ENTRY       hsa00010                    Pathway
NAME        Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis - Homo sapiens (human)
DESCRIPTION Glycolysis is the process of converting glucose into pyruvate and generating small amounts of ATP (energy) and NADH (reducing power). It is a central pathway that produces important precursor metabolites: six-carbon compounds of glucose-6P and fructose-6P and three-carbon compounds of glycerone-P, glyceraldehyde-3P, glycerate-3P, phosphoenolpyruvate, and pyruvate [MD:M00001]. Acetyl-CoA, another important precursor metabolite, is produced by oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate [MD:M00307]. When the enzyme genes of this pathway are examined in completely sequenced genomes, the reaction steps of three-carbon compounds from glycerone-P to pyruvate form a conserved core module [MD:M00002], which is found in almost all organisms and which sometimes contains operon structures in bacterial genomes. Gluconeogenesis is a synthesis pathway of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors. It is essentially a reversal of glycolysis with minor variations of alternative paths [MD:M00003].
CLASS       Metabolism; Carbohydrate metabolism
PATHWAY_MAP hsa00010  Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis
MODULE      hsa_M00001  Glycolysis (Embden-Meyerhof pathway), glucose => pyruvate [PATH:hsa00010]
            hsa_M00002  Glycolysis, core module involving three-carbon compounds [PATH:hsa00010]
            hsa_M00003  Gluconeogenesis, oxaloacetate => fructose-6P [PATH:hsa00010]
            hsa_M00307  Pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate => acetyl-CoA [PATH:hsa00010]
NETWORK     nt06017  Glycogen metabolism
  ELEMENT   N00731  Glycolysis
DRUG        D00123  Cyanamide (JP18)
            D00131  Disulfiram (JP18/USP/INN)
            D07257  Lonidamine (INN)
            D08970  Piragliatin (USAN)
            D11342  Dorzagliatin (USAN)
            D11408  Mitapivat sulfate (USAN)
            D12320  Cadisegliatin (USAN)
            D12362  Etavopivat (USAN/INN)
DBLINKS     GO: 0006096 0006094
ORGANISM    Homo sapiens (human) [GN:hsa]
GENE        3101  HK3; hexokinase 3 [KO:K00844] [EC:2.7.1.1]
            3098  HK1; hexokinase 1 [KO:K00844] [EC:2.7.1.1]
            3099  HK2; hexokinase 2 [KO:K00844] [EC:2.7.1.1]
            80201  HKDC1; hexokinase domain containing 1 [KO:K00844] [EC:2.7.1.1]
            2645  GCK; glucokinase [KO:K12407] [EC:2.7.1.2]
            2821  GPI; glucose-6-phosphate isomerase [KO:K01810] [EC:5.3.1.9]
            5213  PFKM; phosphofructokinase, muscle [KO:K00850] [EC:2.7.1.11]
            5214  PFKP; phosphofructokinase, platelet [KO:K00850] [EC:2.7.1.11]
            5211  PFKL; phosphofructokinase, liver type [KO:K00850] [EC:2.7.1.11]
            2203  FBP1; fructose-bisphosphatase 1 [KO:K03841] [EC:3.1.3.11]
            8789  FBP2; fructose-bisphosphatase 2 [KO:K03841] [EC:3.1.3.11]
            230  ALDOC; aldolase, fructose-bisphosphate C [KO:K01623] [EC:4.1.2.13]
            226  ALDOA; aldolase, fructose-bisphosphate A [KO:K01623] [EC:4.1.2.13]
            229  ALDOB; aldolase, fructose-bisphosphate B [KO:K01623] [EC:4.1.2.13]
            7167  TPI1; triosephosphate isomerase 1 [KO:K01803] [EC:5.3.1.1]
            2597  GAPDH; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [KO:K00134] [EC:1.2.1.12]
            26330  GAPDHS; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, spermatogenic [KO:K10705] [EC:1.2.1.12]
