ENTRY       zma00910                    Pathway
NAME        Nitrogen metabolism - Zea mays (maize)
DESCRIPTION The biological process of the nitrogen cycle is a complex interplay among many microorganisms catalyzing different reactions, where nitrogen is found in various oxidation states ranging from +5 in nitrate to -3 in ammonia. The core nitrogen cycle involves four reduction pathways and two oxidation pathways. Nitrogen fixation [MD:M00175] is the process of reducing atmospheric molecular nitrogen to ammonia, a biologically useful reduced form incorporated into amino acids and other vital compounds. The ability of fixing atmospheric nitrogen by the nitrogenase enzyme complex is present in restricted prokaryotes (diazotrophs). The other reduction pathways are assimilatory nitrate reduction [MD:M00531] and dissimilatory nitrate reduction [MD:M00530] both for conversion to ammonia, and denitrification [MD:M00529]. Denitrification is a respiration in which nitrate or nitrite is reduced as a terminal electron acceptor under low oxygen or anoxic conditions, producing gaseous nitrogen compounds (N2, NO and N2O) to the atmosphere. The two oxidation pathways are nitrification [MD:M00528] and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox). Nitrification is the oxidation of ammonia (NH3) with oxygen into nitrite followed by the oxidation of nitrite into nitrate. The first step is performed by ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms (e.g., Nitrosomonas and Nitrosococcus) and the second step by nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms (e.g., Nitrobacter). Anammox is a biochemical process of oxidizing ammonium (NH4+) into dinitrogen gas (N2) using nitrite as an electron acceptor. It occurs in the anammoxosome, a membrane bound compartment inside the cytoplasm, of anammox bacteria (e.g., Planctomycetes).
CLASS       Metabolism; Energy metabolism
PATHWAY_MAP zma00910  Nitrogen metabolism
MODULE      zma_M00531  Assimilatory nitrate reduction, nitrate => ammonia [PATH:zma00910]
DBLINKS     GO: 0006807
ORGANISM    Zea mays (maize) [GN:zma]
GENE        100274074  uncharacterized protein LOC100274074 [KO:K01455] [EC:3.5.1.49]
            100217054  uncharacterized protein LOC100217054 [KO:K01455] [EC:3.5.1.49]
            100381446  Acetamidase/Formamidase family protein [KO:K01455] [EC:3.5.1.49]
            103635347  putative formamidase C869.04 [KO:K01455] [EC:3.5.1.49]
            103626520  high-affinity nitrate transporter 2.1 [KO:K02575]
            103636218  high-affinity nitrate transporter 2.3 [KO:K02575]
            606442  putative high affinity nitrate transporter [KO:K02575]
            542092  nitrate transport 2 [KO:K02575]
            109944895  probable high-affinity nitrate transporter 2.4 [KO:K02575]
            100383210  nitrate reductase [NAD(P)H] [KO:K10534] [EC:1.7.1.1 1.7.1.2 1.7.1.3]
            542278  nitrate reductase [NADH] [KO:K10534] [EC:1.7.1.1 1.7.1.2 1.7.1.3]
            103643134  nitrate reductase [NADH]-like [KO:K10534] [EC:1.7.1.1 1.7.1.2 1.7.1.3]
            109939975  nitrate reductase [NADH] 3 [KO:K10534] [EC:1.7.1.1 1.7.1.2 1.7.1.3]
            103654219  nitrate reductase [NAD(P)H] [KO:K10534] [EC:1.7.1.1 1.7.1.2 1.7.1.3]
            103627781  ferredoxin--nitrite reductase, chloroplastic-like [KO:K00366] [EC:1.7.7.1]
            542264  ferredoxin--nitrite reductase, chloroplastic [KO:K00366] [EC:1.7.7.1]
            542220  glutamate dehydrogenase [KO:K00261] [EC:1.4.1.3]
            100193614  uncharacterized protein LOC100193614 [KO:K00261] [EC:1.4.1.3]
            100502380  uncharacterized protein LOC100502380 [KO:K00262] [EC:1.4.1.4]
            542746  glutamine synthetase, chloroplastic [KO:K01915] [EC:6.3.1.2]
            542400  glutamine synthetase root isozyme 2 [KO:K01915] [EC:6.3.1.2]
            542520  glutamine synthetase root isozyme 1 [KO:K01915] [EC:6.3.1.2]
            542214  glutamine synthetase root isozyme 3 [KO:K01915] [EC:6.3.1.2]
            542215  glutamine synthetase root isozyme 5 [KO:K01915] [EC:6.3.1.2]
            542401  glutamine synthetase root isozyme 4 [KO:K01915] [EC:6.3.1.2]
            103636185  glutamate synthase 1 [NADH], chloroplastic isoform X1 [KO:K00264] [EC:1.4.1.14]
            103651348  glutamate synthase 1 [NADH], chloroplastic isoform X1 [KO:K00264] [EC:1.4.1.14]
            542710  ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase, chloroplastic precursor [KO:K00284] [EC:1.4.7.1]
            100284448  cyanate hydratase [KO:K01725] [EC:4.2.1.104]
            100275493  uncharacterized protein LOC100275493 isoform 1 [KO:K01673] [EC:4.2.1.1]
            100285064  uncharacterized protein LOC100285064 [KO:K01673] [EC:4.2.1.1]
