2024-03-29T05:50:34Z
https://zenodo.org/oai2d
oai:zenodo.org:4600972
2021-04-26T07:36:00Z
user-university-of-innsbruck
software
user-piano
user-acinn
Maren Haid
2021-03-12
<p>This toolbox contains modules for</p>
<ul>
<li>data formatting (e.g., <code>2NetCDF</code>)</li>
<li>estimating retrievals from Doppler wind lidar data (e.g., <code>coplanar_retrieval</code> and <code>VAD_retrieval</code>)</li>
<li>creating figures of lidar data (e.g., <code>quicklooks</code>)</li>
<li>writing scan files and scan schedules for the StreamLine (SL) software (<code>SL_scan_files</code>).</li>
</ul>
<p>Compared to Version v1.0.0 (First release), new modules to retrieve vertical profiles of horizontal wind from Doppler wind lidar VAD scans (<code>VAD_retrieval</code>), create daily figures of these retrievals (<code>quicklooks</code>) and to write daily scan schedule and scan files used in the StreamLine software (<code>SL_scan_files</code>). Additionally, the modules in <code>2NetCDF </code>and <code>coplanar_retrieval </code>are updated.</p>
<p>The modules of this release were used for the Doppler wind Lidar data measured by the ACINN (https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/index.html.en) during the CROSSINN (https://www.imk-tro.kit.edu/english/844_8306.php) measurement campaign. Executive scripts can be found at GITHub (marenha/CROSSINN) repository.</p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4600972
oai:zenodo.org:4600972
Zenodo
https://github.com/marenha/doppler_wind_lidar_toolbox/tree/v1.1.0
https://zenodo.org/communities/piano
https://zenodo.org/communities/acinn
https://zenodo.org/communities/university-of-innsbruck
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3583082
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
marenha/doppler_wind_lidar_toolbox: CROSSINN release
info:eu-repo/semantics/other
oai:zenodo.org:4719224
2021-04-26T12:27:25Z
user-university-of-innsbruck
software
user-piano
user-acinn
Maren Haid
2021-04-26
<p>Script collection used for the Doppler wind lidars operated by the ACINN (https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/index.html.en) during the PIANO (https://www.uibk.ac.at/projects/piano/index.html.en) measurement campaign. Scripts apply modules from the <code>marenha/doppler_wind_lidar_toolbox</code> repository (v.1.1.2, http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4719222).</p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4719224
oai:zenodo.org:4719224
Zenodo
https://github.com/marenha/PIANO/tree/v1.0.1
https://zenodo.org/communities/piano
https://zenodo.org/communities/acinn
https://zenodo.org/communities/university-of-innsbruck
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4709156
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
marenha/PIANO: Second Release
info:eu-repo/semantics/other
oai:zenodo.org:4674773
2021-04-28T00:27:27Z
openaire_data
user-piano
user-acinn
Gohm, Alexander
Haid, Maren
Umek, Lukas
Ward, Helen C.
Rotach, Mathias W.
2021-04-27
<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p>
<p>This is the data set of four scanning Doppler wind lidars (SL74, SL75, SL88 and SLXR142) operated during the field campaign of the research project PIANO (Penetration and Interruption of Alpine Foehn) in the Inn Valley at Innsbruck, Austria, during fall and early winter 2017. The goal of the campaign was to study the erosion of cold air pools during south foehn and the associated foehn breakthrough at the valley floor in the vicinity of Innsbruck as well as the subsequent foehn breakdown. The campaign comprises seven Intensive Observation Periods (IOPs), more specifically six south foehn events (IOP 2 to IOP 7) and one west foehn (IOP 1).</p>
<p><strong>DATA SET DESCRIPTION</strong></p>
<p><strong>1. Spatial coverage and locations</strong></p>
<p>Measurements with four scanning Doppler wind lidars (SL74, SL75, SL88 and SLXR142) were collected during the PIANO field campaign in the Inn Valley at Innsbruck, Austria. Three of the lidars (SL74, SL75 and SLXR142) were installed on tall buildings and arranged on a triangle to perform coplanar scans for dual- and triple-Doppler lidar analysis. The fourth lidar (SL88) was installed along the northern side of this triangle on a lower building to measure vertical wind profiles. The exact locations are given in the list below. A map showing the lidar locations can be found in Haid et al. (2020).</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>SL74</strong>: PEMA Holding, Brunecker Straße 1, 6020 Innsbruck, 47.2660760 deg N, 11.4011756 deg E, 629.13 m MSL</li>
<li><strong>SL75</strong>: Lagerhaus, Duilenstraße 20, 6020 Innsbruck, 47.2533684 deg N, 11.3928383 deg E, 623.79 m MSL</li>
<li><strong>SL88</strong>: HTL Anichstraße, Anichstraße 26-28, 6020 Innsbruck, 47.2649805 deg N, 11.3893394 deg E, 584.88 m MSL</li>
<li><strong>SLXR142</strong>: University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52d, 6020 Innbruck, 47.2639112 deg N, 11.3846693 deg E, 619.64 m MSL</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>2. Temporal coverage</strong></p>
<p>The PIANO field campaign took place during fall and early winter 2017. The operation period is different for each of the four lidars (see list below). The SL88 lidar was in operation the longest, whereas SL74 and SL75 only operated during the main PIANO campaign from September to December 2017. The SL88 lidar performed conical scans throughout the campaign (6beam, see next section). The other three lidars (SL74, SL75 and SLXR142) were used to realize various different scan scenarios based on different scan patterns (see overview in list below and details in the next section). Between mid September and the beginning of October these three lidars were tested and the scan patterns were optimized. We do not provide data for this test period. After testing, scenario 1a started. During the operation period of this first scenario, several shorter tests were performed and smaller changes were applied to the lidar configuration. On 13/14 Oct 2017, scenario 2 was tested, but did not became operational. On 16 Oct, <strong>scenario 1b</strong> started, an optimized version of scenario 1a and the <strong>main scenario of the PIANO campaign</strong>. Scenario 1b was interrupted for about one day (2-3 Nov 2017) by scenario 2. After dismantling SL74 and SL75 on 18 December, SLXR142 continued to operate until February but performed scenario 3.</p>
<ul>
<li>Operation period:
<ul>
<li>SL74, SL75: 12 Sep 2017 - 18 Dec 2017</li>
<li>SL88: 19 Jul 2017 - 8 Mar 2018</li>
<li>SLXR142: 18 Sep 2017 - 11 Feb 2018</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Tests:
<ul>
<li>SL74, SL75, SLXR142: 12 Sep - 6 Oct 2017, 16 Oct 2017, 5-6 Dec 2017</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Scenario 1a:
<ul>
<li>SL74, SL75, SLXR142: 7 Oct - 13 Oct 2017, 15 Oct 2017</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Scenario 1b:
<ul>
<li>SL74, SL75: 16 Oct - 18 Dec 2017</li>
<li>SLXR142: 16 Oct - 20 Dec 2017</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Scenario 2:
<ul>
<li>SL74, SL75, SLXR142: 13/14 Oct 2017, 2/3 Nov 2017</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Scenario 3:
<ul>
<li>SLXR142: 21 Dec 2017 - 10 Feb 2018</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>3. Instrument details</strong></p>
<p><strong>General</strong></p>
<p>Measurements were taken with four scanning Doppler wind lidars, model Stream Line (SL74, SL75, SL88) and Stream Line XR (SLXR142), manufactured by HALO Photonics. Available are profiles of radial velocity and backscatter data collected in continuous scanner motion (CSM) mode, step-stare (SS) mode and constant staring mode as well as derived products. For CSM scans, the scanner moves continuously as data are acquired. In SS mode the scanner stops momentarily at each waypoint and acquires data for a predefined pulse integration time before moving to the next waypoint. In constant staring mode the scanner does not move at all and collects a series of profiles at a constant azimuth and elevation angle. For all lidars the integration time is 0.5 second in CSM mode and 1 second in SS and constant staring mode. The pulse repetition frequency is 15 kHz for SL74, SL75 and SL88 and 10 kHz for SLXR142. Therefore, each single profile (also called "ray" or "beam") represents either a 0.5-s average over 7500 pulses or a 1-s average over 15000 pulses for the SL74, SL75 and SL88 lidars. For the SLXR142 lidar it is either an average over 5000 pulses (0.5 s) or 10000 pulses (1 s). The range gate length is 18 m for all lidars.</p>
<p>Coplanar range height indicator (RHI) scans and plan position indicator (PPI) scans were performed in CSM mode with the lidars SL74, SL75 and SLXR142 to compute the two-dimensional wind field based on the dual- or triple-Doppler lidar analysis technique. Six-beam scans were conducted in SS mode with the SL88 lidar (five beams at 70 deg elevation uniformly distributed on a cone and a sixth pointing vertically; henceforth called 6beam scan). Moreover, 24-beam scans were performed in SS mode with the SL74 and SL75 lidars (24 beams at 70 deg elevation uniformly distributed on a cone; henceforth called VAD24). 6beam and VAD24 data are used to derive vertical profiles of the three-dimensional wind vector based on the velocity-azimuth display (VAD) analysis technique. Constant vertical stares (henceforth called "stare") were conducted with the SL74 and SL75 lidar to measure vertical profiles of the vertical wind component at 1 Hz from which profiles of vertical velocity variance can be derived. More details can be found in Haid et al. (2020).</p>
