@article{Chhatre2009,
   author = {A. Chhatre and A. Agrawal},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.0905308106},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {42},
   journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
   month = {10},
   pages = {17667-17670},
   title = {Trade-offs and synergies between carbon storage and livelihood benefits from forest commons},
   volume = {106},
   url = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.0905308106},
   year = {2009},
}
@article{ISI:000275223300001,
   abstract = {Forest soil carbon (C) storage is a significant component of the global C cycle, and is important for sustaining forest productivity. Although forest management may have substantial impacts on soil C storage, experimental data from forest harvesting studies have not been synthesized recently. To quantify the effects of harvesting on soil C, and to identify sources of variation in soil C responses to harvest, we used meta-analysis to test a database of 432 soil C response ratios drawn from temperate forest harvest studies around the world. Harvesting reduced soil C by an average of 8 +/- 3% (95% CI), although numerous sources of variation mediated this significant, overall effect. In particular, we found that C concentrations and C pool sizes responded differently to harvesting, and forest floors were more likely to lose C than mineral soils. Harvesting caused forest floor C storage to decline by a remarkably consistent 30 +/- 6%, but losses were significantly smaller in coniferous/mixed stands (-20%) than hardwoods (-36%). Mineral soils showed no significant, overall change in C storage due to harvest, and variation among mineral soils was best explained by soil taxonomy. Alfisols and Spodosols exhibited no significant changes, and Inceptisols and Ultisols lost mineral soil C (-13% and -7%, respectively). However, these C losses were neither permanent nor unavoidable. Controls on variation within orders were not consistent, but included species composition, time, and sampling depth. Temporal patterns and soil C budgets suggest that forest floor C losses probably have a lesser impact on total soil C storage on Alfisols, Inceptisols, and Ultisols than on Spodosols, which store proportionately large amounts of C in forest floors with long C recovery times (50-70 years). Mineral soil C losses on Inceptisols and Ultisols indicate that these orders are vulnerable to significant harvest-induced changes in total soil C storage, but alternative residue management and site preparation techniques, and the passage of time, may mitigate or negate these losses. Key findings of this analysis, including the dependence of forest floor and mineral soil C storage changes on species composition and soil taxonomic order, suggest that further primary research may make it possible to create predictive maps of forest harvesting effects on soil C storage. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved},
   author = {Lucas E Nave and Eric D Vance and Christopher W Swanston and Peter S Curtis},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2009.12.009},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   issue = {5},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   pages = {857-866},
   title = {Harvest impacts on soil carbon storage in temperate forests},
   volume = {259},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000289081200004,
   abstract = {To solve problems caused by conventional forest management, forest certification has emerged as a driver of sustainable forest management. Several sustainable forest management certification systems exist, including the Forest Stewardship Council and those endorsed by the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification, such as the Canadian Standards Association - Sustainable Forestry Management Standard CAN/CSA - Z809 and Sustainable Forestry Initiative. For consumers to use certified products to meet their own sustainability goals, they must have an understanding of the effectiveness of different certification systems. To understand the relative performance of three systems, we determined: (1) the criteria used to compare the Forest Stewardship Council, Canadian Standards Association Sustainable Forestry Management, and Sustainable Forestry Initiative, (2) if consensus exists regarding their ability to achieve sustainability goals, and (3) what research gaps must be filled to improve our understanding of how forest certification systems affect sustainable forest management. We conducted a qualitative meta-analysis of 26 grey literature references (books, industry and nongovernmental organization publications) and 9 primary literature references (articles in peer-reviewed academic journals) that compared at least two of the aforementioned certification systems. The Forest Stewardship Council was the highest performer for ecological health and social sustainable forest management criteria. The Canadian Standards Association - Sustainable Forestry Management and Sustainable Forestry Initiative performed best under sustainable forest management criteria of forest productivity and economic longevity of a firm. Sixty-two percent of analyses were comparisons of the wording of certification system principles or criteria; 34% were surveys of foresters or consumers. An important caveat to these results is that only one comparison was based on empirically collected field data. We recommend that future studies collect ecological and socioeconomic data from forests so purchasers can select certified forest products based on empirical evidence.},
   author = {Michael Rawson Clark and Joelyn Sarrah Kozar},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-03736-160103},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art3},
   title = {Comparing Sustainable Forest Management Certifications Standards: A Meta-analysis},
   volume = {16},
   url = {http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss1/art3/},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000289081200028,
   abstract = {This paper presents a comparative study of forest management across four countries in East Africa and Latin America: Kenya, Uganda, Bolivia, and Mexico. It focuses on one question: Do varying proportions of women (low, mixed, high) in forest user groups influence their likelihood of adopting forest resource enhancing behavior? We found that higher proportions of females in user groups, and especially user groups dominated by females, perform less well than mixed groups or male dominated ones. We suggest that these differences may be related to three factors: gender biases in technology access and dissemination, a labor constraint faced by women, and a possible limitation to women's sanctioning authority. Mixed female and male groups offer an avenue for exploiting the strengths of women and men, while tempering their individual shortcomings.},
   author = {Esther Mwangi and Ruth Meinzen-Dick and Yan Sun},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-03873-160117},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art17},
   title = {Gender and Sustainable Forest Management in East Africa and Latin America},
   volume = {16},
   url = {http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss1/art17/},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000297463100066,
   abstract = {We used eddy covariance and ecological measurements to investigate the effects of reduced impact logging (RIL) on an old-growth Amazonian forest. Logging caused small decreases in gross primary production, leaf production, and latent heat flux, which were roughly proportional to canopy loss, and increases in heterotrophic respiration, tree mortality, and wood production. The net effect of RIL was transient, and treatment effects were barely discernable after only 1 y. RIL appears to provide a strategy for managing tropical forest that minimizes the potential risks to climate associated with large changes in carbon and water exchange.},
   author = {Scott D Miller and Michael L Goulden and Lucy R Hutyra and Michael Keller and Scott R Saleska and Steven C Wofsy and Adelaine Michela Silva Figueira and Humberto R da Rocha and Plinio B de Camargo},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1105068108},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {48},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {19431-19435},
   title = {Reduced impact logging minimally alters tropical rainforest carbon and energy exchange},
   volume = {108},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000296021100044,
   abstract = {Human-driven land-use changes increasingly threaten biodiversity, particularly in tropical forests where both species diversity and human pressures on natural environments are high(1). The rapid conversion of tropical forests for agriculture, timber production and other uses has generated vast, human-dominated landscapes with potentially dire consequences for tropical biodiversity(2-5). Today, few truly undisturbed tropical forests exist, whereas those degraded by repeated logging and fires, as well as secondary and plantation forests, are rapidly expanding(6,7). Here we provide a global assessment of the impact of disturbance and land conversion on biodiversity in tropical forests using a meta-analysis of 138 studies. We analysed 2,220 pairwise comparisons of biodiversity values in primary forests (with little or no human disturbance) and disturbed forests. We found that biodiversity values were substantially lower in degraded forests, but that this varied considerably by geographic region, taxonomic group, ecological metric and disturbance type. Even after partly accounting for confounding colonization and succession effects due to the composition of surrounding habitats, isolation and time since disturbance, we find that most forms of forest degradation have an overwhelmingly detrimental effect on tropical biodiversity. Our results clearly indicate that when it comes to maintaining tropical biodiversity, there is no substitute for primary forests.},
   author = {Luke Gibson and Tien Ming Lee and Lian Pin Koh and Barry W Brook and Toby A Gardner and Jos Barlow and Carlos A Peres and Corey J A Bradshaw and William F Laurance and Thomas E Lovejoy and Navjot S Sodhi},
   doi = {10.1038/nature10425},
   issn = {0028-0836},
   issue = {7369},
   journal = {NATURE},
   pages = {378+},
   title = {Primary forests are irreplaceable for sustaining tropical biodiversity},
   volume = {478},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000297886000001,
   abstract = {Evaluations on community forestry outcomes are important to observe whether the program community forestry produces what it has promised. For the evaluation -as an alternative to the comprehensive criteria and indicators on sustainable community forestry-, we propose an approach based on the core policy objectives of the program. In fact, community forestry is very much connected to the following three objectives of: 1) alleviating the poverty of forest users, 2) empowering them, and 3) improving the condition of the forests. Based on field tests in two community forests in Indonesia, the focus on the core policy objectives appears to provide a more practical approach than the use of complex criteria and indicators. We conclude that our approach allows rapid evaluations and eventually reduces the associated costs and time without compromising the goals of the evaluation. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {Ahmad Maryudi and Rosan R Devkota and Carsten Schusser and Cornelius Yufanyi and Manjola Salla and Helene Aurenhammer and Ratchananth Rotchanaphatharawit and Max Krott},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2011.07.017},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   month = {1},
   pages = {1-5},
   title = {Back to basics: Considerations in evaluating the outcomes of community forestry},
   volume = {14},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000313417400049,
   abstract = {The choice between different forest management practices is a crucial step in short, medium, and long-term decision making in forestry and when setting up measures to support a regional or national forest policy. Some conditions such as biogeographically determined site factors, exposure to major disturbances, and societal demands are predetermined, whereas operational processes such as species selection, site preparation, planting, tending, or thinning can be altered by management. In principle, the concept of a forest management approach provides a framework for decision making, including a range of silvicultural operations that influence the development of a stand or group of trees over time. These operations vary among silvicultural systems and can be formulated as a set of basic principles. Consequently, forest management approaches are essentially defined by coherent sets of forest operation processes at a stand level. Five ideal forest management approaches (FMAs) representing a gradient of management intensity are described using specific sets of basic principles that enable comparison across European forests. Each approach is illustrated by a regional European case study. The observed regional variations resulting from changing species composition, stand density, age structure, stand edges, and site conditions can be interpreted using the FMA framework. Despite being arranged along an intensity gradient, the forest management approaches are not considered to be mutually exclusive, as the range of options allows for greater freedom in selecting potential silvicultural operations. As derived goods and services are clearly affected, the five forest management approaches have implications for sustainability. Thus, management objectives can influence the balance between the economic, ecological, and social dimensions of sustainability. The utility of this framework is further demonstrated through the different contributions to this special issue.},
   author = {Philipp S Duncker and Susana M Barreiro and Geerten M Hengeveld and Torgny Lind and William L Mason and Slawomir Ambrozy and Heinrich Spiecker},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05262-170451},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art51},
   title = {Classification of Forest Management Approaches: A New Conceptual Framework and Its Applicability to European Forestry},
   volume = {17},
   url = {http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol17/iss4/art51/},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000313417400016,
   abstract = {Forest ecosystems deliver multiple goods and services and, traditionally, forest owners tend to have a high interest in goods in the form of merchantable wood. As a consequence, forest management often aims to increase timber production and economic returns through intervention into natural processes. However, forests provide further services, including carbon sequestration, water quantity and quality, and preservation of biodiversity. In order to develop and implement strategies for sustainable forest management, it is important to anticipate the long-term effects of different forest management alternatives on the ability of the forest to provide ecosystem goods and services. Management objectives might emphasize economic interests at the expense of other services. Very few attempts have been made to illustrate and evaluate quantitatively the relationship between forest goods and services. By use of virtual but realistic datasets, we quantified, for multiple services, the effects of five forest management alternatives that form an intensity gradient. Our virtual forest management units represented Central European forest ecosystems in the submontane vegetation zone under a humid-temperate climate with acidic soils. In this zone the European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is the dominant tree species. In order to assess the effects on ecosystem services, the untouched natural forest reserve served as a reference. Wherever possible, response functions were deduced to couple the various services via stand-level data to demonstrate trade-offs between the services. Management units comprised all development phases in the sense of a ``normal forest\{''\}. It was clearly illustrated that maximizing the rates of biomass production and carbon sequestration may conflict with protection of authentic biodiversity. Several silvicultural operations may, however, have positive effects on biodiversity and water protection without high costs. We also illustrated that water quality and maintenance of soil fertility may be affected either positively or negatively by several forest management operations. In contrast, water quantity was only minimally influenced by forest management. For the virtual forest in a humid climate, differences of 70 mm/yr in runoff were negligible. Under dry continental conditions, however, such differences may have important implications for groundwater formation.},
   author = {Philipp S Duncker and Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen and Per Gundersen and Klaus Katzensteiner and Johnny De Jong and Hans Peter Ravn and Mike Smith and Otto Eckmuellner and Heinrich Spiecker},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05066-170450},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {How Forest Management affects Ecosystem Services, including Timber Production and Economic Return: Synergies and Trade-Offs},
   volume = {17},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000312418600018,
   abstract = {This article reviews critical social science analyses of carbon accounting and monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) systems associated with reducing emissions from deforestation, forest degradation and conservation, sustainable use and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+). REDD+ MRV systems are often portrayed as technical. In questioning such a framing, we draw on perspectives from science and technology and governmentality studies to assess how MRV systems may exercise disciplinary power (through standardization, simplification and erasing the local) but also mobilize counter-expertise, produce resistance and thus have necessarily contingent effects. In doing so, we advance the concept of `carbon accountability' to denote both how forest carbon is accounted for in REDD+ and the need to hold to account those who are doing so.},
   author = {Aarti Gupta and Eva Lövbrand and Esther Turnhout and Marjanneke J Vijge},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2012.10.004},
   issn = {18773435},
   issue = {6},
   journal = {Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability},
   month = {12},
   pages = {726-731},
   title = {In pursuit of carbon accountability: the politics of REDD+ measuring, reporting and verification systems},
