June 14, 2013 Journal article Open Access

Cartagena, Casandra M.; Phillips, Katie L.; Williams, Garry L.; Konopko, Melissa; Tortella, Frank C.; Dave, Jitendra R.; Schmid, Kara E.

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  <identifier identifierType="URL">https://zenodo.org/record/1232878</identifier>
  <creators>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Cartagena, Casandra M.</creatorName>
      <givenName>Casandra M.</givenName>
      <familyName>Cartagena</familyName>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Phillips, Katie L.</creatorName>
      <givenName>Katie L.</givenName>
      <familyName>Phillips</familyName>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Williams, Garry L.</creatorName>
      <givenName>Garry L.</givenName>
      <familyName>Williams</familyName>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Konopko, Melissa</creatorName>
      <givenName>Melissa</givenName>
      <familyName>Konopko</familyName>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Tortella, Frank C.</creatorName>
      <givenName>Frank C.</givenName>
      <familyName>Tortella</familyName>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Dave, Jitendra R.</creatorName>
      <givenName>Jitendra R.</givenName>
      <familyName>Dave</familyName>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <creatorName>Schmid, Kara E.</creatorName>
      <givenName>Kara E.</givenName>
      <familyName>Schmid</familyName>
    </creator>
  </creators>
  <titles>
    <title>Mechanism of Action for NNZ-2566 Anti-inflammatory Effects Following PBBI Involves Upregulation of Immunomodulator ATF3</title>
  </titles>
  <publisher>Zenodo</publisher>
  <publicationYear>2013</publicationYear>
  <dates>
    <date dateType="Issued">2013-06-14</date>
  </dates>
  <resourceType resourceTypeGeneral="JournalArticle"/>
  <alternateIdentifiers>
    <alternateIdentifier alternateIdentifierType="url">https://zenodo.org/record/1232878</alternateIdentifier>
  </alternateIdentifiers>
  <relatedIdentifiers>
    <relatedIdentifier relatedIdentifierType="DOI" relationType="IsIdenticalTo">10.1007/s12017-013-8236-z</relatedIdentifier>
  </relatedIdentifiers>
  <rightsList>
    <rights rightsURI="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode">Creative Commons Zero v1.0 Universal</rights>
    <rights rightsURI="info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess">Open Access</rights>
  </rightsList>
  <descriptions>
    <description descriptionType="Abstract">The tripeptide glycine–proline–glutamate analogue NNZ-2566 (Neuren Pharmaceuticals) demonstrates neuroprotective efficacy in models of traumatic brain injury. In penetrating ballistic-like brain injury (PBBI), it significantly decreases injury-induced upregulation of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-6. However, the mechanism by which NNZ-2566 acts has yet to be determined. The activating transcription factor-3 (ATF3) is known to repress expression of these inflammatory cytokines and was increased at the mRNA and protein level 24-h post-PBBI. This study investigated whether 12 h of NNZ-2566 treatment following PBBI alters atf3 expression. PBBI alone significantly increased atf3 mRNA levels by 13-fold at 12 h and these levels were increased by an additional fourfold with NNZ-2566 treatment. To confirm that changes in mRNA translated to changes in protein expression, ATF3 expression levels were determined in vivo in microglia/macrophages, T cells, natural killer cells (NKCs), astrocytes, and neurons. PBBI alone significantly increased ATF3 in microglia/macrophages (820 %), NKCs (58 %), and astrocytes (51 %), but decreased levels in T cells (48 %). NNZ-2566 treatment further increased ATF3 protein expression in microglia/macrophages (102 %), NKCs (308 %), and astrocytes (13 %), while reversing ATF3 decreases in T cells. Finally, PBBI increased ATF3 levels by 55 % in neurons and NNZ-2566 treatment further increased these levels an additional 33 %. Since increased ATF3 may be an innate protective mechanism to limit inflammation following injury, these results demonstrating that the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective drug NNZ-2566 increase both mRNA and protein levels of ATF3 in multiple cell types provide a cellular mechanism for NNZ-2566 modulation of neuroinflammation following PBBI.</description>
  </descriptions>
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