THE PARAMAGNETISM AND SHOCK WAVES EFFECTS OF INTACT OR RUPTURED OXYGEN BUBBLES CAUSING PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS DEFORMATIONS: SUPPORTING THE HYPOTHESIS OF CELL RESPIRATION AS ADDITIONAL FACTOR IN CANCER ORIGING

Background: Demonstrated is energy released by rupturing paramagnetic oxygen bubbles from H2O2 decomposition causing human cells structural deformations. The aim is to add evidentiary support to a previously published biophysical cancer origin hypothesis. The Prokaryotic Cells: In previous research, lithotripsy shock waves rupturing air bubbles were demonstrated causing Red Blood Cells (RBCs) deformations. Recently, experiments using a technique allowing for the demonstration of temporary in vivo preservation of prokaryotic RBCs properties in in vitro blood smears was introduced. Rupturing of oxygen bubbles documented in causing RBCs deformations. The Eukaryotic Cells: Previous papers also showed cell deformations caused by imploding oxygen bubbles. Methods: The Prokaryotic Cells Experiments: In this report, catalase powder was placed directly on wet blood smears. This maneuver triggered an immediate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) decomposing the intrinsic H2O2 molecules in blood tissue. The Eukaryotic Cells Experiments: Human saliva and scrapped cheek cells were on a glass slide, catalase particles sprinkled and the preparation sandwiched by a second slide. All experiments were monitored and recorded by a video microscope (Celestron Model # 44348) and stored in an Apple MacBook Pro photo application for viewing and evaluation. Results: In Prokaryotic Cells: Paramagnetism (attraction) from oxygen bubbles, as well as bursts of energy from its decomposition caused deformations of RBCs. The diamagnetic (graphite) and paramagnetic (iron) material also showing to induce cells deformations. In Eukaryotic Cells: Paramagnetism (attraction) from oxygen bubbles, as well as bursts of energy from its rupture caused deformations of nucleated cells. Observed were the darkening of endoplasmic reticulum and changes in the internal structures, such as nucleus, Cells architectural external shapes deformations observed. [Embi *, Vol.7 (Iss.3): March 2019] ISSN2350-0530(O), ISSN2394-3629(P) DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2619530 Http://www.granthaalayah.com ©International Journal of Research GRANTHAALAYAH [178] Conclusions: This manuscript introduces two mechanisms inducing cells deformations, both having a common denominator, namely oxygen bubbles. Firstly, via a magnetic cross-talk between paramagnetic oxygen bubbles and diamagnetic human cells; and secondly, by the energy released from bubbles rupturing. The deformations were documented in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. As cellular communication ensures biological processes, possible implications are the disruption of cellular communications with unforeseen consequences up to cancer genesis.


Introduction Background
The main purpose of this manuscript is to demonstrate the role of the paramagnetic oxygen molecule effects on human cells structural deformations of both eukaryotic and prokaryotic types, these findings could confirm or support a previously published a biophysical cancer origin hypothesis. In a 2016 publication, the electromagnetic fields (EMFs) from the decomposition of H2O2 molecules by antioxidants during cell respiration was hypothesized as an additional factor in cancer origin (1). Prior research has shown that when air bubbles are ruptured, shock waves energy is released. This energy has been reported to cause cell deformations in both prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells (2,3)

A Brief History of Biomagnetism
Biomagnetism has been described as an "Interdisciplinary Approach" (4). To date, the field of biomagnetism has been gradually developed and introduced in the medical literature. For example, the diamagnetic nature of blood was introduced in 1936 (5), the recording of biomagnetic emissions from the human body ie: Brain, Heart and Hair follicles were also published in the 1960s; with a recent increase in publications (6,7,8,9,10,11). In this manuscript we could apply the Law of Universal Magnetism and state that energy would be emitted by the bursting of an oxygen bubble regardless of its size. (12).
Recently, a novel technique allowing for the demonstration of temporary in vivo preservation of prokaryotic cells such as red blood cells (RBCs) properties in in vitro blood smears allowing for the evaluation of the effects of both paramagnetic and diamagnetic fields on cells deformations (13). This technique for the purpose of this manuscript will be quoted by the acronym TIBS where T= Temporary, I= In Vivo, B= Blood and S= Smear. The Eukaryotic Cells In this manuscript another novel technique is also introduced that allows for the demonstration of effects by oxygen molecules on human cheek (eukaryotic) cells deformations.

The Prokaryotic Cells Experiments
As previously published, an optical microscopy technique now quoted as TIBS had been developed. In this report, catalase powder was placed directly on a TIBS preparation. This maneuver triggered an immediate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) decomposing the intrinsic H2O2 molecules in the RBCs. Additional particles with various magnetic properties were also placed TIBS, such as metal iron filings and the strong diamagnetic graphite powder. All experiments recorded in a video microscope and stored digitally for further analysis.

The Eukaryotic Cells Experiments
After numerous attempts, a successful experimental model is presented where human saliva and scrapped cheek cells were placed on a glass slide. Fine catalase particles were sprinkled and the preparation was sandwiched (SDW) by a second similar slide.

Equipment
All experiments were monitored and recorded by a video microscope (Celestron Model # 44341) and stored in an Apple MacBook Pro photo application for viewing and evaluation.