   volume = {4},
   url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1877343512001406},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000312418600004,
   abstract = {The design and implementation of REDD+ projects requires understanding the local ecological, economic and social context. This paper analyzes how REDD+ influences the context of ecosystem management, from both a conceptual and an ecosystem-scale perspective. We analyze how REDD+ changes the economic interests in ecosystem management for different stakeholders, and present a case study demonstrating the economic benefits of sustainable forest use versus oil palm plantation in Indonesia. We also analyze the economic costs of carbon emissions from land use conversion, and show that in Kalimantan, Indonesia, net revenues from REDD+ need to be US$ 3/ton CO2 to allow sustainable forest use to compete with oil palm on peat, and US$ 7/ton CO2 for mineral soil. Subsequently we present four insights from our ecosystem analysis relevant for REDD+.},
   author = {Lars Hein and Peter J van der Meer},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2012.09.016},
   issn = {18773435},
   issue = {6},
   journal = {Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability},
   month = {12},
   pages = {604-611},
   title = {REDD+ in the context of ecosystem management},
   volume = {4},
   url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1877343512001236},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000312418600005,
   abstract = {This paper conceptualizes the REDD+ policy framework as the world's largest experiment in Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES). REDD+ promotes the commodification of ecosystems' carbon storage and sequestration functions on a global scale and it is consistent with market-based conservation approaches and the `neoliberalization of nature'. REDD+ is therefore problematized on the grounds that, first, eases a transition from an ethically informed conservation ethos to a utilitarian one that simplifies nature and undermines socio-ecological resilience; second, relies on a single valuation language that may crowd-out conservation motivations in the short and long term; and, last, is sustained on a `multiple-win' discourse that in practice lacks procedural legitimacy in many developing countries and reproduces existing inequities and forms of social exclusion. The argument is developed drawing on PES literature and insights from critical theorists and practitioners of nature conservation.},
   author = {Esteve Corbera},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2012.09.010},
   issn = {18773435},
   issue = {6},
   journal = {Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability},
   month = {12},
   pages = {612-619},
   title = {Problematizing REDD+ as an experiment in payments for ecosystem services},
   volume = {4},
   url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1877343512001170},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000312418600009,
   abstract = {Fundamental trade-offs exist between different land uses for carbon, livelihoods, economic development, biodiversity, agriculture and energy (especially biofuels). This article analyses the scientific debates on REDD+ trade-offs, co-benefits and safeguards, and shows how the development and expanded scope of REDD+ mechanisms have shaped these debates over time. We find substantial evidence that the non-carbon values of biodiversity conservation, equity and sustainable livelihoods are critical to both the legitimacy and effectiveness of REDD+, and argue that they therefore are better viewed as prerequisites than as values to be safeguarded. Scientists can contribute to the development of a more integrative REDD+ through interdisciplinary research and through a `learning architecture' that supports the REDD+ policy development process with research dedicated to finding durable solutions.},
   author = {Ingrid J Visseren-Hamakers and Constance McDermott and Marjanneke J Vijge and Benjamin Cashore},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2012.10.005},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   issue = {6},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {646-653},
   title = {Trade-offs, co-benefits and safeguards: current debates on the breadth of REDD+},
   volume = {4},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000321405600011,
   abstract = {Negative impacts of forestry on biodiversity have been addressed through environmental considerations held within legislation and various forest certification protocols. We used Sweden as a case study where a long history of forestry aiming at sustained yield of wood fiber has resulted in landscapes with low quantities of old growth structures e.g. dead wood and old forest, but where environmental considerations have been implemented during the last two decades. We reviewed the scientific literature for studies evaluating the environmental considerations included in the Swedish Forestry Act and FSC, compared individual metrics and benchmarks, identified thresholds as well as identified specific gaps missing from current regulations (missing factors/areas of improvement). All environmental considerations listed in the Swedish Forestry Act were found to be relevant for conservation. The strongest scientific support for their importance in maintaining biodiversity in managed landscapes was found for dead wood, tree retention and habitats for sensitive species, including edge zones and woodland key habitats. However, suggested levels fall below identified thresholds. Retention of small habitat patches can provide a lifeboat function for some red-listed species, but the long term survival of these populations is uncertain. Tree species composition was also found be important, and in the boreal region the proportion of deciduous trees is a key factor. For some environmental considerations, there is too limited information from the scientific literature to evaluate their importance in relation to the current levels, e.g. consequences of clear-cut size and shape, and forest roads. Similarly, damage to soil and water affect biodiversity through drainage, leakage and sedimentation, but the effects vary considerably and are often diffuse. There is a need to better adjust the levels of environmental considerations above thresholds from empirical studies. However, it will be impossible within current regulatory framework to maintain all species in all landscapes. Therefore, the allocation of environmental consideration among stands, landscapes and regions need to be considered. Evenly dispersed retention might always stay below suggested thresholds with limited contribution to ecologically sustainable forest ecosystems. More flexibility, where the sum of conservation measures in the landscape as opposed to measures in individual stands are considered, would result in better conservation strategies. This would mean that particular landscapes could be more intensively managed and in other more focus on biodiversity conservation could be taken. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {Therese Johansson and Joakim Hjalten and Johnny de Jong and Henrik von Stedingk},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2013.04.012},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   month = {9},
   pages = {98-112},
   title = {Environmental considerations from legislation and certification in managed forest stands: A review of their importance for biodiversity},
   volume = {303},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000321257100023,
   abstract = {Forest degradation is broadly defined as a reduction in the capacity of a forest to produce ecosystem services such as carbon storage and wood products as a result of anthropogenic and environmental changes. The main causes of degradation include unsustainable logging, agriculture, invasive species, fire, fuelwood gathering, and livestock grazing. Forest degradation is widespread and has become an important consideration in global policy processes that deal with biodiversity, climate change, and forest management. There is, however, no generally recognized way to identify a degraded forest because perceptions of forest degradation vary depending on the cause, the particular goods or services of interest, and the temporal and spatial scales considered. Here, we suggest that there are types of forest degradation that produce a continuum of decline in provision of ecosystem services, from those in primary forests through various forms of managed forests to deforestation. Forest degradation must be measured against a desired baseline condition, and the types of degradation can be represented using five criteria that relate to the drivers of degradation, loss of ecosystem services and sustainable management, including: productivity, biodiversity, unusual disturbances, protective functions, and carbon storage. These criteria are not meant to be equivalent and some might be considered more important than others, depending on the local forest management objectives. We propose a minimum subset of seven indicators for the five criteria that should be assessed to determine forest degradation under a sustainable ecosystem management regime. The indicators can be remotely sensed (although improving calibration requires ground work) and aggregated from stand to management unit or landscape levels and ultimately to sub-national and national scales.},
   author = {Ian D Thompson and Manuel R Guariguata and Kimiko Okabe and Carlos Bahamondez and Robert Nasi and Victoria Heymell and Cesar Sabogal},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05443-180220},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art20},
   title = {An Operational Framework for Defining and Monitoring Forest Degradation},
   volume = {18},
   url = {http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol18/iss2/art20/},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000317184800033,
   abstract = {Rural forests are characterized by different levels of formal and nonformal appropriation by rural communities who have generally managed, shaped, or rebuilt these forest formations over many generations with refined local knowledge and practices related to their use and perpetuation. Rural forests are therefore social-ecological systems that contribute to ecosystem and landscapes configuration, definition of rural territories, and sustainability of local livelihoods. Although some studies have attempted to explain their specificities, in specific geographical and social contexts, their characteristics are not well defined as they encompass highly diversified situations. This lack of comprehension of the identity of rural forests is at the heart of the lack of dialogue between forestry policies and rural forest development. Our major aim is to identify universal characteristics of rural forests as well as specificities that can differentiate them. Eleven situations of rural forests were analyzed by means of detailed, harmonized monographs, from developing and developed countries, and localized within contrasting ecological environments (humid tropics, dry forests, temperate forests) and socio-economic and public policies contexts. Qualitative data were obtained through a common analytical framework and were encoded with an approach based on the collective appreciation of the group of researchers who developed case studies. These were pooled within a common analysis chart and were processed by means of multivariate analyses. Results were further discussed taking into consideration four major characteristics that emerged from this analysis, and which form the identity of rural forests. These are: 1) specific forest structures and levels of integration in agricultural matrices which are linked historically to overall agroecosystem approaches and practices, 2) a multiscale approach to domestication practices from landscape to individual trees inscribed in continuities between ``nature\{''\} and ``culture\{''\}, natural processes and human techniques of control and transformation, 3) multiple uses of plant species which vary in relation to the commercial or noncommercial status of their products and a reversible nature of these use patterns accordingly, 4) the imbricate nature of rules of access and control between state and customary levels, and between individual and collective levels, requiring specific formal and informal arrangements. Typologies of rural forests can be drawn along each of these major characteristics and provide a reliable system to analyze and understand the functioning of rural forests. Forestry approaches in rural contexts, hence, need to consider variations along these major lines that form the identity cards of rural forests.},
   author = {Didier Genin and Yildiz Aumeeruddy-Thomas and Gérard Balent and Robert Nasi},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05429-180127},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art27},
   title = {The Multiple Dimensions of Rural Forests: Lessons from a Comparative Analysis},
   volume = {18},
   url = {http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol18/iss1/art27/},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000325521300031,
   abstract = {The U.S. National Commission on Science for Sustainable Forestry recognized a need for effective adaptive management to support management for biological diversity. However, difficulties in implementing adaptive management in the U. S. Northwest Forest Plan led the Commission to wonder if comparisons across multiple adaptive management trials in the forest sector could provide insight into the factors that serve to enable or inhibit adaptive management. This comparison and the resulting discussions among a group of seasoned practitioners, with adaptive management experience at a variety of scales and levels of complexity, led to insights into a hierarchy of ten factors that can serve to either enable or inhibit implementation. Doing high quality adaptive management is about doing good science to enable learning from management experience. Enabling adaptive management though is about working with people to understand their concerns, to develop a common understanding and an environment of trust that allows adaptive management to proceed. Careful attention to enabling factors is critical to fulfilling the promise of adaptive management.},
   author = {Lorne A Greig and David R Marmorek and Carol Murray and Donald C E Robinson},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05686-180324},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art24},
   title = {Insight into Enabling Adaptive Management},
   volume = {18},
   url = {http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol18/iss3/art24/},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000321257100026,
   abstract = {Once again, the international community focuses on the preservation of Amazonian forests, in particular through a bundle of initiatives grouped under the term of REDD+. Initially focusing on reducing carbon emissions, the REDD+ process became increasingly linked with developmental goals that represent the primary interest of all Amazon countries. In consequence, REDD+ can be seen as another attempt to achieve the twin goals of environmental protection and rural development, and consequently, relies on the strategies and tools of past efforts. Against this background, we explore past experiences with key strategies for environmental protection and poverty alleviation in the Amazon to critically reflect about the potential of REDD+ to contribute to sustainable local development in the region. The analysis demonstrates that initiatives that pursued environmental goals mostly led to more restrictions and bureaucratic barriers to local forest users, while the prevailing approaches to promote rural dwellers showed ambivalent environmental outcomes. Reasons for these unsatisfactory results include the sectoral alignment of the measures and the poor coordination and lack of coherence with decisive policy areas. Most critically, the environmental and social initiatives themselves rely on the classic development approach widely disregarding smallholders' capacities to contribute to local development. The manifold pilot activities emerging under the new REDD+ framework tend to repeat these shortcomings, thereby further accelerating the replacement of local socio-productive schemes with unsustainable land uses. In view of the growing consensus about the ecological incompatibility, social limitations and economic risks of classic development, an alternative vision of development is needed, which more consciously takes into account the immense social and environmental potential of the region. Considering that REDD+ is still at the start, there might be possibilities to re-adjust the framework and thereby turn it into a real contribution to the sustainable development of rural Amazon.},
   author = {Benno Pokorny and Imme Scholz and Wil de Jong},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05458-180203},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art3},
   title = {REDD+ for the poor or the poor for REDD+? About the limitations of environmental policies in the Amazon and the potential of achieving environmental goals through pro-poor policies},
   volume = {18},
   url = {http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol18/iss2/art3/},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000321978000025,
   abstract = {For decades, scholars have been trying to determine whether small or large groups are more likely to cooperate for collective action and successfully manage common-pool resources. Using data gathered from the Wolong Nature Reserve since 1995, we examined the effects of group size (i.e., number of households monitoring a single forest parcel) on both collective action (forest monitoring) and resource outcomes (changes in forest cover) while controlling for potential confounding factors. Our results demonstrate that group size has nonlinear effects on both collective action and resource outcomes, with intermediate group size contributing the most monitoring effort and leading to the biggest forest cover gain. We also show how opposing effects of group size directly and indirectly affect collective action and resource outcomes, leading to the overall nonlinear relationship. Our findings suggest why previous studies have observed differing and even contradictory group-size effects, and thus help guide further research and governance of the commons. The findings also suggest that it should be possible to improve collective action and resource outcomes by altering factors that lead to the nonlinear group-size effect, including punishing free riding, enhancing overall and within-group enforcement, improving social capital across groups and among group members, and allowing self-selection during the group formation process so members with good social relationships can form groups autonomously.},
