ENTRY       hsa04211                    Pathway
NAME        Longevity regulating pathway - Homo sapiens (human)
DESCRIPTION Regulation of longevity depends on genetic and environmental factors. Caloric restriction (CR), that is limiting food intake, is recognized in mammals as the best characterized and most reproducible strategy for extending lifespan. Four pathways have been implicated in mediating the CR effect. These are the insulin like growth factor (IGF-1)/insulin signaling pathway, the sirtuin pathway, the adenosine monophosphate (AMP) activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway and the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway. The collective response of these pathways to CR is believed to promote cellular fitness and ultimately longevity via activation of autophagy, stress defense mechanisms, and survival pathways while attenuating proinflammatory mediators and cellular growth. Furthermore, there is evidence supporting that life span extension can be achieved with pharmacologic agents that mimic the effects of caloric restriction, such as rapamycin, via mTOR signaling blockade, resveratrol, by activating SIRT1 activity, and metformin, which seems to be a robust stimulator of AMPK activity. As an aging suppressor, Klotho is an important molecule in aging processes and its overexpression results in longevity.
CLASS       Organismal Systems; Aging
PATHWAY_MAP hsa04211  Longevity regulating pathway
DRUG        D12181  Edasalonexent (USAN/INN)
ORGANISM    Homo sapiens (human) [GN:hsa]
GENE        3630  INS; insulin [KO:K04526]
            3643  INSR; insulin receptor [KO:K04527] [EC:2.7.10.1]
            3479  IGF1; insulin like growth factor 1 [KO:K05459]
            3480  IGF1R; insulin like growth factor 1 receptor [KO:K05087] [EC:2.7.10.1]
            3667  IRS1; insulin receptor substrate 1 [KO:K16172]
            8660  IRS2; insulin receptor substrate 2 [KO:K07187]
            8471  IRS4; insulin receptor substrate 4 [KO:K17446]
            3265  HRAS; HRas proto-oncogene, GTPase [KO:K02833]
            3845  KRAS; KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase [KO:K07827]
            4893  NRAS; NRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase [KO:K07828]
            5290  PIK3CA; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
            5293  PIK3CD; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit delta [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
            5291  PIK3CB; phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit beta [KO:K00922] [EC:2.7.1.153]
            5295  PIK3R1; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 1 [KO:K02649]
            5296  PIK3R2; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 2 [KO:K02649]
            8503  PIK3R3; phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 3 [KO:K02649]
            207  AKT1; AKT serine/threonine kinase 1 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
            208  AKT2; AKT serine/threonine kinase 2 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
            10000  AKT3; AKT serine/threonine kinase 3 [KO:K04456] [EC:2.7.11.1]
            107  ADCY1; adenylate cyclase 1 [KO:K08041] [EC:4.6.1.1]
            108  ADCY2; adenylate cyclase 2 [KO:K08042] [EC:4.6.1.1]
            109  ADCY3; adenylate cyclase 3 [KO:K08043] [EC:4.6.1.1]
            196883  ADCY4; adenylate cyclase 4 [KO:K08044] [EC:4.6.1.1]
            111  ADCY5; adenylate cyclase 5 [KO:K08045] [EC:4.6.1.1]
            112  ADCY6; adenylate cyclase 6 [KO:K08046] [EC:4.6.1.1]
            113  ADCY7; adenylate cyclase 7 [KO:K08047] [EC:4.6.1.1]
            114  ADCY8; adenylate cyclase 8 [KO:K08048] [EC:4.6.1.1]
            115  ADCY9; adenylate cyclase 9 [KO:K08049] [EC:4.6.1.1]
            5566  PRKACA; protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
            5567  PRKACB; protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit beta [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
            5568  PRKACG; protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit gamma [KO:K04345] [EC:2.7.11.11]
            1385  CREB1; cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 [KO:K05870]
            1386  ATF2; activating transcription factor 2 [KO:K04450]
            10488  CREB3; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 [KO:K09048]
            90993  CREB3L1; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 1 [KO:K09048]
            64764  CREB3L2; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 2 [KO:K09048]
            84699  CREB3L3; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 3 [KO:K09048]
            148327  CREB3L4; cAMP responsive element binding protein 3 like 4 [KO:K09048]
            468  ATF4; activating transcription factor 4 [KO:K04374]
            9586  CREB5; cAMP responsive element binding protein 5 [KO:K09047]
            1388  ATF6B; activating transcription factor 6 beta [KO:K09049]
            10919  EHMT2; euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2 [KO:K11420] [EC:2.1.1.355]
            79813  EHMT1; euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 1 [KO:K11420] [EC:2.1.1.355]
