Notices of New Publications

s each year will receive a complimentary subscription to one of the following: Modern Historical Abstracts (Part A), Twentieth Century Abstracts (Part B), or America: History and Life. Several journals in history and related social sciences are available for assignment; write ABC-Clio, "LIB 1," 2040 APS Santa Barbara, California 93103 for details. R. w. G. Richard Gray will preside at the XXII SECOLAS (South-eastern Conference on Latin American Studies) meeting at Emory University, Atlanta, 17-19 April 1975. The theme for the XXII annual meeting will be "New Directions in Latin American Studies." Joaquin Roy, Director of Latin American Studies, Emory, chairs the Committee on Local Arrangements and Ralph Lee Woodward, Department of History, Tulane University, New Orleans, La., 70118, chairs the Program Committee. SECOLAS will meet in 1976 on the Florida International University (Miami) campus. Woodward will preside at the 1976 meeting. . T. D. S. NOTICES OF NEW PUBLICATIONS A comprehensive, interpretive account based on the "most recent scholarly literature in the field" (p. xv) is the claim of Professor Stanley G. Payne for his work A History of Spain and Portugal (Two volumes. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1973. Pp. vol I—xvi, 349; vol II—xiii, 351-712. Illustrations. Maps. Indexes. Bibliography. $10 each volume.) His bibliography supports the claim. Divided by chapter and excellently annotated, it contains references to most important studies published anywhere in the world, including esoteric cultural and religious periodicals. Older works that have stood the test of revisions were consulted as well as the most recent, highly specialized monographs written in such languages as German and Polish. On the Visigothic period, Dr. A. K. Ziegler's classic work Church and State in Visigothic Spain (1930) appears along with Harold Livermore's The Origins of Spain and Portugal (1971). Such important journals as Estudios de Historia Social de Espana, Bulletin Hispanique, Revue d'Histoire Moderne are also depicted. So that cohesiveness could be maintained, Payne follows the major developments on the peninsula without contrasts with northwestern Europe but with some attention to southern and eastern Europe as a context. To achieve this goal the author has also limited his treatment of literary and art history along with the rise of Spanish and Portuguese empires overseas. Compact and highly readable, the two volumes would be a bargain if only there were occasional footnotes indicating what works listed in his fabulous bibliography influenced his interpretations of singular events.

nual indexes to ABC-Clio publications. Those who submit forty or more abstracts each year will receive a complimentary subscription to one of the following: Modern Historical Abstracts (Part A), Twentieth Century Abstracts (Part B), or America: History and Life. Several journals in history and related social sciences are available for assignment; write ABC-Clio, "LIB 1," 2040 APS Santa Barbara, California 93103 for details.
Richard Gray will preside at the XXII SECOLAS (South-eastern Conference on Latin American Studies) meeting at Emory University, Atlanta, 17-19 April 1975. The theme for the XXII annual meeting will be "New Directions in Latin American Studies." Joaquin Roy, Director of Latin American Studies, Emory, chairs the Committee on Local Arrangements and Ralph Lee Woodward, Department of History, Tulane University, New Orleans, La., 70118, chairs the Program Committee. SECOLAS will meet in 1976 on the Florida International University (Miami) campus. Woodward will preside at the 1976 meeting.

NOTICES OF NEW PUBLICATIONS
A comprehensive, interpretive account based on the "most recent scholarly literature in the field" (p. xv) is the claim of Professor Stanley G. Payne for his work A History of Spain and Portugal (Two volumes. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1973. Pp. vol I-xvi, 349;vol II-xiii, 351-712. Illustrations. Maps. Indexes. Bibliography. $10 each volume.) His bibliography supports the claim. Divided by chapter and excellently annotated, it contains references to most important studies published anywhere in the world, including esoteric cultural and religious periodicals. Older works that have stood the test of revisions were consulted as well as the most recent, highly specialized monographs written in such languages as German and Polish. On the Visigothic period, Dr. A. K. Ziegler's classic work Church and State in Visigothic Spain (1930) appears along with Harold Livermore's The Origins of Spain and Portugal (1971). Such important journals as Estudios de Historia Social de Espana, Bulletin Hispanique, Revue d'Histoire Moderne are also depicted. So that cohesiveness could be maintained, Payne follows the major developments on the peninsula without contrasts with northwestern Europe but with some attention to southern and eastern Europe as a context. To achieve this goal the author has also limited his treatment of literary and art history along with the rise of Spanish and Portuguese empires overseas. Compact and highly readable, the two volumes would be a bargain if only there were occasional footnotes indicating what works listed in his fabulous bibliography influenced his interpretations of singular events. R. w. G.