   author = {Wu Yang and Wei Liu and Andres Vina and Mao-Ning Tuanmu and Guangming He and Thomas Dietz and Jianguo Liu},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1301733110},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {27},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {10916-10921},
   title = {Nonlinear effects of group size on collective action and resource outcomes},
   volume = {110},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000334005600024,
   abstract = {Woodfuel plays a critical role in energy provision in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and is predicted to remain dominant within the energy portfolio of the population in the coming decades. Although current inefficient technologies of production and consumption are associated with negative socio-economic and environmental outcomes, projected charcoal intensive pathways along with urbanization may further accelerate pressures on tree covers. This paper reviews the status of the woodfuel sector in SSA, and estimates the magnitude of impacts of increasing wood demand for charcoal production on tree cover, which will be obviously unsustainable under business-as-usual scenarios. Agroforestry, if widely adopted as an integrated strategy together with improved kilns and stoves, can have a significant impact to reduce wood harvest pressures in forests through sustainably supplying trees on farm. A systematic approach is required to promote multi-purpose agroforestry systems compatible with farmers' needs under local farming systems and current dryland socio-economic contexts.},
   author = {Miyuki Iiyama and Henry Neufeldt and Philip Dobie and Mary Njenga and Geoffrey Ndegwa and Ramni Jamnadass},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2013.12.003},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   month = {2},
   pages = {138-147},
   title = {The potential of agroforestry in the provision of sustainable woodfuel in sub-Saharan Africa},
   volume = {6},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000333908600032,
   abstract = {The issue of rapid change in environmental conditions under which ecosystem processes and human interventions will take place in the future is relatively new to forestry, whereas the provision of ecosystem services, e. g., timber or fresh water, is at the very heart of the original concept of forest management. Forest managers have developed ambitious deterministic approaches to provide the services demanded, and thus the use of deterministic approaches for adapting to climate change seem to be a logical continuation. However, as uncertainty about the intensity of climate change is high, forest managers need to answer this uncertainty conceptually. One may envision an indeterministic approach to cope with this uncertainty; but how the services will be provided in such a concept remains unclear. This article aims to explore the fundamental aspects of both deterministic and indeterministic approaches used in forestry to cope with climate change, and thereby point out trade-offs in service provisioning and adaptability. A forest owner needs to be able to anticipate these trade-offs in order to make decisions towards sustainable forest management under climate change.},
   author = {Sven Wagner and Susanna Nocentini and Franka Huth and Marjanke Hoogstra-Klein},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-06213-190132},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art32},
   title = {Forest Management Approaches for Coping with the Uncertainty of Climate Change: Trade-Offs in Service Provisioning and Adaptability},
   volume = {19},
   url = {http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol19/iss1/art32/},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000332051400022,
   abstract = {Maintaining the genetic viability of timber species is especially important to sustaining the productivity and quality of timber in tropical production forests because the diversity of tree species is high, their population densities are low, and pollen dispersal of many species is limited to short distances. Conservation of the genetic diversity of timber species also enhances the conservation value of production forests and contributes to landscape connectivity. Tropical forests are commonly managed under selection logging regimes with minimum diameter cutting limits. These typically result in systematic removal of the largest and often the most fecund trees. Very little guidance is available to forest managers on the measures needed to maintain viable populations of timber species in production forests. We reviewed current knowledge regarding the impacts of logging on genetic processes in tropical Asian tree species to find foundations for developing practical guidelines for managing these impacts and to identify research needs. The review focuses on mixed dipterocarp forests, where the canopy layer is dominated by trees of the Dipterocarpaceae family, one of the most globally important timber families. We examined the impacts of practices including logging intensity, minimum diameter cutting limits and spatial patterns of tree removal with regards to biological parameters such as effective breeding units, size at reproductive maturity, fine-scale spatial genetic structure and the importance of general flowering in producing diverse seed. Research conducted to date shows that because of characteristics such as naturally low population densities, limited pollen dispersal and fine-scale spatial genetic structure, many tree species in mixed dipterocarp forests are sensitive to reductions in the density of reproductive conspecifics; in most cases tree extraction resulted in increased inbreeding. Although genetic research in these forests is still limited, enough knowledge exists to initiate the development of practical management guidelines e.g. on minimum population densities as a precondition for logging or documentation of sources of propagation material used in enrichment planting. Future research should focus on studying species characteristics which can indicate vulnerability to genetic erosion and the prevalence of these characteristics among species in mixed dipterocarp forests, to identify species or species groups which may require specific measures to maintain genetically viable populations in logged forests and in the larger landscape. Such characteristics may include large size at reproductive maturity or slow increase in fecundity with size, fine-scale spatial genetic structure, low population densities, limited pollen dispersal, or high juvenile mortality. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {Jalonen Riina and Hong Lay Thong and Lee Soon Leong and Loo Judy and Snook Laura},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2013.12.011},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   pages = {191-201},
   title = {Integrating genetic factors into management of tropical Asian production forests: A review of current knowledge},
   volume = {315},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000357225700002,
   abstract = {Effective forest governance measures are crucial to ensure sustainable management of forests, but so far there has been little specific focus in boreal and northern temperate forests on governance measures in relation to management effects, including harvesting effects, on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. This paper reviews the findings in the scientific literature concerning the effects of harvesting of different intensities on SOC stocks and fluxes in boreal and northern temperate forest ecosystems to evaluate the evidence for significant SOC losses following biomass removal. An overview of existing governance measures related to SOC is given, followed by a discussion on how scientific findings could be incorporated in guidelines and other governance measures. The currently available information does not support firm conclusions about the long-term impact of intensified forest harvesting on SOC stocks in boreal and northern temperate forest ecosystems, which is in any case species-, site- and practice-specific. Properly conducted long-term experiments are therefore necessary to enable us to clarify the relative importance of different harvesting practices on the SOC stores, the key processes involved, and under which conditions the size of the removals becomes critical. At present, the uncertainty gap between the scientific results and the need for practically useable management guidelines and other governance measures might be bridged by expert opinions given to authorities and certification bodies. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {Nicholas Clarke and Per Gundersen and Ulrika Jonsson-Belyazid and O Janne Kjonaas and Tryggve Persson and Bjarni D Sigurdsson and Inge Stupak and Lars Vesterdal},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2015.04.034},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   note = {Review<br/>Potential resource?<br/>Effect of forest management (governance measures) on soil organic carbon},
   pages = {9-19},
   title = {Influence of different tree-harvesting intensities on forest soil carbon stocks in boreal and northern temperate forest ecosystems},
   volume = {351},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000388059900033,
   abstract = {Forestry decentralization is widely promoted throughout the world tropics as a policy that leads to poverty alleviation. However, there is a dearth of empirical evidence to support this assertion. Depending on the literature, this paper addresses the connection between forestry decentralization and poverty alleviation through applying the arguments of efficiency, accountability, equity and sustainability to forestry sector. The paper concluded that forestry decentralization provides few direct mechanisms for lifting people out of poverty. Proximate causal mechanisms that will lead to direct increase in forest-based income within the context of forest decentralization should not be overlooked. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {Y O Adam and A M Eltayeb},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2016.05.009},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   month = {12},
   pages = {300-307},
   title = {Forestry decentralization and poverty alleviation: A review},
   volume = {73},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000379886900007,
   abstract = {The fate of peripheral forest tree populations is of particular interest in the context of climate change. These populations may concurrently be those where the most significant evolutionary changes will occur; those most facing increasing extinction risk; the source of migrants for the colonization of new areas at leading edges; or the source of genetic novelty for reinforcing standing genetic variation in various parts of the range. Deciding which strategy to implement for conserving and sustainably using the genetic resources of peripheral forest tree populations is a challenge. Here, we review the genetic and ecological processes acting on different types of peripheral populations and indicate why these processes may be of general interest for adapting forests and forest management to climate change. We particularly focus on peripheral populations at the rear edge of species distributions where environmental challenges are or will become most acute. We argue that peripheral forest tree populations are ``natural laboratories\{''\} for resolving priority research questions such as how the complex interaction between demographic processes and natural selection shape local adaptation; and whether genetic adaptation will be sufficient to allow the long-term persistence of species within their current distribution. Peripheral populations are key assets for adaptive forestry which need specific measures for their preservation. The traditionally opposing views which may exist between conservation planning and sustainable forestry need to be reconciled and harmonized for managing peripheral populations. Based on existing knowledge, we suggest approaches and principles which may be used for the management and conservation of these distinctive and valuable populations, to maintain active genetic and ecological processes that have sustained them over time. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {Bruno Fady and Filippos A Aravanopoulos and Paraskevi Alizoti and Csaba Matyas and Georg von Wuehlisch and Marjana Westergren and Piero Belletti and Branislav Cvjetkovic and Fulvio Ducci and Gerhard Huber and Colin T Kelleher and Abdelhamid Khaldi and Magda Bou Dagher Kharrat and Hojka Kraigher and Koen Kramer and Urs Muehlethaler and Sanja Peric and Annika Perry and Matti Rousi and Hassan Sbay and Srdjan Stojnic and Martina Tijardovic and Ivaylo Tsvetkov and Maria Carolina Varela and Giovanni G Vendramin and Tzvetan Zlatanov},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2016.05.015},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   month = {9},
   pages = {66-75},
   title = {Evolution-based approach needed for the conservation and silviculture of peripheral forest tree populations},
   volume = {375},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000399159700001,
   abstract = {Forest management in Mexico is immersed in diverse and complex ecological, socio-cultural, political, economic, and technological contexts. These contexts have led to the use of the forests for many purposes under diverse administration and management schemes. These schemes continue to evolve, both in the forest areas and in universities and forest research institutions throughout the country. Timber management has been part of this evolution and has given rise to several forest management approaches. Most of these approaches are adaptations of methods developed in other parts of the world for very different ecological, socio-cultural, and economic contexts. The majority of the timber management methods are based on sustainability principles and incorporate classical yield regulation and forest management concepts. However, the application of these methods in the complex and rapidly changing contexts in which the Mexican forests and forestry sector are immersed has resulted in unexpected and fortuitous results. There is a need for a new significant evolution of the forest and timber management methods in the country. New approaches must include greater emphasis on communitybased forestry, consideration of markets for forest products and services, as well as the overall increase of resilience, learning capacity, and adaptation while reducing hazards, risks, and vulnerability of the forests and the communities that depend on them. These characteristics will allow better adaptation to the rapid changes, complexities, and ambiguities of the global environment and the Mexican ecological, social, political, and economic conditions.},
   author = {Juan Manuel Torres-Rojo and Rafael Moreno-Sanchez and Martin Alfonso Mendoza-Briseno},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-016-0033-0},
   issn = {2198-6436},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS},
   pages = {93-105},
   title = {Sustainable Forest Management in Mexico},
   volume = {2},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000399159200006,
   abstract = {A developing bioeconomy and the need for alternate sources of energy are promoting a more intensive procurement and use of forest biomass. While it is a fact that increased biomass harvesting generates greater nutrient losses from forest ecosystems relative to stem-only harvesting,the use of nutrient budget approaches as a decision support tool in managing forests under intensive biomass removal is uncommon. This lack of use can be explained by several factors including: large uncertainties in predicting certain fluxes, the poor representation of nutrient dynamics following harvest in nutrient cycling models,the lack of representation of biological feedback,the lack of appropriate validation,and finally the lack of maps of specific soil properties that would be required to predict nutrient budgets over forest landscapes. This review documents the impact of intensive biomass extraction on nutrient cycling and discusses the gaps in knowledge and the uncertainties associated with nutrient budgets. It identifies research and development issues that need to be resolved for making forest nutrient budgets more reliable and more useful to address the questions regarding the environmental sustainability of intensive biomass harvesting.},
   author = {David Pare and Evelyne Thiffault},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-016-0030-3},
   issn = {2198-6436},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS},
   pages = {81-91},
   title = {Nutrient Budgets in Forests Under Increased Biomass Harvesting Scenarios},
   volume = {2},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000399159700006,
   abstract = {Forest managers today are struggling with the great uncertainties and rapid changes in many biophysical and socioeconomic aspects of their work. We argue in this review that viewing forests and forest management as complex adaptive systems and acknowledging non-linearity and uncertainty in forest dynamics and management provide an alternative for both production-and conservation-oriented forests to the traditional command and control approaches that have been advocated so far in forestry. We first discuss the concepts of nonlinearity and uncertainty in forest dynamics and management. We then propose a set of broad principles and approaches that are required for forest managers to better incorporate these new concepts into practices. These span from (1) relaxing and expanding the sustained-yield and single-good paradigm, (2) moving the target for assessing success in silviculture from predetermined strict outcomes for each and every stand to an envelope of possible outcomes that are acceptable for one or multiple stands, and (3) using approaches and modeling tools to assess as large a range of possible outcomes as possible instead of the traditional mainly deterministic and static modeling tools.},
   author = {Christian Messier and Klaus Puettmann and Elise Filotas and Dave Coates},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-016-0036-x},
   issn = {2198-6436},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS},
   pages = {150-161},
   title = {Dealing with Non-linearity and Uncertainty in Forest Management},
   volume = {2},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000391090800034,
