2024-03-29T07:32:00Z
https://zenodo.org/oai2d
oai:zenodo.org:2554132
2020-01-20T13:33:41Z
user-smartnet
Uslar, Mathias
Rohjans, Sebastian
Neureiter, Christian
Andrén, Filip Pröstl
Velasquez, Jorge
Steinbrink, Cornelius
Efthymiou, Venizelos
Migliavacca, Gianluigi
Horsmanheimo, Seppo
Brunner, Helfried
I. Strasser, Thomas
2019-01-15
<p>The continuously increasing complexity of modern and sustainable power and energy systems leads to a wide range of solutions developed by industry and academia. To manage such complex system-of-systems, proper engineering and validation approaches, methods, concepts, and corresponding tools are necessary. The Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM), an approach that has been developed during the last couple of years, provides a very good and structured basis for the design, development, and validation of new solutions and technologies. This review therefore provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art and related work for the theory, distribution, and use of the aforementioned architectural concept. The article itself provides an overview of the overall method and introduces the theoretical fundamentals behind this approach. Its usage is demonstrated in several European and national research and development projects. Finally, an outlook about future trends, potential adaptations, and extensions is provided as well.</p>
https://doi.org/10.3390/en12020258
oai:zenodo.org:2554132
eng
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/smartnet
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
Architecture; Development; Enterprise Architecture Management; Model-Based Software Engineering; Smart Grid; Smart Grid Architecture Model; System-of-Systems; Validation
Applying the Smart Grid Architecture Model for Designing and Validating System-of-Systems in the Power and Energy Domain: A European Perspective
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
oai:zenodo.org:3268652
2020-01-20T17:42:30Z
user-smartnet
Prostl Andren, Filip
Strasser, Thomas
Le Baut, Julien
Rossi, Marco
Vigano, Giacomo
Della Croce, Giacomo
Horsmanheimo, Seppo
IbanezII, Adrian
Ghasem Azar, Armin
2019-07-04
The secure operation of future power systems will rely on better coordination between transmission system and distribution system operators. Increasing integration of renewables throughout the whole system is challenging the traditional operation. To tackle this problem, the SmartNet project proposes and evaluates five different coordination schemes between system operators using three benchmark scenarios from Denmark, Italy, and Spain. In the project, field tests in each of the benchmark countries are complemented with a number of laboratory validation tests, to cover scenarios that cannot be tested in field trials. This paper presents the outcome of these laboratory tests. Three tests are shown, focusing on controller validation, analysis of communication impacts, and how well price-based controls can
integrate with the SmartNet coordination schemes. The results demonstrate important indications for the field tests and also show some of the limitations with the current implementations of the coordinations schemes.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3268652
oai:zenodo.org:3268652
eng
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/smartnet
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3268651
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
Validating Coordination Schemes between Transmission and Distribution System Operators using a Laboratory-Based Approach
info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper
oai:zenodo.org:3248867
2020-01-20T17:24:09Z
user-smartnet
Jimeno, Joseba
Ruiz, Nerea
Madina, Carlos
2019-06-03
<p>This paper presents a tool for an aggregator of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) to optimally combine their flexibilities into a few representative bids to be submitted to flexibility markets. The tool employs a “bottom-up” approach based on physical end-use load models, being the individual flexibility of each individual TCL simulated with a second-order thermal model describing the dynamics of the house. The approach is based on a direct load control (DLC) of thermostat temperature set-point by the aggregator. End-users receive an economic compensation in exchange for the loss of comfort. The applicability of the proposed model is demonstrated in a simulation case study based on an actual power system in Spain.</p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3248867
oai:zenodo.org:3248867
eng
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/smartnet
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3248866
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
Aggregation of Thermostatically Controlled Loads for Flexibility Markets
info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper
oai:zenodo.org:3248870
2020-01-20T17:10:54Z
user-smartnet
Madina, Carlos
Riano, Sandra
Gomez, Ines
Kuusela, Pirkko
Aghaie, Hamid
Jimeno, Joseba
Ruiz, Nerea
Rossi, Marco
Migliavacca, Gianluigi
2019-06-03
<p>This paper presents the outcome of the cost-benefit analysis (CBA) for the different alternatives defined in the project SmartNet for the coordination between transmission system operators (TSOs) and distribution system operators (DSOs). The CBA compares five coordination schemes in three countries (Italy, Denmark and Spain) on the basis of several economic indicators. On top of them, it also calculates some non-economic indicators to enrich the analysis. The main results for the Italian and the Spanish cases are presented in this paper.</p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3248870
oai:zenodo.org:3248870
eng
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/smartnet
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3248869
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
Cost-benefit Analysis of TSO-DSO Coordination to Operate Flexibility Markets
info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper
oai:zenodo.org:1067075
2020-01-20T17:22:42Z
user-smartnet
Marthinsen, Håkon
Z. Morch, Andrei
Plećaš, Milana
Kockar, Ivana
Džamarija, Mario
2017-10-01
<p>This study shows modelling developed during the first year of the SmartNet project. In particular, it presents a mathematical model for aggregation of curtailable generation and sheddable loads. The model determines the quantity and the cost of the flexibility provided by the flexible resources based on their physical and dynamic behaviours. The model also proposes a bidding strategy in order to translate the aggregated behaviour into market bids.</p>
https://doi.org/10.1049/oap-cired.2017.0994
oai:zenodo.org:1067075
eng
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/smartnet
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