<p><strong>Scan scenarios and scan patterns</strong></p>
<p><em><strong>Terminology</strong></em></p>
<p>We distinguish between <strong>scan scenario</strong> and <strong>scan pattern</strong>. A scan pattern refers to one of the following scan types: RHI, PPI, step-and-stare (SS) or vertical stare (see further below for details). A scenario is based on a sequence of different scan patterns that are repeated after a certain time. For example, in scenario 1b, SLXR142 starts with a conical step-and-stare scan (vad24) at the full hour, proceeds with a sequence of RHI scans in easterly direction (rhiew), repeats again a vad24, continues with a series of RHI scans in southerly direction (rhisn), does another vad24 before finally ending the hour with a series of PPI scans (ppi3). In the next hour the same sequence of scan patterns is repeated. For the same scenario, the other lidars perform a slightly different sequence of scan patterns (see also Fig. 2 in Haid et al. 2020).</p>
<p><em><strong>Scan patterns</strong></em></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>stare</strong>: vertical stares performed by all lidars, however, most systematically and continuously by the SL74 and SL75 lidar.</li>
<li><strong>6beam</strong>: step-and-stare scan performed only by the SL88 lidar based on 6 beams, i.e., five beams at 70 deg elevation uniformly distributed on a cone and a sixth pointing vertically.</li>
<li><strong>ppi3</strong>: synchronized coplanar PPI scans performed by three lidars (SL74, SL75 and SLXR142) in CSM mode on a nearly horizontal plane. The constant elevation angle of the PPI depends on the lidar site (0.5 deg for SL74, 1.0 deg for SL75, and 1.6 deg for SLXR142) and has been chosen to provide the best overlap with the smallest vertical distance between the three conical surfaces.</li>
<li><strong>rhiew</strong>: synchronized coplanar RHI scans performed by the SL74 and SLXR142 lidar in CSM mode on a vertical plane in east-west direction. At the same time SL75 performs vertical stares.</li>
<li><strong>rhisn</strong>: synchronized coplanar RHI scans performed by the SL75 and SLXR142 lidar in CSM mode on a vertical plane in south-north direction. At the same time SL74 performs vertical stares.</li>
<li><strong>vad24</strong>: step-and-stare scan performed by the SL74, SL75 and SLXR142 lidar based on 24 beams at 70 deg elevation uniformly distributed on a cone.</li>
<li><strong>rhiew3</strong>: synchronized coplanar RHI scans performed by the SL74 and SLXR142 lidar in CSM mode on a vertical plane in east-west direction. At the same time SL75 performs RHI scans orthogonally to this scan plane.</li>
<li><strong>rhisn3</strong>: synchronized coplanar RHI scans performed by the SL75 and SLXR142 lidar in CSM mode on a vertical plane in south-north direction. At the same time SL74 performs RHI scans orthogonally to this scan plane.</li>
<li><strong>rhi</strong>: RHI scans performed by the SLXR142 lidar in CSM mode in three different azimuth directions. This scan pattern was only conducted after the main campaign (scenario 3).</li>
</ul>
<p><em><strong>Scan scenarios</strong></em></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Scenario 1a</strong>
<ul>
<li>Scan patterns: vad24, ppi3, rhiew, rhisn, stare, 6beam.</li>
<li>For ppi3, rhiew, and rhisn, the corresponding PPI or RHI scan is repeated 32 times before moving on to the next scan pattern.</li>
<li>The entire sequence of scan patterns takes one hour and is repeated each hour. Note that some of the scan patterns are repeated more than once an hour.</li>
<li>Disadvantage: After a while, coplanar scans are no longer synchronized.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scenario 1b</strong>
<ul>
<li>Improved version of scenario 1a and main scenario of the PIANO campaign (see Fig. 2 in Haid et al. 2020).</li>
<li>Scan patterns: vad24, ppi3, rhiew, rhisn, stare, 6beam.</li>
<li>For ppi3, rhiew, and rhisn, the corresponding PPI or RHI scan is repeated 16 times. Then the same scan pattern is repeated once with synchronized starting time (all lidars start at the same time) before moving on to the next scan pattern.</li>
<li>The entire sequence of scan patterns takes one hour and is repeated each hour. Note that some of the scan patterns are repeated more than once an hour.</li>
<li>Data products derived from coplanar scans (level 2 data; see below) are only available for this scenario.</li>
<li>Note that the azimuth angles of the rhiew and rhisn scans performed by SL74 and SL75 were changed on 20 Oct to ensure a better overlap of the coplanar scans.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scenario 2</strong>
<ul>
<li>Scan patterns: vad24, ppi3, rhiew3, rhisn3, stare, 6beam</li>
<li>Performed only on one day (from 2 to 3 November), no PIANO IOP</li>
<li>Since the scan patterns performed by the SLXR142 lidar are the same as in scenario 1a, the files are named rhiew and rhisn instead of rhiew3 and rhisn3.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>Scenario 3</strong>
<ul>
<li>Scan patterns: rhi, vad24, 6beam</li>
<li>SLXR142 performs RHI scans in three different directions.</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><br>
<strong>Data correction and data products</strong></p>
<p>Provided are <strong>level 1 </strong>and <strong>level 2</strong> data. The level is indicated in the file name by the shortcut "l1" and "l2", respectively.</p>
<p>The <strong>level 1 data set</strong> is a corrected version of the original data set produced in real time by the lidar system during its operation. Data correction includes an adjustment of the azimuth angle due to instrument misalignment (a corrected azimuth angle of 0° corresponds to true north) and a correction of the range gate distance (only necessary for SLXR142). Furthermore, data files are converted from the original vendor format (so-called HPL files in ASCII format) to netCDF. File names of level 1 data slightly differ from the original HPL files as they also include the name of the scan pattern. Software used to produce this data set is mentioned in section 5.</p>
<p>The <strong>level 2 data set</strong> comprises products derived from level 1 data. These products are vertical wind profiles derived from conical scans based on the VAD analysis technique (shortcut "vad" in file names) and two-dimensional wind fields on two different vertical planes derived from coplanar RHI scans (shortcut "rhisn" and "rhiew" in file names) and on a nearly horizontal plane close to the surface derived from coplanar PPI scans (shortcut "ppi3" in file names). Software used to derive this products is mentioned in section 5.</p>
<p><strong>CSM scan mode and effect on azimuth and elevation angle</strong></p>
<p>All PPI and RHI scans were performed as continuous motion scans (CSM mode). For a continuous motion scan, the scanner moves continuously as data are acquired. Therefore, the azimuth (elevation) angle continuously changes for PPI (RHI) scans over the pulse averaging interval of 0.5 second to create one profile at a 2 Hz frequency. It is important to notice, that *the azimuth and elevation angles in the 2-Hz data files of RHI and PPI scans provided here represent the starting point of the pulse averaging interval*. The same applies to the time stamp. Depending on the application, these angles may have to be corrected by the data user by shifting the azimuth and elevation angle by half an increment (i.e., <span class="math-tex">\(\alpha_\mathrm{corr} = \alpha_\mathrm{orig} + \Delta \alpha/2\)</span>). For deriving coplanar data retrievals (level 2 data), this correction has been applied.</p>
<p><strong>4. Data file structure</strong></p>
<p><strong>File format</strong></p>
<p>Provided are data in netCDF format. NetCDF data files are zipped together into zip files.</p>
<p><strong>Zip files</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>level1_SL74.zip contains netCDF files of level 1 data of the SL74 lidar</li>
<li>level1_SL75.zip contains netCDF files of level 1 data of the SL75 lidar</li>
<li>level1_SL88.zip contains netCDF files of level 1 data of the SL88 lidar</li>
<li>level1_SLXR142.zip contains netCDF files of level 1 data of the SLXR142 lidar</li>
<li>level2.zip contains netCDF files of level 2 data stored in various subfolders:
<ul>
<li>vertical wind profiles derived with the VAD analysis technique for all four lidars (subfolders SL74_vad_l2, SL75_vad_l2, SL88_vad_l2, SLXR142_vad_l2)</li>
<li>two-dimensional wind fields derived on a horizontal plane (subfolder ppi3_l2) and on two vertical planes (subfolders rhiew_l2 and rhisn_l2).</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>NetCDF files</strong></p>
<p>File names contain the lidar ID, the scan pattern, date and time information in UTC as well as the data level. The following wildcard characters are used in the file examples below: lidarID - SL74, SL75, SL88, or SLXR142; yyyy - year; mm - month; dd - day; HH - hour; MM - minute; SS - second. All date and time variables in the netCDF files are in UTC.</p>
<p><strong>Level 1 data (l1)</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>lidarID_stare_yyyymmdd_l1.nc contains measurements conducted in constant staring mode (mostly <em>vertical</em> stares) aggregated in one file for each day.</li>
<li>lidarID_6beam_l1_yyyymmdd.nc contains data of 6beam scans aggregated in one file for each day. Only available for the SL88 lidar.</li>