   abstract = {Policy makers around the world tout decentralization as an effective tool in the governance of natural resources. Despite the popularity of these reforms, there is limited scientific evidence on the environmental effects of decentralization, especially in tropical biomes. This study presents evidence on the institutional conditions under which decentralization is likely to be successful in sustaining forests. We draw on common-pool resource theory to argue that the environmental impact of decentralization hinges on the ability of reforms to engage local forest users in the governance of forests. Using matching techniques, we analyze longitudinal field observations on both social and biophysical characteristics in a large number of local government territories in Bolivia (a country with a decentralized forestry policy) and Peru (a country with a much more centralized forestry policy). We find that territories with a decentralized forest governance structure have more stable forest cover, but only when local forest user groups actively engage with the local government officials. We provide evidence in support of a possible causal process behind these results: When user groups engage with the decentralized units, it creates a more enabling environment for effective local governance of forests, including more local government-led forest governance activities, fora for the resolution of forest-related conflicts, intermunicipal cooperation in the forestry sector, and stronger technical capabilities of the local government staff.},
   author = {Glenn D Wright and Krister P Andersson and Clark C Gibson and Tom P Evans},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1610650114},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {52},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {14958-14963},
   title = {Decentralization can help reduce deforestation when user groups engage with local government},
   volume = {113},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000399511500036,
   abstract = {The review gives a short general history of the selection system, suggests a way to systematize silviculture and summarizes research on the selection system in Fennoscandia. The review is restricted to Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst, being the only tree species having documented examples of being managed with selection system in boreal Fennoscandia. It covers four main subjects: (i) the dynamics governing the stand structure and the possibilities to maintain a full-storied structure over time; (ii) how ingrowth is affected by stand density and structure, and by internal dynamics within the seedling-sapling layer, and to what extent it is possible to get sufficient ingrowth to perpetuate the selection system: (iii) the key characteristics governing volume growth at stand level; and (iv) the maximum long-term growth compared to the rotation-forestry system. The residual standing volume is crucial to the long-term growth level. A moderate harvest strength at relatively short intervals, focusing on the largest trees and leaving behind a large standing volume, results in a high sustainable volume growth, low requirement of ingrowth, large average stem volumes and low levels of damage to the remaining stand. Long-term volume growth can then be approximately equal to the site productivity expressed by site characteristics, which is lower than the level expected in even aged plantations managed with rotation-forestry. The review ends with suggestions for future research. (C) 2017 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).},
   author = {Lars Lundqvist},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2017.02.011},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   month = {5},
   pages = {362-375},
   title = {Tamm Review: Selection system reduces long-term volume growth in Fennoscandic uneven-aged Norway spruce forests},
   volume = {391},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000399540100049,
   abstract = {Ecosystems are self-regulating systems that provide societies with food, water, timber, and other resources. As demands for resources increase, management decisions are replacing self-regulating properties. Counter to previous technical approaches that applied simple formulas to estimate sustainable yields of single species, current research recognizes the inherent complexity of ecosystems and the inability to foresee all consequences of interventions across different spatial, temporal, and administrative scales. Ecosystem management is thus more realistically seen as a ``wicked problem\{''\} that has no clear-cut solution. Approaches for addressing such problems include multisector decision-making, institutions that enable management to span across administrative boundaries, adaptive management, markets that incorporate natural capital, and collaborative processes to engage diverse stakeholders and address inequalities. Ecosystem management must avoid two traps: falsely assuming a tame solution and inaction from overwhelming complexity. An incremental approach can help to avoid these traps.},
   author = {Ruth DeFries and Harini Nagendra},
   doi = {10.1126/science.aal1950},
   issn = {0036-8075},
   issue = {6335},
   journal = {Science},
   month = {4},
   pages = {265-270},
   title = {Ecosystem management as a wicked problem},
   volume = {356},
   url = {https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aal1950},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000401389600006,
   abstract = {Forest management of tropical lowland and hill wet evergreen forests
traditionally assumes that succession, species composition, and forest
structure are largely driven by small, frequent disturbances. More
recent ecological studies, archaeological findings, palynology and
climate records demonstrate that tropical rainforests in general are not
only subject to treefall disturbances but also to large-scale,
infrequent disturbances driven by both past ancient and more recent
human land use, and by natural forces of climate and geology. This paper
reviews the case for the presence and extent of large-scale infrequent
disturbances in Mesoamerica. We then use this knowledge to understand
effects shaping species composition and structure. We evaluate current
silvicultural regeneration systems for forest management based on the
gap dynamics paradigm and propose potential alternative and
complementary regeneration methods for forests and tree species that are
driven by large-scale disturbances. We propose that the shade-intolerant
timber species observed today are in large part a reflection of legacies
of human land use and historical large-scale disturbances. Such species
require larger, more dramatic disturbance regimes to regenerate and to
attain the canopy in future managed forests. We suggest that such
conditions are not provided for by current silvicultural systems within
the region that require multiple entries to the stand every 15-30 years
and should be coupled with liberation thinnings to promote shade
tolerant, commercially valuable timber species. Alternative
silvicultural systems, such as shelterwoods and seed-tree methods of
regeneration and management, purposefully promote the regeneration of
valuable, shade-intolerant timber species. We propose applications for
reserve design, and the management of non-timber forest products in
conjunction with timber products to compliment such activities. These
systems differ in their goals, species promoted (shade-tolerant vs.
-intolerant) and the ecological assumptions driving their operations. We
conclude that shelterwoods and seed-tree systems are more appropriate to
manage forests rich in shade -intolerant timber species. Such methods
need to be included in the suite of silvicultural options available to
managers of tropical wet evergreen forests in Mesoamerica. (C) 2017
Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {Javier Fernandez-Vega and Kristofer R. Covey and Mark S. Ashton},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2017.03.025},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   keywords = {Forest disturbance,Mesoamerica,Seed-tree,Selective logging,Shelterwoods,Tropical silviculture},
   month = {7},
   pages = {48-68},
   publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
   title = {Tamm Review: Large-scale infrequent disturbances and their role in regenerating shade-intolerant tree species in Mesoamerican rainforests: Implications for sustainable forest management},
   volume = {395},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.03.025},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000389163500004,
   abstract = {In the Nordic countries, emerging markets for renewable energy have resulted in increased harvest intensity, i.e., branches, tops, and stumps are now also harvested. This increased harvest intensity changes site conditions in a way that may impact future forest production. In this review published results are compiled from long-term field experiments in the Nordic countries. The objectives are to identify general patterns or inconsistences, to identify possible causes, and to discuss the practical implications of the results. I summarize 16 publications where short to medium-term forest production data were presented from 72 experimental sites. Data on growth of the subsequent stand following slash harvest in final felling indicate a moderate negative growth effect in Norway spruce, whereas growth in Scots pine appears unaffected, as compared to stem-only harvested control plots. Spruce data also showed a trend suggesting that poorer sites are more sensitive. Stump harvest in final felling did not have a negative effect on growth - rather the opposite - particularly on poor Scots pine sites. Trends in the data suggest that the positive growth effect in pine is stronger on poorer sites at higher latitudes. Slash harvest in thinnings resulted in more consistent growth reductions in the residual stand in both pine and spruce. There was a weak trend suggesting that poorer spruce sites are more susceptible. Seedling survival rates or stem numbers following slash and stump harvest were either unaffected or positively affected by the treatments - particularly by stump harvest. Trends in data suggest a stronger positive effect on more fertile sites. High relative survival or stem numbers coincided with high relative growth. Thus, survival rates or stem number may partly explain the lack of consistency in growth responses in field experiments. Management of natural regeneration in the experiments is discussed as potentially critical. Both short- and medium-term growth responses have been reported in individual studies. It is therefore recommended that a final evaluation should be based on longer-term data. The recommended next step is to combine all available data into a formal meta-analysis. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {Gustaf Egnell},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2016.09.019},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   issue = {SI},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   pages = {27-36},
   title = {A review of Nordic trials studying effects of biomass harvest intensity on subsequent forest production},
   volume = {383},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000407773500001,
   abstract = {Stakeholder communication plays an important role in enhancing the societal sustainability and business acceptability of the forest sector. The purpose of this study is to present the current state of forest sector communication research with its stakeholders at different hierarchical levels of sustainability (i.e., societal, sectorial, corporate, and product sustainability) in Europe. A systematic literature review was implemented to acquire information on the research outcomes related to sustainability communication between the forest sector and different stakeholders presented in international peer-reviewed journals between 2005 and 2015. The examined literature emphasizes the role of stakeholder communication for forest sector sustainability and acceptability, but no specific information seems to exist on how to communicate and build the forest sector image in the eyes of different stakeholders. The gap in the research information indicates that there is a need for more theoretical and empirical work on communication and image-building processes by, e.g., recognizing the specific communication needs of different stakeholders via two-way and proactive information exchange. In the development process of forest sector communication and image building, more efforts on sending well-specified messages for well-targeted audiences should be made.},
   author = {Katja Lahtinen and Anne Toppinen and Hannele Suojanen and Tobias Stern and Lea Ranacher and Michael Burnard and Manja Kitek Kuzman},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-017-0063-2},
   issn = {2198-6436},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS},
   pages = {173-187},
   title = {Forest Sector Sustainability Communication in Europe: a Systematic Literature Review on the Contents and Gaps},
   volume = {3},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000449137300017,
   abstract = {Selective logging is the dominant timber harvesting practice in natural tropical forests. Considering its scale and its contribution to forest management outcome, efficient management of selective logging is crucial to address challenges associated with timber demand, carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation. Ongoing selective logging has been a key reason for forest degradation despite a set of recommended practices such as reduced-impact logging. With the objective of drawing the attention of scholars and policy makers to answer the question why effectiveness of selective logging practice is still an issue, we tracked the trend and pattern of scholarly research related to the impact of selective logging. Using a systematic review of literature, we explored and discussed the possible factors hindering implementation of improved forest harvesting practices and the overall knowledge gaps yet not explored in this field of research. This review found consensus among scholars that implementation of improved forest harvesting is still rare despite the constant efforts made by researchers since the 1970s. Based on the review findings we concluded that concentration of research on specific countries, insufficient coverage of diversified forest dimensions/thematic areas, and higher concerns relating to ecological impacts of forest management are the reasons behind poor adoption of research outcomes of improved logging practices. Likewise, their implementation is further hindered by limited attention to the interests and needs of the forest managers/owners, lack of coordination and collaboration among stakeholders and negligible support to develop stakeholders' capacity. Our review suggests a broadening of the geographical and thematic focus of the study as well as a consideration of effective engagement and capacity development of the forest managers/owners and stakeholders in selective logging policies and practices.},
   author = {Bishnu Hari Poudyal and Tek Maraseni and Geoff Cockfield},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2018.08.006},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   month = {12},
   pages = {166-175},
   title = {Evolutionary dynamics of selective logging in the tropics: A systematic review of impact studies and their effectiveness in sustainable forest management},
   volume = {430},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000445694900003,
   abstract = {In recent years, a common theme in social science research, natural resource policies and practical management has been the increasing emphasis on partnerships and other forms of collaborative efforts as effective means to reach tangible and sustainable outcomes. Another significant trend is the increasing focus on the role of the forestry sector in managing the challenges of climate change, and the push towards a biobased, low-carbon economy is at the epicenter of the public debate in several EU countries. Drawing on research on collaborative processes as well as research on policy design, this paper reviews the current trend to rely increasingly on collaborative efforts to improve sustainability, using forest governance in northern Europe as an illustrative case. It pays particular attention to efforts to balance concerned stakeholders through National Forest Programmes (NFPs), and considers these efforts in an international context. It concludes by elaborating on future research directions and policy recommendations that are critical to achieve intended outcomes in forest governance systems characterized by state-initiated collaborative processes as well as various forms of voluntary initiatives.},
   author = {Johanna Johansson},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2018.01.009},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   issue = {SI},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   month = {6},
   pages = {9-16},
   title = {Collaborative governance for sustainable forestry in the emerging bio-based economy in Europe},
   volume = {32},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000418214300007,
   abstract = {Lower-value biomass (LVB) in forests constitutes non-commercial material traditionally left on site following harvesting. Emerging markets for energy and bioproducts have increased incentives to harvest and utilize this material in some cases. Removal of LVB can reduce forest health risks stemming from wildfire, diseases, and pests but has raised questions about effects on forest productivity and environmental sustainability. The status, trends, and quantities of forest biomass are most often estimated from forest inventories but socioeconomic and physical factors limit the quantity of residual biomass available for use. National forest inventory data suggest quantities of LVB are likely substantial, with annual timberland growth exceeding harvest removals in all states where data are available and unutilized dead biomass roughly half that of current harvest removals. Cost-effective transport distance and logistical factors limit the practical availability of LVB, with in-woods chipping as part of conventional harvesting operations generally providing the greatest economic returns. Harvesting LVB removes higher quantities of nutrients from forested sites with greater potential impact on soil physical properties, soil carbon, and forest productivity than traditional, stem-only harvesting. However, global assessments show inconsistent forest productivity and soil responses and impacts across contrasting sites and soil types. Lower residue retention and changes in forest structure resulting from LVB harvesting can also influence habitat for some wildlife species. Some field studies suggest removals of downed coarse woody debris negatively impact bird diversity and abundance while other assessments suggest minimal or only temporary effects with benefits to other species, particularly those associated with early seral habitat. While LVB harvesting and residue removal have the potential to increase soil disturbance and delivery of sediment and nutrients to streams compared to traditional harvesting, best management practices demonstrated effective in protecting water quality through decades of field research should be largely applicable to practices that include LVB harvesting. Although states and other entities have developed biomass harvesting guidelines and revised certification standards that restrict or modify intensive harvesting practices, the efficacy of such guidelines is uncertain due to highly variable site limitations and responses and a lack of site-specific response data. This paper provides an overview of environmental implications and practical considerations related to harvesting LVB in forests and how they differ from harvesting of traditional, commercial biomass sources.},