CIRED, 24th International Conference & Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED), Glasgow, Scotland, 12-15 June 2017
load management; load shedding; power markets; power generation economics
Aggregation model for curtailable generation and sheddable loads
info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper
oai:zenodo.org:1321216
2020-01-20T17:39:02Z
user-smartnet
Papavasiliou, Anthony
2017-02-01
<p>Low-voltage distribution networks are emerging as an increasingly important component of power system operations due to the deployment of distributed renewable resources (e.g. rooftop solar supply) and the need to mobilize the flexibility of consumers that are connected to the low-voltage grid. The pricing of electric power at distribution nodes follows directly from the theory of spot pricing of electricity. However, in contrast to linearized lossless models of transmission networks, an intuitive understanding of prices at the distribution level presents challenges due to voltage limits, reactive power flows and losses. In this paper we present three approaches towards understanding distribution locational marginal prices by decomposing them: (i) through a duality analysis of the problem formulated with a global power balance constraint, (ii) through a duality analysis of a second order cone program relaxation, and (iii) through an analysis of the impact of marginal losses on price. We discuss the relative strengths and weaknesses of each approach in terms of computation and physical intuition, and demonstrate the concepts on a 15-bus radial distribution network.</p>
https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2017.2673860
oai:zenodo.org:1321216
eng
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/smartnet
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
Analysis of Distribution Locational Marginal Prices
info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper
oai:zenodo.org:3248875
2020-01-20T17:16:02Z
user-smartnet
Morch, Andrei
Migliavacca, Gianluigi
Kockar, Ivana
Xu, Han
Fernandez, Julia
Gerard, Helena
2019-06-03
<p>Procurement and activation of resources from distribution network for ancillary services will require new grid organisation for ensuring and improving interaction between TSOs and DSOs. EU H2020 project SmartNet proposes five different architectures or coordination schemes (CSs) that each present a different way of organizing this interaction with a specific set of roles taken by the system operators and detailed market design. The study made a comparative evaluation of these CSs based on realistic scenarios for 2030 and implemented in simulations. The following study made a comprehensive screening of more than 40 documents based on a selection of key topics, which are essential for SmartNet and evaluated how the CSs are aligned with the present national and European policy goals and positions of the key industrial stakeholders. The screening was structured according to a set of so-called topics of interest, which the project considers to be essential for definition of well functioning TSO-DSO interaction.</p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3248875
oai:zenodo.org:3248875
eng
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/smartnet
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3248874
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
Architectures for Optimised Interaction Between TSOs and DSOs: Compliance with the Present Practice, Regulation and Roadmaps
info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper
oai:zenodo.org:1253041
2020-01-20T17:24:52Z
user-smartnet
Camargo, Juliano
Spiessens, Fred
Hermans, Chris
2018-03-09
<p>This paper describes a minimum cost network flow model for the aggregated control of deferrable load profiles. The load aggregator responds to indicative energy price information and uses this model to formulate and submit a flexibility bid to a high-resolution real-time balancing market, as proposed by the SmartNet project. This bid represents the possibility of the cluster of deferrable loads to deviate from the scheduled consumption, in case the bid is accepted. When formulating this bid, the model is able to take into account the discretized power profiles of the individual loads. The solution of this type of aggregation problems is necessary for the participation of small loads in demand response programs, but scalability can be an issue. The minimum cost network flow problem belongs to a restricted class of discrete optimization problems for which efficient and scalable algorithms exist. Thanks to its scalability, this technique can be useful in the control of a large number of smart appliances in future real-time balancing markets. The technique is efficient enough to be employed by an aggregation module with limited computational resources. Alternatively, when indicative price information is not made available by the system operator, the technique can be combined with an external forecast in order to minimize possible imbalance costs.</p>
https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030613
oai:zenodo.org:1253041
eng
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/smartnet
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
A Network Flow Model for Price-Responsive Control of Deferrable Load Profiles
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
oai:zenodo.org:1067092
2020-01-20T14:56:03Z
user-smartnet
Gerard, Helena
Israel Rivero Puente, Enrique
Six, Daan
2017-10-28
<p>The increasing share of distributed energy resources in the distribution grid provides opportunities to use the resources for the overall benefit of both the Transmission System Operator (TSO) and the Distribution System Operator (DSO) to solve problems related to frequency control, congestion management, and voltage control. Consequently, coordination between system operators is needed to guarantee a safe, reliable, and cost-efficient use of flexibility-based services. This article presents five coordination schemes to enhance interaction between system operators. For each scheme, roles, responsibilities and market design are discussed. The advantages, disadvantages and feasibility of each coordination scheme are evaluated.</p>
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2017.09.011
oai:zenodo.org:1067092
eng
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/smartnet
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
Coordination schemesTransmission system operatorDistribution system operator
Coordination between transmission and distribution system operators in the electricity sector: A conceptual framework
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
oai:zenodo.org:1445342
2020-01-20T16:25:20Z
user-smartnet
user-eu
Madina, Carlos
Jimeno, J.
