2 years winter wheat followed by 4 years pasture
3 years winter wheat followed by 4 years pasture
4 years winter wheat followed by 4 years pasture
5 years winter wheat followed by 4 years pasture
Acacia caven, Baccharis linearis; Trisetobromus hirtus, Erodium moschatum, Avena barbata, Bromus hordeasus, Vulpia dertonensis, Raphanus sativus, Chaetanthera chilensis and Aira caryophyllea
Acacia caven; Erodium moschatum , Avena barbata, Bromus hordeasus, Vulpia dertonensis, Raphanus sativus + Chaetanthera chilensis, Aira caryophyllea
Acacia Caven; Plantago firma, Adesmia angustifolia, Adesmia tenella , Medicago polymorpha , Plantago hispidula, Aira caryophillea , Avena barbata
Acer saccharum, Tilia Americana, Fraxinu pennsylvanica
Alopecurus magellanicus LMA, Luzula acruata, Bistorta vivipara, Salix polaris, Dryas octopetala
Annona senegalensis, Bridelia ferruginea, Nauclea latifolia
Anthoxanthum odoratum, Agrostis tenuis, Agrostis sporobolus
Anthoxanthum odoratum, Agrostis tenuis, Trifolium subterraneum, Trifolium dubium, Dactylis glomerata
Arrhenatherum elatius, Dactylis glomerata, Geum magellanicum, Plantago lanceolata, Acaena pinnatifida, Anemone multifida, Rumex acetosella
Axonopus compressus, Panicum laxum, Sporobolus jacquemontii
Baccharis linearis; Lolium multiflorum, Medicago polymorpha, Bromus hordeasus, Leontodon taraxacoides, Nasella chilensis
Bahia ambrosioides, Puya chilensis, Oxalis gigantean, Fuchsia lysioides; Nassella chilensis, Piptochaetium stipoides, Dichondra repens, Trifolium megalanthum
barley (Hordeum vulgare), alfalfa (Medicago sativa), corn (Zea mays)
Betula exilis, Salix sphenophylla, Carex lugens, Calamagrostis holmii, Aulacomnium turgidum
Betula nana, Carex arctisibirica, Hylocomium splendens, Tomentypnum nitens
Betula nana, Dryas punctata, Vaccinium uligonosum, Carex arctisibirica, Aulacomnium turgidum
Blakely’s red gum (Eucalyptus blakelyi) and yellow box (Eucalyptus melliodora)
Blechnum minor, Sedge, Lycopodium ,Umbrella fern, Moss
boreal forest;dark taiga, early succession;Betula spec., Sorbus aucuparia, Abies Sibirica
boreal forest;dark taiga, intermediate succession;Picea obovata, Abies sibirica, Pinus sibirica, Betula spec.
boreal forest;dark taige, late succession;Picea obovata, Abies sibirica, Pinus sibirica, Betula spec.
boreal forest;Scots pine forests;Pinus sylvestris ssp. sibirica Lebed
Brachiaria mutica, Cyperus gracilis, Panicum maximum
Bromus
spp., Avena spp., and Vulpia myuros, 
perennial blue oaks (Quercus douglasii) and coast
live oaks (Quercus agrifolia)
Bromus valdivianus, Trifolium repens, Lotus uliginosus, Lolium perenne, Taraxacum officinale
Cassiope tetragona, Carex arctisibirica, Aulacomnium turgidum
Chiliotrichioum diffussum, Baccharis magellanicum, Festuca pallescens, Poa pratensis, Trifolium repens, Dactylis glomerata, Taraxacum officinale
Chionochloa rigida and macra, Poa colensoi, Open tussock
Colliguaya odorífera, Trichocereus chilensis, Fluorensia thurifera, Acacia caven; Erodium cicutarium, Adesmia tenella, Vulpia dertonensis, Plantago hispidula, Erodium moschatum, Stipa lacchnophylla, Pectocarya dimorpha
Coniferous forest: 60% spruce, 40% fir, uncultivated for at least 100 years
Coniferous forest: Douglas and other fir, has been forested for 300 years
Coniferous forest: fir, uncultivated for at least 100 years
Coniferous forest: spruce, uncultivated for at least 100 years
Cyrilla racemiflora L.,
Micropholis chrysophylloides Pierre, Micropholis garciniifolia
Pierre, Clusia krugiana Urban
Dactylis glomerata, Paspalum dilatatum, Trifolium repens
Dactylis glomerata, Trifolium repens, Holcus lanatus, Agrostis tenuis, Acaena pinnatifida, Geranium magellanicum
Deciduous forest: beech, oak, maple. Close to former drainage ditch, was frequently flooded prior to 20th century
Deschampsia antarctica + (Moss Herb Tundra)
Deschampsia antarctica + (Polytrichastrum alpinum)
Deschampsia flexuosa, Molinia caerulea, Festuca ovina, Eriophorum angustifolium, Eriophorum vaginatum, Caluna vulgaris, Sphagnum & Polytrichum spp.