   author = {Eric D Vance and Stephen P Prisley and Erik B Schilling and Vickie L Tatum and T Bently Wigley and Alan A Lucier and Paul C Van Deusen},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2017.10.023},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   month = {1},
   pages = {47-56},
   title = {Environmental implications of harvesting lower-value biomass in forests},
   volume = {407},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000432763700004,
   abstract = {Designed as a biodiversity-maintenance concept, Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) considers not only forest for its ecological function, but also forestry workers whom play a significant role in executing the SFM program in the implementation stage. By using occupational ergonomics approach, this paper aims to examine how the Indonesian mandatory SFM certification, the so-called Pengelolaan Hutan Produksi Lestari (PHPL) positioned forestry workers in its SFM scheme. This issue is important since forestry work is a well-known profession with high occupational safety and health (OSH) risk. Content analysis on occupational ergonomics-related national policies and the mandatory PHPL Criteria and Indicators (C&I), and interviews with forest managers, PHPL auditor, and forestry workers indicate the poor performance of the instrument to assess the occupational-ergonomics-related factors at a practical level. This study reveals that PHPL is more of administrative liability obligation fulfillments rather than performance-based fulfillments (meanwhile, OSH status should be seen as an outcome of a good safety culture rather than an artifact/document). This study verifies content-overlap among the verifiers, content mismatch between the verifiers and the actual characteristic of forest operation, and the absence of distinct assessment standard. This study also discovers the existence of ``ergonomics holes\{''\} in the PHPL C&I: (1) promoting a safe working environment for forestry workers, (2) distinct organization structural linkage on safety responsibility assignments, (3) emergency procedure, (4) distinct qualification for heavy machine operator and chemical technician, (5) sub-contract workers, and (6) the importance of management commitment and workers' participation. Revision on PHPL should seriously consider integrating OSH and wellbeing aspect as mentioned in Indonesia's national policies concerning manpower and occupational safety.},
   author = {Efi Yuliati Yovi and Dodik Ridho Nurrochmat},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2017.11.007},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   issue = {SI},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   month = {6},
   pages = {27-35},
   title = {An occupational ergonomics in the Indonesian state mandatory sustainable forest management instrument: A review},
   volume = {91},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000446321000034,
   abstract = {There is growing evidence that good community forest (CF) governance is a significant determinant of CF success. We examined the state of CF governance in Cameroon by applying a set of good governance principles to 36 case studies. Key good governance principles applied included accountability, equity, participation, representation, direction, and performance. The results revealed that the state of CF governance was relatively poor, with 78% of case studies not meeting standards for all the principles. Evidence suggests that all case studies did not meet standards for accountability and equity, while more than 70% of the case studies did not meet standards for participation, direction, and performance. Positive governance outcomes included increased CF employment; contribution to social investments like roofing of houses, provision of water, health, and training; improved community participation in sustainable management of forests; improved awareness of environmental protection and sustainable exploitation practices; and enabling fair representation of and empowerment of indigenous minorities such as the Baka, resulting in the creation of a Baka-led CF. The presence of economic activities that generate direct benefits, the extent of technical support, and influential and supportive elites emerged as key drivers of positive outcomes in CF governance. These suggest that deploying incentives targeted at catalyzing enterprise development such as favorable loans, tax and financial support conditions, reinforced focused technical and institutional support including capacity building, and awards for supportive and innovative elites could go a long way to improve CF governance in Cameroon.},
   author = {Serge Mandiefe Piabuo and Divine Foundjem-Tita and Peter A Minang},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10330-230334},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art34},
   title = {Community forest governance in Cameroon: a review},
   volume = {23},
   url = {https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol23/iss3/art34/},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000454653700032,
   abstract = {Community based forest management (CBFM) has been implemented in Africa since the 1980s. Three main objectives, which are currently part of the sustainable development goals (SDGs), underlie the formation of CBFM. They are (1) enhancing community engagement in forest management, (2) reducing rural poverty, and (3) promoting forest resources conservation. We examine CBFM frameworks in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and CBFM schemes' contribution to selected sustainable development goals relevant to the forestry sector. Five SSA countries, Ethiopia, Kenya, Cameroon, Uganda, and Tanzania were chosen for the study because of their long-term engagement in CBFM. The analysis was based on desk review of literature from Web of Science!, Scopus, and Google Scholar!, and interviews with individuals representing institutions leading CBFM implementation in the countries selected. We found countries were strong in devising policy and legal provisions and articulating formalities for establishing CBFM. Major weaknesses were observed in monitoring CBFM performance, benefit sharing, and product management. The analysis of CBFM schemes' contribution to SDGs was largely positive, though with several cases of no considerable impact and few reports of negative impacts. The contributions of CBFM schemes to SDGs was constrained by weaknesses in the CBFM frameworks. Enhancing CBFM schemes contribution to SDGs requires addressing the major weaknesses observed in the CBFM frameworks.},
   author = {Lalisa A Duguma and Joanes Atela and Alemayehu N Ayana and Dieudonne Alemagi and Mathew Mpanda and Moses Nyago and Peter A Minang and Judith M Nzyoka and Divine Foundjem-Tita and Cécile Ngo Ntamag-Ndjebet},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10514-230421},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art21},
   title = {Community forestry frameworks in sub-Saharan Africa and the impact on sustainable development},
   volume = {23},
   url = {https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol23/iss4/art21/},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000440314500003,
   abstract = {Increased availability of current forest resource information provides an opportunity to evaluate the continued concerns about forest sustainability in North America. The purpose of this study is to assess and discuss the current state and trends of North American forest resources, sustainable forest management, and their implications for forest sustainability. Recent information indicates that forest sustainability in North America is not under threat. Forest area, inventory, and carbon stocks have been increasing while wood harvest has been declining. Large expanses of forest resources are covered by management plans, and many forests are certified. The areas of concern include forest fires and bark beetle infestations in primarily public forests in the western USA and Canada, and continued loss of forest cover in Mexico. Despite progress made in gathering information on forest resources, evaluating forest sustainability remains challenging. Practicing sustainable forest management is made difficult by unfavorable market conditions and the ensuing lack of funding, challenges in developing and implementing forest management plans, and uncertainties including potential impacts of climate change, population growth, and changing markets.},
   author = {Jacek P Siry and Frederick W Cubbage and Kevin M Potter and Kathleen McGinley},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-018-0079-2},
   issn = {2198-6436},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS},
   pages = {138-149},
   title = {Current Perspectives on Sustainable Forest Management: North America},
   volume = {4},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000430766300013,
   abstract = {Little attention has been paid to the role of forest produce organizations in social development. The collective principles of forest producer organizations allow them to potentially provide formal and informal social protection benefits to their members in forest dependent communities. We review the literature to understand and document the role and practices of forest producer organizations in providing social protection. Our review finds that most of the social protection benefits provided by forest producer organizations are in the form of social insurance, informal insurance through pooled funds and social services in the community. However, there is limited evidence of the effectiveness or socio-economic impact of the social protection benefits provided by forest producer organizations. In addition, studies do not provide comprehensive information on design elements such as benefit levels, scope and duration. Our review also identifies a broad range of factors that enable or hinder the provision of social protection benefits and discusses the opportunities for strengthening and supporting the provision of social protection by forest producer organizations. The review's findings suggest that forest producer organizations can potentially contribute to the expansion of social protection coverage among the rural poor in line with the targets of the sustainable development goal (SDG) 1.},
   author = {Nyasha Tirivayi and Louise Nennen and Wondimagegn Tesfaye and Qiang Ma},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2018.01.010},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   pages = {106-114},
   title = {The benefits of collective action: Exploring the role of forest producer organizations in social protection},
   volume = {90},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000437967900009,
   abstract = {Environmental and economic performance of forestry on drained peatlands was reviewed to consider whether continuous cover forestry (CCF) could be a feasible alternative to even-aged management (EM). CCF was regarded feasible particularly because continuously maintaining a tree stand with significant transpiration and interception capacity would decrease the need for ditch network maintenance. Managing CCF forests in such a way that the ground water levels are lower than in clear-cut EM forests but higher than in mature EM forests could decrease greenhouse gas emissions and negative water quality impacts caused both by anoxic redox reactions and oxidation and mineralization of deep peat layers. Regeneration studies indicated potential for satisfactory natural regeneration under CCF on drained peatlands. An economic advantage in CCF over EM is that fewer investments are needed to establish the forest stand and sustain its growth. Thus, even if the growth of trees in CCF forests were lower than in EM forests, CCF could at least in some peatland sites turn out to be a more profitable forest management regime. An advantage of CCF from the viewpoint of socially optimal forest management is that it plausibly reduces the negative externalities of management compared to EM. We propose that future research in drained peatland forests should focus on assessing the economic and environmental feasibility of CCF.},
   author = {M Nieminen and H Hokka and R Laiho and A Juutinen and A Ahtikoski and M Pearson and S Kojola and S Sarkkola and S Launiainen and S Valkonen and T Penttila and A Lohila and M Saarinen and K Haahti and R Makipaa and J Miettinen and M Ollikainen},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2018.04.046},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   pages = {78-84},
   title = {Could continuous cover forestry be an economically and environmentally feasible management option on drained boreal peatlands?},
   volume = {424},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000424961800002,
   abstract = {Development of bioeconomy is high on political agendas around the world. As part of bioeconomy policies governments have initiated reviews of the contemporary laws in order to identify and remove potential barriers and address the shortcomings as well as develop new tools to facilitate transition to bioeconomy. This paper discusses the role of natural resources law in bioeconomy and considers the needs for developing legislation to better meet the future challenges. As a concrete case study the article evaluates regulations governing the use of forests in Finland from the perspective of bioeconomy. The paper shows that major deficiencies in regulations governing the use of forests in Finland in developing bioeconomy relate to ecological and social sustainability, resource efficiency, and conflict management. The article concludes that there is a need to increase integration, adaptability, transparency and public participation in Finnish forest regulation to facilitate the transition to and maintain sustainable bioeconomy.},
   author = {Suvi Borgstrom},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2017.10.012},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   pages = {11-23},
   title = {Reviewing natural resources law in the light of bioeconomy: Finnish forest regulations as a case study},
   volume = {88},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000445694900019,
   abstract = {Many zero-deforestation commitments pledge to enhance social sustainability in commodity supply chains. We review zero-deforestation commitments, and the peer-reviewed and gray literature, to characterize the role of these commitments in protecting and enhancing the well-being of indigenous and traditional forest-dependent people, laborers, and smallholders. First, we find that social criteria in zero-deforestation commitments pertain to labor standards, land rights, and community consultation. Second, we find that few publications examine the impacts of zero-deforestation commitments on social outcomes. Of those few, most are gray literature reports that rely on field-intensive data-collection to evaluate compliance with social criteria. Third, we highlight opportunities for linking zero-deforestation commitments to certification programs, and for developing jurisdictional approaches to sustainable sourcing. Finally, we call for more research to better-understand the social dimensions of zero-deforestation commitments.},
   author = {Peter Newton and Rayna Benzeev},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2018.05.023},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   issue = {SI},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {126-133},
   title = {The role of zero-deforestation commitments in protecting and enhancing rural livelihoods},
   volume = {32},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000453422000002,
   abstract = {The transformational potential of Agenda 2030 lies in the synergies to be found among the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs were designed to be interdependent, requiring enhanced policy coherence for sustainable development, and forests have a prominent role to play in their success. To support SDGs integration and highlight challenges to, and opportunities for, policy coherence among sectors that affect forests, we identify three policy clusters that are each defined by a set of closely related SDGs: ecosystem services and livelihoods; the green economy; and rights, justice, equality and inclusion. We illustrate how enhanced policy coherence within each cluster can support integrated approaches that both benefit from, and provide support for, forests.},
   author = {Joleen Timko and Philippe Le Billon and Hisham Zerriffi and Jordi Honey-Roses and Ian de la Roche and Chris Gaston and Terry C H Sunderland and Rob A Kozak},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2018.06.004},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {7-12},
   title = {A policy nexus approach to forests and the SDGs: tradeoffs and synergies},
   volume = {34},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000446321000017,