Merino, J.
Pardo, Miguel
Marroquin, M.
Estrade, Eric
2018-08-24
<p>Electric power systems are facing major challenges as fossil fuel generation is replaced by renewable generation, which is often characterised by variable behaviour. This increases the need for resources to be used to guarantee voltage and frequency stability and to ensure power quality. At the same time, an increasing number of flexible demand and storage systems are being located at distribution level. All these resources can potentially provide network services if they are aggregated effectively. To achieve this, however, the roles of the diverse network stakeholders –transmission systems operators (TSOs), distribution systems operators (DSOs) and aggregators– should be reshaped. Together, the way realtime electricity markets are organised must also be adapted to reflect the new operating environment.</p>
<p>The project SmartNet (http://smartnet-project.eu/) compares five TSO-DSO coordination schemes and different real-time market architectures with the aim of finding out which one could deliver the best compromise between costs and benefits for the system. An ad-hoc-developed platform is used to carry out simulations on three benchmark countries –Italy, Denmark and Spain– whose results are used to perform a cost-benefit analysis. This analysis compares the benefits drawn by the system with the ICT costs needed to implement each coordination scheme. In parallel, three demonstration projects (pilots) are deployed for testing specific technological solutions to enable monitoring, control and participation in ancillary services provision from flexible entities located in distribution networks.</p>
<p>This paper summarises the achievements of the Spanish pilot during the first two years of operation. The pilot includes technical and economic aspects, under the “Shared balancing responsibility model”, to demonstrate the feasibility of using urban, distributed radio base stations to provide ancillary services for the DSO through demand side management. In this model, the balancing responsibility is divided between the TSO and the DSO, so that each of them must ensure a predefined schedule in the common border. With that aim, the DSO organises a local market to respect the schedule agreed with the TSO, while the TSO has no access to resources connected to the distribution grid. Commercial market parties such as aggregators become flexibility providers of aggregated distributed energy resources at the local market and the DSO allocates flexibility among them in a competitive manner. Additionally, the local market is used also by the DSO for managing the congestions in its own grid.</p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1445342
oai:zenodo.org:1445342
eng
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/smartnet
https://zenodo.org/communities/eu
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1445341
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
ancillary services, TSO-DSO interaction, distributed energy resources bidding and aggregation
Exploiting flexibility of radio base stations in local DSO markets for congestion management with shared balancing responsibility between TSO and DSO
info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper
oai:zenodo.org:3248767
2020-01-20T17:31:28Z
user-smartnet
Kuusela, Pirkko
Koponen, Pekka
Kockar, Ivana
2019-06-03
<p>Future energy ecosystems need new market structures and interactions between TSO and DSOs, in order to realise distributed ancillary services. This paper estimates and compares ICT costs of several TSO-DSO coordination and market engagements proposed in the SmartNet project. A hybrid cost estimation methodology, which utilises constructive cost model methodology, expert estimates, a national DSO regulation model, and implementation of a simulator, is employed to estimate the development costs of aggregation and market clearing systems needed to realise the market schemes. ICT costs of different arrangements turn out to be at the same level and they are minor in comparison to energy-related costs. However, depending on the overall design of the markets for distributed flexibility, aggregators may have the largest ICT costs and investment needs.</p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3248767
oai:zenodo.org:3248767
eng
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/smartnet
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3248766
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
An ICT Cost Comparison of Different Market Structures for Distributed Ancillary Services
info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper
oai:zenodo.org:3256540
2020-01-20T17:45:33Z
user-smartnet
user-eu
Filip Pröstl Andrén
Thomas I. Strasser
Julien Le Baut
Marco Rossi
Giacomo Vigano
Giacomo Della Croce
Seppo Horsmanheimo
Armin Ghasem Azar
Adrian Ibañez
2019-06-25
<p>The secure operation of future power systems will rely on better coordination between transmission system and distribution system operators. Increasing integration of renewables throughout the whole system is challenging the traditional operation. To tackle this problem, the SmartNet project proposes and evaluates five different coordination schemes between system operators using three benchmark scenarios from Denmark, Italy, and Spain. In the project, field tests in each of the benchmark countries are complemented with a number of laboratory validation tests, to cover scenarios that cannot be tested in field trials. This paper presents the outcome of these laboratory tests. Three tests are shown, focusing on controller validation, analysis of communication impacts, and how well price-based controls can integrate with the SmartNet coordination schemes. The results demonstrate important indications for the field tests and also show some of the limitations with the current implementations of the coordinations schemes.</p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3256540