Histories of the United States Navy have focused upon wars and crises, or upon the interwar struggle over naval strategy and policy. Few if any naval historians, until recently, have concerned themselves with the peace-time tasks of this service. Kenneth J. Hagan in his interesting and path-breaking American Gunboat Diplomacy and the Old Navy, 1811-1889. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1973. Pp. x and 262. $11.50.), indicates the consensus of opinion in the peacetime navy was that its function was to protect American life, property, and commerce, and to seek ways of increasing foreign trade. Hagan contends that to naval officers: "National honor became a function of prosperous foreign trade, and areas were strategically significant or insignificant because they controlled or did not control access to markets and raw materials" (p. 188). While Hagan's whole thesis is intriguing, chapters 7, 8, and 9 treat of peacetime naval relations with Latin America: chapter 7 discusses the navy on the Pacific coast of Latin America, chapter 8 describes general United States' interest in the Isthmus, and chapter 9 relates in detail the nature of the large military intervention in Panama in 1885. Hagan assigns an important role to agents of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company and the Panama Railroad Company in sustaining the pressure on Washington to maintain the intervention until it was a "success." Hopefully, Hagan's fine study will encourage other scholars to examine the peacetime role of the United States Navy in Latin America, a role which, as Hagan's work suggests, was much more significant than merely occasional intervention.
Praeger Publishers continues to provide scholars with highly specialized, little known, important works at prices which, though high, probably do not cover printing costs. Their latest, by Edward S. Milenky, The Politics of Regional Organization in Latin America. The Latin American Free Trade Association (New York, 1973. Pp. 308. Tables. Appendix. Bibliography. $18.50), meets these criteria and is almost timely. Worldwide inflation, floating exchange rates tempting nations to redress deficits in their balances of payments, trade controls, exporter cartels and competition for the world's resources are straining whatever economic bonds that exist in Latin America. Up to very recently the successes of the European Community and the Central American Common Market have acted as incentives; however, their recent problems, especially overwhelming payments' deficits incurred over oil by the former and declining prices for highly substitutable exports experienced by the latter, will contribute to 1974 being a watershed in LAFTA's formation period. Dr. Milenky, writing immediately prior to these events, believes the "economies of Latin American nations still need access to some sort of expanded market if industrialization at reasonable cost is to be possible." Unfortunately, what was once thought to be axiomatic is being challenged by present events as the center-periphery division of the world economy, which, the author notes, has not changed for twelve years, shifts dramatically to regions controlling foodstuffs and petroleum and to those which are the investor-recipients of their new-found wealth.
The work, nonetheless, is valuable and good scholarship. The author presents an excellent, thorough analysis of LAFTA's history (1960)(1961)(1962)(1963)(1964)(1965)(1966)(1967)(1968)(1969)(1970)(1971)(1972), carefully evaluates the policies of its members and interested outsiders, cogently elaborates a theory of regional integration (which, if the present crisis abates, is quite valid) and compiles tables of useful data on various aspects of trade for the period. Scholars wishing to understand LAFTA prior to floating exchange rates being effected will find this "must" reading.
"Urbanization in Latin America" was the topic of the XX Conference of SECOLAS which met at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, in April 1973. Now volume V (1974  T. D. s. Two sociologists, James Petras and Hugo Zemelman Merino, with translation provided by Thomas Flory, have collaborated to produce an unusual study of peasants in social and political action. Feasants in Revolt. A Chilean Case Study, 1965-1911] Austin: University of Texas Press, 1973. Pp. xiii, 154. Appendices. Index. $6.50) has two features: The first is the authors' analyses of the 1965 seizure of a largely abandoned private landed estate; they were impressed "by the degree of rational thought and calculation that preceded the illegal land seizure. The standard image of peasants as passive, ignorant, submissive-in other words, traditional subjects-was not found" (p. xii). The second feature is the transcriptions of taped interviews held with several dissident peasants, most of whom were leaders or active participants in the landgrab. In the context of the Frei-Allende regimes, this study has value; land seizures in Chile had been rare and this estate's capture served as a benchmark for future conflicts in the region. I am somewhat surprised, though, that the authors were im-pressed by the peasants being capable of planning and cooperating before the seizure. Noting that the literacy rate for the region (about 77 per cent for both sexes) was below the national average (about 83 per cent), the authors are not mindful that this is one of the highest in Latin America and certainly higher than in pre-Castro Cuba or, say, higher than what the Zapatistas had during the Revolution in Mexico; of course, Castroites and the Zapatistas amply proved their planning and cooperation abilities. All the tables collated by the authors to depict the peasants are useful; but, since most had the rudiments of an education and therefore some social conscience, it seems to me only natural they would not be passive and uncalculating. A more salient statistic might have been how many of the inhabitants had transistor radios and listened frequently to them. A more damaging question concerns when the interviews, upon which the book is based, were conducted. The seizure occurred in October 1965, the interviews between January and June 1966. How did the authors discount "hindsighting" by the, by now, highly politicized peasant leadership? An examination of the questions asked the peasants was of little help.
