A REVISION OF GRYON HALIDAY IN NORTH AMERICA (HYMENOPTERA: PROCTOTRUPOIDEA: SCELIONIDAE)

Abstract The genus Gryon Haliday in North America is revised. Twenty-seven species are recognized, 12 of them new to science: G. aculeator, G. acutiventre, G. atrum, G. chelinideae, G. elatior, G. longipenne, G. obesum, G. radiculare, G. stewarti, G. triangulum, G. vitripenne, and G. xanthosoma. The tribe Gryonini is discussed, and a key to North American genera of the tribe is included. A generic diagnosis of Gryon is given, and seven species-groups are discussed and(or) proposed. A key, diagnoses, relationships, and bionomics of species in North America are given. New terms for additional characters found on the posterior surfaces of the head are defined and figured. Résumé Nous révisons les espèces nord-américaines du genre Gryon Haliday. Nous reconnaissons 27 espèces dont 12 nouvelles : G. aculeator, G. acutiventre, G. atrum, G. chelinideae, G. elatior, G. longipenne, G. obesum, G. radiculare, G. stewarti, G. triangulum, G. vitripenne, et G. xanthosoma. Nous discutons de la tribu des Gryonini et incluons une clef des genres nord-américains de cette tribu. Nous pourvoyons une diagnose du genre Gryon et de chacun de ses sept groupes dont quelques uns sont proposés pour la première fois. De plus, nous présentons une clef des espèces et pour chaque espèce une diagnose, leurs affinités et leurs bionomiques. Finallement, nous désignons de nouvelles structures se trouvant sur l'aire postérieure de la tête.

The genus Gryon has not previously been revised for North American species. Muesebeck (in K. V. Krombein et al. 1979) listed 17 names in North America, of which four are considered junior synonyms in the present paper. Previous to this revision most of the species in North America were described before or around the turn of the century. Only a few species were correctly identified in collections. Generally, lack of material, and inadequate descriptions and keys, inhibited taxonomic progress in the past 100 years; therefore, considerable effort was made to amass fresh material. This has resulted in an almost doubling of the number of species in North America; however, only a part of the existing fauna is believed to be covered here. This is largely due to insufficient collecting in many areas of Canada and the USA. The southern belt from Florida to California in particular is anticipated to harbour numerous undescribed species.
Seven species-groups of Gryon are recognized in North America (Table I). Of these, three are considered to be centred in the Neotropical region and to reach their northern limits of distribution in the Austral zone of the North American continent (floridanum, variicorne, and xanthogaster groups). Three species of the jloridanum-group, viz. G. pennsylvanicum, G. carinatifrons, and G. anasae, also occur in the Neotropical region. G. rothi and G. stewarti of the variicorne-group are considered the northernmost offshoots of this Neotropical group as are both G. xanthogaster and G. xanthosoma of the xanthogaster-group. The pantropical insulare-group is represented in the North American fauna by G. insulare, a widespread Neotropical species. Two groups, viz. misellum and rnuscaeforme, seem to be well represented in the temperate zones of both the Old and New Worlds. G. misellum of the former and G. leptocorisae of the latter group are the only two Holarctic species in the North American fauna of Gryon. The myrmecophilum-group with four species in North America has members in both temperate and tropical zones of the Old World. The distributional patterns of all species-groups and their members are naturally determined by those of the respective hosts. Generally, the numbers of species increase towards warmer zones.
The members of Gryon are important agents in the biological control of some heteropteran pests. By killing the host in its egg stage they represent the most efficient strategy in pest management. Serious pests of crops and trees such as Nezara viridula (L.), Anasa tristis (DeG.), Leptoglossus spp., as well as vectors of human diseases such as Triatoma spp., are successfully controlled by Gryon egg parasites. More work is needed in studies of members of Gryon involving parasite-host relationships, host specificity, fecundity, and other aspects of practical application in pest management.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The relatively small size of members of Gryon presents some difficult problems for the student. Recognition of species often depends on minute differences in microsculpture or minute details of such structures as the mouthparts (mandibles, clypeus, labrum, palpi), parts of pleura, etc. Clean specimens are hence imperative for the successful use of keys and descriptions. Use of a critical point drier for processing of specimens from alcohol is strongly recommended. This technique produces reasonably relaxed specimens, permitting turning of appendages (antennae, legs) that may obscure views of other parts of the body. Specimens processed by this method will retain the body pilosity of the living condition. Specimens should be mounted, preferably on points, thus permitting examination of' mouthparts and full view of the pleural region. Wherever possible, mandibles should be opened to examine the exact shape of the teeth. For better observation of the posterior surface of head and the corresponding concealed part of pronotum (e.g. epomial canna), the head should be severed and mounted separately. To avoid glare and light reflections on smooth surfaces of the body a sheet to disperse light (e.g. tracing paper) should be placed between the source of light and the specimen. For best results the specimen should be as close to the disperser as safely possible.
Specimens of Gryon can be obtained by sweeping, trapping, and rearing. Both Malaise traps and pan traps proved to be productive; however, the polyester fabric in the former should not have openings larger than 0.5 mm. Specimens should be stored in 70% ethyl alcohol and briefly washed in surfactant (e.g. Extran-300) before processing in the critical point drier.
Material was borrowed from the following institutions (with curators' names in parentheses): February 1983 carina (occ) (floridanum-group) or not to reach the latter (muscaeforme-group), or the sulcus may be generally weakly defined fmisellum and myrmecophilum groups). *Vertical part of occipital carina (vpoc)-Part of occipital carina between mandibular base and the angular point (ap). Note: This part of occipital carina is always developed in all species. *Horizontal part of occipital carina (hpoc)--Part of occipital carina between angular points (ap). Note: This part of occipital carina may be either complete or nearly complete (floridanum-group), abbreviated (muscaeforme-group), not differentiated from the vertical part due to absence of angular points (ap) (insulare-group), or absent (myrmecophilum-group). *Angular points ( ap) --A pair of points on occiput behind eyes formed by a sharp angle between vertical (vpoc) and horizontal (hpoc) parts of occipital carina (occ). Note: The points are well defined in jloridanum, muscaeforme, and xanthogaster groups, not differentiated in variicorne and insulare groups, rudimentary or entirely absent in misellum and myrmecophilum groups respectively. Postoccipital carina (pot)--Carina paralleling below or behind occipital carina. Note: It may parallel only the horizontal part of occipital carina (hpoc) and merge into vertical part of occipital carina (vpoc) below angular points (ap) (floridanurn-group), or parallel the occipital carina along its entire course (muscaeforme-group, part.), or not developed at all (e.g. insulare, misellum, and myrmecophilum groups .) Hyperoccipital carina ( h y o t Carina above the occipital carina. Note: It may continue from angular points (ap) across occiput (misellum-group part., pubescens-group), or run behind posterior ocelli, merging into outer orbit of eye without meeting occipital carina (insulare and variicorne groups), or become a direct continuation of the occipital carina if angular points (ap) are not differentiated (e.g. myrmecophilum-group), or is not developed at all (floridanum-group). Marginal carina (mc) (Mineo 1980b)-Short carina stemming inward from hyperoccipital carina (hpo). Fossa (fs)--Circular depression around foramen magnum capitis (fm), usually not sharply delimited.
The relative measurements of all parts of the body (160 x ) were obtained by tilting the specimen for each individual measurement, thereby taking into consideration the convexity of the surface (e.g. in cephalic and mesosomatic characters).