oai:zenodo.org:3256540
eng
Zenodo
https://arxiv.org/abs/arXiv:1906.10642
https://zenodo.org/communities/smartnet
https://zenodo.org/communities/eu
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3256539
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Other (Open)
PowerTech, 2019 IEEE PowerTech Milano, Milano, Italy, 2019
Laboratories
Power transmission
Power distribution
Flexibility market
Ancillary Services
Validating Coordination Schemes between Transmission and Distribution System Operators using a Laboratory-Based Approach
info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint
oai:zenodo.org:1411469
2020-01-20T15:24:40Z
user-smartnet
Le Cadre, Hélène
2017-07-17
<p>We formulate two coordination mechanisms between local and centralized electricity markets. The first one is a centralized mechanism ruled by the national market operator and formulated as a standard constrained optimization problem. The second one is a decentralized mechanism, governed by local market operators that interact with a central market operator. In both cases, conventional generators submit block quantity offers subject to inter-temporal constraints while anticipating the outcome of the market clearing(s). The decentralized coordination mechanism can be interpreted as a Stackelberg game that we formulate as a bilevel mathematical programming problem. We prove that in case of simple bids, the Stackelberg game admits a unique subgame perfect Nash equilibrium and extend this result to block quantity offers using Complementarity Theory. Through a case study we determine that the decentralized design is as efficient as the centralized one with high shares of renewables, using the Price of Anarchy as performance measure, and that imperfect information has a limited impact on the performance of the decentralized market design.</p>
https://doi.org/10.1109/EEM.2017.7981863
oai:zenodo.org:1411469
eng
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/smartnet
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
On the Efficiency of Local Electricity Markets
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
oai:zenodo.org:1445333
2020-01-20T17:18:15Z
user-smartnet
Migliavacca, Gianluigi
Rossi, Marco
Gerard, Helena
Džamarija, Mario
Horsmanheimo, Seppo
Madina, Carlos
Kockar, Ivana
Leclerq, Guillaume
Marroquin, Miguel
Svendsen, Herald
2018-08-24
<p>The energy world is facing major challenges as fossil fuel generation is replaced with renewable generation, which is often characterised by variable behaviour. This increases the need for resources to be used to guarantee frequency stability, congestion management, voltage regulation and power quality. At the same time, an increasing number of flexible demand and storage systems is located at distribution level. These resources could potentially be available to provide network services if they are aggregated effectively. To achieve this, however, the roles of the diverse network stakeholders – transmission systems operators (TSOs), distribution systems operators (DSOs) and aggregators – should be reshaped. In tandem with this, the way real-time electricity markets are organised also needs to be adapted to reflect the new operating environment. </p>
<p>The project SmartNet (smartnet-project.eu/) compares five different TSO-DSO interaction schemes and different real-time market architectures with the aim of finding out which one could deliver the best compromise between costs and benefits for the system. An ad-hoc-developed platform is used to carry out simulations on three benchmark countries – Italy, Denmark and Spain Conclusions are drawn on possible regulatory gaps both at European and national level. A Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) is implemented to compare the costs needed to implement the five TSO-DSO coordination schemes (e.g. to improve the system ICT) with the benefits drawn by the system. </p>
<p>In this way, the SmartNet project aims at answering the following key questions: </p>
<ul>
<li>how should real-time markets be optimally organised for enabling flexible generation and load to provide their contribution to system services? </li>
<li>which interaction scheme between a TSO and a DSO would prove the most efficient one? What concrete economic benefits could the system draw from this? </li>
<li>what is the trade-off between these benefits and the extra costs for ICT deployment to implement these new schemes? </li>
<li>what regulatory impact could all of this have on the present European and national regulation? </li>
<li>which technological solutions could make it possible to realise a seamless monitoring and control of distributed energy resources (DERs), typically located in distribution? </li>
</ul>
<p>The present paper summarizes the achievements of SmartNet during the first two project years. Main focus is on the set-up of the simulation platform and on the modelling of the different components (transmission and distribution networks, ancillary services markets, aggregation processes, system regulations). The main information related to the expected 2030 Italian scenario (which will be object of simulation and cost-benefit analysis assessment later in the project) will be provided together with some preliminary reflections on ICT constraints and regulatory implications. </p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1445333
oai:zenodo.org:1445333
eng
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/smartnet
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1445332
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
ancillary services markets, TSO-DSO interaction, distributed energy resources bidding and aggregation
TSO-DSO coordination and market architectures for an integrated ancillary services acquisition: the view of the SmartNet project
info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper
oai:zenodo.org:3248777
2020-01-20T17:30:56Z
user-smartnet
Rossi, Marco
Vigano, Giacomo