   abstract = {Cameroon, in its Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries Law 94/01 of 1994, supported local communities to engage in managing forests and benefit from them economically and environmentally. Three main objectives underlie this law: (1) enabling local communities to have access rights to forests in their surroundings, (2) Improving rural livelihoods, and (3) promoting sustainable forest management. Despite a gradual increase in the number of community forests, their effectiveness in delivering on the above objectives has been low. Our aim is to examine the typologies of the enabling factors (enablers) that could improve the performance of community forests in achieving the objectives underlying their creation. Content analysis was applied to 41 documents focusing on community forest issues in Cameroon. Benefit generation, partnership, monitoring, and policy support were the most frequently mentioned enablers with 47% of the total frequency of enablers assessed. The second enablers set, with close to 33% of the total frequency, are technical support, governance, financial support, practices choices, and institutions. We found a strong degree of association between the enablers in general. Ownership, performance, and partnership dominate this with positive association with 12, 11, and 10 other enablers, respectively. These results point to two policy and technical implications in the area of community forestry in Cameroon. First, the emergence of key sets of enablers and clusters of associations can help identify and emphasize critical leveraging points for improving effectiveness and efficiency. Second, it points to the need for holistic or integrated approaches in addressing enablers to improve community forests' performance. Further research might be needed in identifying and prioritizing corresponding policy instruments required for intervention.},
   author = {Lalisa A Duguma and Peter A Minang and Divine Foundjem-Tita and Parmutia Makui and Serge Mandiefe Piabuo},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10242-230301},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art1},
   title = {Prioritizing enablers for effective community forestry in Cameroon},
   volume = {23},
   url = {https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol23/iss3/art1/},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000426152500055,
   abstract = {Global supply chains play a critical role in many of the most pressing environmental stresses and social struggles identified by the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Responding to calls from the global community, companies are adopting a variety of voluntary practices to improve the environmental and/or social management of their suppliers' activities. We develop a global survey of 449 publicly listed companies in the food, textile, and wood-products sectors with annual reports in English to provide insight into how the private sector contributes to advancing the SDGs via such sustainable-sourcing practices. We find that while 52% of companies use at least one sustainable-sourcing practice, these practices are limited in scope; 71% relates to only one or a few input materials and 60.5% apply to only first-tier suppliers. We also find that sustainable-sourcing practices typically address a small subset of the sustainability challenges laid out by the SDGs, primarily focusing on labor rights and compliance with national laws. Consistent with existing hypotheses, companies that face consumer and civil society pressure are associated with a significantly higher probability of adopting sustainable-sourcing practices. Our findings highlight the opportunities and limitations of corporate sustainable-sourcing practices in addressing the myriad sustainability challenges facing our world today.},
   author = {Tannis Thorlakson and Joann F de Zegher and Eric F Lambin},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1716695115},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {9},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {2072-2077},
   title = {Companies' contribution to sustainability through global supply chains},
   volume = {115},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000446920400051,
   abstract = {The Paris Agreement promotes forest management as a pathway towards halting climate warming through the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions(1). However, the climate benefits from carbon sequestration through forest management may be reinforced, counteracted or even offset by concurrent management-induced changes in surface albedo, land-surface roughness, emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds, transpiration and sensible heat flux(2-4). Consequently, forest management could offset CO2 emissions without halting global temperature rise. It therefore remains to be confirmed whether commonly proposed sustainable European forest-management portfolios would comply with the Paris Agreement-that is, whether they can reduce the growth rate of atmospheric CO2, reduce the radiative imbalance at the top of the atmosphere, and neither increase the near-surface air temperature nor decrease precipitation by the end of the twenty-first century. Here we show that the portfolio made up of management systems that locally maximize the carbon sink through carbon sequestration, wood use and product and energy substitution reduces the growth rate of atmospheric CO2, but does not meet any of the other criteria. The portfolios that maximize the carbon sink or forest albedo pass only one-different in each case-criterion. Managing the European forests with the objective of reducing near-surface air temperature, on the other hand, will also reduce the atmospheric CO2 growth rate, thus meeting two of the four criteria. Trade-off are thus unavoidable when using European forests to meet climate objectives. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that if present-day forest cover is sustained, the additional climate benefits achieved through forest management would be modest and local, rather than global. On the basis of these findings, we argue that Europe should not rely on forest management to mitigate climate change. The modest climate effects from changes in forest management imply, however, that if adaptation to future climate were to require large-scale changes in species composition and silvicultural systems over Europe(5,6), the forests could be adapted to climate change with neither positive nor negative climate effects.},
   author = {Sebastiaan Luyssaert and Guillaume Marie and Aude Valade and Yi-Ying Chen and Sylvestre Njakou Djomo and James Ryder and Juliane Otto and Kim Naudts and Anne Sofie Lanso and Josefine Ghattas and Matthew J McGrath},
   doi = {10.1038/s41586-018-0577-1},
   issn = {0028-0836},
   issue = {7726},
   journal = {NATURE},
   pages = {259+},
   title = {Trade-offs in using European forests to meet climate objectives},
   volume = {562},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000453337000018,
   abstract = {With limited decarbonization options in the aviation sector, renewable jet fuels produced from biomass resources represent a promising opportunity. However, potential implications of their deployment on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) remain largely unexplored. We introduce an approach for SDG analysis based on life-cycle impact assessment methods. We show that climate action benefits of renewable jet fuels produced from forest residues available in Norway are larger in the medium/longer term than the shorter term, but they increase pressure on other SDGs-mainly SDGs 2, 3, 6, 11, 12 and 14-especially for alcohol-to-jet fuel technology. Most of these adverse side-effects are alleviated with technological and supply-chain improvements. Environmental sustainability analysis can identify both synergies (mitigation options that co-deliver across SDGs) and trade-offs between climate change mitigation and the SDGs, thereby supporting their early management and mitigation.},
   author = {Otavio Cavalett and Francesco Cherubini},
   doi = {10.1038/s41893-018-0181-2},
   issn = {2398-9629},
   issue = {12},
   journal = {NATURE SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {799-807},
   title = {Contribution of jet fuel from forest residues to multiple Sustainable Development Goals},
   volume = {1},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000450118100011,
   abstract = {The Brazilian Amazon forest is tremendously important for its ecosystem services but attribution of economically measurable values remains scarce. Mapping these values is essential for designing conservation strategies that suitably combine regional forest protection with sustainable forest use. We estimate spatially explicit economic values for a range of ecosystem services provided by the Brazilian Amazon forest, including food production (Brazil nut), raw material provision (rubber and timber), greenhouse gas mitigation (CO2 emissions) and climate regulation (rent losses to soybean, beef and hydroelectricity production due to reduced rainfall). Our work also includes the mapping of biodiversity resources and of rent losses to timber production by fire-induced degradation. Highest values range from US$56.72 +/- 10 ha (-1) yr(-1) to US$737 +/- 134 ha(-1) yr(-1) but are restricted to only 12% of the remaining forest. Our results, presented on a web platform, identify regions where high ecosystem services values cluster together as potential information to support decision-making.},
   author = {Jon Strand and Britaldo Soares-Filho and Marcos Heil Costa and Ubirajara Oliveira and Sonia Carvalho Ribeiro and Gabrielle Ferreira Pires and Aline Oliveira and Raoni Rajao and Peter May and Richard van der Hoff and Juha Siikamaki and Ronaldo Seroa da Motta and Michael Toman},
   doi = {10.1038/s41893-018-0175-0},
   issn = {2398-9629},
   issue = {11},
   journal = {NATURE SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {657-664},
   title = {Spatially explicit valuation of the Brazilian Amazon Forest's Ecosystem Services},
   volume = {1},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000469866900012,
   abstract = {When it was first introduced, the concept of sustainability in the forestry sector had a narrow focus on sustainable wood production. Since then, this concept has evolved and it now considers now the three sustainability dimensions (economic, environmental and social) of the whole forest wood supply chain. The main objective of this study is then to review assessment and optimization studies that consider the forest wood supply chain and at least one of the sustainability dimensions. To accomplish this goal, a total number of 188 papers, published in English-speaking peer-reviewed journals from 1995 to 2017, were reviewed. These papers have been classified according to the sustainability dimensions explored, the stakeholder's involvement, the modeling approaches applied, the supply chain decision levels treated, the uncertainty inclusion, and case study analyzed. Most of the studies reviewed (84.6%) considered only two sustainability dimensions: economic (31.9%), environmental (13.8%), or a combination of both (38.8%). The first study including the three sustainability dimensions was published in 2005. Most of the studies reviewed (64.9%) focus on the bioenergy industry in Europe and North America, due to the growing interest in using biomass to substitute fossil fuels in energy production. The final part of the paper presents the identified specific features of sustainable forest wood supply chains and discusses a future research agenda in the area.},
   author = {Andreia Santos and Ana Carvalho and Ana Paula Barbosa-Povoa and Alexandra Marques and Pedro Amorim},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2019.05.026},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   month = {8},
   pages = {112-135},
   title = {Assessment and optimization of sustainable forest wood supply chains - A systematic literature review},
   volume = {105},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000461270600031,
   abstract = {Central European temperate oak woodlands are highly valued for their rich biodiversity. They are also of great economic importance and forest management aims to produce high quality timber, which demands high investments. The aim of this literature review is to identify management options for forestry and nature conservation that sustain both the ecological value of oak forests and the economic viability of oak silviculture. We addressed three main questions: (a) Oaks and close-to-nature forestry - what are the key silvicultural challenges and options?, (b) What is the particular significance of ecological continuity and which structural features are of importance for biodiversity conservation in oak forests?, (c) What are the key elements and possible strategies of forest management that sustain the ecological values in oak forests in combination with viable forestry? Light availability appeared to be a conspicuous link connecting the conservation and the silvicultural aspects of multifunctional oak forest management: Both young oak trees and multiple oak woodland specialist species are characterized by their need for increased sunlight exposure. This common denominator provides a sound basis for integrative management practices for forestry and nature conservation. The concept of retention forestry offers purposeful approaches. So the harvest of valuable timber oaks or the creation of canopy gaps for oak regeneration can be used to release the crowns and trunks of habitat oaks from shading and competition. When looking at the management of oak woodland biodiversity hotspots, the re-establishment of (modified) historical forest management techniques, which increase stand openness and create transitional habitats that provide suitable oak regeneration niches, seems to be necessary. Not only the continuity of oak woodland cover and natural site conditions, but also the uninterrupted temporal continuity and availability of wood-related structural features turned out to be of particular importance for oak woodland specialist species. We identified an urgent need for systematic forest planning approaches that secure the long-term availability of these structural features within areas or ``sustainability units\{''\} that are large enough to maintain viable populations of oak woodland specialist species. In particular, conservation-oriented forestry measures should mainly be implemented in those areas, where the greatest effectiveness is to be expected. In the sustainability units, oak regeneration measures ought to take place either in close vicinity to old oak stands or directly in these stands. The choice of one of these options should be based on a careful consideration of the needs and possibilities of both silvicultural and nature conservation management.},
   author = {Andreas Moelder and Peter Meyer and Ralf-Volker Nagel},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2019.01.006},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   month = {4},
   pages = {324-339},
   title = {Integrative management to sustain biodiversity and ecological continuity in Central European temperate oak (Quercus robur, Q. petraea) forests: An overview},
   volume = {437},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000455990500011,
   abstract = {In a context of highly fragmented woodlands' ownership, joint forest management implies a reduction of transaction costs for its members and improves the coherence of forestry actions at the landscape scale. Increasing the size of the management unit improves market positioning, permits a more technical management, and improves environmental sustainability in aspects that require spatial coordination. A review of relevant literature on forest owners' groupings and the lessons learned from case studies in Navarra (Spain) have been analysed from a social capital perspective. Twelve challenges are identified, for which technical recommendations are offered. We navigate through decision-making procedures, geographical cohesion, legitimacy and trust building, transparency and internal communication, trade-offs in efficiency and equity, local idiosyncrasy, management committee dynamics, risk aversion vs. flexibility, legal aspects, joint motivations and long-term vision, and intermediary's efficiency. Existing policy tools help in overcoming some of the economic and technical aspects. However, internal governance challenges require a concerted effort from participating forest owners.},
   author = {Elena Gorriz-Mifsud and Luis Olza Donazar and Eduardo Montero Eseverri and Valentino Marini Govigli},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2017.11.005},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   month = {2},
   pages = {100-109},
   title = {The challenges of coordinating forest owners for joint management},
   volume = {99},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000486553900017,
   abstract = {Millions of people are dependent on tropical forests for livelihood. However, their dependence on meagre incomes from nontimber forest products (NTFPs) and payment for ecosystem services (PES) are leading to continuing poverty. It is doubtful if the program, Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD + ) has yet achieved much in its primary goal of forest conservation, and the chance of it helping to alleviate rural poverty is slim. Forest conservation per se hardly creates economic opportunities, beyond survival, for rural people. Our efforts for conserving forests and their biodiversity will remain less effective as long as there are so many enclaves of trenchant poverty within and around them in the landscapes and we continue to by-pass practical routes to poverty alleviation. Poverty can be alleviated only if local actions spur economic development in which local communities have a rightful and fair share and can earn rewards for their entrepreneurships. Wood is a renewable, recyclable, versatile and sustainable natural resource. The demands for wood products are rising in developing countries, as their economies grow. They also face endemic wood deficits. This provides opportunities to pro-actively develop commercial forestry as a path to rural development and poverty alleviation. That would also assist national climate change mitigation measures, because forests sequester carbon, wood products are largely carbon positive and timber- based options are on hand to substitute for high emission materials such as concrete, steel and aluminium used to build our living environments. To move along this path, the businesses of tree growing by small-growers and local value adding should be strengthened, catalysing the entrepreneurial spirits of local people. Central to this is the need to put in place strategies to improve the productivity of and value from small scale enterprises; yet there is a serious lack of research and application to serve this key need. Among other constraints faced by small-growers include, lack of transparent and legal rights to land ownership in several countries, layers of bureaucratic regulations and the current international forest certification systems which are cumbersome and unaffordable for small-growers. Actions are possible and needed for simplifying or removing road blocks on all these fronts, along with, importantly, the development of markets for diverse products. Growth of the forestry sector as an engine for rural development warrants far greater recognition and investment than has been the case so far. We need to reimagine and strengthen the role of forestry including commercial wood business - green growth - as an effective path to rural development and poverty alleviation.},