            2308  FOXO1; forkhead box O1 [KO:K07201]
            2309  FOXO3; forkhead box O3 [KO:K09408]
            6648  SOD2; superoxide dismutase 2 [KO:K04564] [EC:1.15.1.1]
            847  CAT; catalase [KO:K03781] [EC:1.11.1.6]
            9474  ATG5; autophagy related 5 [KO:K08339]
            9365  KL; klotho [KO:K14756] [EC:3.2.1.31]
            7248  TSC1; TSC complex subunit 1 [KO:K07206]
            7249  TSC2; TSC complex subunit 2 [KO:K07207]
            6009  RHEB; Ras homolog, mTORC1 binding [KO:K07208]
            2475  MTOR; mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase [KO:K07203] [EC:2.7.11.1]
            57521  RPTOR; regulatory associated protein of MTOR complex 1 [KO:K07204]
            84335  AKT1S1; AKT1 substrate 1 [KO:K16184]
            8408  ULK1; unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1 [KO:K21357] [EC:2.7.11.1]
            9776  ATG13; autophagy related 13 [KO:K08331]
            9821  RB1CC1; RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1 [KO:K17589]
            60673  ATG101; autophagy related 101 [KO:K19730]
            6198  RPS6KB1; ribosomal protein S6 kinase B1 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
            6199  RPS6KB2; ribosomal protein S6 kinase B2 [KO:K04688] [EC:2.7.11.1]
            1978  EIF4EBP1; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 [KO:K07205]
            1977  EIF4E; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E [KO:K03259]
            9470  EIF4E2; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E family member 2 [KO:K03259]
            253314  EIF4E1B; eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E family member 1B [KO:K03259]
            9370  ADIPOQ; adiponectin, C1Q and collagen domain containing [KO:K07296]
            51094  ADIPOR1; adiponectin receptor 1 [KO:K07297]
            79602  ADIPOR2; adiponectin receptor 2 [KO:K07297]
            26060  APPL1; adaptor protein, phosphotyrosine interacting with PH domain and leucine zipper 1 [KO:K08733]
            10645  CAMKK2; calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase kinase 2 [KO:K07359] [EC:2.7.11.17]
            5562  PRKAA1; protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 1 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.11]
            5563  PRKAA2; protein kinase AMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha 2 [KO:K07198] [EC:2.7.11.11]
            5564  PRKAB1; protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 1 [KO:K07199]
            5565  PRKAB2; protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit beta 2 [KO:K07199]
            5571  PRKAG1; protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit gamma 1 [KO:K07200]
            53632  PRKAG3; protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit gamma 3 [KO:K07200]
            51422  PRKAG2; protein kinase AMP-activated non-catalytic subunit gamma 2 [KO:K07200]
            23411  SIRT1; sirtuin 1 [KO:K11411] [EC:2.3.1.286]
            581  BAX; BCL2 associated X, apoptosis regulator [KO:K02159]
            7157  TP53; tumor protein p53 [KO:K04451]
            4790  NFKB1; nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 [KO:K02580]
            5970  RELA; RELA proto-oncogene, NF-kB subunit [KO:K04735]
            5468  PPARG; peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma [KO:K08530]
            10891  PPARGC1A; PPARG coactivator 1 alpha [KO:K07202]
            6794  STK11; serine/threonine kinase 11 [KO:K07298] [EC:2.7.11.1]
            27244  SESN1; sestrin 1 [KO:K10141]
            143686  SESN3; sestrin 3 [KO:K10141]
            83667  SESN2; sestrin 2 [KO:K20394]
            814  CAMK4; calcium/calmodulin dependent protein kinase IV [KO:K05869] [EC:2.7.11.17]
COMPOUND    C00003  NAD+
            C00020  AMP
            C00076  Calcium cation
            C00575  3',5'-Cyclic AMP
            C03582  Resveratrol
            C05981  Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate
            C07151  Metformin
            C07909  Sirolimus
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  TITLE     FOXO3: A Major Gene for Human Longevity - A Mini-Review.
  JOURNAL   Gerontology 61:515-25 (2015)
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  TITLE     AMPK and SIRT1: a long-standing partnership?
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  JOURNAL   Mech Ageing Dev 146-148:28-41 (2015)
            DOI:10.1016/j.mad.2015.03.008
REFERENCE   PMID:19262508
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REFERENCE   PMID:22983298
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REFERENCE   PMID:18692468
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REL_PATHWAY hsa04064  NF-kappa B signaling pathway
            hsa04068  FoxO signaling pathway
            hsa04115  p53 signaling pathway
            hsa04140  Autophagy - animal
            hsa04150  mTOR signaling pathway
            hsa04151  PI3K-Akt signaling pathway
            hsa04152  AMPK signaling pathway
            hsa04910  Insulin signaling pathway
KO_PATHWAY  ko04211
///