Migliavacca, Gianluigi
Svendsen, Harald
Leclercq, Guillaume
Sels, Peter
Pavesi, Marco
Gueuning, Thomas
Jimeno, Joseba
Ruiz, Nerea
Camargo, Juliano
Hermans, Chris
Spiessens, Fred
Vardanyan, Yelena
Ebrahimy, Razgar
Howorth, Gary
2019-06-03
<p>Many projections of near-future electricity system foresee a constantly increasing necessity of power flexibility services. In particular, thanks to the growing presence of renewable generation and innovative load technologies, distribution resources are becoming attractive products in ancillary services markets. In order to open the market gates to distribution flexibility, constant interactions between transmission and distribution system operators are required and the European project SmartNet is investigating in detail the possible coordination schemes among these two actors. The paper describes the SmartNet simulator, one of the main tools developed within the project, which precisely estimates the impact of TSO-DSO coordination schemes from the bidding and market clearing perspective, taking into account the consequent effects on the network physics at both transmission and distribution level.</p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3248777
oai:zenodo.org:3248777
eng
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/smartnet
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3248776
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
Testing TSO-DSO Interaction Schemes for the Participation of Distribution Energy Resources in the Balancing Market: the SmartNet Simulator
info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper
oai:zenodo.org:1321180
2020-01-20T17:39:18Z
user-smartnet
Anthony
Ilyes
2017-05-15
<p>Low-voltage distribution networks are emerging as an increasingly important component of power system operations. From a computational standpoint, the proactive utilization of these resources places daunting challenges due to their vast number and the non-linear physics that govern power flow in low-voltage networks. For this reason, a hierarchical approach to the organization of distribution markets which can better cope with computational scalability may be desirable. This paper models various alternatives to the coordination of transmission and distribution system operations, and investigates their relative performance on a small-scale network in terms of allocative efficiency, consistency with physical constraints, and pricing.</p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1321180
oai:zenodo.org:1321180
eng
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/smartnet
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1321179
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
distributed resources, distribution system operations, optimal power flow, balancing, second order cone programming
Coordination Schemes for the Integration of Transmission and Distribution System Operations
info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper
oai:zenodo.org:1445340
2020-01-20T17:36:13Z
user-smartnet
user-eu
Guida, G.
Bruno, G.
Ortolano, Luca
Poli, M.
Palleschi, M.
Migliavacca, Gianluigi
Moneta, D.
Arrigoni, C.
Zanellini, F.
Della Croce, G.
Bridi, A.
2018-08-24
<p>The energy power systems are facing major challenges as fossil fuel generation is replaced with renewable generation, which is often characterised by variable behaviour. This increases the need for resources to be used to guarantee voltage and frequency stability, to deal with congestion management and to ensure the compliance with power quality standards. At the same time, there is an increasing number of local, small-sized generation, flexible demand and storage systems that are often located at distribution level. These resources could potentially be able to provide network services if they are aggregated effectively. However, to achieve this, the roles of the diverse network stakeholders – transmission systems operators (TSOs), distribution systems operators (DSOs) and aggregators – should be reshaped. In tandem with this, the way real-time electricity markets are organised also needs to be adapted to reflect the new operating paradigm. </p>
<p>The SmartNet project (http://smartnet-project.eu/) aims to investigate different solutions to optimise the coordination between TSOs and DSOs with the purpose of improving the grid monitoring and the participation of resource located in the distribution grid in ancillary services. </p>
<p>Within this project, three physical pilots are implemented in Italy, Denmark and Spain to determine new practical solutions. </p>
<p>The subject of this paper is the Italian pilot, realized by a consortium composed by RSE, Terna (TSO), local DSO Edyna, Siemens and Selta in order to develop, implement and test in field technological devices to demonstrate that a smart management of the entire electrical grid, with the coordination of all the actors involved, could help to face new challenges. </p>
<p>In particular, the interaction and the collaboration between TSO and DSO could improve the observability of the grid and allow investigating and defining needs, opportunities and feasibility to employ the potential contribution from all the resources connected in the transmission and distribution grid. In this way, the electrical system could be more flexible and more optimizable. </p>
<p>In terms of technology, the Italian pilot project aims to implement new devices in order to improve the observability of the DSO’s grid and to enable flexible generation to provide system services. In particular, the main functionalities regard: </p>
<ul>
<li>The acquisition of real time information about the operational state of the power plants located at distribution level </li>
<li>The estimation of the production fed into the power grid by unmonitored plants </li>
<li>The aggregation of real time data at the interconnection point MV/HV provided by the DSO to the TSO </li>
<li>The voltage regulation by generators connected to HV and MV levels </li>