In Prokaryotic Cells
The fronting of opposing magnetic fields, such as the attraction of metal iron filings overriding the weaker diamagnetism or RBCs is shown to cause RBCs deformation. Paramagnetic and stronger diamagnetic materials are documented showing to induce RBCs live (ongoing) cells deformations (Figs 1,2,3,4,5,6 + video recordings). It should be noted that graphite powder was found to exhibit diamagnetism (repulsion) as well as paramagnetism (attraction) (14).       Notice the lack of deformation caused by magnetism on the WBCs This is attributed to the absence of iron in the cell.

In Eukaryotic Cells
Nucleated cells were also seen moving and attracted by the oxygen bubble paramagnetism. Several observations were documented, such as darkening of endoplasmic reticulum and nucleus, suggested as result of oxygen transfer from aeration. Several types of cells deformations were also observed, the changes depending whether or not cells floating next to bubble. (Figs 7,8,9,10 + video recordings). For additional details link to: https://youtu.be/yeVHLm4O6HA or scan QR Code in top right of picture. Suggested is to view from frame 07'41" to 08'40" for additional details.   Suggested is to scan video from 07'02" to 08'13" to appreciate the Oxygen Bubbles bursting effect on cells deformations, Black Arrow Heads= Pointing at nucleus changes due to paramagnetism, as well as bubble bursting energy.

Additional Demonstration of Paramagnetism Attracting Cells and Debris
Attracted by Oxygen Bubbles Figure 12: Oxygen bubbles nest paramagnetism attracting cells and debris placed on slide via swab + saliva reacting to powder catalase.

What is new in this manuscript?
The introduction of a tabletop microscopy technique demonstrating the deleterious effect on both nucleated and non-nucleated cell deformations by the rupturing of oxygen bubbles and oxygen bubbles attraction.
The findings herein reported goes beyond the concept of In vitro to in vivo extrapolation; which refers to the qualitative or quantitative transposition of experimental results or observations made in vitro to predicts phenomena in vivo in biological organisms and described as to "misrepresent potential in vivo effects" (15). In this manuscript there is no extrapolation, cells are demonstrated undergoing actual changes in video recordings, this from exposure to exogenous material placed on TIBS preparations and rupture of oxygen bubbles.

Prokaryotic Cells
In non-nucleated cells, such RBCs, the paramagnetism of oxygen bubbles, as well as the rupture of the oxygen molecules caused cell deformation and observed changes in adhesion of RBC with WBCs. The development of two table top optical microscopy methodologies have allowed for the demonstration of magnetic fields as an additional factor in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells deformations.

Eukaryotic Cells
In the case of nucleated cells, shape and possible metabolic changes also due to magnetic attraction-repulsion, as well as rupture of oxygen bubbles.
The magnetic effect on prokaryotic RBCs documented an increase in WBC/RBC adhesion (Fig.  7) also the bubble bursting caused RBCs deformations (Figs.4,6). In Figure 5 + video, the nonnucleated RBCs are also seen attracted by the paramagnetism of oxygen bubbles, cell deformations are also seen.

Qualitative Graphical Demonstrations
The magnetic effect and oxygen bubble rupture energy on eukaryotic cheek cells showed cells deformation including intercellular (nucleus) changes (Figs 8,9,10 + video recording). The magnetic effect and also energy released by ruptures oxygen bubbles also induced cell and possible metabolic changes in prokyorotic (RBCs) cells. (Figs 1 through 7 + videos)

Conclusions
Of importance is the documentation of oxygen paramagnetic attraction and bubbles bursting as a factor in cells deformations, Why? Because is in support of a biophysics hypothesis in cancer origin, attributed to energy released from H2 O2 breakdown induced paramagnetic oxygen molecules and possible micro bubbles during cell respiration. In this author's opinion, taking into consideration the data presented, and the fact that "bubbles are the bistable hydrophobic gates responsible for the on-off transitions of single channel currents" (15) adds credence to a Biophysics Cancer Origin Hypothesis. In addition, current development of bursting of micro bubbles (via ultrasound cavitation) for drug delivery could possibly interfere with cell signaling (16). The questions arise • Are intra or inter cellular membranes signaling disrupted by the bursting of micro bubbles during cell respiration? • Could bursting of sonicated micro bubbles during proposed drug delivery to solid tumors contributing to further cancer genesis? (17). • Answers: The data presented in this manuscript, as well as others is in support of a biophysical additional factor in cancerogenesis. ROS decomposition as primary, Shock waves by Oxygen bubbles near cells as secondary.

Limitations
It could be argued that the blood tissue studied was from one subject n=1, the author; therefore having little or no statistical relevancy.
Two instances mitigate the limitation: 1) In a prior published paper, blood drops tested on three other volunteers (one male and two females) showed similar RBCs deformations (13). 2) Since all blood drops studies were from one person n=1 (the author), and RBCs deformations were seen, a precautionary medical evaluation was requested and done. A standard cell blood count including a pathologist review of the author's blood smear was done during a routine medical visit. The test was done February 12 th 2019 at a reputable community hospital. Today is February 15 th 2019. There was no mention of any abnormal dehydrated RBCs (Equinocytes) or deformed RBCs in the form of Dacrocytes (Teardrop). Those official findings mitigate the n=1 limitation. CBC findings available upon request.