ENTRY       hsa00270                    Pathway
NAME        Cysteine and methionine metabolism - Homo sapiens (human)
DESCRIPTION Cysteine and methionine are sulfur-containing amino acids. Cysteine is synthesized from serine through different pathways in different organism groups. In bacteria and plants, cysteine is converted from serine (via acetylserine) by transfer of hydrogen sulfide [MD:M00021]. In animals, methionine-derived homocysteine is used as sulfur source and its condensation product with serine (cystathionine) is converted to cysteine [MD:M00338]. Cysteine is metabolized to pyruvate in multiple routes. Methionine is an essential amino acid, which animals cannot synthesize. In bacteria and plants, methionine is synthesized from aspartate [MD:M00017]. S-Adenosylmethionine (SAM), synthesized from methionine and ATP, is a methyl group donor in many important transfer reactions including DNA methylation for regulation of gene expression. SAM may also be used to regenerate methionine in the methionine salvage pathway [MD:M00034].
CLASS       Metabolism; Amino acid metabolism
PATHWAY_MAP hsa00270  Cysteine and methionine metabolism
MODULE      hsa_M00034  Methionine salvage pathway [PATH:hsa00270]
            hsa_M00035  Methionine degradation [PATH:hsa00270]
            hsa_M00338  Cysteine biosynthesis, homocysteine + serine => cysteine [PATH:hsa00270]
DRUG        D03021  Azacitidine (JAN/USAN/INN)
            D03665  Decitabine (USAN/INN)
            D07258  Mitoguazone (INN)
            D11740  Roducitabine (USAN)
            D12197  Pegtibatinase (USAN)
DBLINKS     GO: 0006534 0006555
ORGANISM    Homo sapiens (human) [GN:hsa]
GENE        1491  CTH; cystathionine gamma-lyase [KO:K01758] [EC:4.4.1.1]
            56267  KYAT3; kynurenine aminotransferase 3 [KO:K00816] [EC:2.6.1.7 4.4.1.13 2.6.1.64]
            883  KYAT1; kynurenine aminotransferase 1 [KO:K00816] [EC:2.6.1.7 4.4.1.13 2.6.1.64]
            875  CBS; cystathionine beta-synthase [KO:K01697] [EC:4.2.1.22]
            102724560  CBS; cystathionine beta-synthase like [KO:K01697] [EC:4.2.1.22]
            635  BHMT; betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase [KO:K00544] [EC:2.1.1.5]
            23743  BHMT2; betaine--homocysteine S-methyltransferase 2 [KO:K00547] [EC:2.1.1.10]
            4548  MTR; 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase [KO:K00548] [EC:2.1.1.13]
            27430  MAT2B; methionine adenosyltransferase 2B [KO:K00789] [EC:2.5.1.6]
            4143  MAT1A; methionine adenosyltransferase 1A [KO:K00789] [EC:2.5.1.6]
            4144  MAT2A; methionine adenosyltransferase 2A [KO:K00789] [EC:2.5.1.6]
            262  AMD1; adenosylmethionine decarboxylase 1 [KO:K01611] [EC:4.1.1.50]
            6723  SRM; spermidine synthase [KO:K00797] [EC:2.5.1.16]
            6611  SMS; spermine synthase [KO:K00802] [EC:2.5.1.22]
            4507  MTAP; methylthioadenosine phosphorylase [KO:K00772] [EC:2.4.2.28]
            144811  LACC1; laccase domain containing 1 [KO:K05810] [EC:2.4.2.1 2.4.2.28 3.5.4.4]
            84245  MRI1; methylthioribose-1-phosphate isomerase 1 [KO:K08963] [EC:5.3.1.23]
            51074  APIP; APAF1 interacting protein [KO:K08964] [EC:4.2.1.109]
            58478  ENOPH1; enolase-phosphatase 1 [KO:K09880] [EC:3.1.3.77]
            55256  ADI1; acireductone dioxygenase 1 [KO:K08967] [EC:1.13.11.53 1.13.11.54]
            6898  TAT; tyrosine aminotransferase [KO:K00815] [EC:2.6.1.5]
            259307  IL4I1; interleukin 4 induced 1 [KO:K03334] [EC:1.4.3.2]
            1786  DNMT1; DNA methyltransferase 1 [KO:K00558] [EC:2.1.1.37]
            1788  DNMT3A; DNA methyltransferase 3 alpha [KO:K17398] [EC:2.1.1.37]
            1789  DNMT3B; DNA methyltransferase 3 beta [KO:K17399] [EC:2.1.1.37]
            23382  AHCYL2; adenosylhomocysteinase like 2 [KO:K01251] [EC:3.13.2.1]
            10768  AHCYL1; adenosylhomocysteinase like 1 [KO:K01251] [EC:3.13.2.1]
            191  AHCY; adenosylhomocysteinase [KO:K01251] [EC:3.13.2.1]
            587  BCAT2; branched chain amino acid transaminase 2 [KO:K00826] [EC:2.6.1.42]
            586  BCAT1; branched chain amino acid transaminase 1 [KO:K00826] [EC:2.6.1.42]
            64902  AGXT2; alanine--glyoxylate aminotransferase 2 [KO:K00827] [EC:2.6.1.44 2.6.1.40]
            2729  GCLC; glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit [KO:K11204] [EC:6.3.2.2]
            2730  GCLM; glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit [KO:K11205]
            2937  GSS; glutathione synthetase [KO:K21456] [EC:6.3.2.3]