<li>The power/frequency regulation (Automatic Frequency Restoration Reserve – aFRR) by generators connected to MV grid </li>
</ul>
<p>The purpose of the present paper is to submit the achievements of the demonstration project realized in Italy during the first two years and to describe the ICT solutions developed by Siemens and Selta in order to fulfill the above functionalities. </p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1445340
oai:zenodo.org:1445340
eng
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/smartnet
https://zenodo.org/communities/eu
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1445339
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
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Ancillary services markets, Observability, Voltage regulation, frequency/power regulation, distributed generation, DER, RES
Smart TSO-DSO interaction schemes and ICT solutions for the integration of ancillary services from distributed generation
info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper
oai:zenodo.org:1251637
2020-01-20T17:14:26Z
user-smartnet
Mezghani, Ilyès
Papavasiliou, Anthony
Le Cadre, Hélène
2018-05-23
<p>The integration of renewable energy resources leads to an impor- tant change in the way electricity markets are operated and orga- nized. The common approach to the optimization of electric power system operations has focused on the high-voltage Transmission Network (TN), while the Distribution Network (DN) is typically not accounted for in detail. Nevertheless, the proliferation of distributed renewable resources (for example, solar panels and electric vehicles) in the DN, coupled with the presence of a substantial amount of load flexibility in the residential and commercial sector, implies that a considerable amount of intelligence will have to be integrated at the distribution level of electric power systems. Consequently, Distribution System Operators (DSOs) will have a more active role in the operation of electric power systems and electricity markets in the future.</p>
<p>The current paradigm of power system operations places all the intelligence in resources that are connected to the TN. Given the vast amount of unexploited flexible resources that are connected to the DN, the existing power system paradigm puts an important part of the system aside by only approximating the distribution system. The TN is the only part of the electricity supply chain that is currently optimized. The flexibility in the DN is mainly originating from active residential and commercial demand-side management, which we will need to exploit effectively in the coming decades if we wish to maintain the quality of service that we currently enjoy [<a href="#_bookmark36">3</a>]. However, the DN is, in itself, a system of massive scale which presents a host of operational challenges. On the one hand, the </p>
<p>amount of renewable resources that are located in the DN, mainly in the form of solar panels, has been growing and becoming an increasingly important component of the electric power supply chain. On the other hand, due to distribution constraints and the unpredictability of renewable resources, a certain amount of this renewable power needs to be consumed locally [<a href="#_bookmark41">8</a>]. Coordination of operations in electricity markets has also been discussed in [<a href="#_bookmark52">19</a>], <a href="#_bookmark47">[14], </a><a href="#_bookmark53">[20].</a></p>
<p>This work draws inspiration from [<a href="#_bookmark52">19</a>], where the authors focus on the counter-trading of re-dispatching resources between two Transmission System Operators (TSOs), in the context of conges- tion management. The authors investigate whether there should exist a separate market for transmission capacity by resorting to Generalized Nash Equilibrium (GNE), due to the influence of each TSO’s action on the other TSO’s decisions. We transpose this frame-</p>
<p>work to the context of TSO-DSO coordination, where the activation of distribution system reserves1 by the TSO has an impact on the feasible actions of DSOs. We specifically focus on two coordination</p>
<p>schemes inspired by the EU SmartNet project on TSO-DSO coordi- nation [<a href="#_bookmark45">12</a>], [<a href="#_bookmark34">1</a>]. Even if we will only provide preliminary results a on a small example in this paper, the SmartNet initiative is willing to implement these schemes on pilot test cases in Denmark, Italy and Spain. Possible inefficiencies due to decentralization then need to be quantified. Although we envision the trading of real power at the transmission-distribution system interface as a viable ap- proach towards TSO-DSO coordination, the SmartNet coordination schemes are not all aligned with such a setup. We therefore aim at comparing the efficiency of the schemes set forth by SmartNet, by relying on a GNE approach.</p>
<p>The focus of our paper is (i) to model various TSO-DSO coordina- tion schemes which have been proposed in the SmartNet project as non-cooperative games, (ii) to propose a method for solving these problems, (iii) to interpret the solutions, and (iv) to compare the relative strengths and weaknesses of the different schemes.</p>
<p>For our modeling, we resort to Generalized Nash Equilibrium, which is a computationally difficult problem [<a href="#_bookmark49">16</a>]. We propose a solution strategy which is based on the theory of Nabetani, Tseng and Fukushima [<a href="#_bookmark48">15</a>]. Our simple example unveils multiple equilibria, a phenomenon which has been well-studied in the literature (see for example [<a href="#_bookmark44">11</a>], [<a href="#_bookmark35">2</a>]), and we comment on the quality of these equilibria in our numerical example.</p>
