@article{ISI:000275223300001,
   abstract = {Forest soil carbon (C) storage is a significant component of the global C cycle, and is important for sustaining forest productivity. Although forest management may have substantial impacts on soil C storage, experimental data from forest harvesting studies have not been synthesized recently. To quantify the effects of harvesting on soil C, and to identify sources of variation in soil C responses to harvest, we used meta-analysis to test a database of 432 soil C response ratios drawn from temperate forest harvest studies around the world. Harvesting reduced soil C by an average of 8 +/- 3% (95% CI), although numerous sources of variation mediated this significant, overall effect. In particular, we found that C concentrations and C pool sizes responded differently to harvesting, and forest floors were more likely to lose C than mineral soils. Harvesting caused forest floor C storage to decline by a remarkably consistent 30 +/- 6%, but losses were significantly smaller in coniferous/mixed stands (-20%) than hardwoods (-36%). Mineral soils showed no significant, overall change in C storage due to harvest, and variation among mineral soils was best explained by soil taxonomy. Alfisols and Spodosols exhibited no significant changes, and Inceptisols and Ultisols lost mineral soil C (-13% and -7%, respectively). However, these C losses were neither permanent nor unavoidable. Controls on variation within orders were not consistent, but included species composition, time, and sampling depth. Temporal patterns and soil C budgets suggest that forest floor C losses probably have a lesser impact on total soil C storage on Alfisols, Inceptisols, and Ultisols than on Spodosols, which store proportionately large amounts of C in forest floors with long C recovery times (50-70 years). Mineral soil C losses on Inceptisols and Ultisols indicate that these orders are vulnerable to significant harvest-induced changes in total soil C storage, but alternative residue management and site preparation techniques, and the passage of time, may mitigate or negate these losses. Key findings of this analysis, including the dependence of forest floor and mineral soil C storage changes on species composition and soil taxonomic order, suggest that further primary research may make it possible to create predictive maps of forest harvesting effects on soil C storage. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved},
   author = {Lucas E Nave and Eric D Vance and Christopher W Swanston and Peter S Curtis},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2009.12.009},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   issue = {5},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   pages = {857-866},
   title = {Harvest impacts on soil carbon storage in temperate forests},
   volume = {259},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000289081200004,
   abstract = {To solve problems caused by conventional forest management, forest certification has emerged as a driver of sustainable forest management. Several sustainable forest management certification systems exist, including the Forest Stewardship Council and those endorsed by the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification, such as the Canadian Standards Association - Sustainable Forestry Management Standard CAN/CSA - Z809 and Sustainable Forestry Initiative. For consumers to use certified products to meet their own sustainability goals, they must have an understanding of the effectiveness of different certification systems. To understand the relative performance of three systems, we determined: (1) the criteria used to compare the Forest Stewardship Council, Canadian Standards Association Sustainable Forestry Management, and Sustainable Forestry Initiative, (2) if consensus exists regarding their ability to achieve sustainability goals, and (3) what research gaps must be filled to improve our understanding of how forest certification systems affect sustainable forest management. We conducted a qualitative meta-analysis of 26 grey literature references (books, industry and nongovernmental organization publications) and 9 primary literature references (articles in peer-reviewed academic journals) that compared at least two of the aforementioned certification systems. The Forest Stewardship Council was the highest performer for ecological health and social sustainable forest management criteria. The Canadian Standards Association - Sustainable Forestry Management and Sustainable Forestry Initiative performed best under sustainable forest management criteria of forest productivity and economic longevity of a firm. Sixty-two percent of analyses were comparisons of the wording of certification system principles or criteria; 34% were surveys of foresters or consumers. An important caveat to these results is that only one comparison was based on empirically collected field data. We recommend that future studies collect ecological and socioeconomic data from forests so purchasers can select certified forest products based on empirical evidence.},
   author = {Michael Rawson Clark and Joelyn Sarrah Kozar},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-03736-160103},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art3},
   title = {Comparing Sustainable Forest Management Certifications Standards: A Meta-analysis},
   volume = {16},
   url = {http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss1/art3/},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000289081200028,
   abstract = {This paper presents a comparative study of forest management across four countries in East Africa and Latin America: Kenya, Uganda, Bolivia, and Mexico. It focuses on one question: Do varying proportions of women (low, mixed, high) in forest user groups influence their likelihood of adopting forest resource enhancing behavior? We found that higher proportions of females in user groups, and especially user groups dominated by females, perform less well than mixed groups or male dominated ones. We suggest that these differences may be related to three factors: gender biases in technology access and dissemination, a labor constraint faced by women, and a possible limitation to women's sanctioning authority. Mixed female and male groups offer an avenue for exploiting the strengths of women and men, while tempering their individual shortcomings.},
   author = {Esther Mwangi and Ruth Meinzen-Dick and Yan Sun},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-03873-160117},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art17},
   title = {Gender and Sustainable Forest Management in East Africa and Latin America},
   volume = {16},
   url = {http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol16/iss1/art17/},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000297463100066,
   abstract = {We used eddy covariance and ecological measurements to investigate the effects of reduced impact logging (RIL) on an old-growth Amazonian forest. Logging caused small decreases in gross primary production, leaf production, and latent heat flux, which were roughly proportional to canopy loss, and increases in heterotrophic respiration, tree mortality, and wood production. The net effect of RIL was transient, and treatment effects were barely discernable after only 1 y. RIL appears to provide a strategy for managing tropical forest that minimizes the potential risks to climate associated with large changes in carbon and water exchange.},
   author = {Scott D Miller and Michael L Goulden and Lucy R Hutyra and Michael Keller and Scott R Saleska and Steven C Wofsy and Adelaine Michela Silva Figueira and Humberto R da Rocha and Plinio B de Camargo},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1105068108},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {48},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {19431-19435},
   title = {Reduced impact logging minimally alters tropical rainforest carbon and energy exchange},
   volume = {108},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000296021100044,
   abstract = {Human-driven land-use changes increasingly threaten biodiversity, particularly in tropical forests where both species diversity and human pressures on natural environments are high(1). The rapid conversion of tropical forests for agriculture, timber production and other uses has generated vast, human-dominated landscapes with potentially dire consequences for tropical biodiversity(2-5). Today, few truly undisturbed tropical forests exist, whereas those degraded by repeated logging and fires, as well as secondary and plantation forests, are rapidly expanding(6,7). Here we provide a global assessment of the impact of disturbance and land conversion on biodiversity in tropical forests using a meta-analysis of 138 studies. We analysed 2,220 pairwise comparisons of biodiversity values in primary forests (with little or no human disturbance) and disturbed forests. We found that biodiversity values were substantially lower in degraded forests, but that this varied considerably by geographic region, taxonomic group, ecological metric and disturbance type. Even after partly accounting for confounding colonization and succession effects due to the composition of surrounding habitats, isolation and time since disturbance, we find that most forms of forest degradation have an overwhelmingly detrimental effect on tropical biodiversity. Our results clearly indicate that when it comes to maintaining tropical biodiversity, there is no substitute for primary forests.},
   author = {Luke Gibson and Tien Ming Lee and Lian Pin Koh and Barry W Brook and Toby A Gardner and Jos Barlow and Carlos A Peres and Corey J A Bradshaw and William F Laurance and Thomas E Lovejoy and Navjot S Sodhi},
   doi = {10.1038/nature10425},
   issn = {0028-0836},
   issue = {7369},
   journal = {NATURE},
   pages = {378+},
   title = {Primary forests are irreplaceable for sustaining tropical biodiversity},
   volume = {478},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000297886000001,
   abstract = {Evaluations on community forestry outcomes are important to observe whether the program community forestry produces what it has promised. For the evaluation -as an alternative to the comprehensive criteria and indicators on sustainable community forestry-, we propose an approach based on the core policy objectives of the program. In fact, community forestry is very much connected to the following three objectives of: 1) alleviating the poverty of forest users, 2) empowering them, and 3) improving the condition of the forests. Based on field tests in two community forests in Indonesia, the focus on the core policy objectives appears to provide a more practical approach than the use of complex criteria and indicators. We conclude that our approach allows rapid evaluations and eventually reduces the associated costs and time without compromising the goals of the evaluation. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {Ahmad Maryudi and Rosan R Devkota and Carsten Schusser and Cornelius Yufanyi and Manjola Salla and Helene Aurenhammer and Ratchananth Rotchanaphatharawit and Max Krott},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2011.07.017},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   month = {1},
   pages = {1-5},
   title = {Back to basics: Considerations in evaluating the outcomes of community forestry},
   volume = {14},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000313417400049,
   abstract = {The choice between different forest management practices is a crucial step in short, medium, and long-term decision making in forestry and when setting up measures to support a regional or national forest policy. Some conditions such as biogeographically determined site factors, exposure to major disturbances, and societal demands are predetermined, whereas operational processes such as species selection, site preparation, planting, tending, or thinning can be altered by management. In principle, the concept of a forest management approach provides a framework for decision making, including a range of silvicultural operations that influence the development of a stand or group of trees over time. These operations vary among silvicultural systems and can be formulated as a set of basic principles. Consequently, forest management approaches are essentially defined by coherent sets of forest operation processes at a stand level. Five ideal forest management approaches (FMAs) representing a gradient of management intensity are described using specific sets of basic principles that enable comparison across European forests. Each approach is illustrated by a regional European case study. The observed regional variations resulting from changing species composition, stand density, age structure, stand edges, and site conditions can be interpreted using the FMA framework. Despite being arranged along an intensity gradient, the forest management approaches are not considered to be mutually exclusive, as the range of options allows for greater freedom in selecting potential silvicultural operations. As derived goods and services are clearly affected, the five forest management approaches have implications for sustainability. Thus, management objectives can influence the balance between the economic, ecological, and social dimensions of sustainability. The utility of this framework is further demonstrated through the different contributions to this special issue.},
   author = {Philipp S Duncker and Susana M Barreiro and Geerten M Hengeveld and Torgny Lind and William L Mason and Slawomir Ambrozy and Heinrich Spiecker},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05262-170451},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art51},
   title = {Classification of Forest Management Approaches: A New Conceptual Framework and Its Applicability to European Forestry},
   volume = {17},
   url = {http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol17/iss4/art51/},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000313417400016,
   abstract = {Forest ecosystems deliver multiple goods and services and, traditionally, forest owners tend to have a high interest in goods in the form of merchantable wood. As a consequence, forest management often aims to increase timber production and economic returns through intervention into natural processes. However, forests provide further services, including carbon sequestration, water quantity and quality, and preservation of biodiversity. In order to develop and implement strategies for sustainable forest management, it is important to anticipate the long-term effects of different forest management alternatives on the ability of the forest to provide ecosystem goods and services. Management objectives might emphasize economic interests at the expense of other services. Very few attempts have been made to illustrate and evaluate quantitatively the relationship between forest goods and services. By use of virtual but realistic datasets, we quantified, for multiple services, the effects of five forest management alternatives that form an intensity gradient. Our virtual forest management units represented Central European forest ecosystems in the submontane vegetation zone under a humid-temperate climate with acidic soils. In this zone the European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) is the dominant tree species. In order to assess the effects on ecosystem services, the untouched natural forest reserve served as a reference. Wherever possible, response functions were deduced to couple the various services via stand-level data to demonstrate trade-offs between the services. Management units comprised all development phases in the sense of a ``normal forest\{''\}. It was clearly illustrated that maximizing the rates of biomass production and carbon sequestration may conflict with protection of authentic biodiversity. Several silvicultural operations may, however, have positive effects on biodiversity and water protection without high costs. We also illustrated that water quality and maintenance of soil fertility may be affected either positively or negatively by several forest management operations. In contrast, water quantity was only minimally influenced by forest management. For the virtual forest in a humid climate, differences of 70 mm/yr in runoff were negligible. Under dry continental conditions, however, such differences may have important implications for groundwater formation.},
   author = {Philipp S Duncker and Karsten Raulund-Rasmussen and Per Gundersen and Klaus Katzensteiner and Johnny De Jong and Hans Peter Ravn and Mike Smith and Otto Eckmuellner and Heinrich Spiecker},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05066-170450},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {How Forest Management affects Ecosystem Services, including Timber Production and Economic Return: Synergies and Trade-Offs},
   volume = {17},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000312418600018,
   abstract = {This article reviews critical social science analyses of carbon accounting and monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) systems associated with reducing emissions from deforestation, forest degradation and conservation, sustainable use and enhancement of forest carbon stocks (REDD+). REDD+ MRV systems are often portrayed as technical. In questioning such a framing, we draw on perspectives from science and technology and governmentality studies to assess how MRV systems may exercise disciplinary power (through standardization, simplification and erasing the local) but also mobilize counter-expertise, produce resistance and thus have necessarily contingent effects. In doing so, we advance the concept of `carbon accountability' to denote both how forest carbon is accounted for in REDD+ and the need to hold to account those who are doing so.},
   author = {Aarti Gupta and Eva Lövbrand and Esther Turnhout and Marjanneke J Vijge},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2012.10.004},
   issn = {18773435},
   issue = {6},
   journal = {Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability},
   month = {12},
   pages = {726-731},
   title = {In pursuit of carbon accountability: the politics of REDD+ measuring, reporting and verification systems},
   volume = {4},
   url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1877343512001406},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000312418600004,
   abstract = {The design and implementation of REDD+ projects requires understanding the local ecological, economic and social context. This paper analyzes how REDD+ influences the context of ecosystem management, from both a conceptual and an ecosystem-scale perspective. We analyze how REDD+ changes the economic interests in ecosystem management for different stakeholders, and present a case study demonstrating the economic benefits of sustainable forest use versus oil palm plantation in Indonesia. We also analyze the economic costs of carbon emissions from land use conversion, and show that in Kalimantan, Indonesia, net revenues from REDD+ need to be US$ 3/ton CO2 to allow sustainable forest use to compete with oil palm on peat, and US$ 7/ton CO2 for mineral soil. Subsequently we present four insights from our ecosystem analysis relevant for REDD+.},
   author = {Lars Hein and Peter J van der Meer},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2012.09.016},
   issn = {18773435},
   issue = {6},
   journal = {Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability},
   month = {12},
   pages = {604-611},
   title = {REDD+ in the context of ecosystem management},
   volume = {4},
   url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1877343512001236},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000312418600005,
   abstract = {This paper conceptualizes the REDD+ policy framework as the world's largest experiment in Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES). REDD+ promotes the commodification of ecosystems' carbon storage and sequestration functions on a global scale and it is consistent with market-based conservation approaches and the `neoliberalization of nature'. REDD+ is therefore problematized on the grounds that, first, eases a transition from an ethically informed conservation ethos to a utilitarian one that simplifies nature and undermines socio-ecological resilience; second, relies on a single valuation language that may crowd-out conservation motivations in the short and long term; and, last, is sustained on a `multiple-win' discourse that in practice lacks procedural legitimacy in many developing countries and reproduces existing inequities and forms of social exclusion. The argument is developed drawing on PES literature and insights from critical theorists and practitioners of nature conservation.},
   author = {Esteve Corbera},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2012.09.010},
   issn = {18773435},
   issue = {6},
   journal = {Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability},
   month = {12},
   pages = {612-619},
   title = {Problematizing REDD+ as an experiment in payments for ecosystem services},
   volume = {4},
   url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1877343512001170},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000312418600009,
   abstract = {Fundamental trade-offs exist between different land uses for carbon, livelihoods, economic development, biodiversity, agriculture and energy (especially biofuels). This article analyses the scientific debates on REDD+ trade-offs, co-benefits and safeguards, and shows how the development and expanded scope of REDD+ mechanisms have shaped these debates over time. We find substantial evidence that the non-carbon values of biodiversity conservation, equity and sustainable livelihoods are critical to both the legitimacy and effectiveness of REDD+, and argue that they therefore are better viewed as prerequisites than as values to be safeguarded. Scientists can contribute to the development of a more integrative REDD+ through interdisciplinary research and through a `learning architecture' that supports the REDD+ policy development process with research dedicated to finding durable solutions.},
   author = {Ingrid J Visseren-Hamakers and Constance McDermott and Marjanneke J Vijge and Benjamin Cashore},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2012.10.005},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   issue = {6},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {646-653},
   title = {Trade-offs, co-benefits and safeguards: current debates on the breadth of REDD+},
   volume = {4},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000321405600011,
   abstract = {Negative impacts of forestry on biodiversity have been addressed through environmental considerations held within legislation and various forest certification protocols. We used Sweden as a case study where a long history of forestry aiming at sustained yield of wood fiber has resulted in landscapes with low quantities of old growth structures e.g. dead wood and old forest, but where environmental considerations have been implemented during the last two decades. We reviewed the scientific literature for studies evaluating the environmental considerations included in the Swedish Forestry Act and FSC, compared individual metrics and benchmarks, identified thresholds as well as identified specific gaps missing from current regulations (missing factors/areas of improvement). All environmental considerations listed in the Swedish Forestry Act were found to be relevant for conservation. The strongest scientific support for their importance in maintaining biodiversity in managed landscapes was found for dead wood, tree retention and habitats for sensitive species, including edge zones and woodland key habitats. However, suggested levels fall below identified thresholds. Retention of small habitat patches can provide a lifeboat function for some red-listed species, but the long term survival of these populations is uncertain. Tree species composition was also found be important, and in the boreal region the proportion of deciduous trees is a key factor. For some environmental considerations, there is too limited information from the scientific literature to evaluate their importance in relation to the current levels, e.g. consequences of clear-cut size and shape, and forest roads. Similarly, damage to soil and water affect biodiversity through drainage, leakage and sedimentation, but the effects vary considerably and are often diffuse. There is a need to better adjust the levels of environmental considerations above thresholds from empirical studies. However, it will be impossible within current regulatory framework to maintain all species in all landscapes. Therefore, the allocation of environmental consideration among stands, landscapes and regions need to be considered. Evenly dispersed retention might always stay below suggested thresholds with limited contribution to ecologically sustainable forest ecosystems. More flexibility, where the sum of conservation measures in the landscape as opposed to measures in individual stands are considered, would result in better conservation strategies. This would mean that particular landscapes could be more intensively managed and in other more focus on biodiversity conservation could be taken. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {Therese Johansson and Joakim Hjalten and Johnny de Jong and Henrik von Stedingk},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2013.04.012},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   month = {9},
   pages = {98-112},
   title = {Environmental considerations from legislation and certification in managed forest stands: A review of their importance for biodiversity},
   volume = {303},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000321257100023,
   abstract = {Forest degradation is broadly defined as a reduction in the capacity of a forest to produce ecosystem services such as carbon storage and wood products as a result of anthropogenic and environmental changes. The main causes of degradation include unsustainable logging, agriculture, invasive species, fire, fuelwood gathering, and livestock grazing. Forest degradation is widespread and has become an important consideration in global policy processes that deal with biodiversity, climate change, and forest management. There is, however, no generally recognized way to identify a degraded forest because perceptions of forest degradation vary depending on the cause, the particular goods or services of interest, and the temporal and spatial scales considered. Here, we suggest that there are types of forest degradation that produce a continuum of decline in provision of ecosystem services, from those in primary forests through various forms of managed forests to deforestation. Forest degradation must be measured against a desired baseline condition, and the types of degradation can be represented using five criteria that relate to the drivers of degradation, loss of ecosystem services and sustainable management, including: productivity, biodiversity, unusual disturbances, protective functions, and carbon storage. These criteria are not meant to be equivalent and some might be considered more important than others, depending on the local forest management objectives. We propose a minimum subset of seven indicators for the five criteria that should be assessed to determine forest degradation under a sustainable ecosystem management regime. The indicators can be remotely sensed (although improving calibration requires ground work) and aggregated from stand to management unit or landscape levels and ultimately to sub-national and national scales.},
   author = {Ian D Thompson and Manuel R Guariguata and Kimiko Okabe and Carlos Bahamondez and Robert Nasi and Victoria Heymell and Cesar Sabogal},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05443-180220},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art20},
   title = {An Operational Framework for Defining and Monitoring Forest Degradation},
   volume = {18},
   url = {http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol18/iss2/art20/},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000317184800033,
   abstract = {Rural forests are characterized by different levels of formal and nonformal appropriation by rural communities who have generally managed, shaped, or rebuilt these forest formations over many generations with refined local knowledge and practices related to their use and perpetuation. Rural forests are therefore social-ecological systems that contribute to ecosystem and landscapes configuration, definition of rural territories, and sustainability of local livelihoods. Although some studies have attempted to explain their specificities, in specific geographical and social contexts, their characteristics are not well defined as they encompass highly diversified situations. This lack of comprehension of the identity of rural forests is at the heart of the lack of dialogue between forestry policies and rural forest development. Our major aim is to identify universal characteristics of rural forests as well as specificities that can differentiate them. Eleven situations of rural forests were analyzed by means of detailed, harmonized monographs, from developing and developed countries, and localized within contrasting ecological environments (humid tropics, dry forests, temperate forests) and socio-economic and public policies contexts. Qualitative data were obtained through a common analytical framework and were encoded with an approach based on the collective appreciation of the group of researchers who developed case studies. These were pooled within a common analysis chart and were processed by means of multivariate analyses. Results were further discussed taking into consideration four major characteristics that emerged from this analysis, and which form the identity of rural forests. These are: 1) specific forest structures and levels of integration in agricultural matrices which are linked historically to overall agroecosystem approaches and practices, 2) a multiscale approach to domestication practices from landscape to individual trees inscribed in continuities between ``nature\{''\} and ``culture\{''\}, natural processes and human techniques of control and transformation, 3) multiple uses of plant species which vary in relation to the commercial or noncommercial status of their products and a reversible nature of these use patterns accordingly, 4) the imbricate nature of rules of access and control between state and customary levels, and between individual and collective levels, requiring specific formal and informal arrangements. Typologies of rural forests can be drawn along each of these major characteristics and provide a reliable system to analyze and understand the functioning of rural forests. Forestry approaches in rural contexts, hence, need to consider variations along these major lines that form the identity cards of rural forests.},
   author = {Didier Genin and Yildiz Aumeeruddy-Thomas and Gérard Balent and Robert Nasi},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05429-180127},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art27},
   title = {The Multiple Dimensions of Rural Forests: Lessons from a Comparative Analysis},
   volume = {18},
   url = {http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol18/iss1/art27/},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000325521300031,