Subfamily Scelioninae Foerster Tribe Gryonini Szabo
Hosts. The North American species of Gryon are egg parasites of variety of families of Heteroptera, e. g . Coreidae, Alydidae, Pentatomidae, Lygaeidae, Largidae, Reduviidae. The phoretic Epigryon Msn. is most probably parasitic in eggs of Phymatidae. Gryonini is a rather homogeneous tribe of scelionine wasps. It appears to be related to the derived tribes Embidobiini (in eggs of Embioptera) and Baeini s.1. (in eggs of spiders). The external T7 in females, not extruded with the ovipositor, is the main shared derived character common to these three tribes and in distinction to other scelionine tribes. Other character states underlying this relationship are the palpal formula, absence of skaphion, trends in antennal structures as well as a strong tendency towards brachyptery and reduction of wing venation. Gryonini are present in all major geographic regions of the world. Exotic genera of Gryonini not discussed in this paper are: Breviscelio Sundholm, Encyrtoscelio Dodd, Eremioscelio Priesner, Hadronotoides Dodd, and Platyscelidris Szabo (Masner 1976).
KEY TO  Predominantly short, robust forms, with transverse head, sharply sloping occipital region, and broadly sessile metasoma; frontal depression in most species unmargined laterally, frequently differentiated from frons by specialized sculpture or at least by shallow declivity bisected by longitudinal keel ascending from antennal insertion towards anterior ocellus; OOL considerably shorter than both LOL and POL; cheeks at most with minute fan-like striae adjacent to mandibular condyles, often with small smooth area next to condyles; clypeus narrow, only slightly wider than long (measured from anterior margin to toruli), with or without distinct anterolateral corners; labrum exposed or partly covered by clypeus; mandibles short in most species, shortly overlapping at tips, tridentate or bidentate, rarely pointed-unidentate; palpal formula 2-2 or 2-1, palpal segments short, second segment of labial palpi rudimentary; antennal formula 12-12, clava in females more or less 6-segmented, A5 in males modified (sexsegment); mesosoma short and broad, subcylindrical; epomial carina strong, reduced or absent; netrion not differentiated; skaphion not developed; notauli absent; metanotal bulge in most species bluntly prominent, rarely sub-bidentate, or not developed at all; propodeum unarmed, with posterolateral corners not prominent; mesopleural carina and mesopleural depression either well developed, rudimentary, or absent; venal formula in most species mg < st < pm, or mg = st < pm, rarely mg < st > pm, in some groups venation rudimentary, with indistinct veins, or the wings almost veinless; wings often shortened to stumps; tibia1 formula 1-1-1; tarsal formula 5-5-5, tarsomeres not specialized, with claws simple; metasoma in many species broad, only slightly longer than wide, rarely more elongate, wider than high, with distinct submarginal ridge and narrow laterotergites; first three tergites larger, T2 almost always the largest of all; metasoma with 7 visible tergites and 6 sternites in females, with 8 visible *Note: Mineo (1980b) correctly pointed out that the name Gryon (in Greek) is neuter in gender, thereby having necessitated declension changes in some specific names dealt w~t h in the present paper. tergites and 7 sternites in males; T7 in females completely external, fully sclerotized, not extruded with ovipositor but articulating with T6 instead, with 2 pairs of long upcurved bristles.

Species-group concepts in North American Gryon
The cosmopolitan genus Gryon is represented by a large number of species in all main geographic regions (Masner 1976). Unfortunately, only a relatively small number of species are as yet recognized and described, particularly in the tropical fauna. The present picture of the genus, however, indicates that Gryon is apparently a relatively young and dynamically evolving conglomerate of species clusters. These clusters were recognized in the past as subgenera or genera (Szabo 1966), a tendency that eventually gave way to the concept of species-groups (Masner 1975(Masner , 1976(Masner , 1979aMineo 1980bMineo , 1981. In the present paper, the s~e c i e s of Gryon of North America are arranged in speciesgroups on the principle of shared derived character states (synapomorphies). The character states were analyzed and interpreted as to their probable evolution (trends) by comparison of the world fauna of the entire tribe Gryonini. Considerabl~e effort was made to discover and use new sets of characters, such as those on mouthparts,~posterior surface of head, pleural part of mesosoma, legs, as well as ratios of veins in the fore wing. By plotting the above characters, the species of Gryon in North America were arranged in seven speciesgroups. Possible affinities with exotic species-groups of Gryon are considered and discussed. Taking into account the early stage of taxonomic research in this group the present classification should be looked upon only as a first, modest step, forward.
The seven species-groups in North America seem to be divided naturally into two major complexes with respect to the clypeus structure, sculpture and shape of the frontal depression, type of mandibles and general sculpturing of the body. The absence or presence of the hypostomal pits on the posterior surface of head also follows the presumed division of the above two groups. Five groups, viz. jloridanum, variicorne, muscaeforme, insulare, and xanthogaster, appear to form one complex while the niisellum and myrmecophilum groups form the other. The division between the two complexes is not very discrete, the xanthogaster-group being near the "missing link" between the two. In the following discussion I attempt to illustrate the possible place of origin, evolution and interrelationship among the seven species-groups in North America. The formal diagnoses of individual species-groups follow this discussion, with data pertaining predominantly to North American fauna. The term subgroup is used infomally to express trends within larger species-groups (e.g. muscaeforme). Generic junior synonyms are assigned to the appropriate species-group. Similarly, recognized generic names representing related taxa are discussed in the respective species-groups. Thefloridanurn-group comprises in North America the largest and most robust members of Gryon. The group is most probably centred in tropics of the New World, where numerous species are known to me and only a fragment of them has been described. Members of this group are unknown outside of the New World. The six species in North America either also occur in New World tropics or have closely related species in the Caribbean, Mexico, Central and South America. G. carinatifrons and G. pennsylvanicum form a subgroup of their own, characterized by unusually long T2 (in relation to T3). This subgroup, too, is well represented in New World tropics. G. jloridanum does not seem to be present outside North America but seems to be closely related to species in Mexico. G. vitripenne is the most peripheral species in this group, being closely related to several Neotropical species. Hadrophanurus Kieffer is a junior generic synonym and corresponds with the pennsylvanicum-subgroup. Notilena BrCthes is another junior generic synonym that belongs here. Members of the Australian genus Hadronotoides Dodd exhibit similar structures in occipital and postoccipital carinae as in the jloridanum-group.
The phoretic Epigryon Masner, peculiar to the New World, is most probably related to the jioridanum-group.
The two North American species, viz. G. rothi and G. stewarti, are considered to be of southern origin, as extreme offshoots penetrating North America via Mexico and Florida respectively. There seem to be two subgroups differentiated by structure of the occipital carina and the sculpturing of head and mesosoma. The variicorne-subgroup is typified by generally larger members, with complete occipital carina, larger polygons of reticulate sculpturing on the head and a very sharp, almost blade-like hyperoccipital carina; here belong all Neotropical species dealt with by Masner ( 1 9 7 9~) except G. atrocoxale (Ashm.), but including the Nearctic G. rothi . The atrocoxale-subgroup is typified by generally smaller members, with horizontal part of occipital carina missing, with finer head sculpture, and with rather delicate hyperoccipital carina; here belong two species viz. the Neotropical G. atrocoxale and the Nearctic G. stewarti. The entire variicornegroup could be perhaps derived from the less specialized jioridanum-group; however, the relationship is rather remote and no borderline species seem to exist.
The muscaeforme-group is well represented in North America, mainly by its subgroup typified by G. leptocorisae, i.e. species with the marginal vein in the fore wing about as long as the stigma1 vein, with postoccipital carina absent, and with th5 body more or less elongate (G. leptocorisae, G. rugiceps, G. longipenne, G. aculeator, G. acutiventre, G. obesum, G. chelinideae); however, the last two species, with a rather short, stocky body, form a transition between this subgroup and the nominal subgroup, muscaeforme s. str., represented in North America by a single species, G. radiculare. The latter species has its closest relatives in Old World in such robust species as the Palearctic G. muscaeforme (Nees), G. exsculptu'm (Foerst.), G. bosellii Mineo et Szabo, etc. The muscaefome-group, as a whole, appears to be more diverse in the Old World, in the Ethiopian and Palearctic regions in particular. In the New World tropics this group is represented only by members of the leptocorisae-subgroup. Foerster's (1856) concept of Hadronotus corresponds perfectly with the muscaeforme-group, while Muscidea Motchulski falls into Mineo's (1980b) concept of the pubescens-group, not represented in the New World.
The insulare-group in North America is represented by its nominal species only, G. insulare. The latter species is apparently of southern origin being widespread all over the tropical part of the New World. This group is represented by relatively few species in all major geographic regions (Masner 1975;Mineo 19806). Some of its members are the largest individuals in the whole genus. Unique cephalic character states isolate this group from other groups in the genus. Austroscelio Dodd is a junior generic synonym belonging here, represented in Africa by species like G. coum (Nixon).
The xanthogaster-group is represented in North America by two species of presumed southern origin, viz. G. xanthogaster and G. xanthosoma. The members are the smallest in the lineage of the above five species groups of North American Gryon. The striking xanthinism, better developed clypeus, and some longitudinal sculpturing near the mandibular base are reminiscent of the misellum-group. However, the form and sculpture of frontal depression, the presence of a strong epomial carina, a strong mesopleural carina, the sculpturing of the head and mesopleural depression, as well as the absence of the hypostomal pits suggest affinities of the xanthogaster-group with the above four speciesgroups. Members of this group were also found in the Neotropical region, indicating the possible continuity of the group in the New World tropics. The name Psilacolus Kieffer belongs to this group.
The misellum-group in some ways appears to be intermediate between the preceding group and the myrmecophilum-group. Specimens of species in the rnisellum-group are the smallest in the whole genus. It is also in this group that wing polymorphism and wing reduction reach their extremes. The group seems to be better represented in temperate rather than tropical regions. It is related to the myrmecophilum-group in the structure of clypeus, frontal depression as well as the presence of the hypostomal pits, yet differs from the latter in the structure of scutellum and metanotum, with the metanotal bulge prominently projecting, also by the presence of hypostomal line, absence of genual spines, etc. There are four species recognized in North America, viz. G. rnisellum, G. brevipenne, G. parkeri, and G. largi. The following junior generic synonyms belong here: Heterogryon Kieff. , Plastogryon Kieff., Holacolus Kieff. , Plesiobaeus Kieff., Sundholmia Szabo, and Exon Msn. The highly derived genus Hungarogryon Szabo and the peculiar genus Mirotelenornus Dodd may be distantly related to this species-group.
The myrmecophilum-group represents perhaps the most derived segment of the genus Gryon. Some of the trends involve gradual reduction of forewing venation, reduction of wings in general, extreme development of clypeus and mandibles, etc. The presence of genual spines on hind legs makes this species-group unique among all North American species of Gryon. The four species of the myrmecophilum-group in North America seem to be closely related to several species in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Junior generic synonyms that belong here are: Hadronotellus Kieffer, Pannongryon Szabo, Masneria Szabo, and Synteleia Fouts. The following highly specialized Old World genera of Gryonini seem to be related to this species-group: Eremioscelio Priesner, Encyrtoscelio Dodd, and Breviscelio Sundholm. It is interesting to note that members of the above genera have genual spines on hind legs.