<p>The rest of the paper is organized as follows: we present the context of TSO-DSO coordination and our notation in section <a href="#_bookmark1">2.</a> We present the Generalized Nash Equilibrium models of two TSO- DSO coordination schemes in section <a href="#_bookmark2">3. </a>The implementation of the different schemes is illustrated through numerical results presented on a toy example in section <a href="#_bookmark27">4. </a>Section <a href="#_bookmark33">5 </a>concludes the paper.</p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1251637
oai:zenodo.org:1251637
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/smartnet
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1251636
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 4.0 International
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ACM e-Energy 2018
A Generalized Nash Equilibrium Analysis of Electric Power Transmission-Distribution Coordination
info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper
oai:zenodo.org:3248872
2020-01-20T17:16:03Z
user-smartnet
Pardo, Miguel
Madina, Carlos
Marroquin, Miguel
Estrade, Eric
2019-06-03
<p>The changes in the energy sector require an appropriate coordination between transmission systems operators (TSOs), distribution systems operators (DSOs) and aggregators. The project SmartNet aims at defining and comparing different TSO-DSO coordination schemes, by implementing dedicated analyses in Italy, Denmark and Spain. This paper describes the pilot project implemented in Spain and presents its main outcomes.</p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3248872
oai:zenodo.org:3248872
eng
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/smartnet
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3248871
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
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Use of Radio Base Stations to Provide Ancillary Services to the DSO Through Local Flexibility Market
info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper
oai:zenodo.org:1067781
2020-01-20T14:36:41Z
user-smartnet
user-eu
Migliavacca, Gianluigi
Rossi, Marco
Six, Daan
Džamarija, Mario
Horsmanheimo, Seppo
Madina, Carlos
Kockar, Ivana
Morales, Juan Miguel
2017-10-01
<p>This study presents an overview of the results obtained during the first year of the SmartNet project, which aims at comparing possible architectures for optimised interaction between transmission system operator (TSOs) and distribution system operator (DSOs), including exchange of information for monitoring as well as acquisition of ancillary services (reserve and balancing, voltage regulation, congestion management), both for local needs and for the entire power system. The results concerning TSO–DSO coordination schemes, market design and information and communication technology (ICT) architectures are shown along with the layout of the three technological pilot projects.</p>
https://doi.org/10.1049/oap-cired.2017.0104
oai:zenodo.org:1067781
eng
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/smartnet
https://zenodo.org/communities/eu
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
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CIRED, 24th International Conference & Exhibition on Electricity Distribution (CIRED), Glasgow, Scotland, 12-15 June 2017
power transmission; distribution networks
SmartNet: H2020 project analysing TSO–DSO interaction to enable ancillary services provision from distribution networks
info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper
oai:zenodo.org:3264883
2020-01-20T17:11:56Z
user-smartnet
user-erigrid
user-eu
Mathias Uslar
Sebastian Rohjans
Christian Neureiter
Filip Pröstl Andrén
Jorge Velasquez
Cornelius Steinbrink
Venizelos Efthymiou
Gianluigi Migliavacca
Seppo Horsmanheimo
Helfried Brunner
Thomas I. Strasser
2019-01-15
<p>The continuously increasing complexity of modern and sustainable power and energy systems leads to a wide range of solutions developed by industry and academia. To manage such complex system-of-systems, proper engineering and validation approaches, methods, concepts, and corresponding tools are necessary. The Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM), an approach that has been developed during the last couple of years, provides a very good and structured basis for the design, development, and validation of new solutions and technologies. This review therefore provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art and related work for the theory, distribution, and use of the aforementioned architectural concept. The article itself provides an overview of the overall method and introduces the theoretical fundamentals behind this approach. Its usage is demonstrated in several European and national research and development projects. Finally, an outlook about future trends, potential adaptations, and extensions is provided as well.</p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3264883
oai:zenodo.org:3264883
eng
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/erigrid
https://zenodo.org/communities/smartnet
https://zenodo.org/communities/eu
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3264882
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
Energies, 12(2), 258, (2019-01-15)
Architecture; Development
Enterprise Architecture Management
Model-Based Software Engineering
Smart Grid
Smart Grid Architecture Model
System-of-Systems
Validation
Applying the Smart Grid Architecture Model for Designing and Validating System-of-Systems in the Power and Energy Domain: A European Perspective
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
oai:zenodo.org:1321165
2020-01-20T17:28:54Z
user-smartnet
Marroquin, Miguel
Madina, Carlos
Pardo, Miguel
2018-06-19