   abstract = {The U.S. National Commission on Science for Sustainable Forestry recognized a need for effective adaptive management to support management for biological diversity. However, difficulties in implementing adaptive management in the U. S. Northwest Forest Plan led the Commission to wonder if comparisons across multiple adaptive management trials in the forest sector could provide insight into the factors that serve to enable or inhibit adaptive management. This comparison and the resulting discussions among a group of seasoned practitioners, with adaptive management experience at a variety of scales and levels of complexity, led to insights into a hierarchy of ten factors that can serve to either enable or inhibit implementation. Doing high quality adaptive management is about doing good science to enable learning from management experience. Enabling adaptive management though is about working with people to understand their concerns, to develop a common understanding and an environment of trust that allows adaptive management to proceed. Careful attention to enabling factors is critical to fulfilling the promise of adaptive management.},
   author = {Lorne A Greig and David R Marmorek and Carol Murray and Donald C E Robinson},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05686-180324},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art24},
   title = {Insight into Enabling Adaptive Management},
   volume = {18},
   url = {http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol18/iss3/art24/},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000321257100026,
   abstract = {Once again, the international community focuses on the preservation of Amazonian forests, in particular through a bundle of initiatives grouped under the term of REDD+. Initially focusing on reducing carbon emissions, the REDD+ process became increasingly linked with developmental goals that represent the primary interest of all Amazon countries. In consequence, REDD+ can be seen as another attempt to achieve the twin goals of environmental protection and rural development, and consequently, relies on the strategies and tools of past efforts. Against this background, we explore past experiences with key strategies for environmental protection and poverty alleviation in the Amazon to critically reflect about the potential of REDD+ to contribute to sustainable local development in the region. The analysis demonstrates that initiatives that pursued environmental goals mostly led to more restrictions and bureaucratic barriers to local forest users, while the prevailing approaches to promote rural dwellers showed ambivalent environmental outcomes. Reasons for these unsatisfactory results include the sectoral alignment of the measures and the poor coordination and lack of coherence with decisive policy areas. Most critically, the environmental and social initiatives themselves rely on the classic development approach widely disregarding smallholders' capacities to contribute to local development. The manifold pilot activities emerging under the new REDD+ framework tend to repeat these shortcomings, thereby further accelerating the replacement of local socio-productive schemes with unsustainable land uses. In view of the growing consensus about the ecological incompatibility, social limitations and economic risks of classic development, an alternative vision of development is needed, which more consciously takes into account the immense social and environmental potential of the region. Considering that REDD+ is still at the start, there might be possibilities to re-adjust the framework and thereby turn it into a real contribution to the sustainable development of rural Amazon.},
   author = {Benno Pokorny and Imme Scholz and Wil de Jong},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05458-180203},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art3},
   title = {REDD+ for the poor or the poor for REDD+? About the limitations of environmental policies in the Amazon and the potential of achieving environmental goals through pro-poor policies},
   volume = {18},
   url = {http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol18/iss2/art3/},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000321978000025,
   abstract = {For decades, scholars have been trying to determine whether small or large groups are more likely to cooperate for collective action and successfully manage common-pool resources. Using data gathered from the Wolong Nature Reserve since 1995, we examined the effects of group size (i.e., number of households monitoring a single forest parcel) on both collective action (forest monitoring) and resource outcomes (changes in forest cover) while controlling for potential confounding factors. Our results demonstrate that group size has nonlinear effects on both collective action and resource outcomes, with intermediate group size contributing the most monitoring effort and leading to the biggest forest cover gain. We also show how opposing effects of group size directly and indirectly affect collective action and resource outcomes, leading to the overall nonlinear relationship. Our findings suggest why previous studies have observed differing and even contradictory group-size effects, and thus help guide further research and governance of the commons. The findings also suggest that it should be possible to improve collective action and resource outcomes by altering factors that lead to the nonlinear group-size effect, including punishing free riding, enhancing overall and within-group enforcement, improving social capital across groups and among group members, and allowing self-selection during the group formation process so members with good social relationships can form groups autonomously.},
   author = {Wu Yang and Wei Liu and Andres Vina and Mao-Ning Tuanmu and Guangming He and Thomas Dietz and Jianguo Liu},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1301733110},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {27},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {10916-10921},
   title = {Nonlinear effects of group size on collective action and resource outcomes},
   volume = {110},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000334005600024,
   abstract = {Woodfuel plays a critical role in energy provision in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and is predicted to remain dominant within the energy portfolio of the population in the coming decades. Although current inefficient technologies of production and consumption are associated with negative socio-economic and environmental outcomes, projected charcoal intensive pathways along with urbanization may further accelerate pressures on tree covers. This paper reviews the status of the woodfuel sector in SSA, and estimates the magnitude of impacts of increasing wood demand for charcoal production on tree cover, which will be obviously unsustainable under business-as-usual scenarios. Agroforestry, if widely adopted as an integrated strategy together with improved kilns and stoves, can have a significant impact to reduce wood harvest pressures in forests through sustainably supplying trees on farm. A systematic approach is required to promote multi-purpose agroforestry systems compatible with farmers' needs under local farming systems and current dryland socio-economic contexts.},
   author = {Miyuki Iiyama and Henry Neufeldt and Philip Dobie and Mary Njenga and Geoffrey Ndegwa and Ramni Jamnadass},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2013.12.003},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   month = {2},
   pages = {138-147},
   title = {The potential of agroforestry in the provision of sustainable woodfuel in sub-Saharan Africa},
   volume = {6},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000333908600032,
   abstract = {The issue of rapid change in environmental conditions under which ecosystem processes and human interventions will take place in the future is relatively new to forestry, whereas the provision of ecosystem services, e. g., timber or fresh water, is at the very heart of the original concept of forest management. Forest managers have developed ambitious deterministic approaches to provide the services demanded, and thus the use of deterministic approaches for adapting to climate change seem to be a logical continuation. However, as uncertainty about the intensity of climate change is high, forest managers need to answer this uncertainty conceptually. One may envision an indeterministic approach to cope with this uncertainty; but how the services will be provided in such a concept remains unclear. This article aims to explore the fundamental aspects of both deterministic and indeterministic approaches used in forestry to cope with climate change, and thereby point out trade-offs in service provisioning and adaptability. A forest owner needs to be able to anticipate these trade-offs in order to make decisions towards sustainable forest management under climate change.},
   author = {Sven Wagner and Susanna Nocentini and Franka Huth and Marjanke Hoogstra-Klein},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-06213-190132},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art32},
   title = {Forest Management Approaches for Coping with the Uncertainty of Climate Change: Trade-Offs in Service Provisioning and Adaptability},
   volume = {19},
   url = {http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol19/iss1/art32/},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000332051400022,
   abstract = {Maintaining the genetic viability of timber species is especially important to sustaining the productivity and quality of timber in tropical production forests because the diversity of tree species is high, their population densities are low, and pollen dispersal of many species is limited to short distances. Conservation of the genetic diversity of timber species also enhances the conservation value of production forests and contributes to landscape connectivity. Tropical forests are commonly managed under selection logging regimes with minimum diameter cutting limits. These typically result in systematic removal of the largest and often the most fecund trees. Very little guidance is available to forest managers on the measures needed to maintain viable populations of timber species in production forests. We reviewed current knowledge regarding the impacts of logging on genetic processes in tropical Asian tree species to find foundations for developing practical guidelines for managing these impacts and to identify research needs. The review focuses on mixed dipterocarp forests, where the canopy layer is dominated by trees of the Dipterocarpaceae family, one of the most globally important timber families. We examined the impacts of practices including logging intensity, minimum diameter cutting limits and spatial patterns of tree removal with regards to biological parameters such as effective breeding units, size at reproductive maturity, fine-scale spatial genetic structure and the importance of general flowering in producing diverse seed. Research conducted to date shows that because of characteristics such as naturally low population densities, limited pollen dispersal and fine-scale spatial genetic structure, many tree species in mixed dipterocarp forests are sensitive to reductions in the density of reproductive conspecifics; in most cases tree extraction resulted in increased inbreeding. Although genetic research in these forests is still limited, enough knowledge exists to initiate the development of practical management guidelines e.g. on minimum population densities as a precondition for logging or documentation of sources of propagation material used in enrichment planting. Future research should focus on studying species characteristics which can indicate vulnerability to genetic erosion and the prevalence of these characteristics among species in mixed dipterocarp forests, to identify species or species groups which may require specific measures to maintain genetically viable populations in logged forests and in the larger landscape. Such characteristics may include large size at reproductive maturity or slow increase in fecundity with size, fine-scale spatial genetic structure, low population densities, limited pollen dispersal, or high juvenile mortality. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {Jalonen Riina and Hong Lay Thong and Lee Soon Leong and Loo Judy and Snook Laura},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2013.12.011},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   pages = {191-201},
   title = {Integrating genetic factors into management of tropical Asian production forests: A review of current knowledge},
   volume = {315},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000357225700002,
   abstract = {Effective forest governance measures are crucial to ensure sustainable management of forests, but so far there has been little specific focus in boreal and northern temperate forests on governance measures in relation to management effects, including harvesting effects, on soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. This paper reviews the findings in the scientific literature concerning the effects of harvesting of different intensities on SOC stocks and fluxes in boreal and northern temperate forest ecosystems to evaluate the evidence for significant SOC losses following biomass removal. An overview of existing governance measures related to SOC is given, followed by a discussion on how scientific findings could be incorporated in guidelines and other governance measures. The currently available information does not support firm conclusions about the long-term impact of intensified forest harvesting on SOC stocks in boreal and northern temperate forest ecosystems, which is in any case species-, site- and practice-specific. Properly conducted long-term experiments are therefore necessary to enable us to clarify the relative importance of different harvesting practices on the SOC stores, the key processes involved, and under which conditions the size of the removals becomes critical. At present, the uncertainty gap between the scientific results and the need for practically useable management guidelines and other governance measures might be bridged by expert opinions given to authorities and certification bodies. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {Nicholas Clarke and Per Gundersen and Ulrika Jonsson-Belyazid and O Janne Kjonaas and Tryggve Persson and Bjarni D Sigurdsson and Inge Stupak and Lars Vesterdal},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2015.04.034},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   note = {Review<br/>Potential resource?<br/>Effect of forest management (governance measures) on soil organic carbon},
   pages = {9-19},
   title = {Influence of different tree-harvesting intensities on forest soil carbon stocks in boreal and northern temperate forest ecosystems},
   volume = {351},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000388059900033,
   abstract = {Forestry decentralization is widely promoted throughout the world tropics as a policy that leads to poverty alleviation. However, there is a dearth of empirical evidence to support this assertion. Depending on the literature, this paper addresses the connection between forestry decentralization and poverty alleviation through applying the arguments of efficiency, accountability, equity and sustainability to forestry sector. The paper concluded that forestry decentralization provides few direct mechanisms for lifting people out of poverty. Proximate causal mechanisms that will lead to direct increase in forest-based income within the context of forest decentralization should not be overlooked. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {Y O Adam and A M Eltayeb},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2016.05.009},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   month = {12},
   pages = {300-307},
   title = {Forestry decentralization and poverty alleviation: A review},
   volume = {73},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000379886900007,
   abstract = {The fate of peripheral forest tree populations is of particular interest in the context of climate change. These populations may concurrently be those where the most significant evolutionary changes will occur; those most facing increasing extinction risk; the source of migrants for the colonization of new areas at leading edges; or the source of genetic novelty for reinforcing standing genetic variation in various parts of the range. Deciding which strategy to implement for conserving and sustainably using the genetic resources of peripheral forest tree populations is a challenge. Here, we review the genetic and ecological processes acting on different types of peripheral populations and indicate why these processes may be of general interest for adapting forests and forest management to climate change. We particularly focus on peripheral populations at the rear edge of species distributions where environmental challenges are or will become most acute. We argue that peripheral forest tree populations are ``natural laboratories\{''\} for resolving priority research questions such as how the complex interaction between demographic processes and natural selection shape local adaptation; and whether genetic adaptation will be sufficient to allow the long-term persistence of species within their current distribution. Peripheral populations are key assets for adaptive forestry which need specific measures for their preservation. The traditionally opposing views which may exist between conservation planning and sustainable forestry need to be reconciled and harmonized for managing peripheral populations. Based on existing knowledge, we suggest approaches and principles which may be used for the management and conservation of these distinctive and valuable populations, to maintain active genetic and ecological processes that have sustained them over time. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {Bruno Fady and Filippos A Aravanopoulos and Paraskevi Alizoti and Csaba Matyas and Georg von Wuehlisch and Marjana Westergren and Piero Belletti and Branislav Cvjetkovic and Fulvio Ducci and Gerhard Huber and Colin T Kelleher and Abdelhamid Khaldi and Magda Bou Dagher Kharrat and Hojka Kraigher and Koen Kramer and Urs Muehlethaler and Sanja Peric and Annika Perry and Matti Rousi and Hassan Sbay and Srdjan Stojnic and Martina Tijardovic and Ivaylo Tsvetkov and Maria Carolina Varela and Giovanni G Vendramin and Tzvetan Zlatanov},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2016.05.015},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   month = {9},
   pages = {66-75},
   title = {Evolution-based approach needed for the conservation and silviculture of peripheral forest tree populations},
   volume = {375},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000399159700001,
   abstract = {Forest management in Mexico is immersed in diverse and complex ecological, socio-cultural, political, economic, and technological contexts. These contexts have led to the use of the forests for many purposes under diverse administration and management schemes. These schemes continue to evolve, both in the forest areas and in universities and forest research institutions throughout the country. Timber management has been part of this evolution and has given rise to several forest management approaches. Most of these approaches are adaptations of methods developed in other parts of the world for very different ecological, socio-cultural, and economic contexts. The majority of the timber management methods are based on sustainability principles and incorporate classical yield regulation and forest management concepts. However, the application of these methods in the complex and rapidly changing contexts in which the Mexican forests and forestry sector are immersed has resulted in unexpected and fortuitous results. There is a need for a new significant evolution of the forest and timber management methods in the country. New approaches must include greater emphasis on communitybased forestry, consideration of markets for forest products and services, as well as the overall increase of resilience, learning capacity, and adaptation while reducing hazards, risks, and vulnerability of the forests and the communities that depend on them. These characteristics will allow better adaptation to the rapid changes, complexities, and ambiguities of the global environment and the Mexican ecological, social, political, and economic conditions.},
   author = {Juan Manuel Torres-Rojo and Rafael Moreno-Sanchez and Martin Alfonso Mendoza-Briseno},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-016-0033-0},
   issn = {2198-6436},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS},
   pages = {93-105},
   title = {Sustainable Forest Management in Mexico},
   volume = {2},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000399159200006,
   abstract = {A developing bioeconomy and the need for alternate sources of energy are promoting a more intensive procurement and use of forest biomass. While it is a fact that increased biomass harvesting generates greater nutrient losses from forest ecosystems relative to stem-only harvesting,the use of nutrient budget approaches as a decision support tool in managing forests under intensive biomass removal is uncommon. This lack of use can be explained by several factors including: large uncertainties in predicting certain fluxes, the poor representation of nutrient dynamics following harvest in nutrient cycling models,the lack of representation of biological feedback,the lack of appropriate validation,and finally the lack of maps of specific soil properties that would be required to predict nutrient budgets over forest landscapes. This review documents the impact of intensive biomass extraction on nutrient cycling and discusses the gaps in knowledge and the uncertainties associated with nutrient budgets. It identifies research and development issues that need to be resolved for making forest nutrient budgets more reliable and more useful to address the questions regarding the environmental sustainability of intensive biomass harvesting.},
   author = {David Pare and Evelyne Thiffault},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-016-0030-3},
   issn = {2198-6436},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS},
   pages = {81-91},
   title = {Nutrient Budgets in Forests Under Increased Biomass Harvesting Scenarios},
   volume = {2},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000399159700006,
   abstract = {Forest managers today are struggling with the great uncertainties and rapid changes in many biophysical and socioeconomic aspects of their work. We argue in this review that viewing forests and forest management as complex adaptive systems and acknowledging non-linearity and uncertainty in forest dynamics and management provide an alternative for both production-and conservation-oriented forests to the traditional command and control approaches that have been advocated so far in forestry. We first discuss the concepts of nonlinearity and uncertainty in forest dynamics and management. We then propose a set of broad principles and approaches that are required for forest managers to better incorporate these new concepts into practices. These span from (1) relaxing and expanding the sustained-yield and single-good paradigm, (2) moving the target for assessing success in silviculture from predetermined strict outcomes for each and every stand to an envelope of possible outcomes that are acceptable for one or multiple stands, and (3) using approaches and modeling tools to assess as large a range of possible outcomes as possible instead of the traditional mainly deterministic and static modeling tools.},
   author = {Christian Messier and Klaus Puettmann and Elise Filotas and Dave Coates},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-016-0036-x},
   issn = {2198-6436},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS},
   pages = {150-161},
   title = {Dealing with Non-linearity and Uncertainty in Forest Management},
   volume = {2},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000391090800034,
   abstract = {Policy makers around the world tout decentralization as an effective tool in the governance of natural resources. Despite the popularity of these reforms, there is limited scientific evidence on the environmental effects of decentralization, especially in tropical biomes. This study presents evidence on the institutional conditions under which decentralization is likely to be successful in sustaining forests. We draw on common-pool resource theory to argue that the environmental impact of decentralization hinges on the ability of reforms to engage local forest users in the governance of forests. Using matching techniques, we analyze longitudinal field observations on both social and biophysical characteristics in a large number of local government territories in Bolivia (a country with a decentralized forestry policy) and Peru (a country with a much more centralized forestry policy). We find that territories with a decentralized forest governance structure have more stable forest cover, but only when local forest user groups actively engage with the local government officials. We provide evidence in support of a possible causal process behind these results: When user groups engage with the decentralized units, it creates a more enabling environment for effective local governance of forests, including more local government-led forest governance activities, fora for the resolution of forest-related conflicts, intermunicipal cooperation in the forestry sector, and stronger technical capabilities of the local government staff.},
   author = {Glenn D Wright and Krister P Andersson and Clark C Gibson and Tom P Evans},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1610650114},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {52},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {14958-14963},
   title = {Decentralization can help reduce deforestation when user groups engage with local government},
   volume = {113},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000399511500036,
   abstract = {The review gives a short general history of the selection system, suggests a way to systematize silviculture and summarizes research on the selection system in Fennoscandia. The review is restricted to Norway spruce, Picea abies (L.) Karst, being the only tree species having documented examples of being managed with selection system in boreal Fennoscandia. It covers four main subjects: (i) the dynamics governing the stand structure and the possibilities to maintain a full-storied structure over time; (ii) how ingrowth is affected by stand density and structure, and by internal dynamics within the seedling-sapling layer, and to what extent it is possible to get sufficient ingrowth to perpetuate the selection system: (iii) the key characteristics governing volume growth at stand level; and (iv) the maximum long-term growth compared to the rotation-forestry system. The residual standing volume is crucial to the long-term growth level. A moderate harvest strength at relatively short intervals, focusing on the largest trees and leaving behind a large standing volume, results in a high sustainable volume growth, low requirement of ingrowth, large average stem volumes and low levels of damage to the remaining stand. Long-term volume growth can then be approximately equal to the site productivity expressed by site characteristics, which is lower than the level expected in even aged plantations managed with rotation-forestry. The review ends with suggestions for future research. (C) 2017 The Author. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).},
   author = {Lars Lundqvist},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2017.02.011},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   month = {5},
   pages = {362-375},
   title = {Tamm Review: Selection system reduces long-term volume growth in Fennoscandic uneven-aged Norway spruce forests},
   volume = {391},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000399540100049,
   abstract = {Ecosystems are self-regulating systems that provide societies with food, water, timber, and other resources. As demands for resources increase, management decisions are replacing self-regulating properties. Counter to previous technical approaches that applied simple formulas to estimate sustainable yields of single species, current research recognizes the inherent complexity of ecosystems and the inability to foresee all consequences of interventions across different spatial, temporal, and administrative scales. Ecosystem management is thus more realistically seen as a ``wicked problem\{''\} that has no clear-cut solution. Approaches for addressing such problems include multisector decision-making, institutions that enable management to span across administrative boundaries, adaptive management, markets that incorporate natural capital, and collaborative processes to engage diverse stakeholders and address inequalities. Ecosystem management must avoid two traps: falsely assuming a tame solution and inaction from overwhelming complexity. An incremental approach can help to avoid these traps.},
   author = {Ruth DeFries and Harini Nagendra},
   doi = {10.1126/science.aal1950},
   issn = {0036-8075},
   issue = {6335},
   journal = {Science},
   month = {4},
   pages = {265-270},
   title = {Ecosystem management as a wicked problem},
   volume = {356},
   url = {https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aal1950},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000401389600006,
   abstract = {Forest management of tropical lowland and hill wet evergreen forests
traditionally assumes that succession, species composition, and forest
structure are largely driven by small, frequent disturbances. More
recent ecological studies, archaeological findings, palynology and
climate records demonstrate that tropical rainforests in general are not
only subject to treefall disturbances but also to large-scale,
infrequent disturbances driven by both past ancient and more recent
human land use, and by natural forces of climate and geology. This paper
reviews the case for the presence and extent of large-scale infrequent
disturbances in Mesoamerica. We then use this knowledge to understand
effects shaping species composition and structure. We evaluate current
silvicultural regeneration systems for forest management based on the
gap dynamics paradigm and propose potential alternative and
complementary regeneration methods for forests and tree species that are
driven by large-scale disturbances. We propose that the shade-intolerant
timber species observed today are in large part a reflection of legacies
of human land use and historical large-scale disturbances. Such species
require larger, more dramatic disturbance regimes to regenerate and to
attain the canopy in future managed forests. We suggest that such
conditions are not provided for by current silvicultural systems within
the region that require multiple entries to the stand every 15-30 years
and should be coupled with liberation thinnings to promote shade
tolerant, commercially valuable timber species. Alternative
silvicultural systems, such as shelterwoods and seed-tree methods of
regeneration and management, purposefully promote the regeneration of
valuable, shade-intolerant timber species. We propose applications for
reserve design, and the management of non-timber forest products in
conjunction with timber products to compliment such activities. These
systems differ in their goals, species promoted (shade-tolerant vs.