<li>lidarID_vad24_l1_yyyymmdd_HHMMSS.nc contains data of a vad24 scan of the SL74, SL75 and SLXR142 lidar. This scan was performed every 20 minute and, hence, three times per hour.</li>
<li>lidarID_ppi3_l1_yyyymmdd_HHMMSS.nc contains multiple PPI scans performed as part of the coordinated ppi3 scan pattern of the SL74, SL75 and SLXR142 lidar. The scan was performed on a nearly horizontal plane (the elevation angle depends on the lidar site and is 0.5 deg for SL74, 1.0 deg for SL75, and 1.6 deg for SLXR142) in an azimuth sector of 90 deg. The PPIs were repeated 33 times for scan scenario 1a and scenario 2 and 16 times for scenario 1b (the latter carried out twice in a row).</li>
<li>lidarID_rhiew_l1_yyyymmdd_HHMMSS.nc contains multiple RHI scans performed as part of the coordinated rhiew scan pattern of the SL74 and SLXR142 lidar. The scan was performed in east-west direction in an elevation sector of 90 deg with SL74 and 45 deg with SLXR142. The RHIs were repeated 33 times for scan scenario 1a and 16 times for scenario 1b (the latter carried out twice in a row).</li>
<li>lidarID_rhisn_l1_yyyymmdd_HHMMSS.nc contains multiple RHI scans performed as part of the coordinated rhisn scan pattern of the SL75 and SLXR142 lidar. The scan was performed in south-north direction in an elevation sector of 90 deg with SL75 and 45 deg with SLXR142. The RHIs were repeated 33 times for scan scenario 1a and scenario 2 and 16 times for scenario 1b (the latter carried out twice in a row).</li>
<li>lidarID_rhiew3_l1_yyyymmdd_HHMMSS.nc contains multiple RHI scans performed as part of the coordinated rhiew3 scan pattern. The SL74 and SLXR142 lidar performed coplanar RHIs in east-west direction. The SL75 lidar performed RHIs orthogonal to this plane in south-north direction. This scan pattern was only part of scenario 2.</li>
<li>lidarID_rhisn3_l1_yyyymmdd_HHMMSS.nc contains multiple RHI scans performed as part of the coordinated rhisn3 scan pattern. The SL75 and SLXR142 lidar performed coplanar RHIs in south-north direction. The SL74 lidar performed RHIs orthogonal to this plane in east-west direction. This scan pattern was only part of scenario 2.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Level 2 data (l2)</strong></p>
<p>Level 2 data are only available for scan scenario 1b.</p>
<ul>
<li>lidarID_vad_l2_yyyymmdd.nc contains vertical profiles of the three-dimensional wind vector derived with the VAD analysis technique from 6beam scans for SL88 and from vad24 scans for SL74, SL75 and SLXR142.</li>
<li>ppi3_l2_yyyymmdd_HH.nc contains two-dimensional wind fields derived from coplanar PPI scans of pattern ppi3 performed with the SL74, SL75 and SLXR142 lidar. All fields of one hour (between HH-1 and HH) are aggregated in one file.</li>
<li>rhiew_l2_yyyymmdd_HH.nc contains two-dimensional wind fields derived from coplanar RHI scans of pattern rhiew performed with the SL74 and SLXR142 lidar. All fields of one hour (between HH-1 and HH) are aggregated in one file.</li>
<li>rhisn_l2_yyyymmdd_HH.nc contains two-dimensional wind fields derived from coplanar RHI scans of pattern rhisn performed with the SL75 and SLXR142 lidar. All fields of one hour (between HH-1 and HH) are aggregated in one file.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>5. Software, publications and related data sets</strong></p>
<p>Software used to create level 1 and level 2 data have been published by Haid (2021a,b). A description of the instruments and the scan patterns as well as a detailed analysis of IOP 2 can be found in Haid et al. (2020). PIANO Doppler wind lidar data was also used in Umek et al. (2021), Muschinski (2019) and Muschinski et al. (2020).</p>
<p><strong>6. Contact</strong></p>
<p>Contact alexander.gohm (at) uibk.ac.at for any questions regarding the data set.</p>
<p><strong>7. Acknowledgements</strong></p>
<p>The PIANO field campaign was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) and the Weiss Science Foundation under Grant P29746-N32, by KIT IMK-IFU, Austro Control GmbH, Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG), the Hydrographic Service of Tyrol, Innsbrucker Kommunalbetriebe AG (IKB), Bergisel Betriebsgesellschaft m.b.H., Innsbrucker Nordkettenbahnen Betriebs GmbH, T-Mobile Austria GmbH, Unser Lagerhaus Warenhandelsgesellschaft, PEMA Immobilien GmbH, HTL Anichstraße, Hilton Innsbruck, TINETZ-Tiroler Netze GmbH, Land Tirol, and the communities Patsch and Völs.</p>
<p><strong>8. References</strong></p>
<p>Haid, M., 2021a: marenha/doppler_wind_lidar_toolbox: PIANO release (Version v1.1.2). Zenodo. <a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4719222">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4719222</a></p>
<p>Haid, M., 2021b: marenha/PIANO: Second release (Version v1.0.1). Zenodo. <a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4719224">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4719224</a></p>
<p>Haid, M., A. Gohm, L. Umek, H. C. Ward, T. Muschinski, L. Lehner, and M. W. Rotach, 2020: Foehn-cold pool interactions in the Inn Valley during PIANO IOP2. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 146, 1232–1263, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3735">https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3735</a></p>
<p>Muschinski, T., 2019: Spatial heterogeneity of the pre-foehnic Inn Valley cold air pool and a relationship to Froude number: Observations from an array of temperature loggers during PIANO. Master's Thesis. Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, Unversity of Innsbruck, 101 pp., <a href="https://resolver.obvsg.at/urn:nbn:at:at-ubi:1-43559">https://resolver.obvsg.at/urn:nbn:at:at-ubi:1-43559</a></p>
<p>Muschinsik, T., A. Gohm, M. Haid, L. Umek, and H. C. Ward, 2020: Spatial heterogeneity of the Inn Valley cold air pool during south foehn: Observations from an array of temperature loggers during PIANO. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2020/1043">https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2020/1043</a></p>
<p>Umek, L., A. Gohm, M. Haid, H. C. Ward, and M. W. Rotach, 2021: Large‐eddy simulation of foehn–cold pool interactions in the Inn Valley during PIANO IOP 2. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 147, 944–982, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3954">https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3954</a></p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4674773
oai:zenodo.org:4674773
eng
Zenodo
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4719222
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4719224
https://zenodo.org/communities/piano
https://zenodo.org/communities/acinn
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4674772
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
Doppler wind lidar
complex terrain
Inn Valley
mountain boundary layer
cold air pool
foehn
PIANO research project
PIANO (Penetration and Interruption of Alpine Foehn) - Doppler wind lidar data set
info:eu-repo/semantics/other
oai:zenodo.org:4709157
2021-04-26T07:32:02Z
user-university-of-innsbruck
software
user-piano
user-acinn
Maren Haid
2021-04-22
<p>Script collection used for the Doppler wind lidars operated by the ACINN (https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/index.html.en) during the PIANO (https://www.uibk.ac.at/projects/piano/index.html.en) measurement campaign. Scripts apply modules from the <code>marenha/doppler_wind_lidar_toolbox</code> repository (v.1.1.1, http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4709105).</p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4709157
oai:zenodo.org:4709157
Zenodo
https://github.com/marenha/PIANO/tree/v1.0.0
https://zenodo.org/communities/piano
https://zenodo.org/communities/acinn
https://zenodo.org/communities/university-of-innsbruck
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4709156
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Other (Open)
marenha/PIANO: First release
info:eu-repo/semantics/other
oai:zenodo.org:6387918
2022-03-28T13:49:50Z
user-university-of-innsbruck
software
user-piano
user-acinn
Umek, Lukas
2022-03-27
<p>This upload contains namlists used to run numercial simulations of foehn with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model during the research project PIANO (Penetration and Interruption of Alpine Foehn). The simulations are described in the research article "Influence of grid resolution of large-eddy simulations on foehn-cold pool interaction". One namelist was used for a mesoscale simulation (namelist.input_DX1), while the other two were used to run Large-Eddy simulations (LES). ONe LES uses three nested domains with a horizontal grid spacing of 200, 40 and 13.33 m and 81 vertical levels (namelist.input_DX200_DX40_DX13). The other LES uses two nested domains with a horizontal grid spacing of 200 and 40 m and a refned odel level spacing with 110 levels in total (namelist.input_DX200R_DX40R). </p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6387918
oai:zenodo.org:6387918
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/piano
https://zenodo.org/communities/acinn
https://zenodo.org/communities/university-of-innsbruck
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6387917
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
PIANO
WRF
ACINN
Foehn
PIANO (Penetration and Interruption of Alpine Foehn) - WRF-LES namelists
info:eu-repo/semantics/other
oai:zenodo.org:4763137
2021-05-18T13:48:13Z
openaire_data
user-piano
user-acinn
Gohm, Alexander
Umek, Lukas
Haid, Maren
Ward, Helen C.
Rotach, Mathias W.
