ENTRY       ath00900                    Pathway
NAME        Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis - Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress)
DESCRIPTION Terpenoids, also known as isoprenoids, are a large class of natural products consisting of isoprene (C5) units. There are two biosynthetic pathways, the mevalonate pathway [MD:M00095] and the non-mevalonate pathway or the MEP/DOXP pathway [MD:M00096], for the terpenoid building blocks: isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). The action of prenyltransferases then generates higher-order building blocks: geranyl diphosphate (GPP), farsenyl diphosphate (FPP), and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), which are the precursors of monoterpenoids (C10), sesquiterpenoids (C15), and diterpenoids (C20), respectively. Condensation of these building blocks gives rise to the precursors of sterols (C30) and carotenoids (C40). The MEP/DOXP pathway is absent in higher animals and fungi, but in green plants the MEP/DOXP and mevalonate pathways co-exist in separate cellular compartments. The MEP/DOXP pathway, operating in the plastids, is responsible for the formation of essential oil monoterpenes and linalyl acetate, some sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, and carotenoids and phytol. The mevalonate pathway, operating in the cytosol, gives rise to triterpenes, sterols, and most sesquiterpenes.
CLASS       Metabolism; Metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides
PATHWAY_MAP ath00900  Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis
MODULE      ath_M00095  C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, mevalonate pathway [PATH:ath00900]
            ath_M00096  C5 isoprenoid biosynthesis, non-mevalonate pathway [PATH:ath00900]
            ath_M00366  C10-C20 isoprenoid biosynthesis, plants [PATH:ath00900]
DBLINKS     GO: 0009240 0016091
ORGANISM    Arabidopsis thaliana (thale cress) [GN:ath]
GENE        AT3G21500  DXPS1; 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase 1 [KO:K01662] [EC:2.2.1.7]
            AT4G15560  CLA1; Deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase [KO:K01662] [EC:2.2.1.7]
            AT5G11380  DXPS3; 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase 3 [KO:K01662] [EC:2.2.1.7]
            AT5G62790  DXR; 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase [KO:K00099] [EC:1.1.1.267]
            AT2G02500  ISPD; Nucleotide-diphospho-sugar transferases superfamily protein [KO:K00991] [EC:2.7.7.60]
            AT2G26930  CDPMEK; 4-(cytidine 5'-phospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erithritol kinase [KO:K00919] [EC:2.7.1.148]
            AT1G63970  ISPF; isoprenoid F [KO:K01770] [EC:4.6.1.12]
            AT5G60600  HDS; 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate synthase [KO:K03526] [EC:1.17.7.1 1.17.7.3]
            AT4G34350  HDR; 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase [KO:K03527] [EC:1.17.7.4]
            AT5G48230  ACAT2; acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase 2 [KO:K00626] [EC:2.3.1.9]
            AT5G47720  AACT1; Thiolase family protein [KO:K00626] [EC:2.3.1.9]
            AT4G11820  HMGS; hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase / HMG-CoA synthase / 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A synthase [KO:K01641] [EC:2.3.3.10]
            AT2G17370  HMG2; 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase 2 [KO:K00021] [EC:1.1.1.34]
            AT1G76490  HMG1; hydroxy methylglutaryl CoA reductase 1 [KO:K00021] [EC:1.1.1.34]
            AT5G27450  MK; mevalonate kinase [KO:K00869] [EC:2.7.1.36]
            AT1G31910  GHMP kinase family protein [KO:K00938] [EC:2.7.4.2]
            AT3G54250  GHMP kinase family protein [KO:K01597] [EC:4.1.1.33]
            AT2G38700  MVD1; mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase 1 [KO:K01597] [EC:4.1.1.33]
            AT1G26640  Amino acid kinase family protein [KO:K06981] [EC:2.7.4.26]
            AT3G02780  IPP2; isopentenyl pyrophosphate:dimethylallyl pyrophosphate isomerase 2 [KO:K01823] [EC:5.3.3.2]
            AT5G16440  IPP1; isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase 1 [KO:K01823] [EC:5.3.3.2]
            AT5G47770  FPS1; farnesyl diphosphate synthase 1 [KO:K00787] [EC:2.5.1.1 2.5.1.10]