-intolerant) and the ecological assumptions driving their operations. We
conclude that shelterwoods and seed-tree systems are more appropriate to
manage forests rich in shade -intolerant timber species. Such methods
need to be included in the suite of silvicultural options available to
managers of tropical wet evergreen forests in Mesoamerica. (C) 2017
Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {Javier Fernandez-Vega and Kristofer R. Covey and Mark S. Ashton},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2017.03.025},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   keywords = {Forest disturbance,Mesoamerica,Seed-tree,Selective logging,Shelterwoods,Tropical silviculture},
   month = {7},
   pages = {48-68},
   publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
   title = {Tamm Review: Large-scale infrequent disturbances and their role in regenerating shade-intolerant tree species in Mesoamerican rainforests: Implications for sustainable forest management},
   volume = {395},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2017.03.025},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000389163500004,
   abstract = {In the Nordic countries, emerging markets for renewable energy have resulted in increased harvest intensity, i.e., branches, tops, and stumps are now also harvested. This increased harvest intensity changes site conditions in a way that may impact future forest production. In this review published results are compiled from long-term field experiments in the Nordic countries. The objectives are to identify general patterns or inconsistences, to identify possible causes, and to discuss the practical implications of the results. I summarize 16 publications where short to medium-term forest production data were presented from 72 experimental sites. Data on growth of the subsequent stand following slash harvest in final felling indicate a moderate negative growth effect in Norway spruce, whereas growth in Scots pine appears unaffected, as compared to stem-only harvested control plots. Spruce data also showed a trend suggesting that poorer sites are more sensitive. Stump harvest in final felling did not have a negative effect on growth - rather the opposite - particularly on poor Scots pine sites. Trends in the data suggest that the positive growth effect in pine is stronger on poorer sites at higher latitudes. Slash harvest in thinnings resulted in more consistent growth reductions in the residual stand in both pine and spruce. There was a weak trend suggesting that poorer spruce sites are more susceptible. Seedling survival rates or stem numbers following slash and stump harvest were either unaffected or positively affected by the treatments - particularly by stump harvest. Trends in data suggest a stronger positive effect on more fertile sites. High relative survival or stem numbers coincided with high relative growth. Thus, survival rates or stem number may partly explain the lack of consistency in growth responses in field experiments. Management of natural regeneration in the experiments is discussed as potentially critical. Both short- and medium-term growth responses have been reported in individual studies. It is therefore recommended that a final evaluation should be based on longer-term data. The recommended next step is to combine all available data into a formal meta-analysis. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {Gustaf Egnell},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2016.09.019},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   issue = {SI},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   pages = {27-36},
   title = {A review of Nordic trials studying effects of biomass harvest intensity on subsequent forest production},
   volume = {383},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000407773500001,
   abstract = {Stakeholder communication plays an important role in enhancing the societal sustainability and business acceptability of the forest sector. The purpose of this study is to present the current state of forest sector communication research with its stakeholders at different hierarchical levels of sustainability (i.e., societal, sectorial, corporate, and product sustainability) in Europe. A systematic literature review was implemented to acquire information on the research outcomes related to sustainability communication between the forest sector and different stakeholders presented in international peer-reviewed journals between 2005 and 2015. The examined literature emphasizes the role of stakeholder communication for forest sector sustainability and acceptability, but no specific information seems to exist on how to communicate and build the forest sector image in the eyes of different stakeholders. The gap in the research information indicates that there is a need for more theoretical and empirical work on communication and image-building processes by, e.g., recognizing the specific communication needs of different stakeholders via two-way and proactive information exchange. In the development process of forest sector communication and image building, more efforts on sending well-specified messages for well-targeted audiences should be made.},
   author = {Katja Lahtinen and Anne Toppinen and Hannele Suojanen and Tobias Stern and Lea Ranacher and Michael Burnard and Manja Kitek Kuzman},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-017-0063-2},
   issn = {2198-6436},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS},
   pages = {173-187},
   title = {Forest Sector Sustainability Communication in Europe: a Systematic Literature Review on the Contents and Gaps},
   volume = {3},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000449137300017,
   abstract = {Selective logging is the dominant timber harvesting practice in natural tropical forests. Considering its scale and its contribution to forest management outcome, efficient management of selective logging is crucial to address challenges associated with timber demand, carbon sequestration and biodiversity conservation. Ongoing selective logging has been a key reason for forest degradation despite a set of recommended practices such as reduced-impact logging. With the objective of drawing the attention of scholars and policy makers to answer the question why effectiveness of selective logging practice is still an issue, we tracked the trend and pattern of scholarly research related to the impact of selective logging. Using a systematic review of literature, we explored and discussed the possible factors hindering implementation of improved forest harvesting practices and the overall knowledge gaps yet not explored in this field of research. This review found consensus among scholars that implementation of improved forest harvesting is still rare despite the constant efforts made by researchers since the 1970s. Based on the review findings we concluded that concentration of research on specific countries, insufficient coverage of diversified forest dimensions/thematic areas, and higher concerns relating to ecological impacts of forest management are the reasons behind poor adoption of research outcomes of improved logging practices. Likewise, their implementation is further hindered by limited attention to the interests and needs of the forest managers/owners, lack of coordination and collaboration among stakeholders and negligible support to develop stakeholders' capacity. Our review suggests a broadening of the geographical and thematic focus of the study as well as a consideration of effective engagement and capacity development of the forest managers/owners and stakeholders in selective logging policies and practices.},
   author = {Bishnu Hari Poudyal and Tek Maraseni and Geoff Cockfield},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2018.08.006},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   month = {12},
   pages = {166-175},
   title = {Evolutionary dynamics of selective logging in the tropics: A systematic review of impact studies and their effectiveness in sustainable forest management},
   volume = {430},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000445694900003,
   abstract = {In recent years, a common theme in social science research, natural resource policies and practical management has been the increasing emphasis on partnerships and other forms of collaborative efforts as effective means to reach tangible and sustainable outcomes. Another significant trend is the increasing focus on the role of the forestry sector in managing the challenges of climate change, and the push towards a biobased, low-carbon economy is at the epicenter of the public debate in several EU countries. Drawing on research on collaborative processes as well as research on policy design, this paper reviews the current trend to rely increasingly on collaborative efforts to improve sustainability, using forest governance in northern Europe as an illustrative case. It pays particular attention to efforts to balance concerned stakeholders through National Forest Programmes (NFPs), and considers these efforts in an international context. It concludes by elaborating on future research directions and policy recommendations that are critical to achieve intended outcomes in forest governance systems characterized by state-initiated collaborative processes as well as various forms of voluntary initiatives.},
   author = {Johanna Johansson},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2018.01.009},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   issue = {SI},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   month = {6},
   pages = {9-16},
   title = {Collaborative governance for sustainable forestry in the emerging bio-based economy in Europe},
   volume = {32},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000418214300007,
   abstract = {Lower-value biomass (LVB) in forests constitutes non-commercial material traditionally left on site following harvesting. Emerging markets for energy and bioproducts have increased incentives to harvest and utilize this material in some cases. Removal of LVB can reduce forest health risks stemming from wildfire, diseases, and pests but has raised questions about effects on forest productivity and environmental sustainability. The status, trends, and quantities of forest biomass are most often estimated from forest inventories but socioeconomic and physical factors limit the quantity of residual biomass available for use. National forest inventory data suggest quantities of LVB are likely substantial, with annual timberland growth exceeding harvest removals in all states where data are available and unutilized dead biomass roughly half that of current harvest removals. Cost-effective transport distance and logistical factors limit the practical availability of LVB, with in-woods chipping as part of conventional harvesting operations generally providing the greatest economic returns. Harvesting LVB removes higher quantities of nutrients from forested sites with greater potential impact on soil physical properties, soil carbon, and forest productivity than traditional, stem-only harvesting. However, global assessments show inconsistent forest productivity and soil responses and impacts across contrasting sites and soil types. Lower residue retention and changes in forest structure resulting from LVB harvesting can also influence habitat for some wildlife species. Some field studies suggest removals of downed coarse woody debris negatively impact bird diversity and abundance while other assessments suggest minimal or only temporary effects with benefits to other species, particularly those associated with early seral habitat. While LVB harvesting and residue removal have the potential to increase soil disturbance and delivery of sediment and nutrients to streams compared to traditional harvesting, best management practices demonstrated effective in protecting water quality through decades of field research should be largely applicable to practices that include LVB harvesting. Although states and other entities have developed biomass harvesting guidelines and revised certification standards that restrict or modify intensive harvesting practices, the efficacy of such guidelines is uncertain due to highly variable site limitations and responses and a lack of site-specific response data. This paper provides an overview of environmental implications and practical considerations related to harvesting LVB in forests and how they differ from harvesting of traditional, commercial biomass sources.},
   author = {Eric D Vance and Stephen P Prisley and Erik B Schilling and Vickie L Tatum and T Bently Wigley and Alan A Lucier and Paul C Van Deusen},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2017.10.023},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   month = {1},
   pages = {47-56},
   title = {Environmental implications of harvesting lower-value biomass in forests},
   volume = {407},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000432763700004,
   abstract = {Designed as a biodiversity-maintenance concept, Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) considers not only forest for its ecological function, but also forestry workers whom play a significant role in executing the SFM program in the implementation stage. By using occupational ergonomics approach, this paper aims to examine how the Indonesian mandatory SFM certification, the so-called Pengelolaan Hutan Produksi Lestari (PHPL) positioned forestry workers in its SFM scheme. This issue is important since forestry work is a well-known profession with high occupational safety and health (OSH) risk. Content analysis on occupational ergonomics-related national policies and the mandatory PHPL Criteria and Indicators (C&I), and interviews with forest managers, PHPL auditor, and forestry workers indicate the poor performance of the instrument to assess the occupational-ergonomics-related factors at a practical level. This study reveals that PHPL is more of administrative liability obligation fulfillments rather than performance-based fulfillments (meanwhile, OSH status should be seen as an outcome of a good safety culture rather than an artifact/document). This study verifies content-overlap among the verifiers, content mismatch between the verifiers and the actual characteristic of forest operation, and the absence of distinct assessment standard. This study also discovers the existence of ``ergonomics holes\{''\} in the PHPL C&I: (1) promoting a safe working environment for forestry workers, (2) distinct organization structural linkage on safety responsibility assignments, (3) emergency procedure, (4) distinct qualification for heavy machine operator and chemical technician, (5) sub-contract workers, and (6) the importance of management commitment and workers' participation. Revision on PHPL should seriously consider integrating OSH and wellbeing aspect as mentioned in Indonesia's national policies concerning manpower and occupational safety.},
   author = {Efi Yuliati Yovi and Dodik Ridho Nurrochmat},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2017.11.007},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   issue = {SI},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   month = {6},
   pages = {27-35},
   title = {An occupational ergonomics in the Indonesian state mandatory sustainable forest management instrument: A review},
   volume = {91},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000446321000034,
   abstract = {There is growing evidence that good community forest (CF) governance is a significant determinant of CF success. We examined the state of CF governance in Cameroon by applying a set of good governance principles to 36 case studies. Key good governance principles applied included accountability, equity, participation, representation, direction, and performance. The results revealed that the state of CF governance was relatively poor, with 78% of case studies not meeting standards for all the principles. Evidence suggests that all case studies did not meet standards for accountability and equity, while more than 70% of the case studies did not meet standards for participation, direction, and performance. Positive governance outcomes included increased CF employment; contribution to social investments like roofing of houses, provision of water, health, and training; improved community participation in sustainable management of forests; improved awareness of environmental protection and sustainable exploitation practices; and enabling fair representation of and empowerment of indigenous minorities such as the Baka, resulting in the creation of a Baka-led CF. The presence of economic activities that generate direct benefits, the extent of technical support, and influential and supportive elites emerged as key drivers of positive outcomes in CF governance. These suggest that deploying incentives targeted at catalyzing enterprise development such as favorable loans, tax and financial support conditions, reinforced focused technical and institutional support including capacity building, and awards for supportive and innovative elites could go a long way to improve CF governance in Cameroon.},
   author = {Serge Mandiefe Piabuo and Divine Foundjem-Tita and Peter A Minang},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10330-230334},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art34},
   title = {Community forest governance in Cameroon: a review},
   volume = {23},
   url = {https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol23/iss3/art34/},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000454653700032,
   abstract = {Community based forest management (CBFM) has been implemented in Africa since the 1980s. Three main objectives, which are currently part of the sustainable development goals (SDGs), underlie the formation of CBFM. They are (1) enhancing community engagement in forest management, (2) reducing rural poverty, and (3) promoting forest resources conservation. We examine CBFM frameworks in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and CBFM schemes' contribution to selected sustainable development goals relevant to the forestry sector. Five SSA countries, Ethiopia, Kenya, Cameroon, Uganda, and Tanzania were chosen for the study because of their long-term engagement in CBFM. The analysis was based on desk review of literature from Web of Science!, Scopus, and Google Scholar!, and interviews with individuals representing institutions leading CBFM implementation in the countries selected. We found countries were strong in devising policy and legal provisions and articulating formalities for establishing CBFM. Major weaknesses were observed in monitoring CBFM performance, benefit sharing, and product management. The analysis of CBFM schemes' contribution to SDGs was largely positive, though with several cases of no considerable impact and few reports of negative impacts. The contributions of CBFM schemes to SDGs was constrained by weaknesses in the CBFM frameworks. Enhancing CBFM schemes contribution to SDGs requires addressing the major weaknesses observed in the CBFM frameworks.},
   author = {Lalisa A Duguma and Joanes Atela and Alemayehu N Ayana and Dieudonne Alemagi and Mathew Mpanda and Moses Nyago and Peter A Minang and Judith M Nzyoka and Divine Foundjem-Tita and Cécile Ngo Ntamag-Ndjebet},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10514-230421},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art21},
   title = {Community forestry frameworks in sub-Saharan Africa and the impact on sustainable development},
   volume = {23},
   url = {https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol23/iss4/art21/},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000440314500003,
   abstract = {Increased availability of current forest resource information provides an opportunity to evaluate the continued concerns about forest sustainability in North America. The purpose of this study is to assess and discuss the current state and trends of North American forest resources, sustainable forest management, and their implications for forest sustainability. Recent information indicates that forest sustainability in North America is not under threat. Forest area, inventory, and carbon stocks have been increasing while wood harvest has been declining. Large expanses of forest resources are covered by management plans, and many forests are certified. The areas of concern include forest fires and bark beetle infestations in primarily public forests in the western USA and Canada, and continued loss of forest cover in Mexico. Despite progress made in gathering information on forest resources, evaluating forest sustainability remains challenging. Practicing sustainable forest management is made difficult by unfavorable market conditions and the ensuing lack of funding, challenges in developing and implementing forest management plans, and uncertainties including potential impacts of climate change, population growth, and changing markets.},
   author = {Jacek P Siry and Frederick W Cubbage and Kevin M Potter and Kathleen McGinley},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-018-0079-2},
   issn = {2198-6436},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS},
   pages = {138-149},
   title = {Current Perspectives on Sustainable Forest Management: North America},
   volume = {4},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000430766300013,
   abstract = {Little attention has been paid to the role of forest produce organizations in social development. The collective principles of forest producer organizations allow them to potentially provide formal and informal social protection benefits to their members in forest dependent communities. We review the literature to understand and document the role and practices of forest producer organizations in providing social protection. Our review finds that most of the social protection benefits provided by forest producer organizations are in the form of social insurance, informal insurance through pooled funds and social services in the community. However, there is limited evidence of the effectiveness or socio-economic impact of the social protection benefits provided by forest producer organizations. In addition, studies do not provide comprehensive information on design elements such as benefit levels, scope and duration. Our review also identifies a broad range of factors that enable or hinder the provision of social protection benefits and discusses the opportunities for strengthening and supporting the provision of social protection by forest producer organizations. The review's findings suggest that forest producer organizations can potentially contribute to the expansion of social protection coverage among the rural poor in line with the targets of the sustainable development goal (SDG) 1.},
   author = {Nyasha Tirivayi and Louise Nennen and Wondimagegn Tesfaye and Qiang Ma},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2018.01.010},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   pages = {106-114},
   title = {The benefits of collective action: Exploring the role of forest producer organizations in social protection},
   volume = {90},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000437967900009,
   abstract = {Environmental and economic performance of forestry on drained peatlands was reviewed to consider whether continuous cover forestry (CCF) could be a feasible alternative to even-aged management (EM). CCF was regarded feasible particularly because continuously maintaining a tree stand with significant transpiration and interception capacity would decrease the need for ditch network maintenance. Managing CCF forests in such a way that the ground water levels are lower than in clear-cut EM forests but higher than in mature EM forests could decrease greenhouse gas emissions and negative water quality impacts caused both by anoxic redox reactions and oxidation and mineralization of deep peat layers. Regeneration studies indicated potential for satisfactory natural regeneration under CCF on drained peatlands. An economic advantage in CCF over EM is that fewer investments are needed to establish the forest stand and sustain its growth. Thus, even if the growth of trees in CCF forests were lower than in EM forests, CCF could at least in some peatland sites turn out to be a more profitable forest management regime. An advantage of CCF from the viewpoint of socially optimal forest management is that it plausibly reduces the negative externalities of management compared to EM. We propose that future research in drained peatland forests should focus on assessing the economic and environmental feasibility of CCF.},
   author = {M Nieminen and H Hokka and R Laiho and A Juutinen and A Ahtikoski and M Pearson and S Kojola and S Sarkkola and S Launiainen and S Valkonen and T Penttila and A Lohila and M Saarinen and K Haahti and R Makipaa and J Miettinen and M Ollikainen},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2018.04.046},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   pages = {78-84},
   title = {Could continuous cover forestry be an economically and environmentally feasible management option on drained boreal peatlands?},
   volume = {424},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000424961800002,
   abstract = {Development of bioeconomy is high on political agendas around the world. As part of bioeconomy policies governments have initiated reviews of the contemporary laws in order to identify and remove potential barriers and address the shortcomings as well as develop new tools to facilitate transition to bioeconomy. This paper discusses the role of natural resources law in bioeconomy and considers the needs for developing legislation to better meet the future challenges. As a concrete case study the article evaluates regulations governing the use of forests in Finland from the perspective of bioeconomy. The paper shows that major deficiencies in regulations governing the use of forests in Finland in developing bioeconomy relate to ecological and social sustainability, resource efficiency, and conflict management. The article concludes that there is a need to increase integration, adaptability, transparency and public participation in Finnish forest regulation to facilitate the transition to and maintain sustainable bioeconomy.},
   author = {Suvi Borgstrom},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2017.10.012},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   pages = {11-23},
   title = {Reviewing natural resources law in the light of bioeconomy: Finnish forest regulations as a case study},
   volume = {88},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000445694900019,
   abstract = {Many zero-deforestation commitments pledge to enhance social sustainability in commodity supply chains. We review zero-deforestation commitments, and the peer-reviewed and gray literature, to characterize the role of these commitments in protecting and enhancing the well-being of indigenous and traditional forest-dependent people, laborers, and smallholders. First, we find that social criteria in zero-deforestation commitments pertain to labor standards, land rights, and community consultation. Second, we find that few publications examine the impacts of zero-deforestation commitments on social outcomes. Of those few, most are gray literature reports that rely on field-intensive data-collection to evaluate compliance with social criteria. Third, we highlight opportunities for linking zero-deforestation commitments to certification programs, and for developing jurisdictional approaches to sustainable sourcing. Finally, we call for more research to better-understand the social dimensions of zero-deforestation commitments.},
   author = {Peter Newton and Rayna Benzeev},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2018.05.023},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   issue = {SI},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {126-133},
   title = {The role of zero-deforestation commitments in protecting and enhancing rural livelihoods},
   volume = {32},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000453422000002,
   abstract = {The transformational potential of Agenda 2030 lies in the synergies to be found among the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The SDGs were designed to be interdependent, requiring enhanced policy coherence for sustainable development, and forests have a prominent role to play in their success. To support SDGs integration and highlight challenges to, and opportunities for, policy coherence among sectors that affect forests, we identify three policy clusters that are each defined by a set of closely related SDGs: ecosystem services and livelihoods; the green economy; and rights, justice, equality and inclusion. We illustrate how enhanced policy coherence within each cluster can support integrated approaches that both benefit from, and provide support for, forests.},