Species-Groups of Gryon in North America
DESCRIPTIVE PART the floridanurn-group (present designation) Diagnosis Eyes glabrous; mandibles bidentate or tridentate, with upper tooth largest; clypeus short, with anterolateral comers either converging or not differentiated; labrum exposed; smooth triangular plate flanks base of mandible; frontal depression with coarse transverse polygons or ridges; frons, vertex and occiput with coarse rugae or polygons; hyperoccipital carina not developed; temples behind eyes well developed; occipital carina strong, with sharp angular points, with horizontal part at meson undulate or crenulate in some species; postoccipital carina subparallel under horizontal part of occipital carina, usually interrupted above the fossa of foramen magnum, not descending along the vertical part of occipital carina but merging in latter below angular points; hypostomal carinae sharp, forming deep hypostomal sulcus, merging with base of occipital carina; hypostomal pits absent; hypostomal line very fine, in form of narrow band of specialized microsculpture; epomial carina strong, entire, reaching to upper margin of pronotum and here angled (in front of tegula); mesopleural carina well developed, with its upper part directed towards midpoint of pronotal suture; mesopleural depression distinct, usually with transverse ridges; venal formula mg < st < pm (except in G. vitripenne); genual spines on hind tibiae not developed; no brachypterous forms.

Distribution. Southern part of United States.
The variicorne-group (Masner 1979a) Diagnosis. Eyes glabrous; mandibles bidentate (tridentate in G. stewarti); clypeus small, with anterolateral comers not prominent; labrum exposed; cheeks near mandibular base with small smooth area, with no longitudinal striae; frontal depression very shallow, indicated by special sculpturing rather than by imprint; sculpture of frons coarse, with polygons; hyperoccipital carina sharp and complete, situated uninterrupted behind posterior ocelli and merging into outer orbits of eyes, without meeting occipital carina; angular points not developed; occipital carina with horizontal part either rounded and then positioned close to foramen magnum, or with horizontal part not developed; however, in neither case meeting the hyperoccipital carina; postoccipital carina absent or very weak; hypostomal carinae rather strong, with hypostomal sulcus deep, directed towards base of occipital carina; no hypostomal pits; hypostomal line formed by a low ridge of longitudinal sculpture; head very narrow in dorsal view, with frons convex and occiput concave: epomial carina strong, entire, usually reaching to upper margin of pronotum, not angulate but rounded in front of tegula; mesosoma short and highly arched dorsally, with front and middle coxae strongly approximated; acetabular carina often blade-like projecting between fore and middle coxae; mesopleural carina usually developed, directed to lower half of pronotal suture; mesopleural depression not developed, mesopleural pit well defined; venal formula mg < st < pm; genual spines on hind tibiae not developed; no brachypterous forms.

Distribution. Arizona, Florida.
The muscaeforme-group (Mineo, 1981) Diagnosis. Eyes densely to sparsely hairy; mandibles tridentate or subtridentate; clypeus short, with anterolateral corners either converging or not differentiated; labrum fully exposed; cheeks near mandibular base with small smooth area, with no longitudinal striae; frontal depression rather shallow, better indicated by specialized transverse sculpture; frons, vertex, and occiput with coarse sculpture consisting of rugulosities, or net-like reticulate polygons; hyperoccipital carina not developed; temples behind eyes well developed; angular points sharp; occipital carina with horizontal part usually short, incomplete, its median sector (above foramen magnum) replaced by rugulosities; postoccipital carina either almost complete, paralleling occipital carina to its base, or undeveloped; hypostomal carinae usually delicate, hypostomal sulcus shallow or almost absent, not merging with base of occipital carina; hypostomal line well defined as a ridge; hypostomal pits absent; epomiacarina strong in lower half, absent in upper half of pronotum; mesopleural carina usually well developed (rarely absent), subparallel to acetabular carina, directed at apex towards the lower half of pronotal suture; mesopleural depression not defined since mesopleuron above mesopleural carina slightly convex, with generally rugulose sculpture and some transverse ridges only in its upper part; mesopleural pit present; venal formula either mg < st < pm, or mg = st < pm; genual spines on hind tibiae not developed; no brachypterous forms.
Remarks. I prefer to recognize here two subgroups viz. muscaeforme s. str. with venal formula mg < st < pm and with well developed postoccipital carina, and the leptocorisae-subgroup with venal formula mg = st < pm and with postoccipital carina absent. G. radiculare is the only representative of the muscaeforme-subgroup in North America.
The insulare-group (Masner 1975) Diagnosis. Eyes densely hairy; mandibles bidentate, with upper tooth much larger than lower one; clypeus small, with anterolateral comers not differentiated; labrum completely exposed; cheeks near mandibular base with small smooth plate, with no longitudinal striae; frontal depression rather shallow, often topped by arched carina, with coarse polygons or transverse striae; sculpture of frons, vertex and occiput with coarse polygons or rugae; hyperoccipital carina sharp, blade-like, complete, situated behind posterior ocelli and bending there slightly before merging into outer orbit of eye without meeting occipital carina; angular points not developed; occipital carina strong, complete, rounded before turning into its horizontal part, the latter situated close to the foramen magnum; postoccipital carina not developed; hypostomal carinae well developed, hypostomal sulcus deep, February 1983 directed towards the lower part of occipital carina; hypostomal pits absent; hypostomal line not developed; head in frontal view almost circular, in lateral view very narrow, in dorsal view almost lenticular, concave in the occipital region; epomial carina massive, entire, reaching almost to upper margin of pronotum and here rounded in front of tegula; mesosoma short and highly arched, with front and middle coxae strongly approximated; mesopleural carina absent; venal formula mg < st < pm; tibia1 spurs long and stout; genual spines on hind tibiae not developed; no brachypterous forms.

Distribution. From Florida to New York City; Missouri and Texas in the Midwest
The xanthogaster-group (present designation) Diagnosis. Eyes with minute hairs; mandibles rather narrow, tridentate; clypeus with anterolateral comers not protruding; labrum partly exposed; cheeks near mandibular base with small smooth area and some longitudinal rugae; frontal depression rather deep, with transverse ridges; sculpture of frons, vertex, and occiput reticulate; hyperoccipital carina not developed; angular points present; occipital carina well developed in its vertical part, with only very short indication of its horizontal part; postoccipital carina absent; hypostomal carinae rather weak, with very shallow hypostomal sulcus directed towards lower part of occipital carina; hypostomal pits absent; hypostomal line represented by scattered cupules or absent; posterior ocelli remote from inner orbits by about two diameters; epomial carina sharp reaching almost to upper margin of pronotum, neither angled nor rounded in front of tegula; mesopleural carina strong and complete, directed towards midpoint of pronotal suture; mesopleural depression well defined, with transverse ridges and with small mesopleural pit; venal formula mg r st > pm; body at least partly xanthic; genual spines on hind tibiae not developed; brachypterous forms may occur in female sex.

Distribution. Southeastern United States.
The misellum-group (present designation) Diagnosis. Eyes hairy or almost glabrous; mandibles usually bidentate, rarely subtridentate; clypeus with anterolateral corners prominent and divergent; labrum almost concealed under clypeus; cheeks near mandibular base with short fan of striae, with no particular smooth plate; frontal depression rather shallow, unmargined, with fine granulose or coriaceous sculpture as on rest of head; hyperoccipital carina usually situated on sloping part of occiput in form of direct continuation of occipital carina; angular points absent or weak; occipital carina usually better developed than hyperoccipital carina, with horizontal part absent (above foramen magnum); postoccipital carina not developed; hypostomal carinae usually delicate, the outer hypostomal carina indistinct, hypostomal sulcus shallow, directed towards lower third of occipital carina; hypostomal pits well developed; hypostomal line formed by row of spines; epomial carina rudimentary, restricted only to its base; mesopleural carina not well developed, usually indicated only immediately above midcoxa and again near junction with pronotal suture; mesopleural depression rather deep, with large mesopleural pit; venal formula mg < st < pm; body often partly xanthic; genual spines on hind tibiae not developed; brachypterous forms common, both in female and male sex.