            1036  CDO1; cysteine dioxygenase type 1 [KO:K00456] [EC:1.13.11.20]
            2805  GOT1; glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1 [KO:K14454] [EC:2.6.1.1]
            137362  GOT1L1; glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1 like 1 [KO:K14454] [EC:2.6.1.1]
            2806  GOT2; glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 2 [KO:K14455] [EC:2.6.1.1]
            4357  MPST; mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase [KO:K01011] [EC:2.8.1.1 2.8.1.2]
            7263  TST; thiosulfate sulfurtransferase [KO:K01011] [EC:2.8.1.1 2.8.1.2]
            160287  LDHAL6A; lactate dehydrogenase A like 6A [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
            92483  LDHAL6B; lactate dehydrogenase A like 6B [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
            3939  LDHA; lactate dehydrogenase A [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
            3945  LDHB; lactate dehydrogenase B [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
            3948  LDHC; lactate dehydrogenase C [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
            4190  MDH1; malate dehydrogenase 1 [KO:K00025] [EC:1.1.1.37]
            4191  MDH2; malate dehydrogenase 2 [KO:K00026] [EC:1.1.1.37]
            10993  SDS; serine dehydratase [KO:K17989] [EC:4.3.1.17 4.3.1.19]
            113675  SDSL; serine dehydratase like [KO:K17989] [EC:4.3.1.17 4.3.1.19]
            26227  PHGDH; phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase [KO:K00058] [EC:1.1.1.95 1.1.1.399]
            29968  PSAT1; phosphoserine aminotransferase 1 [KO:K00831] [EC:2.6.1.52]
COMPOUND    C00019  S-Adenosyl-L-methionine
            C00021  S-Adenosyl-L-homocysteine
            C00022  Pyruvate
            C00041  L-Alanine
            C00049  L-Aspartate
            C00051  Glutathione
            C00059  Sulfate
            C00065  L-Serine
            C00073  L-Methionine
            C00094  Sulfite
            C00097  L-Cysteine
            C00109  2-Oxobutanoate
            C00155  L-Homocysteine
            C00170  5'-Methylthioadenosine
            C00197  3-Phospho-D-glycerate
            C00263  L-Homoserine
            C00283  Hydrogen sulfide
            C00409  Methanethiol
            C00441  L-Aspartate 4-semialdehyde
            C00491  L-Cystine
            C00506  L-Cysteate
            C00606  3-Sulfino-L-alanine
            C00793  D-Cysteine
            C00957  Mercaptopyruvate
            C00979  O-Acetyl-L-serine
            C01005  O-Phospho-L-serine
            C01077  O-Acetyl-L-homoserine
            C01118  O-Succinyl-L-homoserine
            C01137  S-Adenosylmethioninamine
            C01180  4-Methylthio-2-oxobutanoic acid
            C01234  1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate
            C01817  L-Homocystine
            C01962  Thiocysteine
            C02218  Dehydroalanine
            C02291  L-Cystathionine
            C02356  (S)-2-Aminobutanoate
            C02989  L-Methionine S-oxide
            C03082  4-Phospho-L-aspartate
            C03089  5-Methylthio-D-ribose
            C03145  N-Formylmethionine
            C03232  3-Phosphonooxypyruvate
            C03539  S-Ribosyl-L-homocysteine
            C04188  S-Methyl-5-thio-D-ribose 1-phosphate
            C04582  S-Methyl-5-thio-D-ribulose 1-phosphate
            C05324  Nicotianamine
            C05524  Aminoacyl-L-methionine
            C05526  S-Glutathionyl-L-cysteine
            C05527  3-Sulfinylpyruvate
            C05528  3-Sulfopyruvate
            C05823  3-Mercaptolactate
            C05824  S-Sulfo-L-cysteine
            C06547  Ethylene
            C08276  3-(Methylthio)propanoate
            C09306  Sulfur dioxide
            C11437  1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate
            C11481  HSO3-
            C11499  (S)-3-Sulfolactate
            C11537  (2R)-3-Sulfolactate
            C15606  1,2-Dihydroxy-5-(methylthio)pent-1-en-3-one
            C15650  2,3-Diketo-5-methylthiopentyl-1-phosphate
            C15651  2-Hydroxy-3-keto-5-methylthiopentenyl-1-phosphate
            C18049  N-Acyl-L-homoserine lactone
            C19787  5'-S-Methyl-5'-thioinosine
            C21015  gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-2-aminobutyrate
            C21016  Ophthalmate
            C22359  S-Methyl-1-thio-D-xylulose 5-phosphate
REFERENCE   PMID:15102328
  AUTHORS   Sekowska A, Denervaud V, Ashida H, Michoud K, Haas D, Yokota A, Danchin A
  TITLE     Bacterial variations on the methionine salvage pathway.