   author = {Joleen Timko and Philippe Le Billon and Hisham Zerriffi and Jordi Honey-Roses and Ian de la Roche and Chris Gaston and Terry C H Sunderland and Rob A Kozak},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2018.06.004},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {7-12},
   title = {A policy nexus approach to forests and the SDGs: tradeoffs and synergies},
   volume = {34},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000446321000017,
   abstract = {Cameroon, in its Forestry, Wildlife and Fisheries Law 94/01 of 1994, supported local communities to engage in managing forests and benefit from them economically and environmentally. Three main objectives underlie this law: (1) enabling local communities to have access rights to forests in their surroundings, (2) Improving rural livelihoods, and (3) promoting sustainable forest management. Despite a gradual increase in the number of community forests, their effectiveness in delivering on the above objectives has been low. Our aim is to examine the typologies of the enabling factors (enablers) that could improve the performance of community forests in achieving the objectives underlying their creation. Content analysis was applied to 41 documents focusing on community forest issues in Cameroon. Benefit generation, partnership, monitoring, and policy support were the most frequently mentioned enablers with 47% of the total frequency of enablers assessed. The second enablers set, with close to 33% of the total frequency, are technical support, governance, financial support, practices choices, and institutions. We found a strong degree of association between the enablers in general. Ownership, performance, and partnership dominate this with positive association with 12, 11, and 10 other enablers, respectively. These results point to two policy and technical implications in the area of community forestry in Cameroon. First, the emergence of key sets of enablers and clusters of associations can help identify and emphasize critical leveraging points for improving effectiveness and efficiency. Second, it points to the need for holistic or integrated approaches in addressing enablers to improve community forests' performance. Further research might be needed in identifying and prioritizing corresponding policy instruments required for intervention.},
   author = {Lalisa A Duguma and Peter A Minang and Divine Foundjem-Tita and Parmutia Makui and Serge Mandiefe Piabuo},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10242-230301},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art1},
   title = {Prioritizing enablers for effective community forestry in Cameroon},
   volume = {23},
   url = {https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol23/iss3/art1/},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000426152500055,
   abstract = {Global supply chains play a critical role in many of the most pressing environmental stresses and social struggles identified by the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Responding to calls from the global community, companies are adopting a variety of voluntary practices to improve the environmental and/or social management of their suppliers' activities. We develop a global survey of 449 publicly listed companies in the food, textile, and wood-products sectors with annual reports in English to provide insight into how the private sector contributes to advancing the SDGs via such sustainable-sourcing practices. We find that while 52% of companies use at least one sustainable-sourcing practice, these practices are limited in scope; 71% relates to only one or a few input materials and 60.5% apply to only first-tier suppliers. We also find that sustainable-sourcing practices typically address a small subset of the sustainability challenges laid out by the SDGs, primarily focusing on labor rights and compliance with national laws. Consistent with existing hypotheses, companies that face consumer and civil society pressure are associated with a significantly higher probability of adopting sustainable-sourcing practices. Our findings highlight the opportunities and limitations of corporate sustainable-sourcing practices in addressing the myriad sustainability challenges facing our world today.},
   author = {Tannis Thorlakson and Joann F de Zegher and Eric F Lambin},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1716695115},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {9},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {2072-2077},
   title = {Companies' contribution to sustainability through global supply chains},
   volume = {115},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000446920400051,
   abstract = {The Paris Agreement promotes forest management as a pathway towards halting climate warming through the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions(1). However, the climate benefits from carbon sequestration through forest management may be reinforced, counteracted or even offset by concurrent management-induced changes in surface albedo, land-surface roughness, emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds, transpiration and sensible heat flux(2-4). Consequently, forest management could offset CO2 emissions without halting global temperature rise. It therefore remains to be confirmed whether commonly proposed sustainable European forest-management portfolios would comply with the Paris Agreement-that is, whether they can reduce the growth rate of atmospheric CO2, reduce the radiative imbalance at the top of the atmosphere, and neither increase the near-surface air temperature nor decrease precipitation by the end of the twenty-first century. Here we show that the portfolio made up of management systems that locally maximize the carbon sink through carbon sequestration, wood use and product and energy substitution reduces the growth rate of atmospheric CO2, but does not meet any of the other criteria. The portfolios that maximize the carbon sink or forest albedo pass only one-different in each case-criterion. Managing the European forests with the objective of reducing near-surface air temperature, on the other hand, will also reduce the atmospheric CO2 growth rate, thus meeting two of the four criteria. Trade-off are thus unavoidable when using European forests to meet climate objectives. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that if present-day forest cover is sustained, the additional climate benefits achieved through forest management would be modest and local, rather than global. On the basis of these findings, we argue that Europe should not rely on forest management to mitigate climate change. The modest climate effects from changes in forest management imply, however, that if adaptation to future climate were to require large-scale changes in species composition and silvicultural systems over Europe(5,6), the forests could be adapted to climate change with neither positive nor negative climate effects.},
   author = {Sebastiaan Luyssaert and Guillaume Marie and Aude Valade and Yi-Ying Chen and Sylvestre Njakou Djomo and James Ryder and Juliane Otto and Kim Naudts and Anne Sofie Lanso and Josefine Ghattas and Matthew J McGrath},
   doi = {10.1038/s41586-018-0577-1},
   issn = {0028-0836},
   issue = {7726},
   journal = {NATURE},
   pages = {259+},
   title = {Trade-offs in using European forests to meet climate objectives},
   volume = {562},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000453337000018,
   abstract = {With limited decarbonization options in the aviation sector, renewable jet fuels produced from biomass resources represent a promising opportunity. However, potential implications of their deployment on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) remain largely unexplored. We introduce an approach for SDG analysis based on life-cycle impact assessment methods. We show that climate action benefits of renewable jet fuels produced from forest residues available in Norway are larger in the medium/longer term than the shorter term, but they increase pressure on other SDGs-mainly SDGs 2, 3, 6, 11, 12 and 14-especially for alcohol-to-jet fuel technology. Most of these adverse side-effects are alleviated with technological and supply-chain improvements. Environmental sustainability analysis can identify both synergies (mitigation options that co-deliver across SDGs) and trade-offs between climate change mitigation and the SDGs, thereby supporting their early management and mitigation.},
   author = {Otavio Cavalett and Francesco Cherubini},
   doi = {10.1038/s41893-018-0181-2},
   issn = {2398-9629},
   issue = {12},
   journal = {NATURE SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {799-807},
   title = {Contribution of jet fuel from forest residues to multiple Sustainable Development Goals},
   volume = {1},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000450118100011,
   abstract = {The Brazilian Amazon forest is tremendously important for its ecosystem services but attribution of economically measurable values remains scarce. Mapping these values is essential for designing conservation strategies that suitably combine regional forest protection with sustainable forest use. We estimate spatially explicit economic values for a range of ecosystem services provided by the Brazilian Amazon forest, including food production (Brazil nut), raw material provision (rubber and timber), greenhouse gas mitigation (CO2 emissions) and climate regulation (rent losses to soybean, beef and hydroelectricity production due to reduced rainfall). Our work also includes the mapping of biodiversity resources and of rent losses to timber production by fire-induced degradation. Highest values range from US$56.72 +/- 10 ha (-1) yr(-1) to US$737 +/- 134 ha(-1) yr(-1) but are restricted to only 12% of the remaining forest. Our results, presented on a web platform, identify regions where high ecosystem services values cluster together as potential information to support decision-making.},
   author = {Jon Strand and Britaldo Soares-Filho and Marcos Heil Costa and Ubirajara Oliveira and Sonia Carvalho Ribeiro and Gabrielle Ferreira Pires and Aline Oliveira and Raoni Rajao and Peter May and Richard van der Hoff and Juha Siikamaki and Ronaldo Seroa da Motta and Michael Toman},
   doi = {10.1038/s41893-018-0175-0},
   issn = {2398-9629},
   issue = {11},
   journal = {NATURE SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {657-664},
   title = {Spatially explicit valuation of the Brazilian Amazon Forest's Ecosystem Services},
   volume = {1},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000469866900012,
   abstract = {When it was first introduced, the concept of sustainability in the forestry sector had a narrow focus on sustainable wood production. Since then, this concept has evolved and it now considers now the three sustainability dimensions (economic, environmental and social) of the whole forest wood supply chain. The main objective of this study is then to review assessment and optimization studies that consider the forest wood supply chain and at least one of the sustainability dimensions. To accomplish this goal, a total number of 188 papers, published in English-speaking peer-reviewed journals from 1995 to 2017, were reviewed. These papers have been classified according to the sustainability dimensions explored, the stakeholder's involvement, the modeling approaches applied, the supply chain decision levels treated, the uncertainty inclusion, and case study analyzed. Most of the studies reviewed (84.6%) considered only two sustainability dimensions: economic (31.9%), environmental (13.8%), or a combination of both (38.8%). The first study including the three sustainability dimensions was published in 2005. Most of the studies reviewed (64.9%) focus on the bioenergy industry in Europe and North America, due to the growing interest in using biomass to substitute fossil fuels in energy production. The final part of the paper presents the identified specific features of sustainable forest wood supply chains and discusses a future research agenda in the area.},
   author = {Andreia Santos and Ana Carvalho and Ana Paula Barbosa-Povoa and Alexandra Marques and Pedro Amorim},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2019.05.026},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   month = {8},
   pages = {112-135},
   title = {Assessment and optimization of sustainable forest wood supply chains - A systematic literature review},
   volume = {105},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000461270600031,
   abstract = {Central European temperate oak woodlands are highly valued for their rich biodiversity. They are also of great economic importance and forest management aims to produce high quality timber, which demands high investments. The aim of this literature review is to identify management options for forestry and nature conservation that sustain both the ecological value of oak forests and the economic viability of oak silviculture. We addressed three main questions: (a) Oaks and close-to-nature forestry - what are the key silvicultural challenges and options?, (b) What is the particular significance of ecological continuity and which structural features are of importance for biodiversity conservation in oak forests?, (c) What are the key elements and possible strategies of forest management that sustain the ecological values in oak forests in combination with viable forestry? Light availability appeared to be a conspicuous link connecting the conservation and the silvicultural aspects of multifunctional oak forest management: Both young oak trees and multiple oak woodland specialist species are characterized by their need for increased sunlight exposure. This common denominator provides a sound basis for integrative management practices for forestry and nature conservation. The concept of retention forestry offers purposeful approaches. So the harvest of valuable timber oaks or the creation of canopy gaps for oak regeneration can be used to release the crowns and trunks of habitat oaks from shading and competition. When looking at the management of oak woodland biodiversity hotspots, the re-establishment of (modified) historical forest management techniques, which increase stand openness and create transitional habitats that provide suitable oak regeneration niches, seems to be necessary. Not only the continuity of oak woodland cover and natural site conditions, but also the uninterrupted temporal continuity and availability of wood-related structural features turned out to be of particular importance for oak woodland specialist species. We identified an urgent need for systematic forest planning approaches that secure the long-term availability of these structural features within areas or ``sustainability units\{''\} that are large enough to maintain viable populations of oak woodland specialist species. In particular, conservation-oriented forestry measures should mainly be implemented in those areas, where the greatest effectiveness is to be expected. In the sustainability units, oak regeneration measures ought to take place either in close vicinity to old oak stands or directly in these stands. The choice of one of these options should be based on a careful consideration of the needs and possibilities of both silvicultural and nature conservation management.},
   author = {Andreas Moelder and Peter Meyer and Ralf-Volker Nagel},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2019.01.006},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   month = {4},
   pages = {324-339},
   title = {Integrative management to sustain biodiversity and ecological continuity in Central European temperate oak (Quercus robur, Q. petraea) forests: An overview},
   volume = {437},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000455990500011,
   abstract = {In a context of highly fragmented woodlands' ownership, joint forest management implies a reduction of transaction costs for its members and improves the coherence of forestry actions at the landscape scale. Increasing the size of the management unit improves market positioning, permits a more technical management, and improves environmental sustainability in aspects that require spatial coordination. A review of relevant literature on forest owners' groupings and the lessons learned from case studies in Navarra (Spain) have been analysed from a social capital perspective. Twelve challenges are identified, for which technical recommendations are offered. We navigate through decision-making procedures, geographical cohesion, legitimacy and trust building, transparency and internal communication, trade-offs in efficiency and equity, local idiosyncrasy, management committee dynamics, risk aversion vs. flexibility, legal aspects, joint motivations and long-term vision, and intermediary's efficiency. Existing policy tools help in overcoming some of the economic and technical aspects. However, internal governance challenges require a concerted effort from participating forest owners.},
   author = {Elena Gorriz-Mifsud and Luis Olza Donazar and Eduardo Montero Eseverri and Valentino Marini Govigli},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2017.11.005},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   month = {2},
   pages = {100-109},
   title = {The challenges of coordinating forest owners for joint management},
   volume = {99},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000486553900017,
   abstract = {Millions of people are dependent on tropical forests for livelihood. However, their dependence on meagre incomes from nontimber forest products (NTFPs) and payment for ecosystem services (PES) are leading to continuing poverty. It is doubtful if the program, Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD + ) has yet achieved much in its primary goal of forest conservation, and the chance of it helping to alleviate rural poverty is slim. Forest conservation per se hardly creates economic opportunities, beyond survival, for rural people. Our efforts for conserving forests and their biodiversity will remain less effective as long as there are so many enclaves of trenchant poverty within and around them in the landscapes and we continue to by-pass practical routes to poverty alleviation. Poverty can be alleviated only if local actions spur economic development in which local communities have a rightful and fair share and can earn rewards for their entrepreneurships. Wood is a renewable, recyclable, versatile and sustainable natural resource. The demands for wood products are rising in developing countries, as their economies grow. They also face endemic wood deficits. This provides opportunities to pro-actively develop commercial forestry as a path to rural development and poverty alleviation. That would also assist national climate change mitigation measures, because forests sequester carbon, wood products are largely carbon positive and timber- based options are on hand to substitute for high emission materials such as concrete, steel and aluminium used to build our living environments. To move along this path, the businesses of tree growing by small-growers and local value adding should be strengthened, catalysing the entrepreneurial spirits of local people. Central to this is the need to put in place strategies to improve the productivity of and value from small scale enterprises; yet there is a serious lack of research and application to serve this key need. Among other constraints faced by small-growers include, lack of transparent and legal rights to land ownership in several countries, layers of bureaucratic regulations and the current international forest certification systems which are cumbersome and unaffordable for small-growers. Actions are possible and needed for simplifying or removing road blocks on all these fronts, along with, importantly, the development of markets for diverse products. Growth of the forestry sector as an engine for rural development warrants far greater recognition and investment than has been the case so far. We need to reimagine and strengthen the role of forestry including commercial wood business - green growth - as an effective path to rural development and poverty alleviation.},
   author = {E K Sadanandan Nambiar},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2019.06.014},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   month = {9},
   pages = {160-173},
   title = {Tamm Review: Re-imagining forestry and wood business: pathways to rural development, poverty alleviation and climate change mitigation in the tropics},
   volume = {448},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000464153200007,
   abstract = {Cameroon introduced community forestry (CF) in 1994 as a means of improving community engagement in forest management, enhancing forest conservation, and reducing poverty for forest-dependent people. More than 20 years on, reflection on uptake, conceptual evolution, and innovation is necessary to understand how best community forests can contribute to Cameroon's post-2015 sustainable development goals. We investigate, review, and reflect on how community forestry has evolved from an innovation ecosystem perspective, with a view to enhancing innovations and performance. Interest and momentum in community forestry remains strong in Cameroon, with the number of community forests growing, reaching 430 and covering 1.7 million ha (7% of total forest area). Major innovations identified are the introduction of pre-emption rights and steps toward sustainable forest management (ban on industrial logging, development of certification standards, and the introduction of the environmental notice in lieu of a full environmental impact assessment for CF activities). Little or no innovation is registered in areas related to forest enterprise (i.e., products and services value chains) and in terms of practicing sustainable forest management. Evidence suggests that knowledge generated directly feeds innovation. Coincidentally, areas for which little progress was made (enterprise and sustainable practices) also recorded few publications, suggesting that partnerships aimed at improving knowledge generation and sharing could help catalyze innovation. Other options for unlocking innovations within community forestry discussed include: enhancing intercommunity forest and private sector community forests partnerships and collaboration, increased capacity development and capital investments, and deploying incentives (financial and nonfinancial). Together these options can potentially transform community forestry in Cameroon.},
   author = {Peter A Minang and Lalisa A Duguma and Florence Bernard and Divine Foundjem-Tita and Zacharie Tchoundjeu},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10573-240101},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art1},
   title = {Evolution of community forestry in Cameroon: an innovation ecosystems perspective},
   volume = {24},
   url = {https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol24/iss1/art1/},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000464153200005,
   abstract = {Costa Rica has a strong international reputation for conservation and sustainable management of forests, including through its national payments for environmental services (PES) system and reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+). However, to be able to take those achievements to the next level, new approaches need to be developed that integrate agriculture and environmental politics, e.g., to foster climate-smart landscape management. This would be in line with the idea of a green transformation as a necessary contribution to bring human social-ecological action back within planetary boundaries. We start from a general conceptualization of a green transformation and its potential drivers, then analyze the basis and prospects for such developments by providing a review of the country's forest politics, including a mapping of relevant stakeholders that have been influential in designing and implementing the national PES and REDD+ approaches. Based on original empirical analysis that was conducted throughout 2017, we further analyze recent institutional developments of setting up a cross-sectoral policy for agriculture and environment as part of a broader landscape management approach, including the opportunities and challenges that might arise with a view to realizing this idea on the ground.},
   author = {Linda Wallbott and Giuseppina Siciliano and Markus Lederer},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10476-240124},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art24},
   title = {Beyond PES and REDD+: Costa Rica on the way to climate-smart landscape management?},
   volume = {24},
   url = {https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol24/iss1/art24/},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000506574000012,
   abstract = {Environmental management (EM) requires indicators to inform objectives and monitor the impacts or efficacy of management practices. One common approach uses ``functional ecological\{''\} indicators, which are typically species whose presence or abundance are tied to functional ecological processes, such as nutrient productivity and availability, trophic interactions, and habitat connectivity. In contrast, and used for millennia by Indigenous peoples, biocultural indicators are rooted in local values and place-based relationships between nature and people. In many landscapes today where Indigenous peoples are reasserting sovereignty and governance authority over natural resources, the functional ecological approach to indicator development does not capture fundamental values and ties to the natural world that have supported social-ecological systems over the long term. Accordingly, we argue that the development and use of biocultural indicators to shape, monitor, and evaluate the success of EM projects will be critical to achieving ecological and social sustainability today. We have provided a framework composed of criteria to be considered when selecting and applying meaningful and efficacious biocultural indicators among the diverse array of potential species and values. We used a case study from a region now referred to as coastal British Columbia, Canada, to show how the suggested application of functional ecological indicators by the provincial government created barriers to the development of meaningful cogovernance. We then explained how the Kitasoo/Xai'xais First Nation designed and implemented a bioculturally relevant suite of indicators in their own EM and monitoring processes. Drawing on our experiences there and both the biocultural and functional ecological literature, we proposed six generalizable criteria (culturally salient, inclusive, sensitive to impacts, supportive of place-based relationships, perceptible, and linked to human well-being) that can guide resource stewards and agencies in selecting locally relevant indicators to implement biocultural EM and monitor the performance of outcomes.},
   author = {Bryant C DeRoy and Chris T Darimont and Christina N Service},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-11120-240421},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art21},
   title = {Biocultural indicators to support locally led environmental management and monitoring},
   volume = {24},
   url = {https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol24/iss4/art21/},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000464153200023,
   abstract = {The Cameroonian Readiness Preparation Proposal recognizes community forests (CFs) as one strategy for implementing REDD+ (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries). However, there has been little analysis of the extent to which CFs can help achieve REDD+ objectives in Cameroon. We explore options for REDD+ within CFs, as well as challenges and possible ways forward. Cocoa agroforestry in deforested or highly degraded CFs is currently the most competitive option for implementing REDD+ while delivering ecological, economic, and social cobenefits. Reduced-impact logging and conservation or natural regeneration are technically sound options for emissions reductions within CFs, but are unlikely to compete with other more profitable activities at the current low carbon market prices of approximately USD $5/tonne of carbon. However, these options could potentially compete under a social cost of carbon estimated at $43/tonne of carbon. The current CF architecture presents a set of factors that could favor REDD+ implementation, including: good legal and institutional frameworks and practices compatible with REDD+ safeguards, experience and knowledge in related payments for ecosystem services and performance-based finance pilots, and social capital in a community of practice. The CF architecture also features potentially inhibiting factors such as poor governance (notably, elite capture and corruption), unclear carbon rights, and financing challenges. We identify a set of enabling actions for delivery of REDD+ within CFs in Cameroon, which include: clarifying carbon rights; establishing a benefit-sharing mechanism from the national to the local level with clear rules for rewarding emission reductions in CFs; and building monitoring, reporting, and verification infrastructure for REDD+ within CFs. More importantly, adopting an integrated approach in which CFs serve multiple objectives, including ecosystem-based adaptation, REDD+, and the original community forestry objectives could enable drawing from both adaptation and mitigation finance, technical support, and provide long-term sustainable development benefits.},