Distribution. Entire Nearctic region (except Arctic).
The myrmecophilum-group (present designation) Diagnosis. Eyes glabrous; mandibles short and wide, deeply bidentate, teeth equal in size and shape; clypeus with anterolateral comers prominent and divergent; labrum concelaed under clypeus; cheeks near mandibular base with fan of short longitudinal striae, with no particular smooth plate; frontal depression very shallow, unmargined, with fine coriaceous sculpture as on rest of head; hyperoccipital carina represented as direct continuation of occipital carina high on occiput; angular points not developed; occipital carina delicate but complete in its vertical part, with the horizontal part entirely absent; postoccipital carina not developed; hypostomal carinae weak, the outer hypostomal carina in particular, hypostomal sulcus shallow, not well defined; hypostomal pits well developed; hypostomal line absent; epomial carina not developed; mesopleural carina complete and strong, directed towards midpoint of pronotal suture; mesopleural depression rather deep, with distinct mesopleural pit; scutellum with posterior margin reaching over metanotum which has no specialized median bulge; venal formula mg < st < pm; no xanthic forms; shortwinged forms occur, in both female and male sex; genual spines present on hind tibiae. Included species. G. myrmecophilum (Ashm.), G. triangulum n. sp., G. coracinum (Fouts) Frons medially with narrow zone of transverse ridges reaching up almost to apex of scape (in retracted position) ( Frons medially with transverse ridges or wrinkles better indicated in its lower half, gradually disappearing upwards, never reaching to level of apex of scape (in retracted position) and here terminating in rather smooth area below anterior ocellus (e.g. Fig. 8 Fig. 4) 3. G. anasae (Ashmead) ? d In dorsal view vertex between inner orbits at least twice as wide as the width of an eye; smooth triangular area adjacent to mandibular base not reaching the midpoint towards the lower orbit; mesoscutum in posterior half with no furrow-like structure (to be viewed from In dorsal view vertex between inner orbits slightly less than twice as wide as the width of an eye; smooth triangular area adjacent to mandibular base extends to midpoint towards lower orbit ( Posterior half of mesoscutum with distinct longitudinal rugae ( Fig. 18) in contrast to finely granular scutellum (to be viewed at angle from behind); ACA12 in males strongly transverse Head transverse, twice as wide as long; frontal depression fairly deep, shining, with dense transverse striae, not keeled laterally but with strong arched carina at the top; short keel running up from antennal insertion to about middle of the depression; frons along inner orbits, cheeks, and vertex with rough polygons; malar space (from base of mandibles towards lower eye orbit) with mirror-like smooth triangular field stretching slightly less than halfway to lower eye orbit; malar groove partly obscured by rough sculpture; clypeus strongly receding, almost absent, labrum clearly visible; mandibles small, tapering towards apex, bidentate, upper tooth markedly longer; vertex not carinate, rounded, polygons between posterior ocelli transverse, space between inner orbits fully twice as wide as width of an eye; occipital carina complete, crenulate at meson; postoccipital carina strong, partly interrupted at meson; posterior ocelli distant from inner orbits by their full diameter; eyes appearing glabrous, under high magnification (160 X ) with scattered short hairs; eye orbit margined by sharp carina; temples behind eyes well developed; antennal club not too distinctly abrupt as A6 not markedly differentiated from A7.

carina (
Mesosoma dorsally fairly arched; mesoscutum and scutellum with rough polygons similar to those on head, covered with dense yellowish hairs; metanotal bulge bidentate, protruding further backwards than apex of scutellum; submarginal vein with long semierect bristles surpassing the front margin of wing; venal formula 11: 19:40; tibia1 spurs very long but slender, spur on midtibia slightly longer than half of basitarsus.
Metasoma broad, only slightly longer than wide; T2 slightly less than twice as long as T3, with distinctly longitudinal wavy rugulosity at meson, with somewhat finer chain-reticulation at sides; T3 and T4 with longitudinal chains of rugulae; edges of T4-T6 finely serrate; T7 small, wart-like, the 2 pairs of bristles rather short. Male. Similar to female except for filiform antennae, with A&A11 almost square; metasoma slightly more elongate than in female, T2 only 1.5 times as long as T3; posterolateral comers of T6 slightly pointed.
Variability. Total body length varies from 1.7 m m to 2.3 m m , males being usually smaller than females. The colour of legs and antennae varies also, lighter specimens have scape and A2-A6 lighter than club, with legs markedly reddish orange, while darker specimens have appendages predominantly piceous. In one series from Florida (Lakeland) the legs, excluding dark coxae, are uniformly orange-yellow. Serration on sides of T4-T6 is more pronounced in some individuals, less in others.
Distribution. Published records only from Florida (Muesebeck and Walkley 1951). The present paper extends the distribution to most of the south-east and midwest of United States with Illinois and Maryland as most northern points. Gryonjoridanum seem to be restricted to the Nearctic region as n o specimens were seen in our extensive Neotropical material of Gryon.

Gryon atrum n. sp.
Figs. 29, 46 Closely related to G. Jloridanum from which it differs only in following few characters: Female. Length 1.75 mm. Head slightly less than twice as wide as long; hypostomal line not developed; mirror-like smooth triangular field on malar space wider and longer than in joridanum, extending past midway between base of mandibles and lower orbit; space on vertex between inner orbits slightly shorter than double width of an eye; occiput with rough rugulosities merging into horizontal part of occipital carina; occipital carina complete, postoccipital carina shortly interrupted at meson; mesosoma in lateral aspect distinctly more flattened than in joridanum, particularly on mesoscutum-scutellum, the two being almost perfectly level; mesoscutum viewed from behind at 45" angle shows indication of false notauli formed by broad chains of longitudinal sculpture in posterior half of mesoscutum. Male. ~ifferingfrom female only in antenna1 characters which are identical with those in joridanum. Variability. More constant in body length thanjoridanum. Sculpture on posterior half of mesoscutum forming the false notauli is better developed in some, less in other individuals. Transverse sculpture on occiput also varies but is always more distinct than injoridanum. Biology. Reared several times from eggs of unidentified coreid bugs (Hem. Coreidae) laid on leaves and twigs. Distribution. G. atrum appears to be restricted to the southwestern United States and adjacent northern Mexico. Remarks. The name of this new species refers to its generally dark coloured appendages. (Ashmead) Figs . a y 3 a q a s a n~ '~' d . 3 u! 'iCalylv,y, pue y3aqasann :ansnun snjouonpnH ' 1~6 1 ' P~P :8p y 3~a u a~~ s e a '~ajja!)~ :ansvun snjouodpDH '9731 ' x O L~ eurososaur ('urqsv) !Xdnl '9 '81 : x 01 [ eurososau~ ('mqsv) suol&lou!.m3 .IJ 'LI : x 011 eurososaur -ds 'u auuad!di~n -9 '91 : x OLI 1nd1330 'ds .u wnsaqo .g '~1 I X O L I peaq (-urqsv) !8dq '9 'PI : x 0 1 1 peaq ('wqsv) wnunp,p!dod .9 '~1 '(pa1e03-p~o8 N~S )

81-51 -s51g
Volume 115 Female. Black; legs including coxae, mandibles, radicle, scape, and some funicular segments bright orange-yellow; tegulae and apical part of club dark brown; wings nearly clear. Head transverse, twice as wide as long; frontal depression remarkably shallow (dorsal aspect), margined laterally and above by irregular wavy keels, i.e. without distinct arched carina above, with long central keel ascending from antennal insertion; area of depression with large transverse polygons; frons along inner orbits, cheeks, temples and vertex with rough circular polygons; vertex rounded not carinate; occiput with dense transverse sculpture; occipital carina strong, partly irregular at meson; angular points distinct; posterior ocelli distant from inner orbits at least by their own diameter; eyes large, appearing glabrous, with scattered microscopic hairs; eye orbit less sharp and less prominent than in floridanurn; clypeus small yet slightly prominent, with blunt comers, not concealing labrum which is clearly visible; mandibles short, subtridentate, two lower teeth not well differentiated, much shorter than upper tooth; smooth triangular field on malar space extending to midway between base of mandibles and lower orbit; antennal clava not too abrupt, as A6 not markedly differentiated from A7.
Metasoma broad, only slightly longer than wide; T2 only 1.3 times as long as T3, with chains of longitudinal rugae interconnected with transverse anastomoses; T3 with similar yet finer type of sculpture; edges of T4-T6 not serrate; T7 small, wart-like, unarmed.
Male. Similar to female except for filiform antennae which are golden-yellow except for a few darker apical segments; A&AI 1 almost square.