   author = {E K Sadanandan Nambiar},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2019.06.014},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   month = {9},
   pages = {160-173},
   title = {Tamm Review: Re-imagining forestry and wood business: pathways to rural development, poverty alleviation and climate change mitigation in the tropics},
   volume = {448},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000464153200007,
   abstract = {Cameroon introduced community forestry (CF) in 1994 as a means of improving community engagement in forest management, enhancing forest conservation, and reducing poverty for forest-dependent people. More than 20 years on, reflection on uptake, conceptual evolution, and innovation is necessary to understand how best community forests can contribute to Cameroon's post-2015 sustainable development goals. We investigate, review, and reflect on how community forestry has evolved from an innovation ecosystem perspective, with a view to enhancing innovations and performance. Interest and momentum in community forestry remains strong in Cameroon, with the number of community forests growing, reaching 430 and covering 1.7 million ha (7% of total forest area). Major innovations identified are the introduction of pre-emption rights and steps toward sustainable forest management (ban on industrial logging, development of certification standards, and the introduction of the environmental notice in lieu of a full environmental impact assessment for CF activities). Little or no innovation is registered in areas related to forest enterprise (i.e., products and services value chains) and in terms of practicing sustainable forest management. Evidence suggests that knowledge generated directly feeds innovation. Coincidentally, areas for which little progress was made (enterprise and sustainable practices) also recorded few publications, suggesting that partnerships aimed at improving knowledge generation and sharing could help catalyze innovation. Other options for unlocking innovations within community forestry discussed include: enhancing intercommunity forest and private sector community forests partnerships and collaboration, increased capacity development and capital investments, and deploying incentives (financial and nonfinancial). Together these options can potentially transform community forestry in Cameroon.},
   author = {Peter A Minang and Lalisa A Duguma and Florence Bernard and Divine Foundjem-Tita and Zacharie Tchoundjeu},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10573-240101},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art1},
   title = {Evolution of community forestry in Cameroon: an innovation ecosystems perspective},
   volume = {24},
   url = {https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol24/iss1/art1/},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000464153200005,
   abstract = {Costa Rica has a strong international reputation for conservation and sustainable management of forests, including through its national payments for environmental services (PES) system and reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+). However, to be able to take those achievements to the next level, new approaches need to be developed that integrate agriculture and environmental politics, e.g., to foster climate-smart landscape management. This would be in line with the idea of a green transformation as a necessary contribution to bring human social-ecological action back within planetary boundaries. We start from a general conceptualization of a green transformation and its potential drivers, then analyze the basis and prospects for such developments by providing a review of the country's forest politics, including a mapping of relevant stakeholders that have been influential in designing and implementing the national PES and REDD+ approaches. Based on original empirical analysis that was conducted throughout 2017, we further analyze recent institutional developments of setting up a cross-sectoral policy for agriculture and environment as part of a broader landscape management approach, including the opportunities and challenges that might arise with a view to realizing this idea on the ground.},
   author = {Linda Wallbott and Giuseppina Siciliano and Markus Lederer},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10476-240124},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art24},
   title = {Beyond PES and REDD+: Costa Rica on the way to climate-smart landscape management?},
   volume = {24},
   url = {https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol24/iss1/art24/},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000506574000012,
   abstract = {Environmental management (EM) requires indicators to inform objectives and monitor the impacts or efficacy of management practices. One common approach uses ``functional ecological\{''\} indicators, which are typically species whose presence or abundance are tied to functional ecological processes, such as nutrient productivity and availability, trophic interactions, and habitat connectivity. In contrast, and used for millennia by Indigenous peoples, biocultural indicators are rooted in local values and place-based relationships between nature and people. In many landscapes today where Indigenous peoples are reasserting sovereignty and governance authority over natural resources, the functional ecological approach to indicator development does not capture fundamental values and ties to the natural world that have supported social-ecological systems over the long term. Accordingly, we argue that the development and use of biocultural indicators to shape, monitor, and evaluate the success of EM projects will be critical to achieving ecological and social sustainability today. We have provided a framework composed of criteria to be considered when selecting and applying meaningful and efficacious biocultural indicators among the diverse array of potential species and values. We used a case study from a region now referred to as coastal British Columbia, Canada, to show how the suggested application of functional ecological indicators by the provincial government created barriers to the development of meaningful cogovernance. We then explained how the Kitasoo/Xai'xais First Nation designed and implemented a bioculturally relevant suite of indicators in their own EM and monitoring processes. Drawing on our experiences there and both the biocultural and functional ecological literature, we proposed six generalizable criteria (culturally salient, inclusive, sensitive to impacts, supportive of place-based relationships, perceptible, and linked to human well-being) that can guide resource stewards and agencies in selecting locally relevant indicators to implement biocultural EM and monitor the performance of outcomes.},
   author = {Bryant C DeRoy and Chris T Darimont and Christina N Service},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-11120-240421},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art21},
   title = {Biocultural indicators to support locally led environmental management and monitoring},
   volume = {24},
   url = {https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol24/iss4/art21/},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000464153200023,
   abstract = {The Cameroonian Readiness Preparation Proposal recognizes community forests (CFs) as one strategy for implementing REDD+ (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries). However, there has been little analysis of the extent to which CFs can help achieve REDD+ objectives in Cameroon. We explore options for REDD+ within CFs, as well as challenges and possible ways forward. Cocoa agroforestry in deforested or highly degraded CFs is currently the most competitive option for implementing REDD+ while delivering ecological, economic, and social cobenefits. Reduced-impact logging and conservation or natural regeneration are technically sound options for emissions reductions within CFs, but are unlikely to compete with other more profitable activities at the current low carbon market prices of approximately USD $5/tonne of carbon. However, these options could potentially compete under a social cost of carbon estimated at $43/tonne of carbon. The current CF architecture presents a set of factors that could favor REDD+ implementation, including: good legal and institutional frameworks and practices compatible with REDD+ safeguards, experience and knowledge in related payments for ecosystem services and performance-based finance pilots, and social capital in a community of practice. The CF architecture also features potentially inhibiting factors such as poor governance (notably, elite capture and corruption), unclear carbon rights, and financing challenges. We identify a set of enabling actions for delivery of REDD+ within CFs in Cameroon, which include: clarifying carbon rights; establishing a benefit-sharing mechanism from the national to the local level with clear rules for rewarding emission reductions in CFs; and building monitoring, reporting, and verification infrastructure for REDD+ within CFs. More importantly, adopting an integrated approach in which CFs serve multiple objectives, including ecosystem-based adaptation, REDD+, and the original community forestry objectives could enable drawing from both adaptation and mitigation finance, technical support, and provide long-term sustainable development benefits.},
   author = {Florence Bernard and Peter A Minang},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10708-240114},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art14},
   title = {Community forestry and REDD+ in Cameroon: what future?},
   volume = {24},
   url = {https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol24/iss1/art14/},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000464153200013,
   abstract = {A community forestry approach was adopted by Cameroon as a strategy to promote the sustainable management of forests, participation by local communities in forest management, and poverty alleviation. However, results have been moderate and community forestry has largely failed in achieving its initial goals. Our work, based on existing literature, uses the three inter-related dimensions of equity: distributive, procedural, and contextual to highlight the main equity challenges encountered in implementing the community forestry approach over the past 20 years in Cameroon. The main constraints to distributive equity identified include: the absence of clear benefit-sharing mechanisms and rents capture by elites, insecure tenure, and limited use rights of forest resources. Regarding the procedural dimension, we observed an exclusion of vulnerable groups, especially women, and a lack of information flow and transparency in decision-making processes. Finally, for contextual equity, the main constraints are unfair laws and regulations that give more advantages to the state and logging companies than to the local population. Moreover, poor community capacities and high transaction costs in the process of obtaining and exploiting community forests are additional constraints to contextual equity. The authors recommend a few measures to improve community forestry contribution to socioeconomic development, equity in benefit sharing, and sustainable management of forest resources. These include the need: (1) to promote transparency in community forests management with fair and gender-based policies that consider socioeconomic differences existing within and between forest communities; (2) to strengthen local community members financial and technical capacities and increase their representation and participation in decision-making structures; and (3) to set up mechanisms that guarantee existing policies are fully implemented.},
   author = {Urcil Papito Kenfack Essougong and Divine Foundjem-Tita and Peter A Minang},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10656-240109},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art9},
   title = {Addressing equity in community forestry: lessons from 20 years of implementation in Cameroon},
   volume = {24},
   url = {https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol24/iss1/art9/},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000482391700001,
   abstract = {Purpose of Review One of the challenges of forest operations is to consider the consequences of different management strategies and to estimate the economic, environmental and social performance of different processes, products, or services. From the methods available to quantify the impact of alternative forest management, we selected the method of Sustainability Impact Assessment (SIA), an iterative process that includes the analysis of the societal, environmental, and economic sustainability pillars and offers a wider assessment framework, which is useful for stakeholders and policy makers. The purpose of this review is to identify the state of the art and trends of SIA in forest operations. Recent Findings There are few studies including all pillars of sustainability and most of the studies consider different aspects of environmental or economic impacts. It is important to determine the system boundaries and select the appropriate indicators in order to have a comprehensive SIA. Different harvesting technologies and their deployment can influence costs, productivity, environment, and safety risk. Some indicators, such as cost and productivity, can vary between countries and different scenarios. Efficient machines, appropriate technical systems, innovative products, and up-to date training of operators can have a positive impact on sustainability. Economic factors can change at a rapid pace, and new machines can play a positive role in forest operations (e.g., lower fuel consumption, higher level of safety and comfort for operators). The inclusion of indicators measuring the extra value of the forest should be considered. We suggest adopting sensitivity analysis during the assessment of key processes to observe the effect on the hot spots.},
   author = {Janine Schweier and Natascia Magagnotti and Eric R Labelle and Dimitris Athanassiadis},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-019-00091-6},
   issn = {2198-6436},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS},
   pages = {101-113},
   title = {Sustainability Impact Assessment of Forest Operations: a Review},
   volume = {5},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000493764700001,
   abstract = {Purpose of Review In this article, we review existing research addressing how environmental regulations have influenced the pulp and paper industry. These regulations appear in different forms and designs and address air and water pollution as well as climate change. The paper devotes particular attention to how various regulations have affected sustainable technological change and the prospects for inducing deep emission reductions without jeopardizing industrial competitiveness and future investments. Recent Findings Experiences from key pulp and paper regions, not least the Nordic countries, suggest that gradually tightening performance standards have contributed to radical reductions in emissions, e.g., chlorine compounds and biological oxygen demanding agents, and without imposing excessive compliance costs. This outcome can largely be attributed to how the regulations have been designed-and implemented-in practice, as well as to the presence of efficient and legitimate institutions. Long-term emission reduction targets, in combination with extended compliance periods and trustful firm-regulator relationships, contributed to radical technological innovation and permitted radical emission reductions without excessive compliance costs. The development of alternative bleaching technologies is an apt example. In contrast, the impact of carbon pricing schemes, including the EU emissions trading scheme, on carbon dioxide emissions reductions and related technological change in the pulp and paper industry has however been modest. Self-regulation, certification, and community pressure have exerted relatively modest influences on the environmental performance of the industry. Important avenues for future research are identified. These include the following: (a) comparative research on how policy mixes in various countries have influenced environmental compliance and innovation; processes; (b) future studies of environmental regulations, their design and implementation, in emerging pulp and paper producing countries, not least China; and (c) research on how environmental regulations can affect ongoing restructurings in the industry towards a broader palette of products in biorefineries.},
   author = {Patrik Soderholm and Ann-Kristin Bergquist and Kristina Soderholm},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-019-00097-0},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS},
   pages = {185-198},
   title = {Environmental Regulation in the Pulp and Paper Industry: Impacts and Challenges},
   volume = {5},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000485771900011,
   abstract = {A novel European Union forest policy based on the best and most up-to-date information available is urgently needed. Without such change, forests will not provide the resources we need and will suffer heavily under climate change. Forest inventories and many information sources exist in all countries but are not properly used in European Union policymaking. We introduce a next-generation information tool that portrays a synchronized top-down European forest management strategies map, spatially weighing the multifunctionality of European forests.},
   author = {Gert-Jan Nabuurs and Peter Verweij and Michiel Van Eupen and Marta Perez-Soba and Helga Puelz and Kees Hendriks},
   doi = {10.1038/s41893-019-0374-3},
   issn = {2398-9629},
   issue = {9},
   journal = {NATURE SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {815-818},
   title = {Next-generation information to support a sustainable course for European forests},
   volume = {2},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000528432200001,