   author = {Florence Bernard and Peter A Minang},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10708-240114},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art14},
   title = {Community forestry and REDD+ in Cameroon: what future?},
   volume = {24},
   url = {https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol24/iss1/art14/},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000464153200013,
   abstract = {A community forestry approach was adopted by Cameroon as a strategy to promote the sustainable management of forests, participation by local communities in forest management, and poverty alleviation. However, results have been moderate and community forestry has largely failed in achieving its initial goals. Our work, based on existing literature, uses the three inter-related dimensions of equity: distributive, procedural, and contextual to highlight the main equity challenges encountered in implementing the community forestry approach over the past 20 years in Cameroon. The main constraints to distributive equity identified include: the absence of clear benefit-sharing mechanisms and rents capture by elites, insecure tenure, and limited use rights of forest resources. Regarding the procedural dimension, we observed an exclusion of vulnerable groups, especially women, and a lack of information flow and transparency in decision-making processes. Finally, for contextual equity, the main constraints are unfair laws and regulations that give more advantages to the state and logging companies than to the local population. Moreover, poor community capacities and high transaction costs in the process of obtaining and exploiting community forests are additional constraints to contextual equity. The authors recommend a few measures to improve community forestry contribution to socioeconomic development, equity in benefit sharing, and sustainable management of forest resources. These include the need: (1) to promote transparency in community forests management with fair and gender-based policies that consider socioeconomic differences existing within and between forest communities; (2) to strengthen local community members financial and technical capacities and increase their representation and participation in decision-making structures; and (3) to set up mechanisms that guarantee existing policies are fully implemented.},
   author = {Urcil Papito Kenfack Essougong and Divine Foundjem-Tita and Peter A Minang},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10656-240109},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art9},
   title = {Addressing equity in community forestry: lessons from 20 years of implementation in Cameroon},
   volume = {24},
   url = {https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol24/iss1/art9/},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000482391700001,
   abstract = {Purpose of Review One of the challenges of forest operations is to consider the consequences of different management strategies and to estimate the economic, environmental and social performance of different processes, products, or services. From the methods available to quantify the impact of alternative forest management, we selected the method of Sustainability Impact Assessment (SIA), an iterative process that includes the analysis of the societal, environmental, and economic sustainability pillars and offers a wider assessment framework, which is useful for stakeholders and policy makers. The purpose of this review is to identify the state of the art and trends of SIA in forest operations. Recent Findings There are few studies including all pillars of sustainability and most of the studies consider different aspects of environmental or economic impacts. It is important to determine the system boundaries and select the appropriate indicators in order to have a comprehensive SIA. Different harvesting technologies and their deployment can influence costs, productivity, environment, and safety risk. Some indicators, such as cost and productivity, can vary between countries and different scenarios. Efficient machines, appropriate technical systems, innovative products, and up-to date training of operators can have a positive impact on sustainability. Economic factors can change at a rapid pace, and new machines can play a positive role in forest operations (e.g., lower fuel consumption, higher level of safety and comfort for operators). The inclusion of indicators measuring the extra value of the forest should be considered. We suggest adopting sensitivity analysis during the assessment of key processes to observe the effect on the hot spots.},
   author = {Janine Schweier and Natascia Magagnotti and Eric R Labelle and Dimitris Athanassiadis},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-019-00091-6},
   issn = {2198-6436},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS},
   pages = {101-113},
   title = {Sustainability Impact Assessment of Forest Operations: a Review},
   volume = {5},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000493764700001,
   abstract = {Purpose of Review In this article, we review existing research addressing how environmental regulations have influenced the pulp and paper industry. These regulations appear in different forms and designs and address air and water pollution as well as climate change. The paper devotes particular attention to how various regulations have affected sustainable technological change and the prospects for inducing deep emission reductions without jeopardizing industrial competitiveness and future investments. Recent Findings Experiences from key pulp and paper regions, not least the Nordic countries, suggest that gradually tightening performance standards have contributed to radical reductions in emissions, e.g., chlorine compounds and biological oxygen demanding agents, and without imposing excessive compliance costs. This outcome can largely be attributed to how the regulations have been designed-and implemented-in practice, as well as to the presence of efficient and legitimate institutions. Long-term emission reduction targets, in combination with extended compliance periods and trustful firm-regulator relationships, contributed to radical technological innovation and permitted radical emission reductions without excessive compliance costs. The development of alternative bleaching technologies is an apt example. In contrast, the impact of carbon pricing schemes, including the EU emissions trading scheme, on carbon dioxide emissions reductions and related technological change in the pulp and paper industry has however been modest. Self-regulation, certification, and community pressure have exerted relatively modest influences on the environmental performance of the industry. Important avenues for future research are identified. These include the following: (a) comparative research on how policy mixes in various countries have influenced environmental compliance and innovation; processes; (b) future studies of environmental regulations, their design and implementation, in emerging pulp and paper producing countries, not least China; and (c) research on how environmental regulations can affect ongoing restructurings in the industry towards a broader palette of products in biorefineries.},
   author = {Patrik Soderholm and Ann-Kristin Bergquist and Kristina Soderholm},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-019-00097-0},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS},
   pages = {185-198},
   title = {Environmental Regulation in the Pulp and Paper Industry: Impacts and Challenges},
   volume = {5},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000485771900011,
   abstract = {A novel European Union forest policy based on the best and most up-to-date information available is urgently needed. Without such change, forests will not provide the resources we need and will suffer heavily under climate change. Forest inventories and many information sources exist in all countries but are not properly used in European Union policymaking. We introduce a next-generation information tool that portrays a synchronized top-down European forest management strategies map, spatially weighing the multifunctionality of European forests.},
   author = {Gert-Jan Nabuurs and Peter Verweij and Michiel Van Eupen and Marta Perez-Soba and Helga Puelz and Kees Hendriks},
   doi = {10.1038/s41893-019-0374-3},
   issn = {2398-9629},
   issue = {9},
   journal = {NATURE SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {815-818},
   title = {Next-generation information to support a sustainable course for European forests},
   volume = {2},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000528432200001,
   abstract = {Purpose of Review Lowering the impact of forest utilisation on the forest environment is a part of the improvement in sustainable forest management. As part of forest utilisation, timber harvesting can also cause environmental implications. The main impact of forest operations is on the soil, on regeneration and on the residual stand. The aim of the present review was to identify the state of the art in forest utilisation, identifying how and how much forest operations affect forest soil, regeneration and the remaining stand. Particular attention was paid to the level of impact and potential to limit this. Recent Findings There are a large number of publications tackling forest harvesting, but most of them do not give a comprehensive framework and they mainly focus on one or very few aspects of forest damage. In order to improve general knowledge of the impact of forest operations, it was proposed that the scope of recent findings should be examined and a compilation of the available results from different regions should be presented in one paper. It was found that the least impactful machine-based forest operations were harvester-forwarder technologies, while a larger scale of damage could be expected from ground-based extraction systems (skidders) and cable yarders. Animal power, if applicable, tended to be very neutral to the forest environment. A decrease in damage is possible by optimising skid trail and strip road planning, careful completion of forest operations and training for operators. The existence of legal documents controlling post-harvesting stand damage are rare and have been implemented in only two countries; there is no post-harvesting control on soil damage and natural regeneration.},
   author = {Rodolfo Picchio and Piotr S Mederski and Farzam Tavankar},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-020-00113-8},
   issn = {2198-6436},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {Current Forestry Reports},
   month = {6},
   pages = {115-128},
   title = {How and How Much, Do Harvesting Activities Affect Forest Soil, Regeneration and Stands?},
   volume = {6},
   url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40725-020-00113-8},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000528191300011,
   abstract = {The ecological value of unmanaged early successional habitat created by disturbances has received considerable research attention. Less well studied is the capacity of tree plantations to contribute to local and regional biological diversity while subsidizing conservation strategies. We present a conceptual framework for describing variability in early successional forests and illustrate how the spatial pattern of this habitat may vary as a function of productivity, land ownership, and disturbance in the Pacific Northwest, USA. We posit that plantations will only increase in ecological and economic importance as the world addresses conservation and resource production challenges associated with climate change, altered disturbance regimes, increasing rates of global wood consumption, and evolving social, legal, and economic expectations. Researchers and managers can foster collaborative frameworks to encourage provisioning of non-timber services on private land, while prioritizing non-timber benefits of early successional habitat on public land to optimize biodiversity conservation and ecosystem services provided in managed forest landscapes.},
   author = {Andrew J Kroll and James D Johnston and Thomas D Stokely and Garrett W Meigs},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118055},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   month = {5},
   title = {From the ground up: Managing young forests for a range of ecosystem outcomes},
   volume = {464},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000513178500008,
   abstract = {In the extensive literature scholars have demonstrated that the goals of power transfer in the decentralization of natural resources governance have not been fully achieved. Powerful actors have maintained their positions of domination, while the interventions have transferred tasks and duties to communities and local decision makers without adequately attending to their capabilities, capacities and resources for natural resources governance. Our research cases from Mexico, Nepal and Tanzania reveal the limits of such responsibilization. We argue that natural resource governance interventions increasingly rely on a new logic that requires citizens, local authorities and communities to be responsible for their own well-being and for resource sustainability. In our case study countries, decentralized forest governance has been a way to demonstrate a ``romantic doxa\{''\} which national and international actors created via the phenomenon of ``responsibilization\{''\} -something seemingly innocent which has created symbolic violence. In this article, we argue that three aspects -capabilities, agency, and level of structures -need to be better understood to support locally responsive and collaborative natural resources governance instead of responsibilization in the resources governance. We consider that: 1) the concept of human agency is centrally connected to collaborative and responsive natural resources sustainability transformation processes; 2) the capabilities to exercise human agency need to match the duties, and the duties must be appropriate and moderate with respect to the agents in the natural resources governance and; 3) the governance structures need to be changed so as not only to support human agency to carry out duties but also to ensure capabilities.},
   author = {Irmeli Mustalahti and Violeta Gutierrez-Zamora and Maija Hyle and Bishnu Prasad Devkota and Nina Tokola},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2019.102033},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   month = {2},
   title = {Responsibilization in natural resources governance: A romantic doxa?},
   volume = {111},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000555744700014,
   abstract = {This study systematically reviews 146 publications on the socio-economic importance of natural and planted walnut forests in the 15 countries of the Silk Road in order to comprehensively assess the current state of knowledge, identify knowledge gaps and define priorities for further research. Despite widely spreading natural and cultivated walnut forests along the Silk Road, which are intensively utilized and make significant contribution to local livelihoods, we found that existing socio-economic research was still relatively limited and unequally distributed among the Silk Road countries, especially for Central Asia and Iran. As evidenced by the significant decline of walnut forests and their continued degradation, past forest conservation policies and programs were often not effective and, therefore, novel strategies and implementation models are urgently needed to achieve sustainable forest management objectives. Our review has shown that conducive economic policies, well-funded national walnut breeding programs and economic incentive schemes could effectively promote the establishment of walnut plantations, which both considerably contribute to the reclamation and rehabilitation of degraded lands and the diversification of farming systems. At the same time, further efforts are needed in walnut research and practice to improve existing value chain arrangements, develop novel products from J. regia and other underutilized forest species, and to more effectively monitor resources and enforce existing legal frameworks. While country-level research gaps seem often to be driven by national agendas and donor interests, we also identified more general topics that did not have received appropriate attention in the literature across all the investigated countries. This includes research on the impact and effectiveness of walnut plantations in reducing pressure on natural walnut forests under land sparing strategies; investigations on the role alternative forms of tourism can play in walnut forest conservation and development; and consumer studies that can provide useful guidance to enterprises in the food processing, cosmetics, handicraft and other industries to improve the quality, value-added and profitability of products derived from the walnut forests. These points illustrate the need for more systematic studies in the walnut forests of the Silk Road countries.},
   author = {Jyldyz Shigaeva and Dietrich Darr},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102233},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   title = {On the socio-economic importance of natural and planted walnut (Juglans regia L.) forests in the Silk Road countries: A systematic review},
   volume = {118},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000498821400014,
   abstract = {The circular economy has become the focus of a recent major EU policy program, which aims at the transformation towards environmentally sustainable modes of production and consumption. This has moved parts of the forest and related bio-based industries to envision their operations in terms of a circular economy. However, the meaning and implementation pathways of the concept often remain vague and ambiguous. At the same time, bio-based industries have a long history of discussing and partly realizing wood cascading. This concept strongly overlaps with circular economy ideas as it describes activities to increase the efficiency of biomass utilization. This article takes stock of wood cascading research and identifies major influencing factors for its realization to provide a comprehensive knowledge base for discussions about the circular economy in forest and related biobased industries. Based on a review of peer-reviewed literature, we find substantial knowledge available on the factors influencing the realization of wood cascading. These factors largely resemble what is currently being discussed as barriers and enablers of circular economy. Some crucial influencing factors, like policy limitations, are frequently highlighted but remain barely investigated. In addition, the various influencing factors are interdependent, making a conclusive assessment of the environmental impacts of a change to certain cascading activities extremely challenging. The challenges of quantitative assessments combined with the substantial knowledge gaps on political and socio-economic factors result in certain assumptions and political recommendations that hardly appear to be based on empirical evidence. We therefore suggest scrutinizing these assumptions and filling knowledge gaps, especially related to product design, potentials and limitations of long-lived products, and avoidance of waste generation.},
   author = {Matteo Jarre and Anna Petit-Boix and Carmen Priefer and Rolf Meyer and Sina Leipold},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2019.01.017},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   title = {Transforming the bio-based sector towards a circular economy - What can we learn from wood cascading?},
   volume = {110},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000513178500015,
   abstract = {An approach to community-based forestry (CBF) on federal forestlands in the western United States consists of a number of informal civil society institutions for communities to better organize internally and interact with government. We review the body of research on this topic, which has an explicit focus on the three interlinked aspects of democratic governance practiced to provide community benefits and ecological sustainability. We situate its prominent concepts and themes relative to the global literature on CBF, and initiate new conversation about what CBF may mean within the context of contemporary federal forest governance in the US. Drawing on our collective research and practice experience, we then propose premises and questions for a vision of a contemporary research agenda around CBF in the western US that is influenced by salient questions from the global community forestry literature, and current social and policy trends in federal lands governance.},
   author = {Emily Jane Davis and Reem Hajjar and Susan Charnley and Cassandra Moseley and Kendra Wendel and Meredith Jacobson},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2019.102042},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   title = {Community-based forestry on federal lands in the western United States: A synthesis and call for renewed research},
   volume = {111},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000513898000043,
   abstract = {<p>Maintaining the abundance of carbon stored aboveground in Amazon forests is central to any comprehensive climate stabilization strategy. Growing evidence points to indigenous peoples and local communities (IPLCs) as buffers against large-scale carbon emissions across a nine-nation network of indigenous territories (ITs) and protected natural areas (PNAs). Previous studies have demonstrated a link between indigenous land management and avoided deforestation, yet few have accounted for forest degradation and natural disturbances—processes that occur without forest clearing but are increasingly important drivers of biomass loss. Here we provide a comprehensive accounting of aboveground carbon dynamics inside and outside Amazon protected lands. Using published data on changes in aboveground carbon density and forest cover, we track gains and losses in carbon density from forest conversion and degradation/disturbance. We find that ITs and PNAs stored more than one-half (58%; 41,991 MtC) of the region’s carbon in 2016 but were responsible for just 10% (−130 MtC) of the net change (−1,290 MtC). Nevertheless, nearly one-half billion tons of carbon were lost from both ITs and PNAs (−434 MtC and −423 MtC, respectively), with degradation/disturbance accounting for &gt;75% of the losses in 7 countries. With deforestation increasing, and degradation/disturbance a neglected but significant source of region-wide emissions (47%), our results suggest that sustained support for IPLC stewardship of Amazon forests is critical. IPLCs provide a global environmental service that merits increased political protection and financial support, particularly if Amazon Basin countries are to achieve their commitments under the Paris Climate Agreement.</p>},
   author = {Wayne S. Walker and Seth R. Gorelik and Alessandro Baccini and Jose Luis Aragon-Osejo and Carmen Josse and Chris Meyer and Marcia N. Macedo and Cicero Augusto and Sandra Rios and Tuntiak Katan and Alana Almeida de Souza and Saul Cuellar and Andres Llanos and Irene Zager and Gregorio Díaz Mirabal and Kylen K. Solvik and Mary K. Farina and Paulo Moutinho and Stephan Schwartzman},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1913321117},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {6},
   journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
   month = {2},
   pages = {3015-3025},
   title = {The role of forest conversion, degradation, and disturbance in the carbon dynamics of Amazon indigenous territories and protected areas},
   volume = {117},
   url = {http://www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1913321117},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000533817300001,
   abstract = {A framed common-pool resource game analysis in the Brazilian Amazon shows that participatory initiatives are associated with cooperative behaviour and intrinsic motivations for tree conservation. Participatory policies for natural resource management and poverty reduction have been implemented worldwide. Inclusive participation and empowerment potentially enhances intrinsic motivation to conserve resources. However, whether participation in activities for poverty reduction enhances intrinsic motivation for resource conservation is unknown. We evaluate the impact of participation, in activities to develop sustainable livelihoods, on the intrinsic motivation of forest-dwelling community members to conserve forest commons. As a component of Brazil's Bolsa Floresta programme, these activities involve decision making, skills training and knowledge exchange related to sustainable livelihoods. Using a framed common-pool resource game with 160 community members in Amazonas State, we measure intrinsic motivation via members' extent of cooperation in conservation of trees. We obtain an estimate of impact by exploiting a natural experiment, whereby the treatment group was offered the choice to participate in activities to develop sustainable livelihoods. We find that participation crowds in cooperative behaviour and, hence, intrinsic motivation to conserve forest commons. This result suggests that enabling participation and empowering community members in the development of sustainable livelihoods has a positive effect on conservation behaviour. Our results have critical implications for participatory policies with dual environment-development goals in settings where policy recipients are marginalized.},
   author = {Charles Palmer and Grace Lara Souza and Edilza Laray and Virgilio Viana and Anthony Hall},
   doi = {10.1038/s41893-020-0531-8},
   issue = {8},
   journal = {NATURE SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {620-627},
   title = {Participatory policies and intrinsic motivation to conserve forest commons},
   volume = {3},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000544773600012,
   abstract = {Fine-scale satellite data are used to quantify forest harvest rates in 26 European countries, finding an increase in harvested forest area of 49% and an increase in biomass loss of 69% between 2011-2015 and 2016-2018. Forests provide a series of ecosystem services that are crucial to our society. In the European Union (EU), forests account for approximately 38% of the total land surface(1). These forests are important carbon sinks, and their conservation efforts are vital for the EU's vision of achieving climate neutrality by 2050(2). However, the increasing demand for forest services and products, driven by the bioeconomy, poses challenges for sustainable forest management. Here we use fine-scale satellite data to observe an increase in the harvested forest area (49 per cent) and an increase in biomass loss (69 per cent) over Europe for the period of 2016-2018 relative to 2011-2015, with large losses occurring on the Iberian Peninsula and in the Nordic and Baltic countries. Satellite imagery further reveals that the average patch size of harvested area increased by 34 per cent across Europe, with potential effects on biodiversity, soil erosion and water regulation. The increase in the rate of forest harvest is the result of the recent expansion of wood markets, as suggested by econometric indicators on forestry, wood-based bioenergy and international trade. If such a high rate of forest harvest continues, the post-2020 EU vision of forest-based climate mitigation may be hampered, and the additional carbon losses from forests would require extra emission reductions in other sectors in order to reach climate neutrality by 2050(3).},
   author = {Guido Ceccherini and Gregory Duveiller and Giacomo Grassi and Guido Lemoine and Valerio Avitabile and Roberto Pilli and Alessandro Cescatti},
   doi = {10.1038/s41586-020-2438-y},
   issn = {0028-0836},
   issue = {7814},
   journal = {NATURE},
   pages = {72+},
   title = {Abrupt increase in harvested forest area over Europe after 2015},
   volume = {583},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000286088700010,
   abstract = {Bio-energy, that is, energy produced from organic non-fossil material of
biological origin, is promoted as a substitute for non-renewable (e.g.,
fossil) energy to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and dependency
on energy imports. At present, global bio-energy use amounts to
approximately 50 EJ/yr, about 10% of humanity's primary energy supply.