Variability.
The species varies only a little in total body length. The colour of legs seems to be constant; all specimens examined had bright orange-yellow legs, including coxae. Ashmead's (1893: 233) note on a variety with black coxae from Kirkwood (Mo.) is possibly a mistake for a lightcoloured variety of G. joridanum. Moreover, in the USA G. anasae seems to be restricted to south-east only (see Distribution). Biology. Positive host records list Anasa tristis (DeGeer) and Euthochtha galeator (Fabricius) (Hem. Coreidae). Dysdercus suturellus (Herrich-Schaeffer) (Pyrrhocoridae) is a doubtful record (cf. Ashmead 1893: 232).
Distribution. G. anasae was only known from Florida. This paper extends its distribution to both north and south, namely to South Carolina and Panama respectively. In the USA no specimens were seen from outside the southeastern comer.  (Ashmead) Figs .  Head transverse, twice as wide as long; frontal depression not too deep if viewed from above; in frontal view not keeled at sides but with strong carina gbove from orbit to orbit; space of depression with dense transverse striation; frons along inner orbits, genae, temples, and vertex with rough netlike rugulosity, polygons large and deep; vertex between lateral ocelli with two large polygons margined by strong keels; vertex not carinate, rather flat between frontal depression and ocellar space; occiput with some transverse sculpture, occipital carina complete; posterior ocelli distant from inner orbits by less than own diameter; eyes appearing glabrous, with scattered microscopic hairs; clypeus small, nearly rectangular but with blunt comers, not concealing labrum; mandibles subtridentate; smooth triangular field on malar space not extending the basal 113 towards lower orbit; antennal clava not too distinct, A6 not too noticeably wider than A7.
Variability. No substantial variability in body size was observed. The colouration of legs seems to be constant. The two large polygons between lateral ocelli are sometimes less distinct due to additional sculpture. In some specimens the head is remarkably flattened between the frontal depression and the ocellar space (see note "Variability" in G. pennsylvanicum).
Variability. Hadronotus ajax Girault and Hadronotus atriscapus Gahan are considered as mere colour variations of G. pennsylvanicurn. It seems that the colouration of appendages is considerably variable in G. pennsylvanicurn. While in some darker individuals (i.e. atriscapus) scape and femora are mostly brown, in lighter individuals (i.e. ajax) A1-A7 and legs, excluding coxae, may be bright orange-yellow. There are also all kinds of transitions between these two extremes. The coxae are, however, always distinctly darker than the rest of the legs, usually black or dark brown. The colour of coxae seems to be the only reliable character to distinguish G. pennsylvanicurn from G. carinatifrons. The sculpture of the vertex also varies; the two large polygons between posterior ocelli are better, developed in some individuals, whereas in others it is obscured by a secondary rugulosity or is not developed at all. The shape of head in general and that of vertex in particular seems to vary remarkably. Similarly, as in G. carinatifrons and in G. pennsylvanicurn, the head in some individuals is more flattened between the frontal depression and the ocellar space (in lateral view). A series of such specimens from Carmichael, Cal. (see Material examined) was reared from eggs of an unidentified coreid bug. The host eggs have both ends cut off straight, thus probably shaping the head of pupa to the above conditions. Similarly, individuals of G. pennsylvanicum reared from larger eggs of Leptoglossus corculus (Say) are more robust than those reared from smaller eggs of Leptoglossus phyllopus (L.). For similar variations caused by the size and shape of the host egg see data in G. leptocorisae.
Distribution. I have some doubts about the exact locality of the holotype of G. pennsylvanicum (coll. Zimmermann, Zool. Mus. Berlin). Except for the above specimen I did not see any individuals of this species in the eastern USA north of Maryland. However, G. pennsylvanicum is quite common and widely distributed in the southern part and midwest of the United States. It is probably also widely distributed in the New World tropics as specimens were examined from the Dominican Republic, Colombia, and Brazil.   Head almost twice as wide as long; frontal depression as in floridanurn but slightly larger, leaving a more narrow space along inner orbits; cephalic sculpture distinctly coarser than inporidanurn, polygons larger therefore less numerous; smooth field on malar space distinctly smaller than infloridanurn, not exceeding basal 113 of distance between base of mandibles and lower orbit; malar groove broad but shallow, bordered below by shiny carina; clypeus considerably protruding, covering most of labrum from above, its lateral corners blunt; mandibles tapering towards apex, unequally bidentate, upper tooth much longer; vertex rounded, with two large polygons formed by keels between posterior ocelli; occiput with several rough transverse keels; occipital carina sharp and prominent; posterior ocelli distant from inner orbits by their own full diameter; eyes appearing glabrous, with few microscopic hairs (high magnification); temples behind eyes well developed; antenna1 club not too abrupt as A6 not markedly differentiated from A7.
Metasoma short and broad, only slightly longer than wide; T2 fully twice as wide as T3, with chains of longitudinal rugae rougher at meson than at sides; T3 and following tergites with longitudinal sculpture as on sides of T2; lateral edge of T&T6 finely serrate; T7 with 2 short but distinct spikes posterolaterally.

Male.
Differing from female in a few characters. Wings even more glassy in appearance, postmarginalis more vague than in female; T2 less than twice as long as T3; spikes on T6 much longer and more conspicuous than in female.

Variability.
The septum between the two large polygons on vertex is weak in some specimens so that only one large polygon appears between the posterior ocelli. Wings appear more glassy in some individuals, mainly the males.

Remarks. G . vitripenne is unique among all North
American species because of its bispinose apex of the metasoma and glassy transparent wings. The latter character state was chosen for the species name. , Gryon rothi Masner, Can. Ent. 1 1 1 : 797-798.
Head less than 3 times as wide as long; frontal depression very shallow and relatively short, consisting of transverse polygons semibisected by median keel and closed by irregular lateral and upper keels; frons and vertex rugoso-reticulate, shining, with polygons rather large; posterior ocelli distant from inner margins by 1 diameter; hyperoccipital carina blade-like, sharp; occiput below hyperoccipital carina finely coriaceous; occipital carina complete, angular points not developed; subocular suture broad but rather shallow; interorbital space unusually wide, much larger than eye height (41:30); A2 longer than A3 (10:6), clava rather slender, not spindle-like, A8 almost square. Mesoscutum in anterior 314 with polygons similar to those on frons, with a zone of longitudinal rugae in posterior 114; scutellum with polygons similar to those in anterior part of mesoscutum; metanotal bulge wide but not too prominent; stigmal vein more than twice as long as marginal vein, postmarginal vein rather pale, less than twice as long as stigmal vein. T1 strongly transverse, 5 times as wide as long, longitudinally costate; T2 only 1.3 times as long as T3, irregularly rugoso-reticulate at meson, reticulate at sides; T3 and following tergites with rugoso-reticulate sculpture becoming gradually finer.
Mesosoma short, as long as high, considerably arched dorsally; mesoscutum and scutellum with rather fine reticulate-rugulose sculpture; scuto-scutellar suture rather deep and wide; metanotal bulge moderately protruding (dorsal aspect); epomial carina on pronotum sharp, space between it and pronotal suture with chain of large deep foveae; mesopleural carina strong, though incomplete, not reaching the pronotal suture; mesopleural depression not developed, area around mesopleural carina coriaceous, with strong transverse ridges between apex of carina and tegula; venal formula 4: 11:20; fore wings considerably surpassing tip of metasoma.

Remarks.
G. stewarti appears to be closely related to the Neotropical G. atrocoxale (Ashm.) from which it differs by tridentate mandibles, non-infuscate base of fore wings, absence of longitudinal sculpture on T2, finely hairy eyes, etc. From the Neotropical G. tridentaturn Msn. this new species differs both by much finer sculpture of head in general and the interocellar space in particular, by the short interorbital space and shorter marginal vein. The difference between G. stewarti and the other Nearctic member of the variicorne-group, viz. G. rothi; is amply figured in the key to species. It is my pleasure to name this new species after its collector, Dr. Stewart Peck. Figs. 5, 11, 20, 33, 49 1885, Hadronotus leptocorisae Howard, in Hubbard, Orange Ins., App., p. 215. 1926 Female. Length 1.5 mm. Black. Legs mostly brown; trochanters, apices of femora, most of tibiae and tarsi lighter; mandibles reddish yellow; wings clear.

Glyon leptocorisae (Howard)
Head slightly less than twice as wide as long (1.7 times); frontal depression shallow, with distinct transverse ridges, not particularly margined above; frons along inner orbits and cheeks reticulate-rugose; vertex goes roundly into occiput; occipital carina not particularly angulate behind eyes; posterior ocelli distant from inner orbits by about one diameter; eyes densely pubescent, hairs long and dense; clypeus short, not covering labrum which is clearly visible; mandibles rather slender, subtridentate, upper tooth the largest; antenna1 club almost indistinct, slender and not differentiated as A6 is only slightly smaller than A7.
Metasoma elongate, 1.7 times as long as wide, slightly pointed apically, only slightly surpassed by fore wings; T2 evenly net-like reticulate, without longitudinal elements; following tergites with same sculpture as T2 but becoming finer gradually.