R. W. G.  Empire, 1893Empire, -1901, raises some interesting and searching questions concerning United States-Latin American relations in the last half of the nineteenth century. Paulino ably argues that Seward's conception of empire was based upon controlling the commercial market of Asia, with key Latin American areas-the isthmus, some Caribbean islands-serving as way stations and transit routes. Moreover, Paulino, as do McCormick, Walter La Feber, and William Appleman Williams, contends that Seward's view of empire was fundamentally the conceptualization which dominated late nineteenth century State Department policy. Hence, McCormick's argument that the Spanish-American War was aimed as much at furthering United States access to the "China Market" as "freeing" Cuba or other Caribbean matters, poses interesting questions. Hopefully, Latin Americanists will not overlook Paulino's book, nor McCormick's. While neither book focuses on United States-Latin American relations, it is precisely because they seek to relegate Latin America to a very secondary role in late nineteenth century United States foreign policy that Latin Americanists should study the case and its evidence.
Scholarly works on two phases of nineteenth century church history of the La Plata region are: Hector Jose Tanzi, "Interpretation de la Revoluci6n de Mayo segun Oraciones de Sacerdotes Contemporaneos del Suceso," Investigations y Ensayos (Buenos Aires, Academia Nacional de la Historia), No. 14 (enero-junio, 1973); and Dario Lisiero (S.D.B.), "Iglesia y Estado del Uruguay en el lustro definitorio, 1859-1863," (Montevideo, Museo Hist6rico Nacional), T. XLII (1971), T. XLIII (1972. In the former, the author analyzes the prayers of some priests who favored the overthrow of the Viceroy in Buenos Aires in May 1810, and his replacement by a junta government -an incident leading to eventual independence from the mother country. The latter, which covers almost 500 pages, is based on research pursued not only in civil and ecclesiastical archives in Argentina and Uruguay but also in the Archivo Vaticano and Propaganda Fide of Rome, deals with the general church-state questions in Uruguay during the 1859-1863 period, and gives due treatment to such figures as, President Berro, Apostolic Delegate Marini, Vicario Vera, and the cura Brid.
A. M. G.
Bryan R. Roberts in his study Organizing Strangers. Poor Families in Guatemala City (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1973. Pp. xviii, 360. $12.50), concedes that Guatemala City is not typical of Latin American urbanization. He also concedes that the data gathered during the late 1960s in his 260-family sample may not be unbiased or beyond question. Nevertheless, his argument (as well as his research) merits attention.
His theme is that the poor, in attempting "to cope with a series of problems and possibilities emerging from the rapid and unplanned growth of the city," become themselves factors in social change. His focus is upon the interaction between the "reorganizing" activities of the urban poor in face of the "disorganizing" impact of the city's demographic and economic growth. While devoting chapters to a broad description of social change in Guatemala during the last quarter-century and to the experience of migration, career development, and social relationship of urban poor, Roberts' chief concern is with describing the efforts of the poor to organize and plan their environment, to bring order and predictability into their existence. Roberts concludes that the lack of high-quality information about each other, foments a sense of insecurity among the poor, which in turn prevents their inclusion in a stable political organization. Hence urban politics in Guatemala City are "fluid and unstable." Yet, Roberts contends that "the poor are quite prepared to cooperate with professionals and middle class politicians in an attempt to improve their position," provided only that the program for change includes the common interests of the different social groups-middle class, professional and poor.
Even if one disagrees with Roberts' argument, the vast amount of tabulated material and specific case studies present an enlightening and thought-provoking study of modern Guatemala City.