We here review recent literature on the amount of bio-energy that could
be supplied globally in 2050, given current expectations on technology,
food demand and environmental targets ('technical potential'). Recent
studies span a large range of global bio-energy potentials from
approximate to 30 to over 1000 EJ/yr. In our opinion, the high end of
the range is implausible because of (1) overestimation of the area
available for bio-energy crops due to insufficient consideration of
constraints (e.g., area for food, feed or nature conservation) and (2)
too high yield expectations resulting from extrapolation of plot-based
studies to large, less productive areas. According to this review, the
global technical primary bio-energy potential in 2050 is in the range of
160270 EJ/yr if sustainability criteria are considered. The potential of
bio-energy crops is at the lower end of previously published ranges,
while residues from food production and forestry could provide
significant amounts of energy based on an integrated optimization
('cascade utilization') of biomass flows.},
   author = {Helmut Haberl and Tim Beringer and Sribas C Bhattacharya and Karl-Heinz Erb and Monique Hoogwijk},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2010.10.007},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   issue = {5-6},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   month = {12},
   pages = {394-403},
   title = {The global technical potential of bio-energy in 2050 considering sustainability constraints},
   volume = {2},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000286088700017,
   abstract = {Hybrid lay-scientific concepts either arise outside the science domain
and are later accepted by it, or have a scientific origin and are
adopted by the policy domain. Typical examples are desertification,
sustainable management, biodiversity and ecosystem services. They often
evolve by accumulating multiple features in a piecemeal and unstructured
way, and this contributes to uncertainty about them. Sustainability
scientists could make such concepts easier to measure, and reduce
uncertainty, by focusing on quantifiable state attributes instead of all
their features and structuring attributes in more integrated ways.},
   author = {Alan Grainger},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2010.09.006},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   issue = {5-6},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   month = {12},
   pages = {444-451},
   title = {Reducing uncertainty about hybrid lay-scientific concepts},
   volume = {2},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000283867400015,
   abstract = {A steady stream of ecosystem services is essential for human welfare and
survival, and it has been convincingly shown that these flows are being
eroded. Compelling theoretical knowledge about essential connections
between ecosystem service generation, biodiversity, and resilience in
social-ecological systems already exists; however, we still, to a great
extent, lack spatially explicit quantitative assessments for translating
this theoretical knowledge into practice. We propose an approach for
measuring the change in flow and resilience of a regulating ecosystem
service on a landscape scale over time when the landscape is exposed to
both land use change due to urban expansion, and change in a large-scale
economic driver. Our results quantitatively show that there can be a
substantial decrease in resilience due to negative effects on response
diversity without detecting any major decrease in ecosystem service
generation over time, thus generating a sense of false security and
sustainability.},
   author = {Asa Jansson and Steven Polasky},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Quantifying Biodiversity for Building Resilience for Food Security in Urban Landscapes: Getting Down to Business},
   volume = {15},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000285917100011,
   abstract = {We develop an analytic framework for the analysis of robustness in social-ecological systems (SESs) over time. We argue that social robustness is affected by the disturbances that communities face and the way they respond to them. Using Ostrom's ontological framework for SESs, we classify the major factors influencing the disturbances and responses faced by five Indiana intentional communities over a 15-year time frame. Our empirical results indicate that operational and collective-choice rules, leadership and entrepreneurship, monitoring and sanctioning, economic values, number of users, and norms/social capital are key variables that need to be at the core of future theoretical work on robustness of self-organized systems.},
   author = {Forrest D Fleischman and Kinga Boenning and Gustavo A Garcia-Lopez and Sarah Mincey and Mikaela Schmitt-Harsh and Katrin Daedlow and Maria Claudia Lopez and Xavier Basurto and Burney Fischer and Elinor Ostrom},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Disturbance, Response, and Persistence in Self-Organized Forested Communities: Analysis of Robustness and Resilience in Five Communities in Southern Indiana},
   volume = {15},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000285917100004,
   abstract = {Farmers of the Nuosu Yi ethnic group in the Upper Baiwu watershed report reductions in the availability of local forest resources. A team of interdisciplinary scientists worked in partnership with this community to assess the type and extent of social-ecological change in the watershed and to identify key drivers of those changes. Here, we combine a framework for institutional analysis with resilience concepts to assess system dynamics and interactions among resource users, resources, and institutions over the past century. The current state of this system reflects a legacy of past responses to institutional disturbances initiated at the larger, national system scale. Beginning with the Communist Revolution in 1957 and continuing through the next two decades, centralized forest regulations imposed a mismatch between the scale of management and the scale of the ecological processes being managed. A newly implemented forest property rights policy is shifting greater control over the management of forest resources to individuals in rural communities. Collective forest users will be allowed to manage commodity forests for profit through the transfer of long-term leases to private contractors. Villagers are seeking guidance on how to develop sustainable and resilient forest management practices under the new policy, a responsibility returned to them after half a century and with less abundant and fewer natural resources, a larger and aggregated population, and greater influence from external forces. We assess the watershed's current state in light of the past and identify future opportunities to strengthen local institutions for governance of forest resources.},
   author = {Lauren S Urgenson and R Keala Hagmann and Amanda C Henck and Stevan Harrell and Thomas M Hinckley and Sara Jo Shepler and Barbara L Grub and Philip M Chi},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Social-ecological Resilience of a Nuosu Community-linked Watershed, Southwest Sichuan, China},
   volume = {15},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000277933900002,
   abstract = {Many forest communities possess considerable knowledge of the natural resources they use. Such knowledge can potentially inform scientific approaches to management, either as a source of baseline data to fill information gaps that cannot otherwise be addressed or to provide alternative management approaches from which scientists and managers might learn. In general, however, little attention has been given to the relevance of quantitative forms of such knowledge for resource management. Much discussion has focused on the integration of traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) into management, but less attention has been paid to identifying specific areas where it is most useful and where it may be most problematic. We contrasted scientific data with information from TEK in the context of a threat to the sustainable harvesting of a nontimber forest product (NTFP) of livelihood importance in southern India, specifically, a fruit tree infected by mistletoe. The efficiency of deriving information from NTFP harvesters compared to scientific field studies was assessed. We further evaluated the potential of TEK to provide novel solutions to the management problem in question, the degree to which TEK could provide quantitative information, and the biases that might be associated with information derived from TEK. TEK complemented previously gathered ecological data by providing concordant and additional information, but also contradicted some results obtained using a scientific approach. TEK also gave a longer-term perspective with regard to NTFP harvesting patterns. Combining information on historical and current harvesting trends for the NTFP with official data suggests that current assessments of sustainability may be inaccurate and that the use of diverse information sources may provide an effective approach to assessing the status of harvested resources.},
   author = {Lucy Rist and R Uma Shaanker and E J Milner-Gulland and Jaboury Ghazoul},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {The Use of Traditional Ecological Knowledge in Forest Management: an Example from India},
   volume = {15},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000283689500001,
   abstract = {Forest trees are exposed to a myriad of single and combined stresses
with varying strength and duration throughout their lifetime, and many
of the simultaneous and successive stress factors strongly interact.
While much progress has been achieved in understanding the effects of
single stresses on tree performance, multiple interacting stress effects
cannot be adequately assessed from combination of single factor
analyses. In particular, global change brings about novel combinations
of severity and timing of different stresses, the effects of which on
tree performance are currently hard to predict. Furthermore, the
combinations of stresses commonly sustained by trees change during tree
ontogeny. In addition, tree photosynthesis and growth rates decline with
increasing tree age and size, while support biomass in roots, stem and
branches accumulates and the concentrations of non-structural
carbohydrates increase, collectively resulting in an enhancement of
non-structural carbon pools. In this review, tree physiological
responses to key environmental stress factors and their combinations are
analyzed from seedlings to mature trees. The key conclusions of this
analysis are that combined stresses can influence survival of large
trees even more than chronic exposure to a single predictable stress
such as drought. In addition, tree tolerance to many environmental
stresses increases throughout the ontogeny as the result of accumulation
of non-structural carbon pools, implying major change in sensing,
response and acclimation to single and multiple stresses in trees of
different size and age. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {Uelo Niinemets},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2010.07.054},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   issue = {10},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   pages = {1623-1639},
   title = {Responses of forest trees to single and multiple environmental stresses from seedlings to mature plants: Past stress history, stress interactions, tolerance and acclimation},
   volume = {260},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000282863800001,
   abstract = {Free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments are considered the most
reliable approach for quantifying our expectations of forest ecosystem
responses to changing atmospheric CO2 concentrations \{[\}CO2]. Because
very few Australian tree species have been studied in this way, or are
likely to be studied in the near future because of the high installation
and maintenance costs of FACE, there are no clear answers to questions
such as: (1) which species will be the winners in Australia's natural
forests and what are the implications for biodiversity and carbon (C)
sequestration; and (2) which will be the most appropriate species or
genotypes to ensure the sustainability of Australia's plantation
forests.
We examined possible experimental approaches that may provide insights
into, and more rapid assessment of, responses to elevated \{[\}CO2]. Our
main conclusions were: (1) better understanding the extent to which
species are C-limited could indicate when elevated \{[\}CO2] might be
expected to increase photosynthesis and biomass production. Plant tissue
carbohydrate concentrations can be used to assess any C limitation.
Consistently high levels of carbohydrates indicate that plants are not C
limited, but rather that growth is determined by other limiting
resources or by rates of cell development and expansion: (2) historical
examination of forest responses to increasing atmospheric \{[\}CO2] using
stable isotopes in wood cores can provide clues as to which species may
respond favourably to increasing \{[\}CO2], although it may remain
difficult to distinguish between the environmental conditions under
which favourable responses occurred. Undertaking stable isotope studies
close to anthropogenic CO2 sources has the potential to provide insights
into how species may respond to the higher \{[\}CO2] that is predicted
during this century: (3) by focusing on genetic and metabolomic
regulation of source and sink activity, selection for greater biomass
production under elevated \{[\}CO2] is possible. Crown Copyright (C) 2010
Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {E A Pinkard and C L Beadle and D S Mendham and J Carter and M Glen},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2010.07.018},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   issue = {8},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   pages = {1251-1261},
   title = {Determining photosynthetic responses of forest species to elevated \{[\}CO2]: Alternatives to FACE},
   volume = {260},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000282613400017,
   abstract = {Landscape approaches have been identified as a way to address
conservation and development issues in biodiversity-rich tropical areas.
The author conducted a literature review of 51 case studies selected by
an independent analyst to evaluate how these approaches have been
applied. The case studies are categorized and assessed against their
objectives, scales and methods. The review highlights imbalances that
favor analyses of conservation over economic outcomes and a still unmet
need to provide practical solutions for analyzing the multidimensional
factors affecting tropical forests at landscape scale. Applications of
landscape approaches still face challenges: Simple landscape assessment
tools are needed as well as a framework to allow for monitoring and
comparing studies, landscape, and national initiatives. Recent research
has addressed some challenges through an increased focus on learning
processes and tools for adaptive landscape management.},
   author = {Jean-Laurent Pfund},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2010.03.002},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   issue = {1-2},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {117-126},
   title = {Landscape-scale research for conservation and development in the tropics: fighting persisting challenges},
   volume = {2},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000286088700008,
   abstract = {Increasing anthropogenic intervention within the terrestrial environment
has perturbed the cycling of major nutrients, such as carbon (C),
nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) with detrimental effects on climate,
biodiversity and the ability for ecosystems to supply fundamental
services for human health and sustainable economic growth. Controlling
diffuse pollutants from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere and
receiving waters is paramount for maintaining the integrity of
multi-functional landscapes and protecting the wider
environment.Utilising four typical land use categories (uplands,
woodlands, agriculture: grassland/cropland), we discuss sources and the
qualitative risk of diffuse pollutant production that impacts on air and
water quality. Integrated diffuse pollution research that combines
gaseous, dissolved and solid (particulate) physical phases is essential
for understanding inter-relationships between different pollutant fates,
and preventing unintentional pollutant swapping. Future research and
awareness should focus on mitigation measures that achieve multiple
benefits and minimal disbenefits with respect to diffuse pollution,
whilst considering other ecosystem service sectors. Where evidence of
benefits can be proven, these can be incorporated within an integrated
catchment approach to environmental management and planning.},
   author = {Julian J C Dawson and Pete Smith},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2010.09.005},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   issue = {5-6},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {375-382},
   title = {Integrative management to mitigate diffuse pollution in multi-functional landscapes},
   volume = {2},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000282613400012,
   abstract = {Rapid changes in land use, food systems, and livelihoods require
social-ecological systems that keep multiple options open and prepare
for future unpredictability. Sustainagility refers to the properties and
assets of a system that sustain the ability (agility) of agents to adapt
and meet their needs in new ways. In contrast, sustainability tends to
invoke persistence along current trajectories, and the resilience to
return to current baselines. With three examples, the use and
conservation of agrobiodiversity is explored along temporal, spatial,
and human institutional scales for its role in sustainagility: first,
farmers' seed systems; second, complex pollination systems; and third,
wildlife conservation in agricultural areas with high poverty.
Incentives are necessary if agrobiodiversity is to provide benefits to
future generations.},
   author = {Louise Jackson and Meine van Noordwijk and Janne Bengtsson and William Foster and Leslie Lipper and Mirjam Pulleman and Mohammed Said and Jake Snaddon and Raymond Vodouhe},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2010.02.007},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   issue = {1-2},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {80-87},
   title = {Biodiversity and agricultural sustainagility: from assessment to adaptive management},
   volume = {2},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000279866400009,
   abstract = {Building the adaptive capacity of interlinked social and ecological systems is assumed to improve implementation of sustainable forest management (SFM) policies. One mechanism is collaborative learning by continuous evaluation, communication, and transdisciplinary knowledge production. The Model Forest (MF) concept, developed in Canada, is intended to encourage all dimensions of sustainable development through collaboration among stakeholders of forest resources in a geographical area. Because the MF approach encompasses both social and ecological systems, it can be seen as a process aimed at improving adaptive capacity to deal with uncertainty and change. We analyzed multi-stakeholder approaches used in four MF initiatives representing social-ecological systems with different governance legacies and economic histories in the northwest of the Russian Federation (Komi MF and Pskov MF) and in Sweden (Vilhelmina MF and the Foundation Safsen Forests in the Bergslagen region). To describe the motivations behind development of the initiative and the governance systems, we used qualitative open-ended interviews and analyzed reports and official documents. The initial driving forces for establishing new local governance arrangements were different in all four cases. All MFs were characterized by multilevel and multi-sector collaboration. However, the distribution of power among stakeholders ranged from clearly top down in the Russian Federation to largely bottom up in Sweden. All MF initiatives shared three main challenges: (a) to develop governance arrangements that include representative actors and stakeholders, (b) to combine top-down and bottom-up approaches to governance, and (c) to coordinate different sectors' modes of landscape governance. We conclude that, in principle, the MF concept is a promising approach to multi-stakeholder collaboration. However, to understand the local and regional dimensions of sustainability, and the level of adaptability of such multi-stakeholder collaboration initiatives, empirical studies of outcomes are needed. To assess the adaptive capacity, the states and trends of economic, ecological, social, and cultural dimensions in actual landscapes need to be linked to how the multistakeholder collaboration develops and performs over the long term.},
   author = {Marine Elbakidze and Per K Angelstam and Camilla Sandstrom and Robert Axelsson},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Multi-Stakeholder Collaboration in Russian and Swedish Model Forest Initiatives: Adaptive Governance Toward Sustainable Forest Management?},
   volume = {15},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000286088700015,
   abstract = {Brazil has developed a large-scale commercial agricultural system,
recognized worldwide for its role in domestic economic growth and
expanding exports. However, the success of this sector has been
associated with widespread destruction of Brazilian ecosystems,
especially the Cerrado and the Brazilian Amazon rainforest, as well as
environmental degradation. Brazil's agricultural development has also
led to land consolidation, aggravating a historical land distribution
inequality. This pattern of agricultural growth has reinforced Brazil'
status as one of the world's most inequitable countries in terms of
income distribution, making it difficult to assert that the nation is
pursuing a sustainable development path. In order to achieve sustainable
development Brazil must reconcile its increasingly productive, modern
tropical agricultural system with environmental preservation, social
equity, and poverty alleviation in rural and urban areas. Although a
daunting task, Brazil has the opportunity to lead tropical countries in
combining modernized agriculture with highly diverse and functional
ecosystems. Continued improvement in socioeconomic conditions is equally
important and will require stronger efforts to decrease inequalities in
income and land distribution in the rural sector.},
   author = {Luiz A Martinelli and Rosamond Naylor and Peter M Vitousek and Paulo Moutinho},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2010.09.008},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   issue = {5-6},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {431-438},
   title = {Agriculture in Brazil: impacts, costs, and opportunities for a sustainable future},
   volume = {2},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000279866400008,
   abstract = {We contend there are currently two competing scenarios for the
sustainable development of shrimp aquaculture in coastal areas of
Southeast Asia. First, a landscape approach, where farming techniques
for small-scale producers are integrated into intertidal areas in a way
that the ecological functions of mangroves are maintained and shrimp
farming diseases are controlled. Second, a closed system approach, where
problems of disease and effluent are eliminated in closed recirculation
ponds behind the intertidal zone controlled by industrial-scale
producers. We use these scenarios as two ends of a spectrum of possible
interactions at a range of scales between the ecological, social, and
political dynamics that underlie the threat to the resilience of
mangrove forested coastal ecosystems. We discuss how the analytical
concepts of resilience, uncertainty, risk, and the organizing heuristic
of scale can assist us to understand decision making over shrimp
production, and in doing so, explore their use in the empirical research
areas of coastal ecology, shrimp health management and epidemiology,
livelihoods, and governance in response to the two scenarios. Our
conclusion focuses on a series of questions that map out a new
interdisciplinary research agenda for sustainable shrimp aquaculture in
coastal areas.},
   author = {Simon R Bush and Paul A M van Zwieten and Leontine Visser and Han van Dijk and Roel Bosma and Willem F de Boer and Marc Verdegem},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Scenarios for Resilient Shrimp Aquaculture in Tropical Coastal Areas},
   volume = {15},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000285917100022,
   abstract = {This study assesses the persistence and change of traditional land use
patterns and ecological knowledge in response to expanded
commercialization of tea (Camellia sinensis var. assamica (L.) Kuntze
Theaceae in an indigenous Akha (Hani) community in the midlevel montane
forests of southwest Yunnan, China. Surveys were conducted in 2005 and
2008, over a period corresponding to a regional tea market boom and bust
cycle, to compare the valuation smallholders attribute to land use types
and to determine the role that value systems play in shaping
environmental behavior and knowledge. At the community level, increased
market integration of tea agroforests is associated with reconfiguration
of land use, intensified management, reorganization of labor structures,
and generation of knowledge on tea resources. Akha have tapped into
customary resources and forged new social networks with tea industry
agents to take advantage of emerging market opportunities. They have
resisted state reforms calling for the cultivation of high-intensity
plantations and introduced cultivars. Consequently, they have benefited
from price premiums through niche market networks for tea sourced from
agroforests and proprietary landraces not available to other communities
disempowered by market cycles. Subsistence agriculture, home gardening,
and foraging persist for food security despite tea wealth. However, as
traditional values are reoriented toward market-based ideologies, the
community may risk a breakdown of the social institutions that support
sustainability.},
   author = {Selena Ahmed and John R Stepp and Robban A J Toleno and Charles M Peters},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Increased Market Integration, Value, and Ecological Knowledge of Tea Agroforests in the Akha Highlands of Southwest China},
   volume = {15},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000278104700046,
   abstract = {In 2002, world leaders committed, through the Convention on Biological
Diversity, to achieve a significant reduction in the rate of
biodiversity loss by 2010. We compiled 31 indicators to report on
progress toward this target. Most indicators of the state of
biodiversity (covering species' population trends, extinction risk,
habitat extent and condition, and community composition) showed
declines, with no significant recent reductions in rate, whereas
indicators of pressures on biodiversity (including resource consumption,
invasive alien species, nitrogen pollution, overexploitation, and
climate change impacts) showed increases. Despite some local successes
and increasing responses (including extent and biodiversity coverage of
protected areas, sustainable forest management, policy responses to
invasive alien species, and biodiversity-related aid), the rate of
biodiversity loss does not appear to be slowing.},
   author = {Stuart H M Butchart and Matt Walpole and Ben Collen and Arco van Strien and Joern P W Scharlemann and Rosamunde E A Almond and Jonathan E M Baillie and Bastian Bomhard and Claire Brown and John Bruno and Kent E Carpenter and Genevieve M Carr and Janice Chanson and Anna M Chenery and Jorge Csirke and Nick C Davidson and Frank Dentener and Matt Foster and Alessandro Galli and James N Galloway and Piero Genovesi and Richard D Gregory and Marc Hockings and Valerie Kapos and Jean-Francois Lamarque and Fiona Leverington and Jonathan Loh and Melodie A McGeoch and Louise McRae and Anahit Minasyan and Monica Hernandez Morcillo and Thomasina E E Oldfield and Daniel Pauly and Suhel Quader and Carmen Revenga and John R Sauer and Benjamin Skolnik and Dian Spear and Damon Stanwell-Smith and Simon N Stuart and Andy Symes and Megan Tierney and Tristan D Tyrrell and Jean-Christophe Vie and Reg Watson},
   doi = {10.1126/science.1187512},
   issn = {0036-8075},
   issue = {5982},
   journal = {SCIENCE},
   pages = {1164-1168},
   title = {Global Biodiversity: Indicators of Recent Declines},
   volume = {328},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000274625800016,
   author = {E Detlef Schulze and Inge Schulze},
   doi = {10.1126/science.327.5968.957-a},
   issn = {0036-8075},
   issue = {5968},
   journal = {SCIENCE},
   pages = {957},
   title = {Sustainable Foresting: Easier Said Than Done},
   volume = {327},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000278318600034,
   abstract = {Reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD) may curb
carbon emissions, but the consequences for fire hazard are poorly
understood. By analyzing satellite-derived deforestation and fire data
from the Brazilian Amazon, we show that fire occurrence has increased in
59% of the area that has experienced reduced deforestation rates.
