ENTRY       mtr00965                    Pathway
NAME        Betalain biosynthesis - Medicago truncatula (barrel medic)
DESCRIPTION Betalains are water-soluble nitrogen-containing pigments that are present in plants belonging to the order Caryophyllales (such as cactus and amaranth families) and in higher fungi. They contain betalamic acid as the chromophore and are classified into two types: betacyanins and betaxanthins. Betacyanins contain a cyclo-DOPA residue and exhibit red/violet coloration, while betaxanthins contain different amino acids or amino side chains and exhibit a yellow/orange coloration. The condensation of betalamic acid with amino acids (including cyclo-DOPA or amines) in plants is a spontaneous reaction, not an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
CLASS       Metabolism; Biosynthesis of other secondary metabolites
PATHWAY_MAP mtr00965  Betalain biosynthesis
ORGANISM    Medicago truncatula (barrel medic) [GN:mtr]
GENE        11420281  extradiol ring-cleavage dioxygenase [KO:K15777] [EC:1.13.11.-]
            25484511  extradiol ring-cleavage dioxygenase [KO:K15777] [EC:1.13.11.-]
            11423811  tyrosine decarboxylase 1 [KO:K01593] [EC:4.1.1.28 4.1.1.105]
            11419480  tyrosine decarboxylase 2 isoform X1 [KO:K01593] [EC:4.1.1.28 4.1.1.105]
            25486293  tyrosine decarboxylase 1 [KO:K01593] [EC:4.1.1.28 4.1.1.105]
            25486294  tyrosine decarboxylase 1 [KO:K01593] [EC:4.1.1.28 4.1.1.105]
            11423672  tyrosine decarboxylase 2 [KO:K01593] [EC:4.1.1.28 4.1.1.105]
COMPOUND    C00082  L-Tyrosine
            C00355  3,4-Dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine
            C03758  Dopamine
            C05587  3-Methoxytyramine
            C05604  2-Carboxy-2,3-dihydro-5,6-dihydroxyindole
            C08537  Amaranthin
            C08538  Betalamic acid
            C08539  Betanidin
            C08540  Betanin
            C08542  Celosianin II
            C08543  Dopaxanthin
            C08544  Gomphrenin-I
            C08552  Lampranthin II
            C08557  Miraxanthin-V
            C08565  Portulacaxanthin II
            C17751  cyclo-Dopa 5-O-glucoside
            C17752  cyclo-Dopa-glucuronylglucoside
            C17753  Dopaxanthin quinone
            C17754  3-Methoxytyramine-betaxanthin
            C17755  Dopamine quinone
            C17756  2-Descarboxy-cyclo-dopa
            C17757  2-Descarboxy-betanidin
            C17758  4,5-seco-Dopa
REFERENCE   PMID:15805475
  AUTHORS   Gandia-Herrero F, Escribano J, Garcia-Carmona F
  TITLE     Betaxanthins as substrates for tyrosinase. An approach to the role of tyrosinase in the biosynthetic pathway of betalains.
  JOURNAL   Plant Physiol 138:421-32 (2005)
            DOI:10.1104/pp.104.057992
REFERENCE   PMID:16247652
  AUTHORS   Sasaki N, Abe Y, Wada K, Koda T, Goda Y, Adachi T, Ozeki Y
  TITLE     Amaranthin in feather cockscombs is synthesized via glucuronylation at the cyclo-DOPA glucoside step in the betacyanin biosynthetic pathway.
  JOURNAL   J Plant Res 118:439-42 (2005)
            DOI:10.1007/s10265-005-0237-z
REFERENCE   PMID:12620337
  AUTHORS   Strack D, Vogt T, Schliemann W
  TITLE     Recent advances in betalain research.
  JOURNAL   Phytochemistry 62:247-69 (2003)
            DOI:10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00564-2
REFERENCE   PMID:11855654
  AUTHORS   Vogt T
  TITLE     Substrate specificity and sequence analysis define a polyphyletic origin of betanidin 5- and 6-O-glucosyltransferase from Dorotheanthus bellidiformis.
  JOURNAL   Planta 214:492-5 (2002)
            DOI:10.1007/s00425-001-0685-1
REL_PATHWAY mtr00400  Phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis
KO_PATHWAY  ko00965
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