Let's go.
In a document without date of the end of the Kingdom of the Lion King Alfonso Noveno says that it is well known for everyone that at the beginning of my reign in the monastery of San Isidoro I celebrated a curia where I confirmed the secrets of my predecessors that should be confirmed and where I gave my own secrets.
The historical circumstances perfectly explain that after a very tense family situation, Alfonso Noveno de León, who was then 18 years old, had wanted to summon in León, in San Isidoro, a curia regia to deal with the problems that he had in his kingdom.
This curia was important because the king, a young king, wanted to deal with his first acts of government.
And obviously, to be able to do it, he needed to hear what the king didn't have to say.
And then it was when he probably had an exceptional place that always transformed the nature of these full curias that were celebrated in León and in other peninsular kingdoms.
The entrance of the city.
The city of León in the year 1231 of our lord.
My name is Diego Froilad, Leónés and from Noblecuna.
It's been months since I've been locked up in this tower in act of rebellion after knowing the news of the death of our king, Alfonso, and the transfer of the court to Castile.
The future is uncertain.
Someone must narrate what happened here, in San Isidoro, in the city of León.
I don't know how long I'll be able to bear it, but it's my intention, before I finish my days, to leave Alfonso Noveno's legacy, the last king of León.
I don't know how long I'll be able to bear it, but it's my intention, before I finish my days, to leave Alfonso Noveno's legacy.
I don't know how long I'll be able to bear it, but it's my intention, before I finish my days, to leave Alfonso Noveno's legacy.
To understand the transcendence of this legacy, it is necessary to go back to previous times.
I ran to the 8th century. The clans in the kingdom of God would open the doors to the Muslim invader.
Little by little, and almost without resistance, all the Hispanic territories would fall in the hands of the Middle Moon, until they reached the Cantabrian area. There, the Christian kingdoms would start to rebel against the foreign siege, starting the reconquest.
A small town, an old camp of the Roman legions, became the court of one of the most extensive and important kingdoms in the whole of the West, the Kingdom of León.
If we compare the world of the Iberian Peninsula, the Christian part, and in general the Christian Europe, there is a very big contrast between the urban reality of the Muslim world, in the case of the Iberian Peninsula to Andalusia,
which has important urban nuclei, and the Christian areas, where in reality what is being produced is from certain territorial or power centers,
the slow gestation of a new society that, for example, until the end of the 11th century, cannot be called urban.
A city, even like León, which is one of the most important nuclei of the Christian Spain, because it does not have any possibility of being compared with Korov, with Toledo, with Zaragoza, with the main entities of the Muslim Spain.
The medieval city, however, is being configured. It is very important, for example, the appearance of nuclei around the path of Santiago,
even the entry of an immigration of foreign people, which in general is known as the Franks, precedents of the north of the Pyrenees.
There is a transformation in which, along with the inhabitants who are still engaged in agrarian activities, the artisan officers are increasing,
some people who are engaged in trade, the appearance of local markets, and throughout the 12th century there is a really large growth,
and also, along with that social complexity, there is an institutional evolution.
The city, having its own entity, acquires a consciousness of itself, which is what we call the advice that have a certain power.
There is a situation that gives us to understand that the social reality has been transformed.
ags…
Let's see, guys, please pay a feet' attention...
I'm going to tell you about the activity that we have planned since the department,
for these days commemorating the 1100th anniversary of the Kingdom of León,
and about the fact that in 1188 the courts gather for the first time,
which is a bit the antecedent of parliamentarism.
Since the department of philosophy we have planned the following activity.
Professor Miguel Ángel Castro and I will give you two more theoretical classes
about democratic facts.
Then we will have a big debate, all of us,
with total freedom of speech and critical spirit.
We will talk about democracy, about the problems or advantages of democracy,
what arises in the debate.
And then we will end up visiting the club of San Isidoro, which is where the courts met,
the three states, and this is a bit the activity that we have planned.
Democracy and education, yes, I think it is compatible,
because it is not so much the explicit message that you give about democracy as the implicit.
And well, obviously the authority is not something that is absent in democracy either.
But yes, of course it is compatible, it has to be compatible,
or we should think that it was compatible,
not so much for what you give, but for how you give it, the message you give them.