  JOURNAL   BMC Microbiol 4:9 (2004)
            DOI:10.1186/1471-2180-4-9
REFERENCE   PMID:14551435
  AUTHORS   Ashida H, Saito Y, Kojima C, Kobayashi K, Ogasawara N, Yokota A.
  TITLE     A functional link between RuBisCO-like protein of Bacillus and photosynthetic RuBisCO.
  JOURNAL   Science 302:286-90 (2003)
            DOI:10.1126/science.1086997
REFERENCE   PMID:12022921
  AUTHORS   Sekowska A, Danchin A.
  TITLE     The methionine salvage pathway in Bacillus subtilis.
  JOURNAL   BMC Microbiol 2:8 (2002)
            DOI:10.1186/1471-2180-2-8
REFERENCE   PMID:12670965
  AUTHORS   Berger BJ, English S, Chan G, Knodel MH.
  TITLE     Methionine regeneration and aminotransferases in Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Bacillus anthracis.
  JOURNAL   J Bacteriol 185:2418-31 (2003)
            DOI:10.1128/JB.185.8.2418-2431.2003
REFERENCE   PMID:17169919
  AUTHORS   Goyer A, Collakova E, Shachar-Hill Y, Hanson AD
  TITLE     Functional characterization of a methionine gamma-lyase in Arabidopsis and its implication in an alternative to the reverse trans-sulfuration pathway.
  JOURNAL   Plant Cell Physiol 48:232-42 (2007)
            DOI:10.1093/pcp/pcl055
REFERENCE   PMID:17030798
  AUTHORS   Rebeille F, Jabrin S, Bligny R, Loizeau K, Gambonnet B, Van Wilder V, Douce R, Ravanel S
  TITLE     Methionine catabolism in Arabidopsis cells is initiated by a gamma-cleavage process and leads to S-methylcysteine and isoleucine syntheses.
  JOURNAL   Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:15687-92 (2006)
            DOI:10.1073/pnas.0606195103
REFERENCE   PMID:18625006
  AUTHORS   Pirkov I, Norbeck J, Gustafsson L, Albers E
  TITLE     A complete inventory of all enzymes in the eukaryotic methionine salvage pathway.
  JOURNAL   FEBS J 275:4111-20 (2008)
            DOI:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06552.x
REFERENCE   PMID:18391471
  AUTHORS   Ashida H, Saito Y, Kojima C, Yokota A
  TITLE     Enzymatic characterization of 5-methylthioribulose-1-phosphate dehydratase of the methionine salvage pathway in Bacillus subtilis.
  JOURNAL   Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 72:959-67 (2008)
            DOI:10.1271/bbb.70651
REFERENCE   PMID:10613873
  AUTHORS   Kitabatake M, So MW, Tumbula DL, Soll D
  TITLE     Cysteine biosynthesis pathway in the archaeon Methanosarcina barkeri encoded by acquired bacterial genes?
  JOURNAL   J Bacteriol 182:143-5 (2000)
            DOI:10.1128/JB.182.1.143-145.2000
REFERENCE   PMID:12644499
  AUTHORS   Mino K, Ishikawa K
  TITLE     Characterization of a novel thermostable O-acetylserine sulfhydrylase from Aeropyrum pernix K1.
  JOURNAL   J Bacteriol 185:2277-84 (2003)
            DOI:10.1128/JB.185.7.2277-2284.2003
REFERENCE   PMID:18520135
  AUTHORS   Tanabe S
  TITLE     Development of assay methods for endogenous inorganic sulfur compounds and sulfurtransferases and evaluation of the physiological functions of bound sulfur.
  JOURNAL   Yakugaku Zasshi 128:881-900 (2008)
            DOI:10.1248/yakushi.128.881
REFERENCE   
  AUTHORS   Nishizuka Y, Seyama Y, Ikai A, Ishimura Y, Kawaguchi A (eds).
  TITLE     [Cellular Functions and Metabolic Maps] (In Japanese)
  JOURNAL   Tokyo Kagaku Dojin (1997)
REFERENCE   PMID:19270684
  AUTHORS   Gutierrez JA, Crowder T, Rinaldo-Matthis A, Ho MC, Almo SC, Schramm VL
  TITLE     Transition state analogs of 5'-methylthioadenosine nucleosidase disrupt quorum sensing.
  JOURNAL   Nat Chem Biol 5:251-7 (2009)
            DOI:10.1038/nchembio.153
REL_PATHWAY hsa00010  Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis
            hsa00250  Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism
            hsa00260  Glycine, serine and threonine metabolism
            hsa00290  Valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis
            hsa00430  Taurine and hypotaurine metabolism
            hsa00480  Glutathione metabolism
            hsa00620  Pyruvate metabolism
            hsa00640  Propanoate metabolism
            hsa00770  Pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis
            hsa00900  Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
            hsa00920  Sulfur metabolism
KO_PATHWAY  ko00270
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