High Gain Compact Microstrip Patch Antenna for X-Band Applications

This paper present a design of a Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) to improve gain and efficiency of a microstrip patch antenna operating in X-band at 10 GHz. The band-stop frequency selective surface (FSS) designed at the operating frequency of the antenna is used. FSS structure is configured as a superstrate for the microstrip patch antenna. The main goal of this paper is design a compact microstrip antenna module (microstrip patch and FSS structure). Simulation results using CST studio showed that high gain (54 % increment) and efficiency is increased to 97% have been achieved by the proposed antenna module (MS and FSS). The equivalent circuit of proposed FSS unit cell in ADS software has been evaluated and compared to simulation results (CST studio) to improve characteristics of the antenna. The proposed antenna module is extremely compact high gain and it can be used for X-band applications.


INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the demand for high gain antennas has increased for use in high-frequency and high-speed data communication. Microstrip patch antenna characterized by attractive features such as low cost and compact size, but the important problems of patch antenna are its small gain, law directivity and narrow bandwidth because of substrate dielectric has surface wave losses [1,2], so to improve the gain and directivity became an important issue in the antenna design field. Improving bandwidth, gain and directivity can obtained by an antenna with periodic elements (FSS) [3][4][5][6][7][8]. Frequency selective surface (FSS) is a 2D planar structure consisting of a twodimensional array of slot elements in a metal sheet or an array of metal patch elements fabricated on dielectric substrate. The frequency response of FSS is determined by the shape and size of the structure in one period called a unit cell [9]. Aperture and patch screens generally give complementary frequency responses, the field is totally transmitted at the resonant frequency of the aperture while a screen comprised of patches will be nearly totally reflected at the resonant frequency of the patches [10]. Frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) have been investigated for a variety of applications such as bandpass and bandstop spatial filter [11][12][13][14], radar absorbers [15][16][17], and artificial electromagnetic bandgap materials [18]. It can also be used as Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) [19]. design parameters that require discuss antenna and frequency selective surface (FSS) designs. Section 3 shows result discussion which include a parametric study of FSS cell and effect of implanting FSS to antenna. Implementation and Experimental testing of FSS and antenna is discussed in Se by conclusion in Section 5.

Proposed Antenna
Proposed antenna is a conventional rectangular microstrip antenna which designed to operate at 10 GHz in X-band. As shown in figures [1] thickness ROGGER 5880 substrate with dielectric constan of 40mm X 40mm and thickness of 0.035 mm is used as the ground plane. The patch uses copper as material and the thickness of it is 0.035 mm, the patch is symmetrically designed an point lies in the central line of 3.4 mm is used as the feed of the conventional patch antenna. The inner conductor of the coaxial line is attached on the top patch going through the die to the metallic plate on the other side of the patch antenna. equations [1,2] as shown in table (a) Figure 1: that require optimized. This paper is divided into five sections. Section 2 discuss antenna and frequency selective surface (FSS) designs. Section 3 shows result discussion which include a parametric study of FSS cell and effect of implanting FSS to antenna. Implementation and Experimental testing of FSS and antenna is discussed in Section

ANTENNA AND PROPOSED FREQUENCY SELECTIVE SURFACE DESIGN
Proposed antenna is a conventional rectangular microstrip antenna which designed to operate at As shown in figures [1], the rectangular patch antenna is printed on 1.  This paper is divided into five sections. Section 2 discuss antenna and frequency selective surface (FSS) designs. Section 3 shows result and discussion which include a parametric study of FSS cell and effect of implanting FSS to antenna. ction 4 followed

CY SELECTIVE
Proposed antenna is a conventional rectangular microstrip antenna which designed to operate at he rectangular patch antenna is printed on 1.575 mm copper plate with dimensions 40mm and thickness of 0.035 mm is used as the ground plane. The patch uses copper as material and the thickness of it is 0.035 mm, the patch is symmetrically designed and the feed , a coaxial line with a characteristic impedance of 50 ohms is used as the feed of the conventional patch antenna. The inner conductor of the coaxial line is lectric substrate, and the outer conductor is shorted All dimensions evaluated by using Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3673702

Proposed FSS unit cell
The proposed cell is a 0.035 mm copper mm thickness ROGGER substrate with dielectric constant is 2.2 as shown in figure as passive electromagnetic filters the gain, efficiency and resonant frequency of the by shape and dimension of the unit cell bandwidth and resonance of FSS. Detail dimensions of the hexagonal loops ring element are evaluated as shown in table 2. 0.035 mm copper hexagonal-loop was designed and fabricated mm thickness ROGGER substrate with dielectric constant is 2.2 as shown in figure as passive electromagnetic filters and it selectively reflecting a desired frequency band the gain, efficiency and resonant frequency of the patch antenna. The FSS response is determined the unit cell, in addition to the permittivity of substrate can control t bandwidth and resonance of FSS. Detail dimensions of the hexagonal loops ring element are Table 2. FSS unit cell parameters (mm)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In this section, a proposed FSS unit simulated using the CST-MW simulator.
consists of Microwave Studio, EM Studio, PCB Studio, etc. We focus on the Microwave Studio which employs the Finite Difference Time Domain Method. The method is based on the time domain and can cover a wide frequency band with one single simulation run. It is also quick and suitable for non-uniform models. However, results from CST do not closely fit for configurations with a large range of dimensions, such as a half wavelength dipole using an impractically thi wire for example. This is because of CST's sensitivity to extremely small mesh grid settings. parametric study of FSS unit cell have been investigated as shown in figures [4], [5], and [6]. It is also quick and uniform models. However, results from CST do not closely fit for configurations with a large range of dimensions, such as a half wavelength dipole using an impractically thi wire for example. This is because of CST's sensitivity to extremely small mesh grid settings. parametric study of FSS unit cell have been investigated as shown in figures [4], [5], and [6].