It is really difficult that in the society involving where we are,
which does not make reading much easier,
and other reflections, culture, what is called culture,
well, to be able to involve them more from a political point of view.
It is also true that you have to give at least the possibility that they do it.
So from our, from secondary education in Spain,
institutes are configured as the value art and the standard from which to mobilize society.
Don Alfonso Noveno, being still a child,
had to take the crown of Leonesa for the premature death of his father,
Fernando II, and despite the opposition of his mother-in-law, Doña Urraca.
He had acquired a training of liberal talent and sufficient knowledge to start his reign.
His distress in the art of war was of vital importance for a reconquering monarchy.
Fernando II, of Leon,
will initially marry a Portuguese infant and will be Alfonso Noveno's father.
However, the situation will be very complicated
when in a second marriage with Urraca López de Aro,
he also has male descendants.
Therefore, at his death in 1188, the situation is critical
and Alfonso, the future Alfonso Noveno,
will have to get close to the Portuguese court at some point.
These problems come from the powerful house of Aro,
which is the one of Queen Urraca,
and she has male descendants, and when she has male descendants,
she obviously wants her children to come to the throne of Leon,
which does not support Alfonso Noveno at all.
In fact, Alfonso Noveno, being still a prince,
had already moved away from the court of Fernando II
and had in a way sought the support of the Portuguese court
from where his mother came from,
which clearly indicates that he was in a truly critical situation.
Alfonso has a first stage,
quite dubious, quite critical,
until, evidently, the noble Leonese supports him,
the noble Gallega,
and faces that powerful house of Aro,
who tried to sit in the throne of Leon,
although it was in a minor age,
but still one of the children of Urraca Lopedear.
The intrigues of the court were close
to removing Alfonso's throne,
but no one could prevent what was going to happen
in the capital of the kingdom.
The first thing we define is participation.
What is participation? Define your participation.
Someone can define participation, please.
It's like interacting between one individual and another.
How to interact with others.
What were you going to say, Irene?
When it comes to taking part in something.
Taking part in something.
That's right. Participate.
When we talk about democratic participation,
participation in society,
we're talking about taking part in that.
How can we take part in that?
And here I'm going to define those two.
Philosophy is concerned by ideas.
The ideas are, in principle,
so to speak,
totalities that cannot be studied in science.
There is no faculty,
not philosophy,
that studies love,
idea,
death,
idea,
solidarity,
idea,
peace,
friendship,
democracy.
Democracy is a philosophical idea.
Well, of course,
making them understand all the concepts.
Pure as they arise
within a philosophical or historical theory.
It's complicated,
but you also have to make a choice as a teacher.
Well, maybe you don't have to distort the concept,
but you have to modify,
bring examples close to them
so that they understand it.
And that's a choice.
That's a risk you have to take
in the exercise of your profession.
To explain, for example, to Plato,
or to more difficult authors,
you have to go back to other knowledge,
as can be those of mathematics,
biology, chemistry, physics,
and then you see the complexity
of doing with all of this
a set of balanced proposals
and formulations.
Soon, young Don Alfonso realized
that he could not maintain the generous posture
for with the magnates and ecclesiastics of his kingdom.
A new installment emerged in the cities
and his power began to be impossible to ignore.
Everything predicted that if he did not listen
to the citizens of his kingdom,
this would soon fall into serious economic
problems.
...artisanal or commercial.
We use the term cibes.
We translate it into a citizen, but it's not the citizen...
...that we understand.
They're usually people who have a special relevance...
...in their communities.
And they also use an expression that can be more generic.
The people, the people.
But we also have to think that they're certain people.
The king governs, not in an authoritarian way,
but he has to deal with the different elements of the kingdom.
He has to deal with the power of the Obisps,
the great monasteries, the power of the nobility,
and there's a time when we have to take into account these urban nuclei.
Democracy.
It's the government, the nobility, the demonstration of the people.
But this is to explain the dark for the darkest.
Because I ask, and who is that people?
Who is that man? Where is he?
The people, the sovereign people, the people...
Well, in the 18th or 19th century, we can say that he was flippant.
He was hallucinating in colors.
The people, he rose, he illustrated them, the people here.
We're all the same. This is what is discussed.