2021-05-18
<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p>
<p>This is the data set of radiosondes launched at Innsbruck Airport in the Inn Valley, Austria, and at Patsch in the Wipp Valley during the field campaign of the research project PIANO (Penetration and Interruption of Alpine Foehn) in fall and early winter 2017. The goal of the campaign was to study the erosion of cold air pools during south foehn and the associated foehn breakthrough at the valley floor in the vicinity of Innsbruck as well as the subsequent foehn breakdown. The campaign comprises seven Intensive Observation Periods (IOPs), more specifically six south foehn events (IOP 2 to IOP 7) and one west foehn (IOP 1). Soundings were only performed during IOPs, except for the operational soundings conducted once per day at Innsbruck Airport.</p>
<p><strong>DATA SET DESCRIPTION</strong></p>
<p><strong>1. Spatial coverage and locations</strong></p>
<p>Radiosonde ascents were conducted during the PIANO field campaign at Innsbruck Airport (ICAO code LOWI) in the Inn Valley and at the village of Patsch in the Wipp Valley. The coordinates and heights of the radiosonde launch sites are:</p>
<ul>
<li>Innsbruck Airport: 47.2598°N, 11.3553°E, 578 m MSL</li>
<li>Patsch: 47.2093°N, 11.4097°E, 962 m MSL</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>2. Temporal coverage</strong></p>
<p>The PIANO field campaign took place in fall and early winter 2017. Provided are radiosonde data for Innsbruck Airport for the period from 01 October to 12 December 2017 and for Patsch for the period from 04 November to 11 December 2017. The soundings at Innsbruck Airport were conducted operationally once per day at 0215 UTC before 03 November and at 0315 UTC afterwards. In addition to these operational soundings, specific soundings were conducted during IOPs several times per day both at Innbsruck Airport and at Patsch.</p>
<p><strong>3. Instrument details</strong></p>
<p><strong>Sounding system at Innsbruck Airport</strong></p>
<p>The soundings at Innsbruck Airport were conducted by the aviation weather service Austro Control with an automatic radiosonde launcher (Vaisala Autosonde AS14) and with Vaisala RS92 radiosondes.</p>
<p><strong>Sounding system at Patsch</strong></p>
<p>The soundings at Patsch were conducted with a GRAW mobile ground station GS-H and with GRAW DFM-09 radiosondes. For initializing the radiosonde, surface pressure was measured with the barometer BM35 from Meteolabor.</p>
<p><strong>Time and measurement interval</strong></p>
<p>Time in the data files is in UTC. The measurement interval is 2 seconds for the soundings at Innsbruck Airport and 1 second for the soundings at Patsch.</p>
<p><strong>4. Data file structure</strong></p>
<p><strong>File format</strong></p>
<p>Provided are data in netCDF format. NetCDF files are zipped together into zip files.</p>
<p><strong>Zip files</strong></p>
<p>LOWI.zip contains netCDF files of all soundings conducted at Innsbruck Airport (ICAO code LOWI).</p>
<p>PATSCH.zip contains netCDF files of all soundings conducted at the village of Patsch.</p>
<p><strong>Data</strong></p>
<p>Each netCDF file contains data of one sounding. File names contain information on the launch site (LOWI or PATSCH) and the launch date/time in UTC. The following wildcard characters are used in the file examples below: yyyy - year; mm - month, dd - day, HH - hour, MM - minute.</p>
<p>LOWI_yyyymmdd_HHMM.nc is a netCDF file that contains data of radiosondes launched at Innsbruck Airport (ICAO code LOWI).</p>
<p>PATSCH_yyyymmdd_HHMM.nc is a netCDF file that contains data of radiosondes launched at the village of Patsch.</p>
<p><strong>5. Publications</strong></p>
<p>Radiosonde data of the PIANO campaign have been used in two case studies of IOP 2 (Haid et al. 2020, Umek et al. 2021). Other types of PIANO data have been analyzed by Muschinski (2019) and Muschinski et al. (2020).</p>
<p><strong>6. Contact</strong></p>
<p>Contact alexander.gohm (at) uibk.ac.at for any questions regarding the data set.</p>
<p><strong>7. Acknowledgements</strong></p>
<p>The PIANO field campaign was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) and the Weiss Science Foundation under Grant P29746-N32, by KIT IMK-IFU, Austro Control GmbH, Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG), the Hydrographic Service of Tyrol, Innsbrucker Kommunalbetriebe AG (IKB), Bergisel Betriebsgesellschaft m.b.H., Innsbrucker Nordkettenbahnen Betriebs GmbH, T-Mobile Austria GmbH, Unser Lagerhaus Warenhandelsgesellschaft, PEMA Immobilien GmbH, HTL Anichstraße, Hilton Innsbruck, TINETZ-Tiroler Netze GmbH, Land Tirol, and the communities Patsch and Völs.</p>
<p><strong>8. References</strong></p>
<p>Haid, M., A. Gohm, L. Umek, H. C. Ward, T. Muschinski, L. Lehner, and M. W. Rotach, 2020: Foehn-cold pool interactions in the Inn Valley during PIANO IOP2. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 146, 1232–1263, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3735">https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3735</a></p>
<p>Muschinski, T., 2019: Spatial heterogeneity of the pre-foehnic Inn Valley cold air pool and a relationship to Froude number: Observations from an array of temperature loggers during PIANO. Master's Thesis. Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, Unversity of Innsbruck, 101 pp., <a href="https://resolver.obvsg.at/urn:nbn:at:at-ubi:1-43559">https://resolver.obvsg.at/urn:nbn:at:at-ubi:1-43559</a></p>
<p>Muschinsik, T., A. Gohm, M. Haid, L. Umek, and H. C. Ward, 2020: Spatial heterogeneity of the Inn Valley cold air pool during south foehn: Observations from an array of temperature loggers during PIANO. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2020/1043">https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2020/1043</a></p>
<p>Umek, L., A. Gohm, M. Haid, H. C. Ward, and M. W. Rotach, 2021: Large‐eddy simulation of foehn–cold pool interactions in the Inn Valley during PIANO IOP 2. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 147, 944–982, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3954">https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3954</a></p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4763137
oai:zenodo.org:4763137
eng
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/piano
https://zenodo.org/communities/acinn
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4763136
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
radiosonde
complex terrain
Inn Valley
Wipp Valley
mountain boundary layer
cold air pool
foehn
PIANO research project
PIANO (Penetration and Interruption of Alpine Foehn) - Radiosonde data set
info:eu-repo/semantics/other
oai:zenodo.org:5795431
2021-12-22T06:56:46Z
openaire_data
user-piano
user-acinn
Ward, Helen Claire
Gohm, Alexander
Umek, Lukas
Haid, Maren
Muschinski, Thomas
Graus, Martin
Karl, Thomas
Rotach, Mathias W
2021-12-21
<p>ABSTRACT</p>
<p>This resource comprises meteorological and turbulence data from four flux stations operated during the PIANO (Penetration and Interruption of Alpine Foehn) field campaign. The campaign took place in and around Innsbruck, Austria, during autumn and early winter 2017. The goal of the PIANO campaign was to study south foehn events, in particular the interaction between cold air pools and foehn, the mechanisms by which foehn can break through to reach the valley floor and the processes affecting the subsequent breakdown of foehn. This dataset provides near-surface turbulence observations (including surface fluxes obtained using the eddy covariance technique), along with radiation and soil measurements, as well as meteorological information.</p>
<p>DATA SET DESCRIPTION</p>
<p>1. Spatial coverage and locations</p>
<p>Three eddy covariance (EC) stations were operated at grassland sites during the PIANO campaign. One station (‘EC_South’) was installed in the Wipp Valley near to the village of Patsch, south of the city of Innsbruck. Two stations were installed in the Inn Valley, one to the east of Innsbruck in the region of Thaur (‘EC_East’) and one to the west of Innsbruck at Innsbruck Airport (‘EC_West’). Data from a fourth EC station at the Innsbruck Atmospheric Observatory (IAO, Karl et al. (2020)) in the centre of Innsbruck (‘EC_Centre’) was also used. Precise station co-ordinates are provided in the data files.</p>
<p>Three of the stations were located on grassland surrounded by mixed agricultural fields: the two stations in the Inn Valley (EC_East, EC_West) were installed on the fairly flat valley floor, while the site in the Wipp Valley (EC_South) gently sloped downwards to the west. During the campaign the vegetation was generally short at 5-10 cm. As far as possible, sites were selected to have a clear fetch for at least a few hundred metres. All three grassland sites experienced snow cover during winter. The urban station (EC_Centre) is a long-term site installed above roof level and representative of the surrounding neighbourhood close to the city centre of Innsbruck.</p>
<p>2. Temporal coverage</p>
<p>The temporal coverage of the datasets for the PIANO campaign are as follows:</p>
<p>• EC_West: 15 Sep 2017 - 31 Dec 2017<br>
• EC_South: 08 Sep 2017 – 15 Dec 2017<br>
• EC_East: 13 Oct 2017 – 15 Dec 2017<br>
• EC_Centre: 1 Sep 2017 – 31 Dec 2017</p>
<p>The timeseries for EC_East begins later than the other sites because electrical interference thought to be from a nearby transmitter meant there was no useable flux data for the first month. The site was relocated on 13 October 2017 (no data is included before this date). Repeated theft of the batteries at EC_East resulted in gaps for the last few days of the dataset in December 2017. Due to issues with remote data collection, data availability at EC_West is low in September 2017. The PIANO campaign took place during autumn and early winter 2017 but the EC_West station was operated for longer (until 22 May 2018 after which use of the site was no longer permitted) as it provided a useful rural comparison station for the urban measurements (Karl et al., 2020; Ward et al., submitted). Data for 1 January – 22 May 2018 are available from the first author on request. Data collection at the long-term EC_Centre/IAO site began in spring 2017 and is ongoing.</p>
<p>3. Instrument details</p>
<p>At EC_West a closed-path eddy covariance system (CPEC200, Campbell Scientific) provided fast response measurements of the three wind components, temperature, water vapour mixing ratio and carbon dioxide mixing ratio. At EC_East and EC_South a sonic anemometer (CSAT3B, Campbell Scientific) and krypton hygrometer (KH20, Campbell Scientific) provided fast response measurements of the three wind components, temperature and water vapour. These fast data were logged at 20 Hz (CR6, Campbell Scientific). All three stations were equipped with a four-component radiometer (CNR4, Kipp and Zonen) to provide incoming and outgoing shortwave and longwave radiation. Meteorological measurements included air temperature and humidity (Rotronic HC2A-S3, mounted in an actively ventilated radiation shield Rotronic RS12T), atmospheric pressure (Campbell CS100, mounted inside the logger box) and precipitation (ARG100 tipping bucket gauge, Campbell Scientific). Soil instruments comprised two soil heat flux plates at 0.05 m depth (HFP01, Hukseflux), two soil temperature sensors (107, Campbell Scientific) at 0.02 and 0.04 m depth and a soil probe (ACC-SEN-SDI, Acclima) providing soil moisture and soil temperature at 0.05 m depth. At each site, the fast-response anemometer and gas analyser were mounted on a tripod at around 2.5 m above ground, while the radiometer and temperature-humidity probe were slightly lower, at around 2.0 m (exact sensor heights are provided in the data files).</p>
<p>At EC_Centre a closed-path eddy covariance system (CPEC200, Campbell Scientific) provided fast response measurements of the three wind components, temperature, water vapour mixing ratio and carbon dioxide mixing ratio at 10 Hz (CR3000, Campbell Scientific) measured at 42.8 m above ground level on a lattice mast installed on top of a university building. A four-component radiometer (CNR4, Kipp and Zonen) provided incoming and outgoing shortwave and longwave radiation and air temperature and humidity are also measured (Rotronic HC2A-S3, mounted in a ventilated radiation shield). Atmospheric pressure is measured by a pressure sensor mounted inside one of the electronics boxes supplied as part of the CPEC200 (EC100, Campbell Scientific). No soil or precipitation measurements were made at the urban station.</p>