            AT4G17190  FPS2; farnesyl diphosphate synthase 2 [KO:K00787] [EC:2.5.1.1 2.5.1.10]
            AT2G34630  GPS1; geranyl diphosphate synthase 1 [KO:K14066] [EC:2.5.1.1]
            AT4G38460  GGR; geranylgeranyl reductase [KO:K13789] [EC:2.5.1.1 2.5.1.10 2.5.1.29]
            AT1G49530  GGPS6; geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 6 [KO:K13789] [EC:2.5.1.1 2.5.1.10 2.5.1.29]
            AT2G18620  Terpenoid synthases superfamily protein [KO:K13789] [EC:2.5.1.1 2.5.1.10 2.5.1.29]
            AT2G18640  GGPS4; geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 4 [KO:K13789] [EC:2.5.1.1 2.5.1.10 2.5.1.29]
            AT2G23800  GGPS2; geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 2 [KO:K13789] [EC:2.5.1.1 2.5.1.10 2.5.1.29]
            AT3G14510  Polyprenyl synthetase family protein [KO:K13789] [EC:2.5.1.1 2.5.1.10 2.5.1.29]
            AT3G14530  Terpenoid synthases superfamily protein [KO:K13789] [EC:2.5.1.1 2.5.1.10 2.5.1.29]
            AT3G14550  GGPS3; geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 3 [KO:K13789] [EC:2.5.1.1 2.5.1.10 2.5.1.29]
            AT3G20160  Terpenoid synthases superfamily protein [KO:K13789] [EC:2.5.1.1 2.5.1.10 2.5.1.29]
            AT3G29430  Terpenoid synthases superfamily protein [KO:K13789] [EC:2.5.1.1 2.5.1.10 2.5.1.29]
            AT3G32040  Terpenoid synthases superfamily protein [KO:K13789] [EC:2.5.1.1 2.5.1.10 2.5.1.29]
            AT4G36810  GGPS1; geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase 1 [KO:K13789] [EC:2.5.1.1 2.5.1.10 2.5.1.29]
            AT1G78510  SPS1; solanesyl diphosphate synthase 1 [KO:K05356] [EC:2.5.1.84 2.5.1.85]
            AT1G17050  SPS2; solanesyl diphosphate synthase 2 [KO:K05356] [EC:2.5.1.84 2.5.1.85]
            AT5G58770  cPT4; Undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthetase family protein [KO:K11778] [EC:2.5.1.87]
            AT5G58780  cPT5; Undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthetase family protein [KO:K11778] [EC:2.5.1.87]
            AT5G58782  cPT6; Undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthetase family protein [KO:K11778] [EC:2.5.1.87]
            AT5G58784  Undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthetase family protein [KO:K11778] [EC:2.5.1.87]
            AT2G17570  cPT1; Undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthetase family protein [KO:K11778] [EC:2.5.1.87]
            AT5G60510  cPT9; Undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthetase family protein [KO:K11778] [EC:2.5.1.87]
            AT1G11755  LEW1; Undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthetase family protein [KO:K11778] [EC:2.5.1.87]
            AT5G60500  cPT8; Undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthetase family protein [KO:K11778] [EC:2.5.1.87]
            AT2G23400  Undecaprenyl pyrophosphate synthetase family protein [KO:K11778] [EC:2.5.1.87]
            AT2G23410  CPT; cis-prenyltransferase [KO:K11778] [EC:2.5.1.87]
            AT1G74470  Pyridine nucleotide-disulfide oxidoreductase family protein [KO:K10960] [EC:1.3.1.83 1.3.1.111]
            AT3G59380  FTA; farnesyltransferase A [KO:K05955] [EC:2.5.1.58 2.5.1.59]
            AT5G40280  ERA1; Prenyltransferase family protein [KO:K05954] [EC:2.5.1.58]
            AT2G36305  FACE2; farnesylated protein-converting enzyme 2 [KO:K08658] [EC:3.4.22.-]
            AT4G01320  ATSTE24; Peptidase family M48 family protein [KO:K06013] [EC:3.4.24.84]
            AT5G23320  STE14A; S-isoprenylcysteine O-methyltransferase [KO:K00587] [EC:2.1.1.100]
            AT5G08335  ATSTE14B; Isoprenylcysteine carboxyl methyltransferase (ICMT) family [KO:K00587] [EC:2.1.1.100]
            AT5G15860  PCME; prenylcysteine methylesterase [KO:K15889] [EC:3.1.1.-]
            AT3G02410  ICME-LIKE2; alpha/beta-Hydrolases superfamily protein [KO:K15889] [EC:3.1.1.-]
            AT1G26120  ICME-LIKE1; alpha/beta-Hydrolases superfamily protein [KO:K15889] [EC:3.1.1.-]
            AT5G63910  FCLY; farnesylcysteine lyase [KO:K05906] [EC:1.8.3.5 1.8.3.6]
            AT4G33360  FLDH; NAD(P)-binding Rossmann-fold superfamily protein [KO:K15891] [EC:1.1.1.354]
            AT5G58560  FOLK; Phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase family protein [KO:K15892] [EC:2.7.1.216]
COMPOUND    C00022  Pyruvate
            C00024  Acetyl-CoA