What we would have here is an identification of the man with the group.
Okay?
You all follow me, please?
There are no individuals here.
The individual or the personal identity of the human being, of that man,
is defined by a total belonging to the group.
But there is another form of participation
that gives us a place for another human model.
I can take part in something, as we said,
because I defend my personal interest, okay?
Especially if you get bored, if you give it as this is the truth
and this is what you have to learn, right?
If you do it like this, you get bored.
If you think this is a vision in a certain historical context,
in some conditions, etc.
And you think that all of that has to be seen and integrated
from its context, you don't get bored if you participate in the ideas.
Or do you also see that we are all platonic or aristotelic?
I mean, that they too, in their way of thinking,
that all of this you are saying is in them, in their life, in their life,
then you don't get bored.
Well, thank you very much.
Well, thank you very much.
Thank you, too.
My time is coming to an end.
I must hurry.
Or all I can do will be wasted in time.
Or all I can do will be wasted in time.
Alfonso Noveno was a very young monarch at the death of Fernando II.
He was approximately 17 or 18 years old,
because he didn't know the same day as his birth.
But he was a very young monarch.
Maybe in the extraordinary Curia that he calls San Isidoro,
a very unstable monarch,
who was in the first months of his reign,
and who obviously tried to summon the Curia
in order to obtain all the support possible
from most of the groups.
Because there were problems of insecurity,
there were abuse of the powerful,
there was indefinition in terms of legal issues,
and then it was when, probably,
he had the entrance of citizens.
Of course, not as the very late sources themselves
have intended to convince us that in 1188
citizens had been elected by each of the cities of the kingdom.
This is not true.
It simply did not happen.
I believe, knowing as I know my fellow citizens,
and much more than I,
another very illustrious colleague of mine,
who died in 1930,
Don Laureano Diez Canseco,
he said that what happened was
the political use of a casual event.
The king, I, Gran Alboroto, left,
and then he pointed out to someone who was next to him
that to be quiet, please,
they had to go to the monastery.
So with that, they entered the scene,
the first citizens in the courts.
The logic is to think,
because the character does not change with the centuries,
that at the door of that court where the Archbishop of Santiago was,
the Archbishop of the Kingdom,
the banners of the monasteries,
and a nourished group of nobles,
was also the people,
the people of León, of the city of León.
The people of León,
of the city of León,
of the city of León,
also the people, the people of León, of the city of León,
saying whatever it was,
abuse us,
do not steal our money,
give us taxes,
and this, a moment,
and then it repeats, and then it repeats, and screams,
and I believe that Don Laureano Diez Canseco
had all the reason.
The king made a act of sovereignty,
and probably sent to open the doors
for citizens to enter,
not many,
because one thing is screaming at the door,
and another thing is entering a meeting and saying what there is.
You have to know for that,
probably four or five citizens came in there,
because those who maybe knew how to speak better
or had more nonsense,
but that was something so important
that already in the following Curia in 1202,
and in the citizens, and in 1208,
and in the other kingdoms in Castilla later,
and in Navarra and in Aragonia, in Catalonia.
That is what is important,
they had died,
the extraordinary Curias,
also called Pre-Gonadas Curias,
and the instrumental courts had been born.
Today, guys, as we have told,
we have decided, instead of giving a theoretical class
around participation, or democracy,
and all these concepts,
we are going to take action,
and we are going to get down there,
and, as a word,
participate in a debate,
and expose what we all think,
what we think about as a democracy.
From an educational point of view,
I think that
a formation from the beginning
is missing,
a critical opinion towards the policy
that is developed.
It is not formed
as citizens that we can
think about politics.
I have political ideals,
and my friends always tell me,
why are you going to fight for that,
if that doesn't help at all?
Of course, you have your play,
you have your sofa,
you have everything you want,
but there are people who don't have it.
You ask people,
I don't vote,
because they are all thieves,
but
with your vote in white,
even if you collaborate,
I don't agree with anyone,
but, at least,
you can take part in
the political life,
and value it.
I think that in that sense,
our participation is more or less scarce,
because we have a certain
inertia in those senses,
and we don't know exactly
why we vote or what we vote.
If we don't
get involved in the future,
what are we going to expect?