<p>4. Data processing</p>
<p>The fast-response eddy covariance data were processed to 30-min statistics following standard procedures using EddyPro version 7.0.7 (LI-COR Biosciences, 2021). These include despiking of raw data, time-lag compensation using maximum covariance, double coordinate rotation (meaning the 30-min mean vertical wind speed is forced to zero), simple block averaging (i.e. no filtering was applied), humidity correction of sonic temperature (Schotanus et al., 1983), and spectral corrections at low frequencies (Moncrieff et al., 2004) and high frequencies (after Fratini et al. (2012) for the closed-path CPEC200 data and Moncrieff et al. (1997) for the krypton hygrometer data). Oxygen (Tanner et al., 1993; van Dijk et al., 2003) and density (Webb et al., 1980) corrections were also applied at the sites with krypton hygrometers. Automated calibration (zero and span for carbon dioxide and zero for water vapour) was performed for the CPEC instruments once per day at EC_West and twice per day at EC_Centre.</p>
<p>In addition to the standard processing described above, gust speeds were calculated from the sonic data. First the instantaneous horizontal wind speed was calculated (neglecting any vertical component). A 3-s running mean of the horizontal wind speed was then obtained, and the gust speed taken as the maximum of this 3-s running mean over a 1-min averaging interval.</p>
<p>The dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy was obtained from the fast-response measurements of the three wind components (u, v, w) as follows. First, spectra were calculated for u, v and w using evenly spaced logarithmic frequency bins. The inertial subrange was identified as the region around 1 Hz where a local linear fit to the spectral slope was within ±20% of the expected -5/3 slope. The dissipation rate was calculated for each frequency bin in the identified inertial subrange according to Kolmogorov theory (e.g. Kaimal and Finnigan, 1994), using a value of 0.55 for u and 0.73 for v and w for the Kolmogorov inertial subrange constants, and the mean value over the frequency bins was used to provide the dissipation rate for u, v, and w for each 30-min period. Further discussion can be found in Ward et al. (in prep.).</p>
<p>Quality control removed data during times of power outage and instrument malfunction and data adversely affected by rainfall (all KH20 data during rainfall were removed). To exclude any potential effects of turbulence distortion, data were removed when the wind direction was within ±10° of the mounting structure. Data falling outside physically reasonable thresholds were removed, including times when the rotation angle exceeded 45°. Stationarity tests following Foken and Wichura (1996) were applied with a threshold of 100 (i.e. data were excluded when the difference between 5-min and 30-min statistics exceeded 100%).</p>
<p>For the meteorological, radiation and soil data, quality control removed data during times of power outage and instrument malfunction (including when dew on the radiometer adversely affected readings).</p>
<p>5. Data file structure</p>
<p>Two files in netCDF format are provided containing processed and quality-controlled data:</p>
<p>• PIANO_EC_MetData_QC_1min_v1-00.nc containing the meteorological, radiation and soil data for each site at 1-min resolution. This file also contains horizontal wind speed (before co-ordinate rotation), wind direction and gust speed for each site at 1-min resolution.</p>
<p>• PIANO_EC_FluxData_QC_30min_v1-00.nc containing processed statistics and fluxes for each site at 30-min resolution.</p>
<p>There are also quicklook plots (provided in PNG format, monthly and for the whole period) showing the data contained in these files.</p>
<p>Four sets of files in ASCII format are provided containing the fast (10/20 Hz) eddy covariance data for each site for every 30-minute period. These files are timestamped with the time corresponding to the end of the period and are named:</p>
<p>• PIANO_EC_FastData_SITENAME_yyyymmdd_HHMM.csv.</p>
<p>These sets of files are provided as a single .zip folder for each site which is named according to the site.</p>
<p>All timestamps are given in UTC (in seconds since 00:00 UTC 01 January 1970) and denote the end of the averaging period.</p>
<p>The following variables can be found in the MetData file: air temperature (ta), relative humidity (rh), atmospheric pressure (pa), precipitation (prec), soil temperature (ts1, ts2, ts3), soil volumetric water content (vwc), soil heat flux from each heat flux plate (shf1, shf2), incoming shortwave radiation (swin), outgoing shortwave radiation (swout), incoming longwave radiation (lwin), outgoing longwave radiation (lwout), wind speed (wspeed, i.e. vector average horizontal wind speed before double rotation), wind direction (wdir) and gust speed (gust).</p>
<p>The following variables can be found in the FluxData file: friction velocity (ustar), sensible heat flux (h), latent heat flux (le), carbon dioxide flux (fco2), stability parameter (zeta), turbulent kinetic energy (tke), wind speed (wspeed, i.e. vector average wind speed after double rotation), wind direction (wdir), unrotated vertical wind velocity (wunrot, i.e. before double rotation), the standard deviation of the wind components and temperature (sigu, sigv, sigw, sigt), and dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy calculated from u, v and w spectra (epu, epv, epw).</p>
<p>The following variables can be found in the RawData files: unrotated lateral, longitudinal and vertical wind components (in m s-1), temperature (in degree C), water vapour concentration (supplied for EC_West and EC_Centre as the mixing ratio (in mmol m-1) and supplied for EC_South and EC_East as the absolute humidity (g m-3) and carbon dioxide mixing ratio (in μmol mol-1) for EC_West and EC_Centre. Note that the absolute value of the water vapour concentration from the krypton hygrometers should not be used. These lateral, longitudinal and vertical wind components are as measured in the co-ordinate system of the sonic anemometers and the angle of installation of the sonic needed to convert to north-south east-west co-ordinates is given in the FluxData file.</p>
<p>6. Publications</p>
<p>Data from these flux stations have been included in multiple publications as part of the PIANO project (Haid et al., 2020; Haid et al., 2021; Muschinski et al., 2021; Umek et al., 2021; Umek et al., submitted) as well as publications as part of a related study on turbulent exchange in complex environments (Ward et al., in prep.; Ward et al., submitted).</p>
<p>7. Contact</p>
<p>Contact helen.ward(at)uibk.ac.at for any questions regarding the data set.</p>
<p>8. Acknowledgements</p>
<p>The PIANO campaign was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) and the Weiss Science Foundation under Grant P29746-N32. Collection of this dataset was also supported by an FWF Lise Meitner project (M2244-N32) and a research stipend from Innsbruck University. Measurements at IAO are supported by the Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft (Hochschulraum-Strukturmittel grant), the European Commission for funding ALP-AIR within FP7-PEOPLE and the FWF (P30600_NBL, P33701-N). The PIANO campaign was also supported by KIT IMK-IFU, Austro Control GmbH, Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG), the Hydrographic Service of Tyrol, Innsbrucker Kommunalbetriebe AG (IKB), Bergisel Betriebsgesellschaft m.b.H., Innsbrucker Nordkettenbahnen Betriebs GmbH, T-Mobile Austria GmbH, Unser Lagerhaus Warenhandelsgesellschaft, PEMA Immobilien GmbH, HTL Anichstraße, Hilton Innsbruck, TINETZ-Tiroler Netze GmbH, Land Tirol, and the communities Patsch and Völs.</p>
<p>9. References</p>
<p>Foken T, Wichura B (1996) Tools for quality assessment of surface-based flux measurements. Agric. For. Meteorol. 78: 83-105 doi: 10.1016/0168-1923(95)02248-1</p>
<p>Fratini G, Ibrom A, Arriga N, Burba G, Papale D (2012) Relative humidity effects on water vapour fluxes measured with closed-path eddy-covariance systems with short sampling lines. Agric. For. Meteorol. 165: 53-63 doi: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.05.018</p>
<p>Haid M, Gohm A, Umek L, Ward HC, Muschinski T, Lehner L, Rotach MW (2020) Foehn–cold pool interactions in the Inn Valley during PIANO IOP2. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1232-1263 doi: 10.1002/qj.3735</p>
<p>Haid M, Gohm A, Umek L, Ward HC, Rotach MW (2021) Cold-air pool processes in the Inn Valley during foehn: A comparison of four cases during PIANO. Boundary Layer Meteorology doi: 10.1007/s10546-021-00663-9</p>
<p>Kaimal JC, Finnigan JJ (1994) Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows: Their structure and management. Oxford University Press, 289 pp.</p>
<p>Karl T et al. (2020) Studying urban climate and air quality in the Alps - The Innsbruck Atmospheric Observatory. Bull. Amer. Meteorol. Soc. doi: 10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0270.1</p>
<p>LI-COR Biosciences (2021) Eddy Covariance Processing Software - version 7.0.7, Available at www.licor.com/EddyPro.</p>
<p>Moncrieff JB, Clement R, Finnigan JJ, Meyers T (2004) Averaging, detrending and filtering of eddy covariance time series. In: X Lee,</p>
<p>Massman WJ and Law BE (Editors), Handbook of Micrometeorology: a guide for surface flux measurements.</p>
<p>Moncrieff JB et al. (1997) A system to measure surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, water vapour and carbon dioxide. Journal of Hydrology 188-199: 589-611</p>
<p>Muschinski T, Gohm A, Haid M, Umek L, Ward HC (2021) Spatial heterogeneity of the Inn Valley Cold Air Pool during south foehn: Observations from an array of temperature. Meteorol. Z. 30: 153-168 doi: 10.1127/metz/2020/1043</p>
<p>Schotanus P, Nieuwstadt FTM, Bruin HAR (1983) Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluxes. Bound.-Layer Meteor. 26: 81-93 doi: 10.1007/bf00164332</p>
<p>Tanner B, Swiatek E, Greene J (1993) Density fluctuations and use of the krypton hygrometer in surface flux measurements. Management of irrigation and drainage systems: integrated perspectives. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY: 945-952</p>
<p>Umek L, Gohm A, Haid M, Ward HC, Rotach MW (2021) Large eddy simulation of foehn-cold pool interactions in the Inn Valley during PIANO IOP2. Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc 147: 944-982 doi: 10.1002/qj.3954</p>
<p>Umek L, Gohm A, Haid M, Ward HC, Rotach MW (submitted) Influence of grid resolution of large-eddy simulations on foehn-cold pool interaction. Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc</p>
<p>van Dijk A, Kohsiek W, de Bruin HAR (2003) Oxygen Sensitivity of Krypton and Lyman-α Hygrometers. J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol. 20: 143-151 doi: 10.1175/1520-0426(2003)020<0143:osokal>2.0.co;2</p>
<p>Ward HC, Rotach MW, Gohm A, Graus M, Karl T, Haid M, Umek L, Muschinski T (submitted) Energy and mass exchange at an urban site in mountainous terrain – the Alpine city of Innsbruck. Atmos. Chem. Phys.</p>
<p>Ward HC, Rotach MW, Graus M, Karl T, Gohm A, Umek L, Haid M (in prep.) Turbulence characteristics at an urban site in highly complex terrain.</p>
<p>Webb EK, Pearman GI, Leuning R (1980) Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water-vapor transfer. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 106: 85-100</p>
<p></p>
<p></p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5795431
oai:zenodo.org:5795431
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/piano
https://zenodo.org/communities/acinn
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5795430
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
PIANO (Penetration and Interruption of Alpine Foehn) – flux station data set
info:eu-repo/semantics/other
oai:zenodo.org:4672313
2021-04-13T12:27:23Z
openaire_data
user-piano
user-acinn
Gohm, Alexander
Muschinski, Thomas
Haid, Maren
Umek, Lukas
Ward, Helen C.