            5232  PGK2; phosphoglycerate kinase 2 [KO:K00927] [EC:2.7.2.3]
            5230  PGK1; phosphoglycerate kinase 1 [KO:K00927] [EC:2.7.2.3]
            5223  PGAM1; phosphoglycerate mutase 1 [KO:K01834] [EC:5.4.2.11]
            5224  PGAM2; phosphoglycerate mutase 2 [KO:K01834] [EC:5.4.2.11]
            441531  PGAM4; phosphoglycerate mutase family member 4 [KO:K01834] [EC:5.4.2.11]
            2027  ENO3; enolase 3 [KO:K01689] [EC:4.2.1.11]
            2026  ENO2; enolase 2 [KO:K01689] [EC:4.2.1.11]
            2023  ENO1; enolase 1 [KO:K01689] [EC:4.2.1.11]
            387712  ENO4; enolase 4 [KO:K01689] [EC:4.2.1.11]
            5315  PKM; pyruvate kinase M1/2 [KO:K00873] [EC:2.7.1.40]
            5313  PKLR; pyruvate kinase L/R [KO:K12406] [EC:2.7.1.40]
            5161  PDHA2; pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 subunit alpha 2 [KO:K00161] [EC:1.2.4.1]
            5160  PDHA1; pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 subunit alpha 1 [KO:K00161] [EC:1.2.4.1]
            5162  PDHB; pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 subunit beta [KO:K00162] [EC:1.2.4.1]
            1737  DLAT; dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase [KO:K00627] [EC:2.3.1.12]
            1738  DLD; dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase [KO:K00382] [EC:1.8.1.4]
            160287  LDHAL6A; lactate dehydrogenase A like 6A [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
            92483  LDHAL6B; lactate dehydrogenase A like 6B [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
            3939  LDHA; lactate dehydrogenase A [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
            3945  LDHB; lactate dehydrogenase B [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
            3948  LDHC; lactate dehydrogenase C [KO:K00016] [EC:1.1.1.27]
            124  ADH1A; alcohol dehydrogenase 1A (class I), alpha polypeptide [KO:K13951] [EC:1.1.1.1]
            125  ADH1B; alcohol dehydrogenase 1B (class I), beta polypeptide [KO:K13951] [EC:1.1.1.1]
            126  ADH1C; alcohol dehydrogenase 1C (class I), gamma polypeptide [KO:K13951] [EC:1.1.1.1]
            131  ADH7; alcohol dehydrogenase 7 (class IV), mu or sigma polypeptide [KO:K13951] [EC:1.1.1.1]
            127  ADH4; alcohol dehydrogenase 4 (class II), pi polypeptide [KO:K13980] [EC:1.1.1.1]
            128  ADH5; alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (class III), chi polypeptide [KO:K00121] [EC:1.1.1.284 1.1.1.1]
            130  ADH6; alcohol dehydrogenase 6 (class V) [KO:K13952] [EC:1.1.1.1]
            10327  AKR1A1; aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1 [KO:K00002] [EC:1.1.1.2]
            217  ALDH2; aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 family member [KO:K00128] [EC:1.2.1.3]
            224  ALDH3A2; aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member A2 [KO:K00128] [EC:1.2.1.3]
            219  ALDH1B1; aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member B1 [KO:K00128] [EC:1.2.1.3]
            501  ALDH7A1; aldehyde dehydrogenase 7 family member A1 [KO:K14085] [EC:1.2.1.31 1.2.1.8 1.2.1.3]
            223  ALDH9A1; aldehyde dehydrogenase 9 family member A1 [KO:K00149] [EC:1.2.1.47 1.2.1.3]
            221  ALDH3B1; aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member B1 [KO:K00129] [EC:1.2.1.5]