All this is going to go worse and worse.
All these people who say that
I am not interested in politics,
because
those people are the ones who complain about
how the country is going,
so if you are not interested in the
politics of your country,
of course.
To analyze things,
to think about them,
I don't know what democracy means,
but in philosophy, they teach us
to debate, to analyze things,
to ask ourselves why,
where are we going?
The current democracy,
is that each man has
a vote, or each woman,
be it their condition
and their wealth,
be it their studies
and their level of preparation,
in the same way that today
this system is accepted, and not another,
in the year
of Gracia of 1188
things were very different.
The citizens
were citizens
in terms of how
they lived in the cities.
The subjects,
that is, the set
of people subject to the authority of a king
did not count as collectivity.
In addition
society was divided
into elements
that were closed social groups.
We have to be in a society
where
the horizons
of the common people
are very
very reduced horizons.
At the level, we would say
of alphabetization,
more elementary level.
Of course, it is obvious
that we meet with societies
where the ability
that people can have
to access information
through reading
is
not already limited,
but practically inexistent.
It will take a long time
until that is achieved.
And it will be achieved
in Spain,
not with the Constitution of Cadiz
and in the remaining constitutions
there was to be a certain level
to be able to vote.
Only in 1869
parliamentary elections
will be admitted
with universal suffrage,
because women cannot vote.
That is,
from the theoretical implantation
of constitutional parliamentarism
the universal suffrage
does not reach until 1931.
If we want to say
that this is a democratic system,
it is as if we want to talk
about it,
it would be transmitted to knowledge
through other ways, even very quickly
for the time,
but informatics is a strange concept.
And one should not apply
to past times
more current schemes.
It is clear that people want power
and that it is necessary
agreements and that, well,
they can govern someone, but I do not know,
there are other ways
of election of representatives
and I do not know, I think
democracy also needs to evolve
in some way.
I'm not just saying, well,
I do not know what to do, I do not do anything.
I mean, you also have to feel part
and that you should take a position.
But that's a big problem, because you do not know what to do.
I mean, with 18 years you are not capable
or at least I think that the majority
we are not able to decide
for something or even think
if it was.
I was born, I was born, democracy is what I have seen
I was born in democracy
and I have no idea of what else.
I am living now, but
things cannot be stagnated.
I think they have to evolve in another way
and I think they will end up doing it.
And that's why young people
we have to participate and I think
we have to show this debate that
yes, there is a sector of young people
who are interested in the
issues that occur in their country, in politics,
but there are people who do,
who want to get involved,
in this system
and we want to improve it.
So the participation of young people
is important.
Music
Our king has died.
Music
What will be of our king now?
Music
Music
His wide and sweet daughters
will not be the heir to the throne
as it was his desire.
Music
What will happen to the legacy of our king?
Music
What will be of his courts?
Music
What will be of the future?
Music
Music
Today,
my mind returns to what happened
in that year 1188.
In my memory
memories of that act
are confused
with young blind eyes.
Music
All the leonists
we had the opportunity
to witness the first event
of our dear king as a protagonist.
Music
The most important historical legacy
may be the one of the legislative task.
The court system
evolved from Alfonso Noveno
and it was consolidated
in the medieval times
and in the later times.
Music
Music
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The most important thing
is what was said in those courts
as the change
of the essence of an institution.
What is true
is that the body
of those who today are not known
has come to us.
Music
Clerics and militia armed
mix with the citizens
giving warmth to the prolegues
of the magna curia
that was going to be celebrated
in the capital of the kingdom.
The assembly was going to start.
We were waiting.
Music
Music
The nobles, the obispos
and especially the people
who knew nobility in the curia.
Music
No one had missed
the call of the king.
Music
In that sense,
it could be said that there is a legacy
that has survived
and that although it has evolved
because it has to evolve
for the later world.
Music
It seems to me that the ephemerides
of 1188
has the sufficient entity
to be commemorated
with all the nobles.
Music
Today
physically ill
in fact
I am obliged to leave this tower
and with it
all the ideals that I hold in my heart.
Music
My time has come to an end.
Music
Having fulfilled my commitment
I only hope
that my words will last
in history.
Music
What happens tomorrow
Music
No one knows.
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