Rotach, Mathias W.
2021-04-13
<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p>
<p>This is the data set of 51 HOBO temperature and humidity loggers operated during the field campaign of the research project PIANO (Penetration and Interruption of Alpine Foehn) in the Inn Valley and Wipp Valley near Innsbruck, Austria, during fall and early winter 2017. The goal of the campaign was to study the erosion of cold air pools during south foehn and the associated foehn breakthrough at the valley floor in the vicinity of Innsbruck as well as the subsequent foehn breakdown. The campaign comprises seven Intensive Observation Periods (IOPs), more specifically six south foehn events (IOP 2 to IOP 7) and one west foehn (IOP 1). The HOBO data set does not only include the period of the PIANO field campaign but covers more than a year of data from mid July 2017 to mid November 2018.</p>
<p><strong>DATA SET DESCRIPTION</strong></p>
<p><strong>1. Spatial coverage and locations</strong></p>
<p>Measurements with the HOBO temperature and humidity loggers were collected during the PIANO field campaign in the greater Innsbruck area, Austria. Most of the loggers were operated at the valley floor on a roughly 1 x 1 km<sup>2</sup> grid. A subset of these loggers was deployed along four slope profiles north, south, east and west of the city center. The northern, western and eastern profiles were located on the northern side of the Inn Valley. Of these, the western and eastern profiles were more shallow and reached to approximately 150 m above the valley floor. The southern profile reached to 300 m above the valley floor. The central northern profile extended up to the Nordkette ridge at Hafelekar (1700 m above valley floor).</p>
<p><strong>2. Temporal coverage</strong></p>
<p>The PIANO field campaign took place during fall and early winter 2017. However, the HOBO data set is available for a longer period from mid July 2017 to mid November 2018. Due to malfunctions, not all loggers measured continuously during this period. Some loggers have longer data gaps of more than two months (see overview figure of HOBO data set).</p>
<p><strong>3. Instrument details</strong></p>
<p><em><strong>Sensor type and radiation shield</strong></em></p>
<p>Measurements were taken with 51 temperature and relative humidity loggers of type HOBO MX2302, manufactured by Onset Computer Corporation. The logger's external temperature and relative humidity sensors were protected from direct solar radiation by a naturally ventilated multi-plate radiation shield of type RS3-B, also manufactured by Onset.</p>
<p><em><strong>HOBO ID number and serial number</strong></em></p>
<p>The HOBO ID numbers H01 to H51 in the data files refer to the 51 locations where measurements were taken. GPS coordinates and heights of these locations are provided in the data files. Some of the loggers malfunctioned and needed to be replaced. For this reason, the data files also contain the serial numbers and the operation period of the loggers deployed at each location.</p>
<p><em><strong>Time and measurement interval</strong></em></p>
<p>Time in the data files is in UTC. All temperature and humidity values are instantaneous measurements. The measurement interval is 1 minute during the PIANO campaign in 2017 and 2 minutes from the beginning of January 2018 (see overview figure of HOBO data set). The change from 1 to 2 minutes became necessary to avoid memory overflow as a result of a decrease in the frequency of station visits for data downloading after the PIANO campaign. Regardless of this change, the complete time series in the data files exhibits a constant time interval of 1 minute, however, filled with NaNs if no measurement is available at a certain minute.</p>
<p><em><strong>Installation height</strong></em></p>
<p>The majority of HOBO sensors were deployed 4 m above ground level (AGL) on the northern side of street lamps and power or cable car pylons. Exceptions to the standardized installation height were made out of necessity at the southern profile (loggers H34, H35 and H37) and at the central northern profile (loggers H39, H41, H43 and H44). H35 was installed on a metal structure 10 to 20 m above a steep slope and H34 was installed on top of a ski jump tower, less than 1 m above the roof, but around 50 m AGL. H37, the highest station of the southern profile, was located on top of a flagpole at about 5 m AGL. For the northern profile the following HOBO loggers were mounted at 2 m AGL: H44 and H43 on a tree, H41 on a tent pole, and H39 on a lamp pole. Under very calm conditions and with a strong positive or negative radiation balance at the surface (e.g. during sunny days or clear nights), these differences in installation height could be influential.</p>
<p><em><strong>Measurement accuracy and data correction</strong></em></p>
<p>According to the manufacturer’s specifications, the Onset HOBO MX2302 measures temperature and relative humidity (RH) externally with an accuracy of 0.2 K and 2.5 % RH (between 10 % and 90 % RH), respectively. The temperature sensor has a resolution of 0.04 K and drifts less than 0.01 K per year. The RH sensor has a resolution of 0.05 % and a drift of less than 1 % per year. The response times (to 90 % change) of temperature and RH are 5 and 4 minutes, respectively, for air moving 1 m s<sup>-1</sup> and with the sensors mounted inside the RS3-B radiation shield.</p>
<p>Before the measurement campaign, all HOBO loggers were mounted on the University of Innsbruck rooftop for comparison measurements. The observed differences in temperature between loggers were on the order of 0.2 K and, thus, comparable to the measurement accuracy. Therefore, no corrections have been applied to the data set provided here.</p>
<p><strong>4. Data file structure</strong></p>
<p><em><strong>File format</strong></em></p>
<p>Provided are data in netCDF format as well as overview figures in PNG format. Each netCDF file contains data of one month. File names contain date information. The following wildcard characters are used in the file example below: yyyy - year; mm - month.</p>
<p><em><strong>Data</strong></em></p>
<p>yyyymm_hobo.nc is a netCDF file that contains HOBO data of a specific month. A total of 17 files are provided for the period July 2017 to November 2018.</p>
<p><em><strong>Overview figures</strong></em></p>
<p>hobo_locations.png illustrates the locations of the HOBO loggers on a terrain map.</p>
<p>hobo_overview_temperature.png illustrates the whole temperature data set. It is useful for assessing data availability and the change in the measurement interval from 1 to 2 minutes.</p>
<p>hobo_overview_relative_humidity.png illustrates the whole relative humidity data set. It is useful for assessing data availability and the change in the measurement interval from 1 to 2 minutes.</p>
<p><strong>5. Publications</strong></p>
<p>The HOBO data set is described and analyzed in Muschinski (2019) and Muschinski et al. (2020) with respect to the cold air pool structure in the Inn Valley during south foehn. The data set is also used in Rzehak (2018) and Schmitt (2018) to study Innsbruck's urban heat island in summer and winter, respectively. Furthermore, HOBO data is analyzed in two case studies of PIANO IOP 2 (Haid et al. 2020, Umek et al. 2021).</p>
<p><strong>6. Contact</strong></p>
<p>Contact alexander.gohm (at) uibk.ac.at for any questions regarding the data set.</p>
<p><strong>7. Acknowledgements</strong></p>
<p>The PIANO field campaign was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) and the Weiss Science Foundation under Grant P29746-N32, by KIT IMK-IFU, Austro Control GmbH, Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG), the Hydrographic Service of Tyrol, Innsbrucker Kommunalbetriebe AG (IKB), Bergisel Betriebsgesellschaft m.b.H., Innsbrucker Nordkettenbahnen Betriebs GmbH, T-Mobile Austria GmbH, Unser Lagerhaus Warenhandelsgesellschaft, PEMA Immobilien GmbH, HTL Anichstraße, Hilton Innsbruck, TINETZ-Tiroler Netze GmbH, Land Tirol, and the communities Patsch and Völs.</p>
<p><strong>8. References</strong></p>
<p>Haid, M., A. Gohm, L. Umek, H. C. Ward, T. Muschinski, L. Lehner, and M. W. Rotach, 2020: Foehn-cold pool interactions in the Inn Valley during PIANO IOP2. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 146, 1232–1263, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3735</p>
<p>Muschinski, T., 2019: Spatial heterogeneity of the pre-foehnic Inn Valley cold air pool and a relationship to Froude number: Observations from an array of temperature loggers during PIANO. Master's Thesis. Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, Unversity of Innsbruck, 101 pp., https://resolver.obvsg.at/urn:nbn:at:at-ubi:1-43559</p>
<p>Muschinsik, T., A. Gohm, M. Haid, L. Umek, and H. C. Ward, 2020: Spatial heterogeneity of the Inn Valley cold air pool during south foehn: Observations from an array of temperature loggers during PIANO. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2020/1043</p>
<p>Rzehak, S., 2018: Städtische Wärmeinsel in Innsbruck im Sommer. Bachelor Thesis, Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, Unversity of Innsbruck, 46 pp.</p>
<p>Schmitt, P., 2018: Städtische Wärmeinsel in Innsbruck im Winter: Untersucht im Zeitraum Dezember 2017 bis Februar 2018. Bachelor Thesis, Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, Unversity of Innsbruck, 73 pp.</p>
<p>Umek, L., A. Gohm, M. Haid, H. C. Ward, and M. W. Rotach, 2021: Large‐eddy simulation of foehn–cold pool interactions in the Inn Valley during PIANO IOP 2. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 147, 944–982, https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3954</p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4672313
oai:zenodo.org:4672313
eng
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/piano
