Published January 15, 2019 | Version v1
Journal article Open

Struggles of security and secularism in Turkey and its impact on gender issues

  • 1. National Cheng Kung University

Description

The process of securitization reflects the dominant security understanding, the forces that play on this security understanding in a country. In Turkey the process of securitization is experienced in close relation to militarization. Turkey has gone through an intensified process of militarization that has affected the process of securitization. These processes are constructed, but claimed to be “natural” for the securitization to work smoothly. This construction is based on a gendered understanding and discourse especially with the way that the security agenda is constituted, that helps for consolidation of the dominant security understanding. With the effect of militarization on the process of securitization, security agenda is formed with the state as the sole referent object, and this results in the individual security being taken for granted. The state can also be a source of threat for individual security within this relationship of securitization and militarization. The militarized understanding of security and the close relationship between the processes of securitization and militarization results in a hierarchical attitude towards events, developments where individual security in general and the security of women, in particular, are neglected. This paper analyzes the relationship between the securitization and militarization and shows their gendered construction in Turkey.

Notes

This article is produced from master's thesis

Files

Files (976.9 kB)

Additional details

References

  • Altınay, Ayse Gül. (2004). The Myth of the Military-Nation: Military, Gender and Education in Turkey, Palgrave Macmillan Press, New York
  • Altınay, Ayse Gül., (2005). Militarizm, the Free University Concept Dictionary, Discourse and the Reality, Maki Press, Ankara
  • Arat, Yesim., (1989). The Patriarchal Paradox, , Associated University Press, London and Toronto
  • Arat, Zehra, (1998). Introduction Politics of Representation and Identity, In Deconstructing Images of the Turkish Woman , St. Martin's Press, New York
  • Aydınlı, Ersel.,(2002). "Between Security and Liberalization: Decoding Turkey's Struggle with the PKK," Security Dialogue, Vol.33,No.2, pp 209-225
  • Bilgin, Pınar,(2002). "Beyond Statism in Security Studies, Human Agency and Security in the Middle East," The Review of International Affairs , Vol.2, No.1, pp.100-112
  • Bilgin, Pınar., (2003). The Role of Security factor in Turkey- Eu Relations Europe and Turkey in the Aftermath of the Cold War, In Cem Karadeli, ed., Aytac Press, Ankara
  • Bilgin, Pınar,(2004). "International Politics of Women's (In) Security: Rejoinder to Mary Caprioli," Security Dialogue Vol.35, No.4, p.499-504
  • Bilgin, Pınar, (2005). "Turkey's Changing Security Discourses," European Journal of Political Research, Vol. 44, No.1, pp.175-201
  • Bilgin, Pınar., (2006). The World's Center of Gravity the Politics of Geopolitics in Turkey paper presented at the Workshop entitled "Self-fulfilling Geopolitics? Geopolitical Thought in Post-Cold War Europe" held by Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS), June 5, 6
  • Birand, Mehmet Ali.,(1986). An anatomy of the Turkish armed forces ,Istanbul Press,
  • Booth, Ken., (1997). Security and Self: Reflections of Fallen Realist", In Keith Krause and Michael C. Williams eds., Critical Security Studies: Concepts and Cases. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis
  • Booth, Ken., (1998). "Cold Wars of the Mind" In Ken Booth (ed), Statecraft and Security: The Cold War and Beyond ,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
  • Bora, Tanıl., (2004). "Nationalist Discourses in Turkey," The South Atlantic Quarterly, Vol.102, No. 2/3, pp. 433-451
  • Bora, Tanıl and Murat Gültekingil (eds.) (2001). "Kemalism" Political Thought in Modern Turkey Vol.2, Iletisim Press, Istanbul
  • Bozdogan, S. and Kasaba, R., (1997), Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey, University of Washington Press, Seattle Wash
  • Caprioli, Mary, (2004). "Democracy and Human Rights versus Women's Security: A Contradiction?" Security Dialogue, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp.411-428
  • Cizre, Ümit, (1997). "The Anatomy of the Turkish Military's Political Autonomy," Comparative Politics, Vol.29, No.2, pp. 151-166
  • Cizre, Ümit,(2004). "Problems of Democratic Governance of Civil-Military Relations in Turkey and the European Union Enlargement Zone," European Journal of Political Research, Vol.43, No.1, pp.107-125
  • Cleveland, William L.and Martin P. Bunton, (2013). A History of the Modern Middle East, Westview Print, Boulder