Male. Differing from female only in dimorphic characters.
Variability. Colour of legs may vary from predominantly yellowish to darker brown. Metasoma may be lighter, dark chestnut brown. G . Mineo (personal communication) observed considerable variation in lengthlwidth ratio of metasoma between populations of G. leptocorisae reared from eggs of two species of Rhinocoris (Reduviidae) in Sicily. Individuals reared from more elongate eggs of R. costae Picco had the metasoma more elongate, while those from shorter eggs of R. erythropus L. were generally shorter. When the two populations of G. leptocorisae were offered the alternate hosts the resulting generations matched the size of the host eggs. Biology. In North America reared from eggs of Zelus bilobus Say, Apiomerus crassipes (Fab.), A. spissipes (Say), and Apiomerus sp. In Europe recorded from eggs of Rhinocoris spp. Distribution. Predominantly southern species, rarely extending to Canada.

Gryon rugiceps (Ashmead)
Figs. Female. Length 1.5 mm. Black. Legs (excluding the brown coxae) bright golden-yellow; mandibles, palpi, radicle, and extreme base of scape orange-yellow; antennae brown, metasoma brown; wings clear. Head twice as wide as long; frontal depression shallow, with wide transverse polygons ("honey comb"), margined above by arched keel, the space under the latter usually wider than between transverse polygons beneath; frons along inner orbits and around ocelli and cheeks reticulate rugose; vertex goes roundly into occiput; occipital carina not too distinctly angulate behind eyes; posterior ocelli almost contiguous with inner orbits; eyes large, with only sparse short hairs; clypeus short and hence labrum clearly visible, truncate-excavate at apex; mandibles short, bluntly subtridentate, the middle tooth diminished; carina margining malar groove not too prominent; antenna1 club slender, not well differentiated.

February 1983
Metasoma elongate, 1.5 times as long as wide, rather obtuse apically; T2 less than 1.5 times as long as T3, with distinct longitudinal rugulosity anteromedially, the longitudinal sculpture less distinct at sides of T2 where it becomes more irregularly rugose; T3 and the following tergites with finer net-like reticulate rugulosity.
Male (hitherto unknown.). Differing from female in dimorphic characters (antennae, tip of metasoma), furthermore by having eyes more distinctly hairy and wings surpassing the tip of metasoma to a greater extent than in female.
Variability. The colour of legs seems to vary considerably from bright golden-yellow to predominantly brownish with at least middle of femora darkened. Tarsi and apices of tibiae and femora are often lighter. Sculpture of frontal depression and T2 seems to be rather constant.
Biology. Unknown. Distribution. Described from Washington, D.C., in 1893 but not recorded since. I examined specimens from along eastern coast (Maine to South Carolina) and also from Ontario and the midwest to Texas. Remarks. G. rugiceps could be conveniently distinguished from G. leptocorisae by the longitudinal rugulosities on T2.
Head slightly less than tiwce as wide as long; frontal depression in dorsal aspect shallow, not margined laterally or apically, with transverse ridges from antennal insertion gradually weakening upwards, eventually disappearing below anterior ocellus; no arched carina topping the depression; frons along inner orbits and vertex reticulate rugose; vertex rounded, gradually sloping into occiput; occiput cheeks and temples with finer sculpture than vertex, finely coriaceous; occipital carina with fine angular points; dense pilosity covers vertex and particularly upper parts of frons along inner orbits; posterior ocelli distant from inner orbits by approximately one diameter; eyes densely pilose, as high as the shortest distance between inner orbits; clypeus small, slightly protruding, labrum therefore well visible; mandibles subtridentate, upper tooth the largest; malar groove margined by carina; antennal club slender, not abrupt.
Metasoma longer than wide (70:50), greatly surpassed by wings; T2 only slightly longer than T3 (21:16), net-like reticulate, without any longitudinal elements; T3 and following tergites of the same but gradually finer sculpture; T7 wart-like, almost as long as wide. Male. Generally smaller than female (1.0 mm); frontal depression with much finer transverse ridges leaving larger smoother area below anterior ocellus; wings surpassing tip of metasoma even more than in female; antennae with usual dimorphic characters, with all flagellomeres except A12 square or slightly transverse.
Variability. Sculpture of frontal depression may vary in that smaller individuals tend to have ridges less developed than the larger ones. Biology. Unknown. Distribution. Rare species; seems to be restricted to southern part of Nearctic region. Remarks. G. longipenne is quite distinct among members of the leptocorisae-subroup, mainly because of the unusually long wings, largely surpassing the tip of metasoma. Its name refers also to this peculiar character state.

Fig. 52
This new species is very close to G. longipenne n. sp. from which it differs in the following few characters: Female. Length 1.1 mm. Legs including coxae almost concolorous. light brown, coxae slightly darker; frontal depression with only a few fine transverse ridges in its lower half; sculpture of frons along inner orbits, vertex and occiput much finer, almost coriaceous; posterior ocelli distant from inner orbits by less than 1 diameter; eyes distinctly less hairy, pilosity sparser and shorter; longitudinal elements in sculpture of posterior part of mesoscutum and scutellum almost absent; wings surpassing apex of metasoma by only a narrow margin; venal formula 10:9:30; metasoma appearing more elongate (65:40), gradually pointed apically, T7 sharply triangular, slightly longer than wide; T6 only 3 times as wide as long. Male: Unknowm. Biology. Unknown. The series from Kansas is said to have been reared from a strawberry leafroller, an obvious misrecord. Remarks. The name of this new species refers to the sharply pointed apex of metasoma.

Fig. 51
Female. Length 1.6 mm. Black. Trochanters, proximal and distal tips of femora, all tibiae and tarsi yellow, middle part of femora brown, coxae dark brown or black, mandibles, radicle and extreme base of scape orange-yellow, rest of antennae dark brown or black; wings clear.
Head transverse, 1.7 times as wide as long; frontal depression shallow (dorsal aspect), not margined laterally but with distinct transverse polygons terminated above by distinctly arched keels; frons along inner orbits and cheeks reticulate rugose; vertex goes roundly into occiput, area around and behind ocelli net-like reticulate; occipital carina with distinct angular points but with rather short horizontal part; posterior ocelli distant from inner orbits by less than 1 diameter; eyes remarkably hairy, hairs dense and rather long; clypeus short, not prominent, shorter than labrum which is strongly projecting in between mandibles; mandibles slender, subtridentate, upper tooth the longest; antenna1 segments 3, 4, 5 short, as long as wide or slightly transverse, A6 indistinctly smaller than A7 hence club not abrupt, slender.
Metasoma distinctly elongate, fully twice as long as wide, pointed apically; T2 1.4 times as long as T3, net-like reticulate, with extremely short costae along anterior margin; T3 and following tergites net-like reticulate; T4 and T5 only 3 times wider than long.

Remarks.
Closely related to G. leptocorisue from which it may be distinguished primarily by more elongate metasoma with distinctly pointed T7. The name of this new species refers to the sharp point of the metasoma.

Gryon obesum n. sp.
Figs. 15, 53 Female. Length 1.15 mm. Black. Coxae dark brown, femora brownish, tibiae and tarsi lighter, reddish brown; antennae dark brown, radicle lighter; wings clear. Head slightly less than twice as wide as long; frontal depression shallow if viewed from above, not margined laterally or apically, with transverse rugae better indicated in, its lower half, rugae becoming gradually finer and finer, not topped by arched carina; frons along inner orbits, around anterior ocellus and vertex reticulate-rugose; genae and temples coriaceous; vertex rounded; occiput with distinct angular points; posterior ocelli distant from inner orbits by one diameter; eyes densely hairy; clypeus considerably reduced to expose whole labrum; mandibles tridentate, with upper tooth the largest; malar carina sharp and prominent; radicle short, as long as 117 of scape; antennae without abrupt club.
Metasoma short, almost circular, slightly wider than long (5255). distinctly surpassed by wings; T2 transverse, slightly less than 3 times wider than long, twice as long as T3, distinctly netlike reticulate with almost no longitudinal elements in sculpture; following tergites with similar sculpture; T7 minute, wider than long.

Male.
Differs from female only in dimorphic antennae, sculpture of frons which is more coarsely rugose-reticulate and by metasoma which is slightly longer than wide.

Variability.
A relatively stable species. Legs may be lighter than in the type series, to orange-yellow (except coxae). Transverse rugae of frontal depression may be both less or more developed than in the holotype but never topped by arched carina.
Biology. Unlike most species of the leptocorisae-subgroup, G. obesum is restricted in its choice of hosts to pentatomids rather than reduviids.