https://zenodo.org/communities/acinn
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4672312
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
temperature and humidity sensors
complex terrain
Inn Valley
mountain boundary layer
cold air pool
foehn
PIANO reserach project
PIANO (Penetration and Interruption of Alpine Foehn) - HOBO temperature and humidity logger data set
info:eu-repo/semantics/other
oai:zenodo.org:4709105
2021-04-26T07:36:05Z
user-university-of-innsbruck
software
user-piano
user-acinn
Maren Haid
2021-04-22
<p>This toolbox contains modules for</p>
<ul>
<li>data formatting (e.g., <code>2NetCDF</code>)</li>
<li>estimating retrievals from Doppler wind lidar data (e.g., <code>coplanar_retrieval</code> and <code>VAD_retrieval</code>)</li>
<li>creating figures of lidar data (e.g., <code>quicklooks</code>)</li>
<li>writing scan files and scan schedules for the StreamLine (SL) software (<code>SL_scan_files</code>).</li>
</ul>
<p>Compared to Version v1.1.0 (CROSSINN release), a new module to store daily .nc files of vertical profiles of horizontal wind from Doppler wind lidar VAD scans (<code>vad2NetCDF.py</code>).</p>
<p>The modules of this release were used for the Doppler wind Lidar data measured by the ACINN (https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/index.html.en) during the PIANO (https://www.uibk.ac.at/projects/piano/index.html.en) measurement campaign. Executive scripts can be found at GITHub (marenha/PIANO) repository.</p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4709105
oai:zenodo.org:4709105
Zenodo
https://github.com/marenha/doppler_wind_lidar_toolbox/tree/v1.1.1
https://zenodo.org/communities/piano
https://zenodo.org/communities/acinn
https://zenodo.org/communities/university-of-innsbruck
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3583082
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
marenha/doppler_wind_lidar_toolbox: PIANO release
info:eu-repo/semantics/other
oai:zenodo.org:3583083
2021-04-26T07:35:56Z
user-university-of-innsbruck
software
user-piano
user-acinn
Maren Haid
2019-12-18
<p>This release contains the core code for the estimation of two-dimensional wind fields from multiple coplanar Doppler wind lidar scans. A description of the code can be found in Haid et al. (2020). The code is based on the work of Stawiarski et al. (2013).</p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3583083
oai:zenodo.org:3583083
Zenodo
https://github.com/marenha/doppler_wind_lidar_toolbox/tree/v1.0.0
https://zenodo.org/communities/piano
https://zenodo.org/communities/acinn
https://zenodo.org/communities/university-of-innsbruck
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3583082
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
marenha/doppler_wind_lidar_toolbox: First release
info:eu-repo/semantics/other
oai:zenodo.org:4719222
2021-04-26T12:27:27Z
user-university-of-innsbruck
software
user-piano
user-acinn
Maren Haid
2021-04-26
<p>This toolbox contains modules for</p>
<ul>
<li>data formatting (e.g., <code>2NetCDF</code>)</li>
<li>estimating retrievals from Doppler wind lidar data (e.g., <code>coplanar_retrieval</code> and <code>VAD_retrieval</code>)</li>
<li>creating figures of lidar data (e.g., <code>quicklooks</code>)</li>
<li>writing scan files and scan schedules for the StreamLine (SL) software (<code>SL_scan_files</code>).</li>
</ul>
<p>Compared to Version v1.1.1 (PIANO release), smaller bugs are removed.</p>
<p>The modules of this release were used for the Doppler wind Lidar data measured by the ACINN (https://www.uibk.ac.at/acinn/index.html.en) during the PIANO (https://www.uibk.ac.at/projects/piano/index.html.en) measurement campaign. Executive scripts can be found at GITHub (marenha/PIANO) repository.</p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4719222
oai:zenodo.org:4719222
Zenodo
https://github.com/marenha/doppler_wind_lidar_toolbox/tree/v.1.1.2
https://zenodo.org/communities/piano
https://zenodo.org/communities/acinn
https://zenodo.org/communities/university-of-innsbruck
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3583082
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
marenha/doppler_wind_lidar_toolbox: PIANO release
info:eu-repo/semantics/other
oai:zenodo.org:4498093
2021-04-09T08:27:25Z
user-university-of-innsbruck
software
user-piano
user-acinn
Lukas Umek
2021-02-03
<p>Modifications to the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) source code (v4.1) to derive resolved part of turbulence in Large-eddy simulations (LES) and averaged potential temperature tendencies from the simulation.</p>
<p>Bugfix in module_avgflx.F and in module_em.F when compiling with gfortran</p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4498093
oai:zenodo.org:4498093
Zenodo
https://github.com/lukasumek/WRF_LES_diagnostics/tree/LES_diags_v1.2
https://zenodo.org/communities/piano
https://zenodo.org/communities/acinn
https://zenodo.org/communities/university-of-innsbruck
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3901118
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Other (Open)
WRF-LES diagnostics
info:eu-repo/semantics/other
oai:zenodo.org:3901119
2021-04-09T08:27:25Z
user-university-of-innsbruck
software
user-piano
user-acinn
lukasumek
2020-06-19
<p>Modifications to the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model source <br>
code (v4.1) to derive resolved part of turbulence and various components <br>
of averaged potential temperature tendencies from large eddy simulations <br>
(LES).</p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3901119
oai:zenodo.org:3901119
Zenodo
https://github.com/lukasumek/WRF_LES_diagnostics/tree/LES_diags_v1.1
https://zenodo.org/communities/piano
https://zenodo.org/communities/acinn
https://zenodo.org/communities/university-of-innsbruck
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3901118
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
WRF, numerical simulation, atmospheric sciences, Weather Research and Forecasting Model, large-eddy simulation
lukasumek/WRF_LES_diagnostics: WRF_LES_diagnostics
info:eu-repo/semantics/other
oai:zenodo.org:4745957
2021-05-15T01:48:13Z
openaire_data
user-piano
user-acinn
Gohm, Alexander
Umek, Lukas
Haid, Maren
Ward, Helen C.
Rotach, Mathias W.
2021-05-14
<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p>
<p>This is the data set of nine MOMAA weather stations operated during the field campaign of the research project PIANO (Penetration and Interruption of Alpine Foehn) in the Inn Valley and Wipp Valley near Innsbruck, Austria, during fall and early winter 2017. The goal of the campaign was to study the erosion of cold air pools during south foehn and the associated foehn breakthrough at the valley floor in the vicinity of Innsbruck as well as the subsequent foehn breakdown. The campaign comprises seven Intensive Observation Periods (IOPs), more specifically six south foehn events (IOP 2 to IOP 7) and one west foehn (IOP 1).</p>
<p><strong>DATA SET DESCRIPTION</strong></p>
<p><strong>1. Spatial coverage and locations</strong></p>
<p>Nine portable automatic weather stations (AWS), so-called MOMAA weather stations, were operated during the PIANO field campaign in the greater Innsbruck area, Austria. MOMAA stands for <a href="https://forschungsinfrastruktur.bmbwf.gv.at/de/fi/mobile-automatische-wetterstationen-momaa_152">mobile measurement network for Alpine atmospheric research</a>, which is an infrastructure that belongs to the <a href="https://forschungsinfrastruktur.bmbwf.gv.at/de/fi/innsbruck-atmospheric-observatory-iao-for-environmental-research-in-alpine-and-urban-terrain_3190">Innsbruck Atmospheric Observatory (IAO)</a>. Most of the weather stations were operated at the floor of the Inn Valley between the villages Inzing (west of Innsbruck) and Volders (east of Innsbruck). One station was installed in Innsbruck on the rooftop of the former Hotel Hilton about 50 m above street level. Two stations were deployed at the slope of the Inn Valley at Ölberg in the north and Bergisel in the south of Innsbruck. One station was operated in the Wipp Valley at the village of Patsch close to the radiosonde site and not far from an eddy covariance station. The station coordinates and heights are listed in the data file and a description of the locations is given here (see also momaa_locations.png):</p>
<ul>
<li>M02: Völs</li>
<li>M03: Innsbruck/Bergisel</li>
<li>M04: Patsch/Pfaffenbichl</li>
<li>M05: Innsbruck/Ölberg</li>
<li>M06: Innsbruck/Hotel Hilton</li>
<li>M07: Innsbruck/Saggen/Kettenbrücke</li>
<li>M08: Volders</li>
<li>M09: Unterperfuss</li>
<li>M10: Inzing/Zirl/Modellflugplatz</li>
</ul>
<p>The MOMAA stations were installed to complement the operational AWS networks of the national weather service ZAMG and other institutions.</p>
<p><strong>2. Temporal coverage</strong></p>
<p>The PIANO field campaign took place during fall and early winter 2017. However, the MOMAA data set is available for the period from about mid August 2017 to mid December 2017. Two stations (M04 and M06) remained in operation until the beginning of February 2018. Due to malfunctions, short data gaps occurred in early September 2017. Moreover, precipitation data is missing for M07 on 27 and 28 October due to a blocked rain gauge and soil temperature data for the same station is missing in mid September due to a damaged sensor. The exact operating times are:</p>
<ul>
<li>M02: 1300 UTC 15 Aug 2017 to 1359 UTC 11 Dec 2017</li>
<li>M03: 1230 UTC 12 Aug 2017 to 1059 UTC 11 Dec 2017</li>
<li>M04: 1200 UTC 15 Aug 2017 to 1459 UTC 08 Feb 2018</li>
<li>M05: 0630 UTC 13 Aug 2017 to 1359 UTC 11 Dec 2017</li>
<li>M06: 1100 UTC 13 Aug 2017 to 1459 UTC 08 Deb 2018</li>
<li>M07: 1730 UTC 29 Aug 2017 to 1429 UTC 11 Dec 2017</li>
<li>M08: 0830 UTC 18 Aug 2017 to 1429 UTC 11 Dec 2017</li>
<li>M09: 0800 UTC 28 Aug 2017 to 1329 UTC 11 Dec 2017</li>