dominance by shrubs, including blueberry Vaccinium uliginosum and cloudberry Rubus chamaemorus at the expense of sedges; other vegetation: Pleurozium schreberi, Sphagnum spp., Carex
bigelowii, Betula nana, Rubus chamaemorus,
Empetrum nigrum, Rhododendron subarcticum,
Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Andromeda polifolia, and
Oxycoccus microcarpus
Dominant species: Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica; the herbaceous layer under forest is scarce.
Dominant species: Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica; the herbaceous layer under forest mainly consists of Carex sp., Saussurea sp., thalictrum sp.
douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), white fir (Abies concolor)
Dryas integrifolia Vahl, Salix artica Pall., Vegetation is only present in troughs
Dryas integrifolia, rhododendron lapponicum, Salix arctica, Tomenthypnum nitens
Dryas punctata, Rhytidium rugosum, Hylocomium splendens
Ecosystem: Ombrotrophic peat bog; Sphagnum fuscum (dominant), others: Empetrum hermaphroditum, Betula nana,
Rubus chamaemorus, Andromeda polifolia, Calamagrostis
lapponica, and Vaccinium uliginosum
Empetrum nigrum, Ledum palustre, Betula nana, Cladonia rangiferina, C. stellaris
Eriophorum vaginatum, Carex lugens, Betula exilis,  Salix pulchra., Aulacomnium turgidum
Eriphorum vaginatum, Betula nana, Ledum palustre, Sphagnum spp.
Eucalyptus saligna, a new eucalyptus plantation planted after previously 80 years of intensive sugarcane
Fagus grandifolia (American beech), Acer saccharum (Sugar Maple), Populus grandidentata (Big-tooth Aspen), Quercus rubra (Northern Red Oak)
Fagus sylvatica; unmanaged for more then 70 years
festuca altaica, Carex spp., Ceratodon purpurus
Festuca pallescens, Hieracium aurantiacum, Trifolium repens, Agrostis spp., Festuca arundicnacea, Berberis buxifolia, Deschampsia Antarctica
grassland;perennial and annual grasses and annual forbs;NA
grassland: Kikuyu pasture, Pennisetum clandestinum
Holcus lanatus, Lotus uliginosus s, Hypochoeris radicata, Plantago lanceolada + Agrostis tenuis
Holcus lanatus, Taraxacum officinale, Deschampsia Antarctica and Leucanthemum vulgare
Holcus lanatus, Trifolium repens, Agrostis tenuis, , Lotus uliginosus, Taraxacum officinalis, Cynosurus echinatus
however: arctic tundra; vegetation only present in throughs (Walker et al., 2008)
Kauri forest, Agathis australia, Podocarpus ferugineus
larch, spruce, dwarf shrubs, shrubs, feather moss
Larix sibirica, Ledum palustre, Betula nana, Vaccinium uligonosum, Cladonia rangiferina, C. stellaris
Leptospermum spp., Pteridium aquilinum var. esculentum
Leymus chinensis dominant with Potentilla tanacetifolia, Sanguisorba officinalis, Galium verum, Heteropappus
hispidus (Thunb.) Less., Trollius chinensis Bunge
Lolium multiflorum, Briza máxima, Briza minor, Medicago polymorpha, Trifolium subterraneum, Hordeum murinum
Lotus uliginosus, Holcus lanatus, Deschampsia berteroanum, Hypochoeris radicata, Dactylis glomerata, Arrhenatherum elatius,
Lotus uliginosus, Holcus lanatus, Hypochoeris radicata, Poa pratensis, Leucanthemum vulgare
Lower Montane Tabonuco (Dacryodes excelsa)
Lowland tussock grassland, Festuca novae-zelandia, Chionocloa rigida, Poa colensoi
Mamane Sophora chrysophila ‘Aheahea [Chenopodium oahuense]); alpine hairgrass (Deschampsia nubigena) and pili uka (Trisetum glomeratum)
Mixed forest: 70% deciduous (oak, circh, acacia), 30% spruce, cultivated until 40 years prior
Mixed forest: 75% beech, 25% spruce; has been forested for 100 years (previously shifting sand dune)
Mixed forest: 75% beech, 25% spruce; has been forested for 300 years
Mixed forest: Red oak (Quercus rubra), red maple (Acer rubrum), hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), white pine (Pinus strobus)