  • Cohn, Carol, (1997). Clear Bombs and Clean Language, In Jean Bethke Elshtain and Sheila Tobias (eds), Women, Militarism and War Rowman & Littlefield Press,Totowa, N.J
  • Delaney, Carol, (1991). The Seed and the Soil: Gender and Cosmology in Turkish Village Society, University of California Press, Berkeley
  • Demirel, Tanel, (2002). "Turk Silahli Kuvvetleri'nin Toplumsal Mesruiyeti Uzerine," Toplum ve Bilim, Vol.93, pp. 29-55
  • Devetak, Richard, (2001). "Critical Theory" In Scott Burchill et al. (eds), Theories of International Relations, Palgrave Press, New York,
  • Dodd, Clement.H,(1990). The Crisis of Turkish Democracy, The Eothen Press, London
  • Dodd, Clement.H, (1995). The Cyprus Issue: A Current Perspective. Huntingdon, The Eothen Press, Cambridgeshire
  • Enloe, Cynthia, (2000). Maneuvers, The International Politics of Militarizing Women's Lives, University of California Press, Berkeley
  • Gedik, D. and A. Kilinc. (1997 February 16). Sounds of Heels against the Shariat. The New Century News, Retrieved from http://www.yeniyuzyil.com.tr/
  • Goldstein, Joshua, (2001). International Relations. United States: McGeehan Press
  • Günay, Defne, (2005). The Emergence of Neo-Kemalism, Ankara Press
  • Hale, William, (1994). Turkish Politics and Military, Routledge Press, London and New York
  • Hale, William, (2003). Turkish Politics and Role of the Military, Routledge Press, New York
  • Harris S., George, (1988: 177- 207). "The Role of the Military in Turkey in the 1980s: Guardians or Decision Makers?" In Metin Heper and Ahmet Evin (eds), State, Democracy and Military, Turkey in the 1980s., Water de Gruyter Press, New York
  • Heper, Metin and Güney, Aylin, (2001). "The Military and the Consolidation of Democracy: The Recent Turkish Experience," Armed Forces and Society, Vol.26, No. 4, pp. 635-657
  • IPU Parline Database: www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports
  • Kaliber, Alper, (2005). "Securing the Ground through Securitized 'Foreign' Policy: The Cyprus Case," Security Dialogue, Vol. 36, No.3, pp. 319-337
  • Karaosmanoglu, Ali L., (2000). "The Evolution of the National Security Culture and the Military in Turkey," Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 54, No.1, pp. 199-216
  • Magden, Perihan, (2005). "Conscientious Objection is a Human Right", Yeni Aktüel, Vol. 2, pp. 20-21 Mastering Modern World History by Norman Lowe, second edition
  • Ruddick, Sara, (1993). "Notes toward a Feminist Peace Politics." In Cooke Miriam et al., eds., Gendering War Talk, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
  • Rodriguez Carmen et al., (2014). Turkey's Democratization Process, Rutledge, New York
  • Senesen, Gülay Günlük, (2006). "An Evaluation of the Modernization Program of Turkish Armed Forces," http://www.savaskarsitlari.org/arsiv.asp?ArsivTipID=6&ArsivAnaID=1393"
  • Shankland David, (1999), the Turkish Republic at Seventy-Five Years, Eothen Press, Huntingdon, U.K
  • Shaw, Martin, (1991), Post-Military Society: Militarism, Demilitarization and War at the End of the Twentieth Century, Polity Press, Cambridge
  • Sylvester, Christine, (1994). "Empathetic Cooperation: A Feminist Method for IR," Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 315-334
  • Terriff, Terry., (1999). "The Impact of Gender in Security Studies" in Security Studies Today, New York: Polity Press.
  • Tickner, J. Ann., (2001). Gendered World Politics New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Tobias, Sheila, (1990), "Shifting Heroisms: The Uses of Military Service in Politics" In Jean Bethke et al. (eds) Women, Militarism and War, Rowman & Littlefield Press, Totowa, N.J.
  • Toprak, Binnaz, (2005). "Islam and Democracy in Turkey," Turkish Studies, Vol. 6, No. .2, pp. 169
  • True, Jacqui, (2001). "Feminism" In Scott Burchill et al, eds., Theories of International Relations, Palgrave Press, New York
  • Tuchman, Jessica Mathews, (1989). "Redefining Security," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 68, No. 2, pp.162-178
  • Tuncay, M., (1981), The Establishment of the Single Party Rule in the Republic of Turkey, 1923-1931 Yurt Yayinlari Press, Ankara
  • Turkish General Staff Official Webpage, (2006a), Defense Policy: http://www.tsk.mil.tr/eng/ genel_konular/savunmapolitikasi_p.htm
  • Turkish General Staff Official Webpage, (2006b), Mission: http://www.tsk.mil.tr/eng/genel_ konular/gorevi_p.htm
  • Vagts, Alfred, (1995). A History of Militarism: Civilian and Military, Hollis and Carter Press, London
  • Varoglu, A. Kadir and Bıçaksız, Adnan, (2005). "Volunteering for Risk: The Culture of the Turkish Armed Forces," Armed Forces & Society, Vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 583-598
  • Wæver, Ole, (1995). "Securitization and De-securitization" In Ronnie D. Lipschutz, ed., On Security Columbia University Press, New York
  • Zurcher, Eric J., (1993). Turkey: A Modern History. New York, J.B. Tauris & Co ltd.