Distribution.
A predominantly southern species recorded from Florida to California, with Missouri as the northernmost point in its distribution. Remarks. G. obesum holds a special place in the leptocorisae-subgroup mainly because of its short and stout body. It could be distinguished from the other stout member of this subgroup, viz G. chelinideae, mainly by the absence of marginal carinae on occiput as well as by different sculpture of mesopleuron above the mesopleural carina. The name of this new species refers to its chubby habitus.
Head twice as wide as long; frontal depression quite shallow (dorsal aspect), not margined by particular keels, yet well defined by its own transverse rugae which are clearly formed from the antennal insertion up, terminating in an arched carina below anterior ocellus; frons along inner orbits and around anterior ocellus reticulate rugose, polygons rather large and irregularly shaped; vertex rounded, with sculpture finer than on frons; occiput with fine transverse sculpture in its upper part, with distinct marginal carinae merging into inner orbits (above occipital carina); posterior ocelli distant from inner orbits by less than I diameter; eyes finely hairy, hairs short and rather scattered; malar groove margined by distinct carina ventrally; clypeus strongly reduced to expose the entire labrum; mandibles tridentate, upper tooth the longest; antennal club indistinct.
Male. Similar to female except for dimorphic antennae, metasoma which is slightly longer than wide (53:50), and T2 which has more longitudinal rugae than the female.
Variability. The marginal carinae appear better developed in some individuals, almost percurrent at meson, interrupted in others. T2 and following tergites may be more distinctly longitudinally rugose in some females than in the holotype. Remarks. G. chelinideae is a rather unusual species among other members of the leptocorisae-subgroup (muscaeforme-group). It is classified here primarily because of the elongate marginal vein, however the sculpture of mesopleuron above mesopleural carina as well as the presence of a distinct marginal carina on occiput underline its unique position. Similarly, the choice of a coreid rather than reduviid host is also peculiar. I prefer to keep its position in the leptocorisae-subgroup only as tentative. The name of the species refers to its coreid host.
Head transverse, slightly more than twice as wide as long; frontal depression very shallow (dorsal view), not margined laterally or above, with strong transverse sculpture and a short median keel ascending from antenna1 insertion; cheeks, frons along inner orbits, around anterior ocellus and vertex between ocelli rugose reticulate, with irregular polygons; vertex not carinate, goes roundly into occiput which has transverse sculpturing; angular points well developed; postoccipital carina almost complete, paralleling th vertical part of occipital carina down to mandibular base; posterior ocelli distant from inner orbits by slightly more than a diameter; eyes large, densely hairy; malar groove margined by strong carina; clypeus rather prominent but with rounded comers, partly covering labrum which is mainly concealed; mandibles rather strong, subtridentate, upper tooth the largest: radicle straight, strikingly smooth and shining, very elongate, as long as a quarter of scape; club not abrupt, A6 not too differentiated in size from A7. Mesosoma remarkably arched dorsally; mesoscutum fine scaly-reticulate, the sculpture becoming more longitudinal in front of scutellum; scuto-scutellar suture fairly deep and wide; scutellum with predominantly longitudinal rugulosity; metanotal bulge rather prominent; mesopleural carina not developed; submarginal vein with semierect bristles surpassing fore margin particularly in proximal half of vein; venal formula 7:15:22; hind tibial spur short and weak reaching only to basal quarter of hind basitarsus.
Metasoma stout, short, only slightly longer than wide; T2 twice as long as T3, densely reticulate but with strong short costae and some longitudinal sculpture basally; following tergites very finely reticulate; T7 small, wart-like.
Male. Similar to female from which it differs in following few points. Scape almost entirely dark so that the colour contrast between it and radicle is less distinct; legs generally darker, particularly hind femora and tibiae which are light brown; eyes distinctly shorter than in female, shortest distance between inner orbits slightly longer than height of an eye; also temples behind eyes are wider than in female; pilosity of eyes is distinctly longer and denser than in female.
Variability. Individuals vary in total body length, 1.0-1.3 mm, with males generally smaller than females. In some specimens the pilosity of eyes is distinctly sparser than in the type series. Also colour of appendages vary; scape may be almost entirely dark even in females. The distinctly elongate radicle is more clearly seen in larger than in smaller individuals.
Head in lateral and frontal views almost lens-like, thin, strongly transverse, slightly more than twice as wide as long, and slightly more than twice as high as long; frontal depression shallow, almost non-existent, not margined by keel laterally but with fine, short, slightly arched carina above; frons along inner orbits, cheeks and vertex with rough net-like polygons in contrast to transverse polygons of the depression; malar groove deep, bordered by strong, shining carina connecting base of mandible with lower orbit of eye; clypeus strongly receding, almost absent, hence labrum clearly visible; mandibles relatively small, tapering towards apex, bidentate, lower tooth distinctly shorter than the upper one; small basal tooth near lower condyle of the mandible (visible only if mandibles wide open) vertex with blade-like carina cresting between lateral ocelli; occiput abruptly falling off in perpendicular line from hyperoccipital carina; occipital carina complete but without angular points; posterior ocelli squeezed between the hyperoccipital carina and inner orbit of eye, distant from the latter by less than their own diameter; eyes densely pubescent, in dorsal view expenading backwards so that temples are reduced to mere hind orbits of eyes; antennae with remarkably abrupt and compact spindle-like club, as A6 distinctly smaller than A7.
Mesosoma short, high, considerably arched dorsally; mesoscutum and scutellum rugose, with irregular rough polygons, covered with sparse appressed rufous hairs; scuto-scutellar suture deep and straight; metanotal bulge deeply bidentate, in lateral aspect dents protruding backwards above midpropodeurn; submarginal vein in fore wing with semidecumbent bristles surpassing forewing margin only in basal half of the vein; venal formula 5:12:5, marginalis almost point-like, postmarginalis remarkably shortened; tibia1 spurs long and unusually strong for the genus, spur on midtibia as long as half of basitarsus.
Metasoma broad, only slightly longer than wide; T2 remarkably long, almost 4 times as long as T3, with chains of predominantly longitudinal rugulae; following tergites very narrow, with finer rugulosities; T7 tiny, almost wart-like. Male. Similar to female but differing in antennae which are filiform, A k A I I almost square, A3 and A12 slightly elongate. Eyes are smaller than in female.

Variability.
Individuals vary in total body length regardless of sex, from 1.2 m m to Female. Length 0.75 mm. Head and mesosoma black; TI, T2 and S1, S2 bright orange-yellow, T3-T7 gradually darker till dark brown; legs including coxae orange-yellow; scape and funicle yellow, clava dark brown; wings almost clear.
Head transverse, slightly less than twice as wide as long; frontal depression rather deep (dorsal aspect), not margined at sides or above, with distinct transverse ridges; frons along inner orbits and around ocelli distinctly net-like reticulate; vertex almost rounded as hyperoccipital carina not developed angular points fine but distinct, posterior ocellus distant from inner orbit fully by 2 diameters, by at least 3 diameters from anterior ocellus; eyes large, appearing glabrous; clypeus moderately protruding, almost semicircular, anterolateral comers not developed; labrum mostly concealed; palpal formula 2, l ; malar groove carinate ventrally; mandibles slender, tridentate; antennae considerably clavate, clava compact, broadly spindle-like and abrupt; A2 considerably longer and larger than A3.
Mesoscutum and scutellum finely but distinctly granulose; granular sculpture tends to change gradually into reticulation in posterior half of scutellum; posterior rim of scutellum with small pits; mesopleural carina sharp and complete, mesopleural depression with horizontal costae; metanotal bulge only moderately projecting medially; posterolateral comers of propodeurn not protruding; fore wings slightly surpassing tip of metasoma; submarginal vein straight, not bent or "broken" before joining marginalis, with short bristles moderately surpassing wing margin; venal formula 4 5 6 ; marginal cilia in lower arc slightly longer than stigmalis.
Metasoma short, sessile, only slightly longer than wide (37:33), not distinctly pointed apically; TI with fine longitudinal striae; T2 fully twice as long as T3, with distinct net-like reticulation, polygons even and almost circular; T3 with finer reticulation; T7 broadly triangular, with 2 pairs of very long bristles.
Remarks. G. xanthogaster and G. xanthosoma may be superficially confused with similarly coloured species of the rnisellum-group, such as misellum Hal. or brevipenne (Harr.). However, the deep frontal depression with transverse ridges and the complete mesopleural carina in the xanthogaster-group should clarify the convergence. Individuals of G. xanthogaster can be conveniently distinguished from those of G. xanthosoma by characters mentioned in the key; and by sculpture of the lower frons which contains almost no longitudinal elements in G. xanthogaster but is distinctly longitudinally mgulose in G. xanthosoma. Contrary to G. xanthosoma the hypostomal line is present in G. xanthogaster being formed by a row of scattered cupules.
Differing from G. xanthogaster in the following characters: frontal depression distinctly margined at sides, particularly in the lower part, though marginal keel undulating, becoming blurred at the top of depression, merging here with reticulae on frons; eyes with very short and dense hairs; lower frons (above mandibular base) with distinct longitudinal rugae radiating upwards, merging gradually into reticulation along inner orbits; venal formula 5:5:5; metasoma slightly more elongate (43:33).  Mineo, This species was redescribed and figured by Masner (1961), who also discussed its variability. Mineo (1980~) also discussed the variability and suggested two basic types of individuals depending on extent of the longitudinal striae on T2. I have, however, found all possible intermediates between the two types of sculpture. Concluding from the above evidence I must assume that G. misellum is an unusually variable species. This variability may be partly due to its wide distribution, encompassing virtually the entire Holarctic region. Also, G. misellum is a very common species throughout its entire range, one of the most common scelionids encountered in a wide range of habitats. Although no biological data are available so far we must assume that the host is also a very common insect. Finally, a wide range of hosts is anticipated judging from considerable differences in total body length of populations examined. These factors are believed to influence the gene pools which determine the respective phenotypes.