Differences in fire frequencies across two land-use gradients reveal
that fire-free land-management can substantially reduce fire incidence
by as much as 69%. If sustainable fire-free land-management of
deforested areas is not adopted in the REDD mechanism, then the carbon
savings achieved by avoiding deforestation may be partially negated by
increased emissions from fires.},
   author = {Luiz E O C Aragao and Yosio E Shimabukuro},
   doi = {10.1126/science.1186925},
   issn = {0036-8075},
   issue = {5983},
   journal = {SCIENCE},
   pages = {1275-1278},
   title = {The Incidence of Fire in Amazonian Forests with Implications for REDD},
   volume = {328},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000281287600010,
   abstract = {Tropical forest degradation emits carbon at a rate of similar to 0.5
Pg.y(-1), reduces biodiversity, and facilitates forest clearance.
Understanding degradation drivers and patterns is therefore crucial to
managing forests to mitigate climate change and reduce biodiversity
loss. Putative patterns of degradation affecting forest stocks, carbon,
and biodiversity have variously been described previously, but these
have not been quantitatively assessed together or tested systematically.
Economic theory predicts a systematic allocation of land to its highest
use value in response to distance from centers of demand. We tested this
theory to see if forest exploitation would expand through time and space
as concentric waves, with each wave targeting lower value products. We
used forest data along a transect from 10 to 220 km from Dar es Salaam
(DES), Tanzania, collected at two points in time (1991 and 2005). Our
predictions were confirmed: high-value logging expanded 9 km.y(-1), and
an inner wave of lower value charcoal production 2 km.y(-1). This
resource utilization is shown to reduce the public goods of carbon
storage and species richness, which significantly increased with each
kilometer from DES \{[\}carbon, 0.2 Mg.ha(-1); 0.1 species per sample area
(0.4 ha)]. Our study suggests that tropical forest degradation can be
modeled and predicted, with its attendant loss of some public goods. In
sub-Saharan Africa, an area experiencing the highest rate of urban
migration worldwide, coupled with a high dependence on forest based
resources, predicting the spatiotemporal patterns of degradation can
inform policies designed to extract resources without unsustainably
reducing carbon storage and biodiversity.},
   author = {Antje Ahrends and Neil D Burgess and Simon A H Milledge and Mark T Bulling and Brendan Fisher and James C R Smart and G Philip Clarke and Boniface E Mhoro and Simon L Lewis},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.0914471107},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {33},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {14556-14561},
   title = {Predictable waves of sequential forest degradation and biodiversity loss spreading from an African city},
   volume = {107},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000285684200022,
   abstract = {Atmospheric oxygen (O-2) is estimated to have varied greatly throughout
Earth's history and has been capable of influencing wildfire activity
wherever fuel and ignition sources were present. Fires consume huge
quantities of biomass in all ecosystems and play an important role in
biogeochemical cycles. This means that understanding the influence of
O-2 on past fire activity has far-reaching consequences for the
evolution of life and Earth's biodiversity over geological timescales.
We have used a strong electrical ignition source to ignite smoldering
fires, and we measured their self-sustaining propagation in atmospheres
of different oxygen concentrations. These data have been used to build a
model that we use to estimate the baseline intrinsic flammability of
Earth's ecosystems according to variations in O-2 over the past 350
million years (Ma). Our aim is to highlight times in Earth's history
when fire has been capable of influencing the Earth system. We reveal
that fire activity would be greatly suppressed below 18.5% O-2,
entirely switched off below 16% O-2, and rapidly enhanced between
19-22% O-2. We show that fire activity and, therefore, its influence on
the Earth system would have been high during the Carboniferous (350-300
Ma) and Cretaceous (145-65 Ma) periods; intermediate in the Permian
(299-251 Ma), Late Triassic (285-201 Ma), and Jurassic (201-145 Ma)
periods; and surprisingly low to lacking in the Early-Middle Triassic
period between 250-240 Ma. These baseline variations in Earth's
flammability must be factored into our understanding of past vegetation,
biodiversity, evolution, and biogeochemical cycles.},
   author = {Claire M Belcher and Jonathan M Yearsley and Rory M Hadden and Jennifer C McElwain and Guillermo Rein},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1011974107},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {52},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {22448-22453},
   title = {Baseline intrinsic flammability of Earth's ecosystems estimated from paleoatmospheric oxygen over the past 350 million years},
   volume = {107},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000285521500010,
   abstract = {The current Southwest drought is exceptional for its high temperatures
and arguably the most severe in history. Coincidentally, there has been
an increase in forest and woodland mortality due to fires and pathogenic
outbreaks. Although the high temperatures and aridity are consistent
with projected impacts of greenhouse warming, it is unclear whether the
drought can be attributed to increased greenhouse gasses or is a product
of natural climatic variability. Climate models indicate that the 21st
century will be increasingly arid and droughts more severe and
prolonged. Forest and woodland mortality due to fires and pathogens will
increase. Demography and food security dictate that water demand in the
Southwest will remain appreciable. If projected population growth is
twinned with suburb-centered development, domestic demands will
intensify. Meeting domestic demands through transference from
agriculture presents concerns for rural sustainability and food
security. Environmental concerns will limit additional transference from
rivers. It is unlikely that traditional supply-side solutions such as
more dams will securely meet demands at current per-capita levels.
Significant savings in domestic usage can be realized through decreased
applications of potable water to landscaping, but this is a small
fraction of total regional water use, which is dominated by agriculture.
Technical innovations, policy measures, and market-based solutions that
increase supply and decrease water demand are all needed. Meeting
21st-century sustainability challenges in the Southwest will also
require planning, cooperation, and integration that surpass 20th-century
efforts in terms of geographic scope, jurisdictional breadth,
multisectoral engagement, and the length of planning timelines.},
   author = {Glen M MacDonald},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.0909651107},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {50},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {21256-21262},
   title = {Water, climate change, and sustainability in the southwest},
   volume = {107},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000280144500069,
   abstract = {Clostridium ljungdahlii is an anaerobic homoacetogen, able to ferment
sugars, other organic compounds, or CO2/H-2 and synthesis gas (CO/H-2).
The latter feature makes it an interesting microbe for the biotech
industry, as important bulk chemicals and proteins can be produced at
the expense of CO2, thus combining industrial needs with sustained
reduction of CO and CO2 in the atmosphere. Sequencing the complete
genome of C. ljungdahlii revealed that it comprises 4,630,065 bp and is
one of the largest clostridial genomes known to date. Experimental data
and in silico comparisons revealed a third mode of anaerobic
homoacetogenic metabolism. Unlike other organisms such as Moorella
thermoacetica or Acetobacterium woodii, neither cytochromes nor sodium
ions are involved in energy generation. Instead, an Rnf system is
present, by which proton translocation can be performed. An
electroporation procedure has been developed to transform the organism
with plasmids bearing heterologous genes for butanol production.
Successful expression of these genes could be demonstrated, leading to
formation of the biofuel. Thus, C. ljungdahlii can be used as a unique
microbial production platform based on synthesis gas and carbon
dioxide/hydrogen mixtures.},
   author = {Michael Koepke and Claudia Held and Sandra Hujer and Heiko Liesegang and Arnim Wiezer and Antje Wollherr and Armin Ehrenreich and Wolfgang Liebl and Gerhard Gottschalk and Peter Duerre},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1004716107},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {29},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {13087-13092},
   title = {Clostridium ljungdahlii represents a microbial production platform based on syngas},
   volume = {107},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000276374400079,
   author = {I. Ternstrom and Pranab Mukhopadhyay and Rucha Ghate},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1000051107},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {14},
   journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
   month = {4},
   pages = {E52-E52},
   title = {Sustainability, autonomy, and benefits from forest commons},
   volume = {107},
   url = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1000051107},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000276374400080,
   author = {Ashwini Chhatre and Arun Agrawal},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1000867107},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {14},
   journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
   month = {4},
   pages = {E53-E53},
   title = {Reply to Ternstrom et al.: Challenges of studying multiple outcomes simultaneously},
   volume = {107},
   url = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1000867107},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000278807400011,
   abstract = {Protected areas (PAs) now shelter 54% of the remaining forests of the
Brazilian Amazon and contain 56% of its forest carbon. However, the
role of these PAs in reducing carbon fluxes to the atmosphere from
deforestation and their associated costs are still uncertain. To fill
this gap, we analyzed the effect of each of 595 Brazilian Amazon PAs on
deforestation using a metric that accounts for differences in
probability of deforestation in areas of pairwise comparison. We found
that the three major categories of PA (indigenous land, strictly
protected, and sustainable use) showed an inhibitory effect, on average,
between 1997 and 2008. Of 206 PAs created after the year 1999, 115
showed increased effectiveness after their designation as protected. The
recent expansion of PAs in the Brazilian Amazon was responsible for 37%
of the region's total reduction in deforestation between 2004 and 2006
without provoking leakage. All PAs, if fully implemented, have the
potential to avoid 8.0 +/- 2.8 Pg of carbon emissions by 2050.
Effectively implementing PAs in zones under high current or future
anthropogenic threat offers high payoffs for reducing carbon emissions,
and as a result should receive special attention in planning investments
for regional conservation. Nevertheless, this strategy demands prompt
and predictable resource streams. The Amazon PA network represents a
cost of US$147 +/- 53 billion (net present value) for Brazil in terms
of forgone profits and investments needed for their consolidation. These
costs could be partially compensated by an international climate accord
that includes economic incentives for tropical countries that reduce
their carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.},
   author = {Britaldo Soares-Filho and Paulo Moutinho and Daniel Nepstad and Anthony Anderson and Hermann Rodrigues and Ricardo Garcia and Laura Dietzsch and Frank Merry and Maria Bowman and Leticia Hissa and Rafaella Silvestrini and Claudio Maretti},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.0913048107},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {24},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {10821-10826},
   title = {Role of Brazilian Amazon protected areas in climate change mitigation},
   volume = {107},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000285521500124,
   abstract = {Although ecological restoration is widely used to combat environmental
degradation, very few studies have evaluated the cost-effectiveness of
this approach. We examine the potential impact of forest restoration on
the value of multiple ecosystem services across four dryland areas in
Latin America, by estimating the net value of ecosystem service benefits
under different reforestation scenarios. The values of selected
ecosystem services were mapped under each scenario, supported by the use
of a spatially explicit model of forest dynamics. We explored the
economic potential of a change in land use from livestock grazing to
restored native forest using different discount rates and performed a
cost-benefit analysis of three restoration scenarios. Results show that
passive restoration is cost-effective for all study areas on the basis
of the services analyzed, whereas the benefits from active restoration
are generally outweighed by the relatively high costs involved. These
findings were found to be relatively insensitive to discount rate but
were sensitive to the market value of carbon. Substantial variation in
values was recorded between study areas, demonstrating that ecosystem
service values are strongly context specific. However, spatial analysis
enabled localized areas of net benefits to be identified, indicating the
value of this approach for identifying the relative costs and benefits
of restoration interventions across a landscape.},
   author = {Jennifer C Birch and Adrian C Newton and Claudia Alvarez Aquino and Elena Cantarello and Cristian Echeverria and Thomas Kitzberger and Ignacio Schiappacasse and Natalia Tejedor Garavito},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1003369107},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {50},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {21925-21930},
   title = {Cost-effectiveness of dryland forest restoration evaluated by spatial analysis of ecosystem services},
   volume = {107},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000277088700041,
   abstract = {The scale and nature of pre-Columbian human impacts in Amazonia are
currently hotly debated. Whereas pre-Columbian people dramatically
changed the distribution and abundance of species and habitats in some
parts of Amazonia, their impact in other parts is less clear. Pioneer
research asked whether their effects reached even further, changing how
ecosystems function, but few in-depth studies have examined mechanisms
underpinning the resilience of these modifications. Combining
archeology, archeobotany, paleoecology, soil science, ecology, and
aerial imagery, we show that pre-Columbian farmers of the Guianas coast
constructed large raised-field complexes, growing on them crops
including maize, manioc, and squash. Farmers created physical and
biogeochemical heterogeneity in flat, marshy environments by
constructing raised fields. When these fields were later abandoned, the
mosaic of well-drained islands in the flooded matrix set in motion
self-organizing processes driven by ecosystem engineers (ants, termites,
earthworms, and woody plants) that occur preferentially on abandoned
raised fields. Today, feedbacks generated by these ecosystem engineers
maintain the human-initiated concentration of resources in these
structures. Engineer organisms transport materials to abandoned raised
fields and modify the structure and composition of their soils, reducing
erodibility. The profound alteration of ecosystem functioning in these
landscapes coconstructed by humans and nature has important implications
for understanding Amazonian history and biodiversity. Furthermore, these
landscapes show how sustainability of food-production systems can be
enhanced by engineering into them fallows that maintain ecosystem
services and biodiversity. Like anthropogenic dark earths in forested
Amazonia, these self-organizing ecosystems illustrate the ecological
complexity of the legacy of pre-Columbian land use.},
   author = {Doyle McKey and Stephen Rostain and Jose Iriarte and Bruno Glaser and Jago Jonathan Birk and Irene Holst and Delphine Renard},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.0908925107},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {17},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {7823-7828},
   title = {Pre-Columbian agricultural landscapes, ecosystem engineers, and self-organized patchiness in Amazonia},
   volume = {107},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000273934100015,
   abstract = {Archaeologists have proposed diverse hypotheses to explain the collapse
of the southern Maya lowland cities between the 8th and 10th centuries
A. D. Although it generally is believed that no single factor was
responsible, a commonly accepted cause is environmental degradation as a
product of large-scale deforestation. To date, the most compelling
scientific evidence used to support this hypothesis comes from the
archaeological site of Copan, Honduras, where the analysis of a sediment
core suggested a dramatic increase in forest clearance in the Late
Classic period ( A. D. 600900). By contrast, in the work presented here,
the authors' analysis of a longer sediment core demonstrates that forest
cover increased from A. D. 400 to A. D. 900, with arboreal pollen
accounting for 59.8-71.0% of the pollen assemblage by approximately A.
D. 780-980. The highest levels of deforestation are found about 900 B.
C. when, at its peak, herb pollen made up 89.8% of the assemblage. A
second, although less pronounced, period of elevated deforestation
peaked at approximately A. D. 400 when herb pollen reached 65.3% of the
assemblage. The first deforestation event likely coincided with the
widespread adoption of agriculture, a pattern found elsewhere in
Mesoamerica. The second period of forest clearance probably was
associated with the incursion of Maya speakers into the Copan Valley and
their subsequent construction of the earliest levels of the Copan
Acropolis. These results refute the former hypothesis that the ancient
Maya responded to their increasingly large urban population by
exhausting, rather than conserving, natural resources.},
   author = {Cameron L McNeil and David A Burney and Lida Pigott Burney},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.0904760107},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {1017-1022},
   title = {Evidence disputing deforestation as the cause for the collapse of the ancient Maya polity of Copan, Honduras},
   volume = {107},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000283997800084,
   abstract = {Farmland biodiversity is greatly enhanced by the presence of trees.
However, farmland trees are declining worldwide, including in North
America, Central America, and parts of southern Europe. We show that
tree decline and its likely consequences are particularly severe in
Australia's temperate agricultural zone, which is a threatened
ecoregion. Using field data on trees, remotely sensed imagery, and a
demographic model for trees, we predict that by 2100, the number of
trees on an average farm will contract to two-thirds of its present
level. Statistical habitat models suggest that this tree decline will
negatively affect many currently common animal species, with predicted
declines in birds and bats of up to 50% by 2100. Declines were
predicted for 24 of 32 bird species modeled and for all of six bat
species modeled. Widespread declines in trees, birds, and bats may lead
to a reduction in economically important ecosystem services such as
shade provision for livestock and pest control. Moreover, many other
species for which we have no empirical data also depend on trees,
suggesting that fundamental changes in ecosystem functioning are likely.
We conclude that Australia's temperate agricultural zone has crossed a
threshold and no longer functions as a self-sustaining woodland
ecosystem. A regime shift is occurring, with a woodland system
deteriorating into a treeless pasture system. Management options exist
to reverse tree decline, but new policy settings are required to
encourage their widespread adoption.},
   author = {Joern Fischer and Andre Zerger and Phil Gibbons and Jenny Stott and Bradley S Law},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1008476107},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {45},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {19597-19602},
   title = {Tree decline and the future of Australian farmland biodiversity},
   volume = {107},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000285521800009,
   author = {B. L. Turner and Marina Fischer-Kowalski},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1013972108},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {51},
   journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
   month = {12},
   pages = {21963-21965},
   title = {Ester Boserup: An interdisciplinary visionary relevant for sustainability},
   volume = {107},
   url = {http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1013972108},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000283677400013,
   abstract = {Networks of marine reserves are increasingly a major component of many
ecosystem-based management plans designed to conserve biodiversity,
protect the structure and function of ecosystems, and rebuild and
sustain fisheries. There is a growing need for scientific guidance in
the design of network-wide monitoring programs to evaluate the efficacy
of reserves at meeting their conservation and management goals. Here, we
present an evaluation of the Channel Islands reserve network, which was
established in 2003 off the coast of southern California. This reserve
network spans a major environmental and biogeographic gradient, making
it a challenge to assess network-wide responses of many species. Using
fish community structure data from a long-term, large-scale monitoring
program, we first identified persistent geographic patterns of community
structure and the scale at which sites should be grouped for analysis.