            222  ALDH3B2; aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member B2 [KO:K00129] [EC:1.2.1.5]
            218  ALDH3A1; aldehyde dehydrogenase 3 family member A1 [KO:K00129] [EC:1.2.1.5]
            84532  ACSS1; acyl-CoA synthetase short chain family member 1 [KO:K01895] [EC:6.2.1.1]
            55902  ACSS2; acyl-CoA synthetase short chain family member 2 [KO:K01895] [EC:6.2.1.1]
            130589  GALM; galactose mutarotase [KO:K01785] [EC:5.1.3.3]
            5236  PGM1; phosphoglucomutase 1 [KO:K01835] [EC:5.4.2.2]
            55276  PGM2; phosphoglucomutase 2 [KO:K15779] [EC:5.4.2.2 5.4.2.7]
            2538  G6PC1; glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 1 [KO:K01084] [EC:3.1.3.9]
            57818  G6PC2; glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 2 [KO:K01084] [EC:3.1.3.9]
            92579  G6PC3; glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 3 [KO:K01084] [EC:3.1.3.9]
            83440  ADPGK; ADP dependent glucokinase [KO:K08074] [EC:2.7.1.147]
            669  BPGM; bisphosphoglycerate mutase [KO:K01837] [EC:5.4.2.4 5.4.2.11]
            9562  MINPP1; multiple inositol-polyphosphate phosphatase 1 [KO:K03103] [EC:3.1.3.62 3.1.3.80]
            5105  PCK1; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 [KO:K01596] [EC:4.1.1.32]
            5106  PCK2; phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2, mitochondrial [KO:K01596] [EC:4.1.1.32]
COMPOUND    C00022  Pyruvate
            C00024  Acetyl-CoA
            C00031  D-Glucose
            C00033  Acetate
            C00036  Oxaloacetate
            C00068  Thiamin diphosphate
            C00074  Phosphoenolpyruvate
            C00084  Acetaldehyde
            C00103  D-Glucose 1-phosphate
            C00111  Glycerone phosphate
            C00118  D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
            C00186  (S)-Lactate
            C00197  3-Phospho-D-glycerate
            C00221  beta-D-Glucose
            C00236  3-Phospho-D-glyceroyl phosphate
            C00267  alpha-D-Glucose
            C00469  Ethanol
            C00631  2-Phospho-D-glycerate
            C00668  alpha-D-Glucose 6-phosphate
            C01159  2,3-Bisphospho-D-glycerate
            C01172  beta-D-Glucose 6-phosphate
            C01451  Salicin
            C05125  2-(alpha-Hydroxyethyl)thiamine diphosphate
            C05345  beta-D-Fructose 6-phosphate
            C05378  beta-D-Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
            C06186  Arbutin
            C06187  Arbutin 6-phosphate
            C06188  Salicin 6-phosphate
            C15972  Enzyme N6-(lipoyl)lysine
            C15973  Enzyme N6-(dihydrolipoyl)lysine
            C16255  [Dihydrolipoyllysine-residue acetyltransferase] S-acetyldihydrolipoyllysine
REFERENCE   
  AUTHORS   Nishizuka Y (ed).
  TITLE     [Metabolic Maps] (In Japanese)
  JOURNAL   Tokyo Kagaku Dojin (1980)
REFERENCE   
  AUTHORS   Nishizuka Y, Seyama Y, Ikai A, Ishimura Y, Kawaguchi A (eds).
  TITLE     [Cellular Functions and Metabolic Maps] (In Japanese)
  JOURNAL   Tokyo Kagaku Dojin (1997)
REFERENCE   
  AUTHORS   Michal G.
  TITLE     Biochemical Pathways
  JOURNAL   Wiley (1999)
REL_PATHWAY hsa00020  Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)
            hsa00030  Pentose phosphate pathway
            hsa00500  Starch and sucrose metabolism
            hsa00620  Pyruvate metabolism
            hsa00640  Propanoate metabolism
KO_PATHWAY  ko00010
///