   abstract = {Purpose of Review Lowering the impact of forest utilisation on the forest environment is a part of the improvement in sustainable forest management. As part of forest utilisation, timber harvesting can also cause environmental implications. The main impact of forest operations is on the soil, on regeneration and on the residual stand. The aim of the present review was to identify the state of the art in forest utilisation, identifying how and how much forest operations affect forest soil, regeneration and the remaining stand. Particular attention was paid to the level of impact and potential to limit this. Recent Findings There are a large number of publications tackling forest harvesting, but most of them do not give a comprehensive framework and they mainly focus on one or very few aspects of forest damage. In order to improve general knowledge of the impact of forest operations, it was proposed that the scope of recent findings should be examined and a compilation of the available results from different regions should be presented in one paper. It was found that the least impactful machine-based forest operations were harvester-forwarder technologies, while a larger scale of damage could be expected from ground-based extraction systems (skidders) and cable yarders. Animal power, if applicable, tended to be very neutral to the forest environment. A decrease in damage is possible by optimising skid trail and strip road planning, careful completion of forest operations and training for operators. The existence of legal documents controlling post-harvesting stand damage are rare and have been implemented in only two countries; there is no post-harvesting control on soil damage and natural regeneration.},
   author = {Rodolfo Picchio and Piotr S Mederski and Farzam Tavankar},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-020-00113-8},
   issn = {2198-6436},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {Current Forestry Reports},
   month = {6},
   pages = {115-128},
   title = {How and How Much, Do Harvesting Activities Affect Forest Soil, Regeneration and Stands?},
   volume = {6},
   url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40725-020-00113-8},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000528191300011,
   abstract = {The ecological value of unmanaged early successional habitat created by disturbances has received considerable research attention. Less well studied is the capacity of tree plantations to contribute to local and regional biological diversity while subsidizing conservation strategies. We present a conceptual framework for describing variability in early successional forests and illustrate how the spatial pattern of this habitat may vary as a function of productivity, land ownership, and disturbance in the Pacific Northwest, USA. We posit that plantations will only increase in ecological and economic importance as the world addresses conservation and resource production challenges associated with climate change, altered disturbance regimes, increasing rates of global wood consumption, and evolving social, legal, and economic expectations. Researchers and managers can foster collaborative frameworks to encourage provisioning of non-timber services on private land, while prioritizing non-timber benefits of early successional habitat on public land to optimize biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services provided in managed forest landscapes.},
   author = {Andrew J Kroll and James D Johnston and Thomas D Stokely and Garrett W Meigs},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118055},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   month = {5},
   title = {From the ground up: Managing young forests for a range of ecosystem outcomes},
   volume = {464},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000513178500008,
   abstract = {In the extensive literature scholars have demonstrated that the goals of power transfer in the decentralization of natural resources governance have not been fully achieved. Powerful actors have maintained their positions of domination, while the interventions have transferred tasks and duties to communities and local decision makers without adequately attending to their capabilities, capacities and resources for natural resources governance. Our research cases from Mexico, Nepal and Tanzania reveal the limits of such responsibilization. We argue that natural resource governance interventions increasingly rely on a new logic that requires citizens, local authorities and communities to be responsible for their own well-being and for resource sustainability. In our case study countries, decentralized forest governance has been a way to demonstrate a ``romantic doxa\{''\} which national and international actors created via the phenomenon of ``responsibilization\{''\} -something seemingly innocent which has created symbolic violence. In this article, we argue that three aspects -capabilities, agency, and level of structures -need to be better understood to support locally responsive and collaborative natural resources governance instead of responsibilization in the resources governance. We consider that: 1) the concept of human agency is centrally connected to collaborative and responsive natural resources sustainability transformation processes; 2) the capabilities to exercise human agency need to match the duties, and the duties must be appropriate and moderate with respect to the agents in the natural resources governance and; 3) the governance structures need to be changed so as not only to support human agency to carry out duties but also to ensure capabilities.},
   author = {Irmeli Mustalahti and Violeta Gutierrez-Zamora and Maija Hyle and Bishnu Prasad Devkota and Nina Tokola},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2019.102033},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   month = {2},
   title = {Responsibilization in natural resources governance: A romantic doxa?},
   volume = {111},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000555744700014,
   abstract = {This study systematically reviews 146 publications on the socio-economic importance of natural and planted walnut forests in the 15 countries of the Silk Road in order to comprehensively assess the current state of knowledge, identify knowledge gaps and define priorities for further research. Despite widely spreading natural and cultivated walnut forests along the Silk Road, which are intensively utilized and make significant contribution to local livelihoods, we found that existing socio-economic research was still relatively limited and unequally distributed among the Silk Road countries, especially for Central Asia and Iran. As evidenced by the significant decline of walnut forests and their continued degradation, past forest conservation policies and programs were often not effective and, therefore, novel strategies and implementation models are urgently needed to achieve sustainable forest management objectives. Our review has shown that conducive economic policies, well-funded national walnut breeding programs and economic incentive schemes could effectively promote the establishment of walnut plantations, which both considerably contribute to the reclamation and rehabilitation of degraded lands and the diversification of farming systems. At the same time, further efforts are needed in walnut research and practice to improve existing value chain arrangements, develop novel products from J. regia and other underutilized forest species, and to more effectively monitor resources and enforce existing legal frameworks. While country-level research gaps seem often to be driven by national agendas and donor interests, we also identified more general topics that did not have received appropriate attention in the literature across all the investigated countries. This includes research on the impact and effectiveness of walnut plantations in reducing pressure on natural walnut forests under land sparing strategies; investigations on the role alternative forms of tourism can play in walnut forest conservation and development; and consumer studies that can provide useful guidance to enterprises in the food processing, cosmetics, handicraft and other industries to improve the quality, value-added and profitability of products derived from the walnut forests. These points illustrate the need for more systematic studies in the walnut forests of the Silk Road countries.},
   author = {Jyldyz Shigaeva and Dietrich Darr},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102233},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   title = {On the socio-economic importance of natural and planted walnut (Juglans regia L.) forests in the Silk Road countries: A systematic review},
   volume = {118},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000498821400014,
   abstract = {The circular economy has become the focus of a recent major EU policy program, which aims at the transformation towards environmentally sustainable modes of production and consumption. This has moved parts of the forest and related bio-based industries to envision their operations in terms of a circular economy. However, the meaning and implementation pathways of the concept often remain vague and ambiguous. At the same time, bio-based industries have a long history of discussing and partly realizing wood cascading. This concept strongly overlaps with circular economy ideas as it describes activities to increase the efficiency of biomass utilization. This article takes stock of wood cascading research and identifies major influencing factors for its realization to provide a comprehensive knowledge base for discussions about the circular economy in forest and related biobased industries. Based on a review of peer-reviewed literature, we find substantial knowledge available on the factors influencing the realization of wood cascading. These factors largely resemble what is currently being discussed as barriers and enablers of circular economy. Some crucial influencing factors, like policy limitations, are frequently highlighted but remain barely investigated. In addition, the various influencing factors are interdependent, making a conclusive assessment of the environmental impacts of a change to certain cascading activities extremely challenging. The challenges of quantitative assessments combined with the substantial knowledge gaps on political and socio-economic factors result in certain assumptions and political recommendations that hardly appear to be based on empirical evidence. We therefore suggest scrutinizing these assumptions and filling knowledge gaps, especially related to product design, potentials and limitations of long-lived products, and avoidance of waste generation.},
   author = {Matteo Jarre and Anna Petit-Boix and Carmen Priefer and Rolf Meyer and Sina Leipold},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2019.01.017},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   title = {Transforming the bio-based sector towards a circular economy - What can we learn from wood cascading?},
   volume = {110},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000513178500015,
   abstract = {An approach to community-based forestry (CBF) on federal forestlands in the western United States consists of a number of informal civil society institutions for communities to better organize internally and interact with government. We review the body of research on this topic, which has an explicit focus on the three interlinked aspects of democratic governance practiced to provide community benefits and ecological sustainability. We situate its prominent concepts and themes relative to the global literature on CBF, and initiate new conversation about what CBF may mean within the context of contemporary federal forest governance in the US. Drawing on our collective research and practice experience, we then propose premises and questions for a vision of a contemporary research agenda around CBF in the western US that is influenced by salient questions from the global community forestry literature, and current social and policy trends in federal lands governance.},
   author = {Emily Jane Davis and Reem Hajjar and Susan Charnley and Cassandra Moseley and Kendra Wendel and Meredith Jacobson},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2019.102042},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   title = {Community-based forestry on federal lands in the western United States: A synthesis and call for renewed research},
   volume = {111},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000513898000043,
   abstract = {<p>Maintaining the abundance of carbon stored aboveground in Amazon forests is central to any comprehensive climate stabilization strategy. Growing evidence points to indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLCs) as buffers against large-scale carbon emissions across a nine-nation network of indigenous territories (ITs) and protected natural areas (PNAs). Previous studies have demonstrated a link between indigenous land management and avoided deforestation, yet few have accounted for forest degradation and natural disturbances—processes that occur without forest clearing but are increasingly important drivers of biomass loss. Here we provide a comprehensive accounting of aboveground carbon dynamics inside and outside Amazon protected lands. Using published data on changes in aboveground carbon density and forest cover, we track gains and losses in carbon density from forest conversion and degradation/disturbance. We find that ITs and PNAs stored more than one-half (58%; 41,991 MtC) of the region’s carbon in 2016 but were responsible for just 10% (−130 MtC) of the net change (−1,290 MtC). Nevertheless, nearly one-half billion tons of carbon were lost from both ITs and PNAs (−434 MtC and −423 MtC, respectively), with degradation/disturbance accounting for &gt;75% of the losses in 7 countries. With deforestation increasing, and degradation/disturbance a neglected but significant source of region-wide emissions (47%), our results suggest that sustained support for IPLC stewardship of Amazon forests is critical. IPLCs provide a global environmental service that merits increased political protection and financial support, particularly if Amazon Basin countries are to achieve their commitments under the Paris Climate Agreement.</p>},
   author = {Wayne S. Walker and Seth R. Gorelik and Alessandro Baccini and Jose Luis Aragon-Osejo and Carmen Josse and Chris Meyer and Marcia N. Macedo and Cicero Augusto and Sandra Rios and Tuntiak Katan and Alana Almeida de Souza and Saul Cuellar and Andres Llanos and Irene Zager and Gregorio Díaz Mirabal and Kylen K. Solvik and Mary K. Farina and Paulo Moutinho and Stephan Schwartzman},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1913321117},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {6},
   journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
   month = {2},
   pages = {3015-3025},
   title = {The role of forest conversion, degradation, and disturbance in the carbon dynamics of Amazon indigenous territories and protected areas},
   volume = {117},
   url = {http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1913321117},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000533817300001,
   abstract = {A framed common-pool resource game analysis in the Brazilian Amazon shows that participatory initiatives are associated with cooperative behaviour and intrinsic motivations for tree conservation. Participatory policies for natural resource management and poverty reduction have been implemented worldwide. Inclusive participation and empowerment potentially enhances intrinsic motivation to conserve resources. However, whether participation in activities for poverty reduction enhances intrinsic motivation for resource conservation is unknown. We evaluate the impact of participation, in activities to develop sustainable livelihoods, on the intrinsic motivation of forest-dwelling community members to conserve forest commons. As a component of Brazil's Bolsa Floresta programme, these activities involve decision making, skills training and knowledge exchange related to sustainable livelihoods. Using a framed common-pool resource game with 160 community members in Amazonas State, we measure intrinsic motivation via members' extent of cooperation in conservation of trees. We obtain an estimate of impact by exploiting a natural experiment, whereby the treatment group was offered the choice to participate in activities to develop sustainable livelihoods. We find that participation crowds in cooperative behaviour and, hence, intrinsic motivation to conserve forest commons. This result suggests that enabling participation and empowering community members in the development of sustainable livelihoods has a positive effect on conservation behaviour. Our results have critical implications for participatory policies with dual environment-development goals in settings where policy recipients are marginalized.},
   author = {Charles Palmer and Grace Lara Souza and Edilza Laray and Virgilio Viana and Anthony Hall},
   doi = {10.1038/s41893-020-0531-8},
   issue = {8},
   journal = {NATURE SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {620-627},
   title = {Participatory policies and intrinsic motivation to conserve forest commons},
   volume = {3},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000544773600012,
   abstract = {Fine-scale satellite data are used to quantify forest harvest rates in 26 European countries, finding an increase in harvested forest area of 49% and an increase in biomass loss of 69% between 2011-2015 and 2016-2018. Forests provide a series of ecosystem services that are crucial to our society. In the European Union (EU), forests account for approximately 38% of the total land surface(1). These forests are important carbon sinks, and their conservation efforts are vital for the EU's vision of achieving climate neutrality by 2050(2). However, the increasing demand for forest services and products, driven by the bioeconomy, poses challenges for sustainable forest management. Here we use fine-scale satellite data to observe an increase in the harvested forest area (49 per cent) and an increase in biomass loss (69 per cent) over Europe for the period of 2016-2018 relative to 2011-2015, with large losses occurring on the Iberian Peninsula and in the Nordic and Baltic countries. Satellite imagery further reveals that the average patch size of harvested area increased by 34 per cent across Europe, with potential effects on biodiversity, soil erosion and water regulation. The increase in the rate of forest harvest is the result of the recent expansion of wood markets, as suggested by econometric indicators on forestry, wood-based bioenergy and international trade. If such a high rate of forest harvest continues, the post-2020 EU vision of forest-based climate mitigation may be hampered, and the additional carbon losses from forests would require extra emission reductions in other sectors in order to reach climate neutrality by 2050(3).},
   author = {Guido Ceccherini and Gregory Duveiller and Giacomo Grassi and Guido Lemoine and Valerio Avitabile and Roberto Pilli and Alessandro Cescatti},
   doi = {10.1038/s41586-020-2438-y},
   issn = {0028-0836},
   issue = {7814},
   journal = {NATURE},
   pages = {72+},
   title = {Abrupt increase in harvested forest area over Europe after 2015},
   volume = {583},
   year = {2020},
}