moist acidic tundra, dominated by tussock-forming sedge Eriophorum vaginatum, with coexisting deciduous and evergreen shrubs, understory of mosses and lichens; other vegetation: Pleurozium schreberi, Sphagnum spp., Carex
bigelowii, Betula nana, Rubus chamaemorus,
Empetrum nigrum, Rhododendron subarcticum,
Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Andromeda polifolia, and
Oxycoccus microcarpus
Molinia caerulea (L. Moench), Nardus stricta (L.), A. canina (L.), Carex rostrata (Stokes), Eriophorum vaginatum (L.) and Sphagnum fallax
montane rainforest dominated by the tree Meterosideros polymorpha
mosaic of high-elevation evergreen forests, locally named ‘shola’, and grasslands of different floristic compositions
none; below a house to control for post-bomb C inputs
Norway Spruce (Picea abies) plantation since 1952; before oak plantation from 1880-1941
Oversown, ploughed, with rough grazing. Browntop (C4 grass), Yorkshire fog, Thistles, White clover
Parkia bicolor, Pentaclethra eetveldeana, Pausynystalia, Santiria trimera
Pasture. Oversown, ploughed, with rough grazing. Browntop (C4 grass), Yorkshire fog, Thistles, White clover
Picea mariana with feather moss and lichen ground cover
Picea mariana, Pleurozium schreberi, Hylocomium splendens
Picea mariana; Cladonis spp.; Cladina spp.; Pleurozium schreberi; Hylocomium splendens
Picea mariana; Pleurozium schreberi; Hylocomium splendens
Picea mariana; Sphagnum spp.; Pleurozium schreberi; Hylocomium splendens
Picea rubens, Abies balsamea, Tsuga canadensis
Pinus ponderosa, Pinus jeffreyi, Quercus kelloggi, Calocedrus decurens, Abies concolor, Pinus lambertiana
Ploughed. Long term grass. Browntop (C4 grass), Yorkshire fog, Cocksfoot, Bracken fern
Poa pratensis, Acaena magellanica Holcus lanatus, Deschampsia flexuosa, Agrostis sp., Festuca , Hypochoeris incana (Rumex crispus + Achillea millefolium+ Dactylis glomerata), Agrostis capillaris
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), sugar pine, (Pinus lambertiana), incense cedar (Calodefrus decurrens), white fir (Abies concolor), and douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
ponderosa pine, white fir, manzanita, incence cedar, sugar pine, bear clover
poplar (Populus alba), alder (Alnus), oak (Quercus rubra), maple (Acer rubrum)
Populus grandidentata (Big-tooth Aspen), Acer Rubra (red maple), Betula papyrifera (paper birch), Populus tremuloides (Quaking Aspen), Pinus strobus (Eastern White Pine), Quercus rubra (Northern Red Oak)
Populus grandidentata (Big-tooth Aspen), Acer Rubra (red maple), Quercus rubra (Northern Red Oak), Populus tremuloides (Quaking Aspen), Betula papyrifera (paper birch), Pinus strobus (Eastern White Pine),
Populus grandidentata (Big-tooth Aspen), Populus tremuloides (Quaking Aspen), Pinus strobus (Eastern White Pine), Quercus rubra (Northern Red Oak)
Populus nigra, P. maximowiczii A. Henry 'NM6'
Pseudotsuga menziesii, Tsuga heterophylla, Thuja plicata, Taxus brevifolia, Acer circinatum, Cornus nuttallii, Vaccinium, Polystichum munitum
Pseudotsuga menziesii; Tsuga heterophylla; Thuja plicata
Purple Tree (Polygala cowelli), Rosewood (Ottoschulzia rhodoxylon), Black Cobana  (Stahlia monosperma), Arbol de María (Maria Tree) (Calophyllum pene  trated), Mat palm (Thrinaxx morrisii)
Quercus alba (White Oak), Quercus velutina (Black Oak), Carya ovata (Shagbark Hickory), Acer saccharum (Sugar Maple) – Tilia americana (American Basswood), Juniperus virginiana (Eastern Red Cedar), Fraxinus quadrangulata (Blue Ash), Quercus muehlenbergii (Chinkapin Oak)
Quercus rubra (Northern Red Oak), Fagus grandifolia (American beech), Betula papyrifera (Paper birch), Tsuga canadensis (Eastern Hemlock)
Quercus, Acer, Carya, Pinus ecinata, Pinus verginiana, Liriodendron tulipfera, Fagus grandifolia
red grass (Bothriochloa macra), wire grass (Aristida ramosa), and wallaby grasswallaby grass (Austrodanthonia spp.)