            100283312  carbonic anhydrase [KO:K01673] [EC:4.2.1.1]
            100274597  carbonic anhydrase [KO:K01673] [EC:4.2.1.1]
            100382491  carbonic anhydrase6 [KO:K01673] [EC:4.2.1.1]
            100272439  carbonic anhydrase [KO:K01673] [EC:4.2.1.1]
            100193864  Alpha carbonic anhydrase 4 [KO:K01674] [EC:4.2.1.1]
            100279972  uncharacterized protein LOC100279972 precursor [KO:K01674] [EC:4.2.1.1]
            100384165  uncharacterized protein LOC100384165 precursor [KO:K01674] [EC:4.2.1.1]
            100272575  uncharacterized protein LOC100272575 precursor [KO:K01674] [EC:4.2.1.1]
            100274185  uncharacterized protein LOC100274185 [KO:K01674] [EC:4.2.1.1]
            100282652  carbonic anhydrase precursor [KO:K01674] [EC:4.2.1.1]
            100280638  carbonic anhydrase precursor [KO:K01674] [EC:4.2.1.1]
            100384578  alpha carbonic anhydrase 7 [KO:K01674] [EC:4.2.1.1]
COMPOUND    C00011  CO2
            C00014  Ammonia
            C00025  L-Glutamate
            C00058  Formate
            C00064  L-Glutamine
            C00088  Nitrite
            C00169  Carbamoyl phosphate
            C00192  Hydroxylamine
            C00244  Nitrate
            C00288  HCO3-
            C00488  Formamide
            C00533  Nitric oxide
            C00697  Nitrogen
            C00726  Nitrile
            C00887  Nitrous oxide
            C01417  Cyanate
            C01563  Carbamate
            C05361  Hydrazine
            C06058  Nitroalkane
REFERENCE   PMID:14702404
  AUTHORS   Scott JD, Ludwig RA
  TITLE     Azorhizobium caulinodans electron-transferring flavoprotein N electrochemically couples pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity to N2 fixation.
  JOURNAL   Microbiology 150:117-26 (2004)
            DOI:10.1099/mic.0.26603-0
REFERENCE   PMID:17408485
  AUTHORS   Kneip C, Lockhart P, Voss C, Maier UG
  TITLE     Nitrogen fixation in eukaryotes--new models for symbiosis.
  JOURNAL   BMC Evol Biol 7:55 (2007)
            DOI:10.1186/1471-2148-7-55
REFERENCE   PMID:11004450
  AUTHORS   Whittaker M, Bergmann D, Arciero D, Hooper AB
  TITLE     Electron transfer during the oxidation of ammonia by the chemolithotrophic bacterium Nitrosomonas europaea.
  JOURNAL   Biochim Biophys Acta 1459:346-55 (2000)
            DOI:10.1016/S0005-2728(00)00171-7
REFERENCE   PMID:15528644
  AUTHORS   Cabello P, Roldan MD, Moreno-Vivian C
  TITLE     Nitrate reduction and the nitrogen cycle in archaea.
  JOURNAL   Microbiology 150:3527-46 (2004)
            DOI:10.1099/mic.0.27303-0
REFERENCE   PMID:11921398
  AUTHORS   Stolz JF, Basu P
  TITLE     Evolution of nitrate reductase: molecular and structural variations on a common function.
  JOURNAL   Chembiochem 3:198-206 (2002)
            DOI:10.1002/1439-7633(20020301)3:2/3<198::AID-CBIC198>3.0.CO;2-C
REFERENCE   PMID:18021072
  AUTHORS   Morozkina EV, Zvyagilskaya RA
  TITLE     Nitrate reductases: structure, functions, and effect of stress factors.
  JOURNAL   Biochemistry (Mosc) 72:1151-60 (2007)
            DOI:10.1134/S0006297907100124
REFERENCE   PMID:19247843
  AUTHORS   Jetten MS, Niftrik L, Strous M, Kartal B, Keltjens JT, Op den Camp HJ
  TITLE     Biochemistry and molecular biology of anammox bacteria.
  JOURNAL   Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 44:65-84 (2009)
            DOI:10.1080/10409230902722783
REFERENCE   PMID:22221911
  AUTHORS   Luesken FA, Wu ML, Op den Camp HJ, Keltjens JT, Stunnenberg H, Francoijs KJ, Strous M, Jetten MS
  TITLE     Effect of oxygen on the anaerobic methanotroph 'Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera': kinetic and transcriptional analysis.
  JOURNAL   Environ Microbiol 14:1024-34 (2012)
            DOI:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02682.x
REFERENCE   PMID:26610024
  AUTHORS   Daims H, Lebedeva EV, Pjevac P, Han P, Herbold C, Albertsen M, Jehmlich N, Palatinszky M, Vierheilig J, Bulaev A, Kirkegaard RH, von Bergen M, Rattei T, Bendinger B, Nielsen PH, Wagner M
  TITLE     Complete nitrification by Nitrospira bacteria.
  JOURNAL   Nature 528:504-9 (2015)
            DOI:10.1038/nature16461
REFERENCE   PMID:26610025
  AUTHORS   van Kessel MA, Speth DR, Albertsen M, Nielsen PH, Op den Camp HJ, Kartal B, Jetten MS, Lucker S
  TITLE     Complete nitrification by a single microorganism.
  JOURNAL   Nature 528:555-9 (2015)
            DOI:10.1038/nature16459
REL_PATHWAY zma00220  Arginine biosynthesis
            zma00250  Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
            zma00460  Cyanoamino acid metabolism
            zma00630  Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism
KO_PATHWAY  ko00910
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