<p>This paper looks at the national cases of Spain and Denmark during the first two years of the SmartNet project whereby the project explores the role of aggregator to study in depth the participation in ancillary services of flexibility from DSO-connected batteries in radio-based stations in the city of Barcelona (Spain) and thermal inertia from swimming pools in summer houses in Jutland and Esbjerg (Denmark). The role of aggregator in both the simulations and the physical pilots is analysed to test novel management systems and communication schemes with Distributed Energy Resources (DER) by means of direct and indirect controls. On the one hand, direct control uses traditional bidirectional communication to harness flexibility while presenting several issues in providing scalability. On the other hand, indirect control broadcasts unidirectional signal that is interpreted by the flexible assets, simplifying the communication when millions of DERs are considered at the expense of reducing control or response certainty.</p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1321165
oai:zenodo.org:1321165
eng
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/smartnet
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1321164
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
Design and Simulation of Novel Demand Response Management Systems under Enhanced TSO-DSO Interaction
info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper
oai:zenodo.org:2583842
2020-01-20T14:22:46Z
user-smartnet
Le Cadre, Hélène
Mezghani, Ilyès
Papavasiliou, Anthony
2018-09-29
<p>In this paper, we formulate in a game-theoretic framework three coordination schemes for analyzing DSO-TSO interactions. This framework relies on a reformulation of the power flow equations by introducing linear mappings between the state and the decision variables. The first coordination scheme, used as a benchmark, is a co-optimization problem where an integrated market operator activates jointly resources connected at transmission and distribution levels. We formulate it as a standard constrained optimization problem. The second one, called shared balancing responsibility, assumes bounded rationality of TSO and DSOs which act simultaneously and is formulated as a non-cooperative game. The last one involves rational expectation from the DSOs which anticipate the clearing of the transmission market by the TSO, and is formulated as a Stackelberg game. For each coordination scheme, we determine conditions for existence and uniqueness of solutions. On a network instance from the NICTA NESTA test cases, we span the set of Generalized Nash Equilibria solutions of the decentralized coordination schemes. We determine that the decentralized coordination schemes are more profitable for the TSO and that rational expectations from the DSOs gives rise to a last-mover advantage for the TSO. Highest efficiency level is reached by the centralized co-optimization, followed very closely by the shared balancing responsibility. The mean social welfare is higher for the Stackelberg game than under shared balancing responsibility. Finally, under imperfect information, we check that the Price of Information, measured as the worst-case ratio of the optimal achievable social welfare with full information to the social welfare at an equilibrium with imperfect information, is a stepwise increasing function of the coefficient of variation of the TSO and reaches an upper bound.</p>
<ul>
</ul>
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2018.09.043
oai:zenodo.org:2583842
eng
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/smartnet
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
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OR in energy, Game theory, Coordination schemes, Generalized Nash equilibrium, Price of information
A game-theoretic analysis of transmission-distribution system operator coordination
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
oai:zenodo.org:3248763
2020-01-20T17:33:32Z
user-smartnet
Mezghani, Ilyes
Papavasiliou, Anthony
2018-12-13
<p>Integrating renewable energy in the electricity mix raises several challenges for transmission and distribution system operators. A principal challenge relates to the provision of balancing services from distribution system resources, which requires that the constraints of the distribution network be carefully accounted for when deciding on the dispatch of distribution system resources. In this paper we present a mixed-integer second order cone program for solving a real-time dispatch problem where transmission and distribution are modeled in an integrated fashion. The model offers promising perspectives when tested on real instances of the Italian system.</p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3248763
oai:zenodo.org:3248763
eng
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/smartnet
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3248762
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
A Mixed Integer Second Order Cone Program for Transmission-Distribution System Co-Optimization
info:eu-repo/semantics/article
oai:zenodo.org:1321189
2020-01-20T16:43:56Z
user-smartnet
Geth, Frederik
D'Hust, Reinhilde
Van Hertem, Dirk
2018-06-12
<p>Optimal power flow problems and market clearing approaches are converging: cost-optimal scheduling of loads and generators should be performed while taking the grid’s physics and operational envelopes into account. Within the SmartNet project, the idea is to consider the grid’s physical behaviour in market clearing approaches. Taking the physics of power flow into account, while managing solution times, demands pragmatic approaches. Convex relaxation and linear approximation are two such approaches to manage computational tractability. This work gives an overview of recent OPF formulations, and their relaxations and approximations. The hierarchy of the approaches is detailed, as well as the loss of properties resulting from the relaxation process.</p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1321189
oai:zenodo.org:1321189
eng
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/smartnet
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1321188
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
Convex power flow models for scalable electricity market modelling
info:eu-repo/semantics/conferencePaper