restored native prairie sown with 18 species
rye grass (Lolium perenne), white clover (Trifolium repens), and winter forages
saguaro (carnegiea gigantean), ocotillo (Fouquieria splendens), acacia, arizona barrel cactus (Ferocactus wislizeni), agave (Agave schotti, Agave palmeri)
savanna:  Bufflegrass pasture, Cenchrus ciliaris
savannas;Paramo: Calamagrostis effusa Kunth (Steud.) bunch-grass; Espeletia pycnophylla Cuatrec. stem-rosette.;NA
shrublands;33% veg cover;Dryas integrefolia, Salix arctica
shrublands;brigalow : herbaceous and gramineous;NA
shrublands;herbaceous perennials with some encroachment of woody perennials;Festuca sulcata with Knautia arvensis, Veronica spicata, and Sedum acre
shrublands;shrub meadow: Rhododendron sinsii Planch., Corydalis pallida Pers.;NA
Sphagnum and Drepanocladus spp., and Equisetum
Sphagnum spp., Calluna vulgaris, Eriophorum vaginatum
Spinifex spp., Ammophilia arenaria, Lupinus arboreus
Stipa neesiana, Piptochaetium stipoides, Lolium multiflorum, Briza máxima Bromus hordeasus Hordeum murinum , Plantago lanceolata, Medicago polymorpha
temperate broad-leaved summer green forest; oak forest
temperate forest; Quercus, Fraxinus, Betula and Rubus fruticosus, Scilla non-scripta, Mercurialis perennis
temperate forest;Abies alba about 70 years old;NA
temperate forest;conifer forest;Pinus ponderosa, Pinus lambertiana, Abies concolor, Quercus lobata, and Calocedrus decurrens
temperate forest;coniferous forest: fir & Douglas fir;NA
temperate forest;deciduous forest: beech, oak, maple;NA
temperate forest;deciduous oak and japanese red pines;NA
temperate forest;forested;ponderosa pine(Pinus ponderosa) and incense cedar (Libocedrus decurrens)
temperate forest;forested;white fir (Abies concolor), sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana), and incense cedar
temperate forest;Japanese larch 23 years old;NA
temperate forest;maritime pine 92 years old;NA
temperate forest;mixed temperate forest / scrub;NA
temperate forest;oak, beech and hornbean;NA
Terminalia myriocarpa, Psidium cattleianum, Spathodea campanulata
Thuja occidentalis, Abies balsamea, Tsuga canadensis
Trifolium repens, Dactylis glomerata, Agrostis sp., Taraxacum officinale
Trifolium repens, Holcus lanatus, Hypochoeris radicata, Plantago lanceolada
tropical forest;banana and coconut trees;NA
tropical forest;Clusia flaviflora Engl., Weinmannia cochensis Hieron.,  Ilex colombiana Cuatrec.;NA
tropical forest;coniferous and broad-leaf mixed forest;NA
tropical forest;deciduous forest;More or less degraded form of Evergreen forest with species: Dipterocarpus indicus, Diospyros candolleana, Dispyros oocarpa
tropical forest;Engelhardtia chrysolepis Hance, Bridelia monoica (Lour.) Merr., Machilus velutina Champ.;NA
tropical forest;forest;Acacia heterophylla, Phillippia montana
tropical forest;mesophitic semideciduous forest ;NA
tropical forest;tropical forest (20km forestline);NA
tropical forest;tropical mesophitic open-canopyy forest;NA
tropical forest: native montane rainforest, Metrosideros polymorpha trees and Cibotium tree ferns
tundra;arctic mountain heather vascular plants;C. tetragona, Dryas octopetala L., Salix polaris Wahlenb.,
tundra;tundra and dwarf shrubs;Betula nana, Salix glauca
tundra;vascular plants;Salix arctica PALL., Dryas integrifolia VAHL. and Carex rupestris ALL
Unused natural. Bracken fern, mahoe, coprosma, kamahi, lupin
western white pine, lodgepole pine, Sierra juniper