding a new space region where one does not know if there are or there are not parallels through some given points to the given lines (i.e. the Indeterminate component) and we form a more complex (T, I, F)-Neutrosophic Geometry.

Neutrosophic Algebraic Examples
1a. Indeterminate Space (due to Unknown Element). Let the set (space) be NH = {4, 6, 7, 9, a}, where the set NH has an unknown element "a", therefore the whole space has some degree of indeterminacy. Neutrosophically, we write a (0, 1, 0), which means the element a is 100% unknown.
Suppose M is endowed with a neutrosophic law* defined in the following way: which is a neutrosophic commutative semigroup with unit element 3(1, 0 ,0). Clearly, if x, y M, then x*y M. Hence the neutrosophic law * is well defined.
Since max and min operators are commutative and associative, then * is also commutative and associative. If x M, then x*x = x.
So the law defined on the set NG has the properties that: applying this law to some elements, the results are in NG [well defined law]; applying this law to other elements, the results are not in NG [not well defined law]; applying this law to again other elements, the results are undefined [indeterminate law].
We can construct many such algebraic structures where at least one axiom has such behavior (such indeterminacy in principal).