<li>M10: 1330 UTC 29 Aug 2017 to 1329 UTC 11 Dec 2017</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>3. Instrument details</strong></p>
<p><strong>Sensor type</strong></p>
<p>Measurements were taken with nine automatic weather stations manufactured by the Swiss company <a href="https://www.sensalpin.ch">SensAlpin</a>. Each station consists of the following sensors and hardware:</p>
<ul>
<li>Data logger (Campbell CR1000)</li>
<li>Air temperature and humidity sensor (Rotronic HC2A-S3) mounted in an actively ventilated radiation shield (Rotronic RS12T)</li>
<li>2D ultra sonic anemometer (Gill WindSonic)</li>
<li>Net radiometer (Kipp&Zonen NR Lite)</li>
<li>Barometer (Campbell CS100, Sera model 278)</li>
<li>Tipping bucket rain gauge (RM Young model 520202 or 52203)</li>
<li>Two soil temperature sensors (Campbell thermistor 107)</li>
<li>GSM modem</li>
<li>Battery and solar panel</li>
<li>Aluminum telescopic mast, side boom and tripod (Letrona)</li>
</ul>
<p>Two stations (M05 at Ölberg and M06 at Hotel Hilton) had no rain gauge, no net radiometer and no soil temperature sensors.</p>
<p><strong>MOMAA ID number and location</strong></p>
<p>The MOMAA ID numbers mentioned in the data file (02 to 10) correspond to the ID numbers (M02 to M10) used internally at ACINN (they are indicated on each logger box). Station M01 was not used during PIANO. GPS coordinates and heights of all MOMAA stations are provided in the data file.</p>
<p><strong>Time and measurement interval</strong></p>
<p>Time in the data file is in UTC. The measurement interval is 1 minute. A measurement value represents either a 1-minute average (arithmetic average for scalar quantities and vector average for wind quantities), a maximum within 1 minute or a sum over 1 minute.</p>
<p><strong>Installation height</strong></p>
<p>The wind sensor was mounted 3.5 m above ground (AGL). The air temperature and humidity sensor was installed at 2 m (AGL). The rain gauge and the net radiometer were mounted on a side boom at 1.8 m AGL. The height of the barometer is different for each station (between 0.5 and 1 m AGL) and is listed in the data file. Where possible, the two soil temperature sensors were placed at 2 and 6 cm below the surface, respectively. Note that station M06 was deployed at the rooftop of the former Hotel Hilton (now AC Hotel Innsbruck). Hence, the sensor heights for M06 are relative to the height of the rooftop, which is at about 50 m above street level.</p>
<p><strong>Data correction</strong></p>
<p>Here we provide so-called "level 1" data that includes a bias correction for air temperature and relative humidity. Based on a preliminary data analysis after the PIANO campaign, a warm bias was detected in the time series of air temperature that was caused by high-frequency noise induced by the ventilation of the Rotronic radiation shield due to electromagnetic induction. This warm bias is proportional to the battery voltage as long as the ventilation is active. The higher the battery voltage, the higher the rotation speed of the fan and, hence, the larger the error due to induction. The status of the ventilation is indicated by the parameter vent_flag in the data file (off=0, on=1). The ventilation is automatically switched off if the battery voltage drops below a certain threshold. This only occurred a few times during the field campaign (see overview figure momaa_overview_ventilation_flag.png).</p>
<p>In order to correct this bias, we performed a sensor intercomparison study in December 2018 with all MOMAA stations and an independent reference sensor (the same type of sensor but with a separate wiring for the temperature sensor and the ventilation). Based on these measurements, the air temperature bias was quantified for each station with the linear function <span class="math-tex">\(\Delta T_\mathrm{bias} = k V_\mathrm{bat} + d\)</span>. Here, <span class="math-tex">\(k\)</span> and <span class="math-tex">\(d\)</span> are slope and intercept of the linear regression. The values of these coefficients are different for each station. <span class="math-tex">\(V_\mathrm{bat}\)</span> is the battery voltage. The bias is about 1 to 2 K. In the data file we provide values for <span class="math-tex">\(k\)</span> and <span class="math-tex">\(d\)</span> as well as corrected temperature ta and uncorrected (raw) temperature ta_raw. We strongly recommend to use corrected temperature.</p>
<p>Based on the same intercomparison measurements, a notable bias in relative humidity of about 4 to 8 % was found for station M04. This bias is proportional to the measured humidity. The bias is much smaller for the other stations (about 0 to 2 %). Nevertheless, we applied a bias correction for all stations based on <span class="math-tex">\(\Delta \mathrm{RH}_\mathrm{bias} = k \mathrm{RH}_\mathrm{raw} + d\)</span>. In the data file we provide values for <span class="math-tex">\(k\)</span> and <span class="math-tex">\(d\)</span> as well as corrected relative humidity rh and uncorrected (raw) temperature rh_raw.</p>
<p>We did not calibrate the pressure sensors. Hence, values for air pressure may exhibit a station-dependent offset from the truth. In order to correct these potential offsets, the user may want to follow the approach of Muschinski et al. (2020; section 4.5).</p>
<p><strong>4. Data file structure</strong></p>
<p><strong>File format</strong></p>
<p>Provided are data in netCDF format as well as overview figures in PNG format.</p>
<p><strong>Data</strong></p>
<p>MOMAA_lev1_FINAL.nc is a netCDF file that contains the whole MOMAA data set. Time in the data file is given in UTC as a UNIX timestamp (seconds since 00:00 UTC 01 January 1970) and the measurement interval is 1 minute. The following parameters can be found in the data file: corrected and uncorrected air temperature (ta and ta_raw), corrected and uncorrected relative humidity (rh and rh_raw), mean and maximum horizontal wind speed (wspeed and wspeed_max; the latter is the maximum 3-second gust wind speed measured in 1 minute), mean wind direction and its standard deviation (wdir and wdir_stddev), net radiation (nr), air pressure (pa), precipitation accumulated over 1 minute and maximum precipitation intensity (prec and rrmax), soil temperature at two different depths (ts1 and ts2), ventilation flag (vent_flag), and battery voltage (batt_volt). The data file also contains information on the location and the absolute height of each station as well as the sensor heights above ground level.</p>
<p><strong>Overview figures</strong></p>
<p>momaa_locations.png illustrates the locations of the MOMAA stations on a terrain map.</p>
<p>momaa_overview_[parameter].png illustrates the whole data set of a certain parameter. It is useful for assessing data availability. Overview figures for several different parameters are provided.</p>
<p><strong>5. Publications</strong></p>
<p>MOMAA data of the PIANO field campaign have been analyzed in following publications: Muschinski (2019), Muschinski et al. (2020), Haid et al. (2020), Umek et al. (2021).</p>
<p><strong>6. Contact</strong></p>
<p>Contact alexander.gohm (at) uibk.ac.at for any questions regarding the data set.</p>
<p><strong>7. Acknowledgements</strong></p>
<p>The PIANO field campaign was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) and the Weiss Science Foundation under Grant P29746-N32, by KIT IMK-IFU, Austro Control GmbH, Zentralanstalt für Meteorologie und Geodynamik (ZAMG), the Hydrographic Service of Tyrol, Innsbrucker Kommunalbetriebe AG (IKB), Bergisel Betriebsgesellschaft m.b.H., Innsbrucker Nordkettenbahnen Betriebs GmbH, T-Mobile Austria GmbH, Unser Lagerhaus Warenhandelsgesellschaft, PEMA Immobilien GmbH, HTL Anichstraße, Hilton Innsbruck, TINETZ-Tiroler Netze GmbH, Land Tirol, and the communities Patsch and Völs.</p>
<p><strong>8. References</strong></p>
<p>Haid, M., A. Gohm, L. Umek, H. C. Ward, T. Muschinski, L. Lehner, and M. W. Rotach, 2020: Foehn-cold pool interactions in the Inn Valley during PIANO IOP2. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 146, 1232–1263, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3735">https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3735</a></p>
<p>Muschinski, T., 2019: Spatial heterogeneity of the pre-foehnic Inn Valley cold air pool and a relationship to Froude number: Observations from an array of temperature loggers during PIANO. Master's Thesis. Department of Atmospheric and Cryospheric Sciences, Unversity of Innsbruck, 101 pp., <a href="https://resolver.obvsg.at/urn:nbn:at:at-ubi:1-43559">https://resolver.obvsg.at/urn:nbn:at:at-ubi:1-43559</a></p>
<p>Muschinsik, T., A. Gohm, M. Haid, L. Umek, and H. C. Ward, 2020: Spatial heterogeneity of the Inn Valley cold air pool during south foehn: Observations from an array of temperature loggers during PIANO. Meteorologische Zeitschrift, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2020/1043">https://doi.org/10.1127/metz/2020/1043</a></p>
<p>Umek, L., A. Gohm, M. Haid, H. C. Ward, and M. W. Rotach, 2021: Large‐eddy simulation of foehn–cold pool interactions in the Inn Valley during PIANO IOP 2. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 147, 944–982, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3954">https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3954</a></p>
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4745957
oai:zenodo.org:4745957
eng
Zenodo
https://zenodo.org/communities/piano
https://zenodo.org/communities/acinn
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4745956
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode
automatic weather stations
complex terrain
Inn Valley
mountain boundary layer
cold air pool
foehn
PIANO research project
PIANO (Penetration and Interruption of Alpine Foehn) - MOMAA weather station data set
info:eu-repo/semantics/other