Male. Differs
Surprisingly enough, G. misellum remained unrecognized in North America. The present paper is the first report of this species in America north of Mexico. Rather than repeating Masner's (1961) redescription the following few character states are emphasized to distinguish between Nearctic populations of G. misellum and G. brevipenne. These two semixanthic species might be confused, particularly in their shortwinged forms.
G. misellurn. Holopterous specimens with only minute bristles along marginal vein between tegula and marginal vein, bristles decumbent, not surpassing the fore margin of the wing. Brachyptery common in male sex. Hyperoccipital carina not developed above angular points. Row of foveolae in front of mesopleural suture indistinct or absent. Metapleuron mostly smooth. Head more globose, i.e. less transverse. A5-A11 in males almost as long as wide or even slightly transverse. Generally smaller individuals than in G. brevipenne. Melanic forms occur. G . brevipenne. Holopterous  Press, Washington, D.C. Female. Length 0.9 mm. Bicoloured; head black, mesosoma dark brown, metasoma mostly orangeyellow, with only the posterior third darker; A1-A6 and legs (including coxae) yellowish; wings slightly tinted.
Head semiglobose, moderately transverse (20:33); frontal depression very shallow, unmargined and not differentiated, with fine coriaceous sculpture and with a longitudinal median keel ascending from antenna1 insertion to midpoint towards anterior ocellus; sculpture of frons along inner orbits with coarser coriaceous sculpture; upper frons, interocellar space, temples, and occiput with almost granular sculpture; vertex rounded; occipital carina entire in its vertical part, not angular on sloping temples but continuing into hyperoccipital carina, horizontal part of occipital carina not developed; hyperoccipital carina fine but complete, crenulate or sermlate (to be viewed from an angle); hypostomal carinae almost absent, hypostomal sulcus shallow to indistinct, directed towards the lower part of occipital carina; hypostomal pits well developed, most of hypostoma coriaceous; temples behind eyes rather wide; posterior ocelli distant from inner orbits by slightly more than a diameter; eyes with dense short hairs; interorbital space as large as eye height; cheeks near mandibular base with very short fan of striae; subocular suture bordered with distinct carina; clypeus prominent, with anterolateral comers divergent; labrum concealed under clypeus; mandibles subtridentate; antennae short, A2 slightly longer than A3, clava moderately abrupt, A12 more than twice as long as A1 1 (7:3).
Mesosoma slightly longer than high (31:27), moderately arched dorsally; epomial carina rudimentary, merging rather high with anterior margin of pronotum; mesoscutum scaly reticulate; scutellum coriaceous; metanotal bulge distinct and rather prominent, with rough rugulose sculpture; mesopleural carina incomplete, indicated right above middle coxa and again in front of its merger with the pronotal suture; mesopleuron below mesopleural carina with fine dense rugulose sculpture, above mesopleural carina distinctly concave, depression smooth, with row of deep foveolae along mesopleural suture and a patch of fine rugulose sculpture between mesopleural pit and tegula; metapleuron with rough coriaceous sculpture, metapleural pit large; fore wings shortened, reaching to posterior quarter of T2, venal formula 3:3:7.

Male.
Differs from the female mainly in structure of antennae. A5-All moderately elongate (5.5:3.5), with dense hairs, the hairs longer than half of the width of the respective antennomeres; wings fully developed, distinctly surpassing tip of metasoma, venal formula 5: 11:26; submarginal vein between tegula and marginal vein with semierect bristles distinctly surpassing the fore margin of the wing.
Variability. The most conspicuous variation in this species is in the length of wings. While all males examined are holopterous, most females are brachypterous, with fore wings reaching to about middle of T2. The total body length also varies; dwarf individuals usually show finer sculpturing, the hyperoccipital carina less distinct, etc. Colour of the metasoma seems to be reasonably constant, also the legs and antennae show minimum colour variation. There seem to be no totally melanic individuals (contrary to G. misellum). The degree of striation on T2 varies considerably, from short striae along the anteromedian sector to striation reaching at meson almost to the posterior margin of the tergite.
Biology. Unknown, however the host is presumed to be a very common heteropteron, most probably a lygaeid or largid bug. Remarks. G. brevipenne together with G. misellum form a subgroup within the misellum-group. Members are characterized by subtridentate mandibles and a partly xanthic metasoma. Smaller brachypterous individuals of G. brevipenne may be confused with those of G. misellum in that the hyperoccipital carina is not well developed. Figs. 26, 28, 30 structure, distinctly bidentate in G. parkeri (Fig. 28) and subtridentate in G. misellum (cf. Mineo 1980a: 191, fig. 5). Furthermore, individuals of G. parkeri are always entirely melanic, whereas the majority of individuals in G. misellum have a partly xanthic metasoma.The two species can also be distinguished by sculpture of the mesoscutum (cf. G. parkeri, Fig. 30) and by the development of hyperoccipital carina.
Head slightly more than twice as wide as long; frontal depression not developed (in both dorsal and frontal aspects), frons medially with keel running up from antennal insertion to midway between the insertion and anterior ocellus; area around this keel smooth and virtually without sculpture, further on frons with fine coriaceous sculpture which becomes rather rugose particularly along inner orbits; vertex between ocelli at first coriaceous then becoming rugose in front of hyperoccipital carina; vertex rounded but separated from occiput by fine but distinct hyperoccipital carina which runs uninterrupted down into occipital carina and this further to base of mandibles; angular points not developed; posterior ocelli distant from inner orbits by one diameter; eyes distinctly hairy; malar groove replaced by strong carina; clypeus prominent but less so than in G. parkeri, with anterolateral comers rather blunt; labrum concealed under clypeus; mandibles rather long and slender, deeply bidentate, teeth almost equal; antennal club starts rather abruptly as A6 is distinctly smaller than A7.
Mesosoma in lateral aspect only slightly arched; anterior half of mesoscutum finely coriaceouspunctate, posterior half with distinct longitudinal ridges; scutellum evenly coriaceous, with row of deep foveolae along its posterior rim; bulge of metanotum moderately protruding; fore wing slightly surpassing the tip of metasoma, marginal cilia rather long but distinctly shorter than stigma1 vein; submarginal vein with a few semidecumbent bristles slightly surpassing fore margin of wing in its basal half, less in the distal half; submarginalis slightly "broken" in front of marginalis; venal formula 3:10:15.
Metasoma rather flat, moderately elongate (63:50), obtuse apically; T2 fully twice as long as T3, with distinct longitudinal striation reaching medially almost to posterior margin, otherwise finely reticulate, particularly at sides; T3 and following tergites with similar but generally finer reticulation than in T2.

Male.
Differing from female by following characters. Legs generally shorter and stouter, in particular middle basitarsi remarkably shortened; scape and flagellum concolorous, light chestnut brown, flagellum remarkably short and stout, A6-A12 strongly transverse.
Variability. There seems to be a slight difference between the eastern and western individuals. Eastern specimens tend to have eyes more distinctly hairy, sculpture of frons coarser and the longitudinal sculpture in posterior half of mesoscutum more distinct than the specimens from California. Whether this really reflects geographic distribution or mere Female (hitherto unknown). Length 1.1 mm. Black. Legs (except for brown coxae) bright yellow, manbibles, radicle, scape and ventral side of A2-AS, orange-yellow, rest of antennae brown; wings slightly infuscate.
Head slightly more than twice as wide as long; frontal depression moderately deep but unmargined, with fine oblique aciculation; distinct keel running up from antennal insertion almost to anterior ocellus; cheeks near mandibular base with indication of a fine fan of striae, otherwise finely coriaceous-punctate, the same sculpture prevailing on frons along inner orbits and on vertex around ocelli; vertex behind posterior ocelli with fine but distinct hyperoccipital carina, hence occiput falling off abruptly; posterior ocelli relatively small, distant from inner orbits by more than 1 diameter; eyes large, appearing glabrous; clypeus snout-like prominent, anterolateral corners acute; labrum almost completely concealed under clypeus; mandibles large and strong, deeply bidentate, teeth almost equal; antennal club not too strong and not abrupt.