            C00118  D-Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
            C00129  Isopentenyl diphosphate
            C00235  Dimethylallyl diphosphate
            C00332  Acetoacetyl-CoA
            C00341  Geranyl diphosphate
            C00353  Geranylgeranyl diphosphate
            C00356  (S)-3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA
            C00418  (R)-Mevalonate
            C00448  trans,trans-Farnesyl diphosphate
            C01107  (R)-5-Phosphomevalonate
            C01126  (2E,6E)-Farnesol
            C01143  (R)-5-Diphosphomevalonate
            C01230  all-trans-Hexaprenyl diphosphate
            C02321  cis-1,4-Polyisoprene
            C03461  2-trans,6-trans-Farnesal
            C04145  all-trans-Nonaprenyl diphosphate
            C04146  all-trans-Octaprenyl diphosphate
            C04216  all-trans-Heptaprenyl diphosphate
            C04506  Protein C-terminal S-farnesyl-L-cysteine
            C04574  di-trans,poly-cis-Undecaprenyl diphosphate
            C04748  Protein C-terminal S-farnesyl-L-cysteine methyl ester
            C05427  Phytyl diphosphate
            C05859  ditrans,polycis-Polyprenyl diphosphate
            C06081  Polyprenol
            C11434  2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate
            C11435  4-(Cytidine 5'-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol
            C11436  2-Phospho-4-(cytidine 5'-diphospho)-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol
            C11437  1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate
            C11453  2-C-Methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate
            C11811  1-Hydroxy-2-methyl-2-butenyl 4-diphosphate
            C16521  Isoprene
            C16826  2-cis,6-trans-Farnesyl diphosphate
            C17432  all-trans-Decaprenyl diphosphate
            C18321  trans,octacis-Decaprenyl diphosphate
            C19691  Farnesylcysteine
            C19760  2-cis,6-cis-Farnesyl diphosphate
            C19852  tritrans,heptacis-Undecaprenyl diphosphate
            C19853  trans,polycis-Polyprenyl diphosphate
            C20120  S-Farnesyl protein
            C20121  trans,trans-Farnesyl phosphate
            C20345  Isopentenyl phosphate
            C20847  (R)-Mevalonate 3-phosphate
            C20848  (R)-Mevalonate 3,5-bisphosphate
            C22453  trans-Anhydromevalonate phosphate
REFERENCE   PMID:12777052
  AUTHORS   Lange BM, Ghassemian M.
  TITLE     Genome organization in Arabidopsis thaliana: a survey for genes involved in isoprenoid and chlorophyll metabolism.
  JOURNAL   Plant Mol Biol 51:925-48 (2003)
            DOI:10.1023/A:1023005504702
REFERENCE   PMID:16262699
  AUTHORS   Saiki R, Nagata A, Kainou T, Matsuda H, Kawamukai M
  TITLE     Characterization of solanesyl and decaprenyl diphosphate synthases in mice and humans.
  JOURNAL   FEBS J 272:5606-22 (2005)
            DOI:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04956.x
REFERENCE   PMID:9858571
  AUTHORS   Sato M, Sato K, Nishikawa S, Hirata A, Kato J, Nakano A
  TITLE     The yeast RER2 gene, identified by endoplasmic reticulum protein localization mutations, encodes cis-prenyltransferase, a key enzyme in dolichol synthesis.
  JOURNAL   Mol Cell Biol 19:471-83 (1999)
            DOI:10.1128/MCB.19.1.471
REFERENCE   PMID:24375100
  AUTHORS   Vannice JC, Skaff DA, Keightley A, Addo JK, Wyckoff GJ, Miziorko HM
  TITLE     Identification in Haloferax volcanii of phosphomevalonate decarboxylase and isopentenyl phosphate kinase as catalysts of the terminal enzyme reactions in an  archaeal alternate mevalonate pathway.
  JOURNAL   J Bacteriol 196:1055-63 (2014)
            DOI:10.1128/JB.01230-13
REL_PATHWAY ath00010  Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis
            ath00100  Steroid biosynthesis
            ath00130  Ubiquinone and other terpenoid-quinone biosynthesis
            ath00270  Cysteine and methionine metabolism
            ath00510  N-Glycan biosynthesis
            ath00902  Monoterpenoid biosynthesis
            ath00904  Diterpenoid biosynthesis
            ath00906  Carotenoid biosynthesis
            ath00908  Zeatin biosynthesis
            ath00909  Sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis
KO_PATHWAY  ko00900
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