UNITE CELL SIMULATION AND RESULTS
of changing modes on transmission and reflection coefficient characteristics of the proposed FSS unit cell. It is a band stop filter and it rejects wide band from 4 GHz to 14GHZ with center frequency 10GHz at TE and TM mode. It is also quick and uniform models. However, results from CST do not closely fit for configurations with a large range of dimensions, such as a half wavelength dipole using an impractically thin wire for example. This is because of CST's sensitivity to extremely small mesh grid settings. A parametric study of FSS unit cell have been investigated as shown in figures [4], [5], and [6]. The equivalent circuit of the proposed FSS unit cell with characteristic impedance Z is shown in Fig.5(a).The introduced capacitances represent the gap between conductors in the FSS unit while the inductance represents the metallic parts forming the hexagonal loop shape. The equivalent circuit of the proposed FSS unit cell with characteristic impedance Z is shown in apacitances represent the gap between conductors in the FSS unit while the inductance represents the metallic parts forming the hexagonal loop shape. 51 The equivalent circuit of the proposed FSS unit cell with characteristic impedance Z is shown in apacitances represent the gap between conductors in the FSS unit-cell, while the inductance represents the metallic parts forming the hexagonal loop shape.
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3673702  Thickness of conductor has an important effect on the resonance of unit cell as shown in figure 6, as the thickness of conductor increase, the resonance frequency shifted toward higher frequency.
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3673702  Figure.7 shows that the effect of changing space between loops each other, by increase the space "D" the frequency response shifted toward higher frequencies but bandwidth decrease. Bandwidth at "D" equal 1.3mm is 5 GHz and at "D" equal 0.325mm bandwidth is 6.5 GHz. The resonance frequency of the stop-band filter is also affected by the relative permittivity of the substrate. As illustrated in Figure 8, by increasing the substrate permittivity, the resonance frequency shifted to lower frequency that is allowed to operate at lower frequencies with the same compact size of FSS.
Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3673702 As shown in figure 9, the smallest values of conductor thickness "C" and spacing "D" and the highest permittivity have been used, so the frequency has been shifted to lowest value with the same compact size of FSS.

Antenna and FSS simulation and results
In this section, antenna implanted with and without FSS have been discussed. Figure.10 shows the return loss of antenna without FSS and with FSS at H=1. 5 mm (separation between antenna and FSS), returned loss of antenna increase to -16 dB and gain reached to 9.7 which has been improved by 48% and efficiency enhanced to reach 97% Final antenna results are listed in Table. 3 Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3673702  Figure.11 shows effect of changing the separation (H) between antenna and FSS, at distance H=0. 375mm a new resonance frequency appeared at 9.6GHz, 8GHz and 6.9GHz. At separation H=1.5mm only one resonance frequency appear at 10GHz, so by decreasing separation between antenna and FSS that allow an antenna to resonate at new frequencies.  Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3673702  Fig. 12, 13 shows the radiation patterns of antenna (10 GHz). The maximum gains levels have an obvious enhancement for the two main planes, along with an increase in the gains relative to that of the initial patch antenna. Before implanting FSS to MS antenna, the pattern was directiv FSS to antenna pattern shape has been changed. became multi-beam which it allowed to use antenna module in many applications such as scanning array.

EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION
The proposed antenna and FSS ha thicknessas shown in Fig.14, and S11 of antenna with and without FSS have been measured and compared to the simulated results as presented in Figure 15 shows the comparison between simulated and measur FSS. It is noticed that the measured and simulated resonance frequencies identical. Figure 16 shows that a good agreement has simulated results and it is clear identical.
(a) Figure.14 The prototype shows the radiation patterns of antenna with and without FSS at operating frequency (10 GHz). The maximum gains levels have an obvious enhancement for the two main planes, along with an increase in the gains relative to that of the initial patch antenna. Before implanting FSS to MS antenna, the pattern was directive with a main loop at 90 degrees. After implanting pattern shape has been changed. The pattern has been reshaped by FSS and it beam which it allowed to use antenna module in many applications such as

NTAL VERIFICATION
and FSS have been fabricated on an Rogger 5880 substrate as shown in Fig.14, and S11 of antenna with and without FSS have been measured and compared to the simulated results as presented in Fig. 15 and Fig. 16 Figure 15 shows the comparison between simulated and measured S11 for antenna only measured and simulated resonance frequencies are approximately that a good agreement has been achieved between measured and clear that the measured and simulated resonance frequencies are The prototype of (a) patch antenna and (b) FSS and (c) antenna module 56 at operating frequency (10 GHz). The maximum gains levels have an obvious enhancement for the two main planes, along with an increase in the gains relative to that of the initial patch antenna. Before implanting e with a main loop at 90 degrees. After implanting he pattern has been reshaped by FSS and it beam which it allowed to use antenna module in many applications such as been fabricated on an Rogger 5880 substrate with 1.575 as shown in Fig.14, and S11 of antenna with and without FSS have been measured and antenna only without approximately been achieved between measured and measured and simulated resonance frequencies are

CONCLUSION
In this paper, high gain microstrip antenna is presented. From simulation results, it is found that the proposed FSS structure can be used as a stop band filter. The proposed FSS has been then applied as a superstrate to a conventional patch antenna to improve its gain and efficiency. The antenna and FSS has been implemented and tested. The measured return losses is in a reasonable agreement with the simulated results. The gain have been improved up to 9.2 dB (48% increment) and efficiency increased to 97% at the operating frequency of 10 GHz. The radiation patterns at frequency 10 GHz is acceptable. With these characteristics. The proposed antenna module (antenna and FSS) could be used in X-band applications.