Fish communities differed most among islands with densities of
individual species varying from 3- to 250-fold. Habitat structure
differed among islands but not based on reserve status. Across the
network, we found that, after 5 years, species targeted by fishing had
higher densities (1.5x) and biomass (1.8x) inside reserves, whereas
nontargeted species showed no significant differences. Examining trophic
groups, piscivore and carnivore biomass was significantly greater inside
reserves (1.8x and 1.3x more, respectively), whereas the biomass of
planktivores and herbivores was similar inside and out. A framework for
incorporating biogeographic variation into reserve network assessments
is critical as we move from the evaluation of single reserves to
networks of reserves.},
   author = {Scott L Hamilton and Jennifer E Caselle and Dan P Malone and Mark H Carr},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.0908091107},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {43},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {18272-18277},
   title = {Incorporating biogeography into evaluations of the Channel Islands marine reserve network},
   volume = {107},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000278807400065,
   abstract = {Palm oil is the world's most important vegetable oil in terms of
production quantity. Indonesia, the world's largest palm-oil producer,
plans to double its production by 2020, with unclear implications for
the other national priorities of food (rice) production, forest and
biodiversity protection, and carbon conservation. We modeled the
outcomes of alternative development scenarios and show that every
single-priority scenario had substantial tradeoffs associated with other
priorities. The exception was a hybrid approach wherein expansion
targeted degraded and agricultural lands that are most productive for
oil palm, least suitable for food cultivation, and contain the lowest
carbon stocks. This approach avoided any loss in forest or biodiversity
and substantially ameliorated the impacts of oil-palm expansion on
carbon stocks (limiting net loss to 191.6 million tons) and annual food
production capacity (loss of 1.9 million tons). Our results suggest that
the environmental and land-use tradeoffs associated with oil-palm
expansion can be largely avoided through the implementation of a
properly planned and spatially explicit development strategy.},
   author = {Lian Pin Koh and Jaboury Ghazoul},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1000530107},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {24},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {11140-11144},
   title = {Spatially explicit scenario analysis for reconciling agricultural expansion, forest protection, and carbon conservation in Indonesia},
   volume = {107},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000283997800045,
   abstract = {Stimulation of terrestrial plant production by rising CO2 concentration
is projected to reduce the airborne fraction of anthropogenic CO2
emissions. Coupled climate-carbon cycle models are sensitive to this
negative feedback on atmospheric CO2, but model projections are
uncertain because of the expectation that feedbacks through the nitrogen
(N) cycle will reduce this so-called CO2 fertilization effect. We
assessed whether N limitation caused a reduced stimulation of net
primary productivity (NPP) by elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration
over 11 y in a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiment in a deciduous
Liquidambar styraciflua (sweetgum) forest stand in Tennessee. During the
first 6 y of the experiment, NPP was significantly enhanced in forest
plots exposed to 550 ppm CO2 compared with NPP in plots in current
ambient CO2, and this was a consistent and sustained response. However,
the enhancement of NPP under elevated CO2 declined from 24% in
2001-2003 to 9% in 2008. Global analyses that assume a sustained CO2
fertilization effect are no longer supported by this FACE experiment. N
budget analysis supports the premise that N availability was limiting to
tree growth and declining over time -an expected consequence of stand
development, which was exacerbated by elevated CO2. Leaf-and stand-level
observations provide mechanistic evidence that declining N availability
constrained the tree response to elevated CO2; these observations are
consistent with stand-level model projections. This FACE experiment
provides strong rationale and process understanding for incorporating N
limitation and N feedback effects in ecosystem and global models used in
climate change assessments.},
   author = {Richard J Norby and Jeffrey M Warren and Colleen M Iversen and Belinda E Medlyn and Ross E McMurtrie},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1006463107},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {45},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {19368-19373},
   title = {CO2 enhancement of forest productivity constrained by limited nitrogen availability},
   volume = {107},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000284261800009,
   abstract = {Increasing food production and mitigating climate change are two primary
but seemingly contradictory objectives for tropical landscapes. This
special feature examines synergies and trade-offs among these
objectives. Four themes emerge from the papers: the important roles of
both forest and agriculture sectors for climate mitigation in tropical
countries; the minor contribution from deforestation-related
agricultural expansion to overall food production at global and
continental scales; the opportunities for synergies between improved
food production and reductions in greenhouse gas emissions through
diversion of agricultural expansion to already-cleared lands, improved
soil, crop, and livestock management, and agroforestry; and the need for
targeted policy and management interventions to make these synergistic
opportunities a reality. We conclude that agricultural intensification
is a key factor to meet dual objectives of food production and climate
mitigation, but there is no single panacea for balancing these
objectives in all tropical landscapes. Place-specific strategies for
sustainable land use emerge from assessments of current land use,
demographics, and other biophysical and socioeconomic characteristics,
using a whole-landscape, multisector perspective.},
   author = {R DeFries and C Rosenzweig},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1011163107},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {46},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {19627-19632},
   title = {Toward a whole-landscape approach for sustainable land use in the tropics},
   volume = {107},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000276159500018,
   abstract = {Forest cover transitions in the developing tropics are conditioned by
agricultural change. The expansion, intensification, and diversification
of agricultural land uses are tied to regional economic/environmental
regimes and decisions of local farming households. Land change science
and agrarian systems research share an interest in the drivers of
household strategies, land use impacts, and typologies of those land
uses/drivers. This study derives a typology of farming households in
southern Mexico based on emergent patterns in their land use
combinations and analyzes their household and policy drivers. The
results reveal broadly diversified household land use portfolios as well
as three emergent clusters of farmstead production orientation: (i)
extensive subsistence-oriented conservationists, (ii), dual
extensive-intensive farmers, and (iii) nonextensive diversified land
users. Household membership in these clusters is uneven and strongly
related to tenancy, land endowments, wage labor, and policy subsidies.
Although most households are following a nonextensive agricultural
strategy incorporating off-farm incomes, the likelihood of a regional
forest transition remains debatable because of the disproportionate
deforestation impacts of the less common strategies. Conservation
development policies in the region need to accommodate diverse
smallholder farming rationales, increase off-farm opportunities, and
target sustainable development with the assistance of community
conservation leaders.},
   author = {Rinku Roy Chowdhury},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.0905892107},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {13},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {5780-5785},
   title = {Differentiation and concordance in smallholder land use strategies in southern Mexico's conservation frontier},
   volume = {107},
   year = {2010},
}
@article{ISI:000285132000001,
   abstract = {Are current estimates of silicate minerals weathering rates precise
enough to predict whether nutrient pools will recover after forest
harvesting? Answering this question seems crucial for sustainable
forestry practices on silicate dominated soils. In this paper, we
synthesize estimated Ca and K weathering rates (derived using seven
different approaches) from a forested area in northern Sweden (the
Svartberget-Krycklan catchment) to evaluate the precision of weathering
rate estimates. The methods were: mass-balance budgets (catchment and
pedon-scale); long-term weathering losses inferred from weathered soil
profiles (using zirconium as a conservative tracer); strontium isotopes
(Sr-86/Sr-85) as proxy for catchment export of geogenic Ca; climate
based regressions; a steady-state, process-based weathering model
(PROFILE) and a dynamic, conceptual catchment geochemistry model
(MAGIC). The different methods predict average weathering rates of 0.67
+/- 0.71 g Ca m(-2) year(-1) (mean +/- stdev) and 0.39 +/- 0.38 g K
m(-2) year(-1), suggesting a cumulative weathering release during a
forest rotation period of 100 years that is the same magnitude as losses
induced by forest harvesting at the end of the period. Clearly, forestry
practices have the capacity to significantly alter the long-term
nutrient status of the soil and cation concentrations in soil-water
runoff. However, the precision in weathering estimates are lower than
that needed to distinguish between effects on nutrient pools by
different forest practices (complete-tree harvesting versus conventional
stem only harvest). Therefore, we argue that nutrient budgets, where
weathering rates play a crucial role, cannot be used as basis for
resolving whether different harvesting techniques will allow nutrient
pools to recover within one rotation period. Clearly, this hampers the
prerequisite for sound decision making regarding forestry practices on
silicate mineral dominated soils. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights
reserved.},
   author = {J Klaminder and R W Lucas and M N Futter and K H Bishop and S J Kohler and G Egnell and H Laudon},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2010.09.040},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   month = {1},
   pages = {1-9},
   title = {Silicate mineral weathering rate estimates: Are they precise enough to be useful when predicting the recovery of nutrient pools after harvesting?},
   volume = {261},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000295665700001,
   abstract = {This article investigates the environmental profile and costs of woody
BTL production and use by reviewing existing LCA studies. The findings
reveal that BTL from sustainably managed forest biomass and woody waste
may have a lower overall environmental impact than fossil diesel. The
benefits of using BTL instead of fossil diesel are largely due to
savings in fossil energy use, which offer savings in GHG emissions since
a large part of the lifecycle CO2 emissions are biogenic. Improvements
in the impact category photosmog or summer smog have also been reported.
On the other hand, wood based BTL may increase eutrophication and
acidification, and increased ozone depletion and toxicity may also be
expected. While global indicators like climate change, non-renewable
resources and ozone depletion are fairly easy to interpret, the local
indicators such as eutrophication, acidification, photosmog and toxicity
are site specific, and an LCA will not take into account where, when and
at which rate the emissions occur, which are important parameters when
estimating local pollution effects. In addition, increased logging or
the establishment of short rotation plantations may impact biodiversity,
land-use changes and the value of nature.
The reported results differed when assessing the same fuel due to
differences in methodology and data assumptions. For the methodological
part, differences in system boundaries, system completeness and chosen
allocation methods contributed to the ranges in results. Differences
regarding data inputs, such as plant efficiency and fuel consumption
were also important for the differences in results. The most influential
or sensitive factors within the reviewed studies were the assumed type
of feedstock, plant efficiency and drivetrain.
The reported production costs of BTL are in the range of 0.70-1.12 euros
per liter. The costs are largely influenced by plant scale, biomass
costs and plant efficiency. Biofuels are generally not considered a cost
effective climate mitigation means, but there are no other feasible
solutions than biofuels for the heavy transport sector in the short to
medium term. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {K Sunde and A Brekke and B Solberg},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2011.05.008},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   issue = {8},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   month = {10},
   pages = {591-602},
   title = {Environmental impacts and costs of woody Biomass-to-Liquid (BTL) production and use - A review},
   volume = {13},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000289496900019,
   abstract = {The developing bio-energy and bio-product based industries that are
driving the new bioeconomy pose significant biosecurity risks around the
potential of associated new crops to (a) escape the agricultural systems
within which they are expected to generate value to invade and cause
economic or environmental harm elsewhere, (b) attract new pests that
reduce yields or the yields of other related food crops in the landscape
and (c) contaminate field to end product production chains of food crops
when the same crops are being used. We discuss how best to use science
to risk assess and provide solutions to predict likelihood new crops
could turn feral and how to avert any negative consequences from a
policy/regulatory standpoint. We also discuss how best to use science
and public-private investment to ensure that such crops are managed
sustainably with respect to pests and diseases, and manage the
pest-disease risks that new crops pose to existing agricultural systems
in a landscape context. Following this we focus specifically on the
future policy and science needs to more effectively address these
biosecurity imperatives. Science-based processes for assessing new crops
for potential environmental risks they may pose as invaders are now well
established and increasingly being adopted internationally, but their
adoption in the developing world needs assistance and their
effectiveness will be driven by jurisdictional perceptions of such
risks. Such risk assessments in new regions can also benefit from
previous experiences with GM crops. The application of sustainable pest
management strategies to new non-food cropping will require
public-private R&D investment to ensure against such threats. This is
needed to insure public investments, such as subsidies and incentives,
in these new crops against pest induced crop failure. Finally we outline
fourteen recommendations we agreed were important globally to progress
these biosecurity issues in the new bioeconomy to prevent greater
environmental harm and pest disruptions than are already being
experienced in agro-forestry systems. These recommendations also
consider how best to assist poorly resourced developing countries on
these issues. The outputs of this paper am to provide foci of engagement
for scientists, policymakers and industry stakeholders to better
coordinate future needs and required responses to these potential
biosecurity issues in the new bioeconomy.},
   author = {Andy W Sheppard and S Raghu and Cameron Begley and Piero Genovesi and Paul De Barro and Al Tasker and Bill Roberts},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2010.12.012},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   issue = {1-2},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   month = {3},
   pages = {105-111},
   title = {Biosecurity as an integral part of the new bioeconomy: a path to a more sustainable future},
   volume = {3},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000289496900016,
   abstract = {In the context of finding alternative sources to liquid fossil fuels and
their replacement with renewable and sustainable alternatives, the use
of lignocellulosic biomass from trees has attracted increased interest.
Plantation forest biomass represents a renewable resource that has been
well integrated into various industrial processes. It mainly serves as
feedstock for the lumber and pulp and paper industries. Lignin removal
is an important technical issue for paper manufacturing and is the key
challenge for the conversion of lignocellulosic feedstock into liquid
transportation fuels such as ethanol. This paper reviews recent advances
in plantation forestry research relevant to sustainable bioenergy
production. The economic viability of tree biomass for biofuel
production requires improved processing technologies to meet this
challenge. In parallel, recent research advances are improving
plantation trees for bioenergy and bioindustry adapted woody feedstock
production through improved breeding, biotechnology and establishment of
tree plantations. These purpose-grown trees also offer potential for
carbon sequestration and natural forest preservation.},
   author = {Armand Seguin},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2010.12.006},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   issue = {1-2},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   month = {3},
   pages = {90-94},
   title = {How could forest trees play an important role as feedstock for bioenergy production?},
   volume = {3},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000289496900002,
   abstract = {Crop-based biofuel production has grown exponentially, driven by
government policy interventions to achieve national targets and venture
capital investments. This urgency may compromise the biosecurity of
these and future agricultural production systems such as the development
of new bioindustry-focused GM crops for high value industrial and
pharmaceutical compounds. Energy security and prospects of a future
emission-constrained economy are driving these developments of novel
non-food crops and varieties in new areas, coupled with domestic
agricultural and innovation policies and responses to recent and
potential future crude oil pricing. New species and varieties are now
being commercially fostered around the world also because of their
potential to reinvigorate the global agro-forestry industries. The
vanguard of the first, second and third generation biofuel solutions are
in various stages of production. Their true dollar and carbon-based
economic viability is unclear due to government subsidies along the
value chain, and some crop-production systems are failing commercially
and environmentally due to limited consideration of associated agronomic
biosecurity problems. Novel crops in current production systems and new
regions can also pose significant invasion threats to human health,
agriculture, biodiversity and natural ecosystem services through
firstly, uncontrolled allergen and toxicity-associated impacts on human
well-being; secondly, abandoned trial plantings of uneconomic varieties;
and thirdly, feral individuals (or invasive species) from economically
viable plantations invading agricultural and natural landscapes. Novel
crops will also have suites of pests, weeds and diseases that will
impact pest management systems in neighbouring crops. To avoid this we
need landscape scale sustainable integrated pest management systems that
ensure the triple-bottom-line production viability requirements of the
21st century. This introductory paper summarises the new global
bioeconomy and the international policy opportunities and challenges for
sustainable development that it encompasses. We then introduce the
biosecurity issues covered by this issue of Current Opinion in
Environmental Sustainability from a research, policy and industrial
perspective.},
   author = {Andy W Sheppard and Iain Gillespie and Mikael Hirsch and Cameron Begley},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2010.12.011},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   issue = {1-2},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   month = {3},
   pages = {4-10},
   title = {Biosecurity and sustainability within the growing global bioeconomy},
   volume = {3},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000295837100026,
   abstract = {Preoccupation with global energy supplies and climate change in the
global North, and a desire to improve the balance of trade and capture
value in the emerging carbon market by developing countries, together
place biofuels firmly on the map of global land use change. Much of this
recent land use change is occurring in developing countries where large
agro-ecologically suitable tracts of land may be accessed at lower
economic and opportunity cost. This is leading to the gradual
penetration of commercial crops that provide suitable biofuel feedstocks
(e.g., sugarcane, soybean, oil palm, jatropha) into rural communities
and forested landscapes throughout many areas of the global South.
Expansion of biofuel feedstock cultivation in developing countries is
widely embraced by producer country governments as a means to achieve
energy security and stimulate rural economic development through
employment and smallholder market integration. It is also expected that
foreign and domestic investments in biofuel feedstock cultivation will
lead to positive economic spillovers from knowledge transfer and
investor contributions to social and physical infrastructure. While
biofuel feedstocks are expanding through large industrial-scale
plantations and smallholder production alike, the expansion of
industrial-scale production systems has been countered by a critical
response by civil society actors concerned about the implications for
rural livelihoods, customary land rights, and the environmental effects
of biofuel feedstock cultivation. To date, however, limited data exist
to demonstrate the conditions under which widely anticipated economic
and climate change mitigation benefits accrue in practice, and the
implications of these developments for forests, local livelihoods, and
the climate change mitigation potential of biofuels. In such a
situation, debates are easily polarized into those for and against
biofuels. This special issue seeks to nuance this debate by shedding
light on the local social and environmental impacts accruing to date
from the expansion of biofuel feedstock cultivation through in-depth
case studies in 6 countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Findings
provide a more nuanced picture of costs and benefits, and point to a
host of risks that need to be proactively managed to leverage the
potential of the industry as an engine of national social and economic
development.},
   author = {Laura German and George C Schoneveld and Pablo Pacheco},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-04309-160324},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {The Social and Environmental Impacts of Biofuel Feedstock Cultivation: Evidence from Multi-Site Research in the Forest Frontier},
   volume = {16},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000292462800008,
   abstract = {Even in the absence of climate change, freshwater ecosystems and the
resources they provide for people are under great pressure because of
increasing demand for water and declines in water quality. The imminent
onset of climate change will exacerbate these impacts, placing even
greater pressure on already stressed resources and regions. A plethora
of national climate change policies have been adopted that emphasize
structural adjustment in the energy sector and increasing carbon sinks.
To date, most public debate on water has focused on the direct impacts
of climate change on hydrology. However, there is growing evidence that
climate change policies themselves may have substantial additional and
negative impacts on freshwater resources and ecosystems and may thus
result in maladaptation. To avoid such maladaptation, integrated,
coordinated policy making is required. In this paper, national climate
change policies from Australia, Brazil, China, the European Union (EU),
India, Mexico, South Africa, Tanzania, and the United Kingdom are
compared to: (i) identify where negative trade-offs exist between
climate change policies and freshwater resources, (ii) analyze where
institutions and structures exist to optimize integration among climate,
water, and biodiversity policies, and (iii) provide a much needed
overview from a broad selection of countries with a view to identifying
further opportunities for theoretical exploration and testing. The
synergies and conflicts among climate, energy, water, and environmental
policies create additional challenges for governments to develop
integrated policies to deliver multiple benefits. Success factors for
better policy development identified in this assessment and synthesis
include engagement of senior political leaders, cyclical policy
development, multi-agency and stakeholder processes, and stronger
accountability and enforcement measures.},
   author = {Jamie Pittock},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {National Climate Change Policies and Sustainable Water Management: Conflicts and Synergies},
   volume = {16},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000289081200018,
   abstract = {Several studies of U.S. National Forests suggest that declines of their associated forest products industries were driven by synergistic changes in federal governance and market conditions during the late 20th century. In Alaska, dramatic shifts in the economic and political settings of the Tongass National Forest (Tongass) drove changes in governance leading to collapse of an industrial forest management system in the early 1990s. However, 15 years since collapse, the reorganization of Tongass governance to reflect `new' economic and political realities has not progressed. To understand both the factors that hinder institutional change (inertia) and the factors that enable progress toward reorganization (adaptation), I analyzed how Tongass forest management, specifically timber sale planning, has responded to changes in market conditions, local industry structure, and larger-scale political governance. Inertia was evidenced by continued emphasis on even-aged management and large-scale harvesting, i.e., the retention of an industrial forestry philosophy that, in the current political situation, yields mostly litigation and appeals, and relatively few forest products. Adaptation was evidenced by flexibility in harvest methods, a willingness to meet local demand instead of political targets, and a growing degree of cooperation with environmental advocacy groups. New partnerships, markets, and political leaders at state and national levels can frame a new blueprint for reorganization of Tongass management toward a more sustainable future.},
   author = {Colin Beier},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Factors Influencing Adaptive Capacity in the Reorganization of Forest Management in Alaska},
   volume = {16},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000298841900012,
   abstract = {Biosphere reserves seek to reconcile nature conservation with local development goals, for example by delineating buffer zones of sustainable resource use around core areas with primary conservation objectives. Here we evaluate buffer zone effectiveness in reducing deforestation within the Lore Lindu Biosphere Reserve in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Socio-economic and remote-sensing data were combined in an integrated approach. We applied a systematic qualitative social research design and carried out in-depth interviews with local, sub-national, and national authorities. Data collected through the interviews were used to interpret satellite images: (1) spatially, that is, forest cover change in the buffer zone versus the core area and, (2) over time, that is, forest cover change as a response to changing management regimes and socio-economic processes in the region. For this purpose a time series of LANDSAT scenes from 1972 to 2007 was used to classify homogeneous areas of forest cover to detect deforestation. According to the satellite image analysis, the buffer zone in Lore Lindu was ineffective at reducing forest cover clearing in the core area between 1972 and 2007. Since management establishment in 1998, the deforestation rate within the core area even increased fourfold. The gathered data suggest that there are three main institutional drivers to account for this ineffectiveness: (1) Low awareness of boundary demarcation among the villagers due to the lack of participation during management and boundary establishment, (2) The fall of the national president Suharto in 1998, which subsequently triggered deforestation activities in the core area, as the park was perceived to be the local branch of the national, suppressive regime, and (3) The lack of implementation of the biosphere reserve concept at the national level, which leads to unclear responsibilities in the buffer zone as the legal backing for any cooperation in the buffer zone is lacking. Although it appears that the forest status in Lore Lindu is still good compared to other regions in Indonesia, attention must be given to the protection of the core area. We thus conclude that the biosphere reserve concept needs to be strengthened in Indonesia. Its implementation at the national level, including adoption of clearly defined regulations, would substantially contribute to reducing negative impacts on biosphere reserve management through, for example, carefully designed awareness raising programs.},
   author = {Marion Mehring and Susanne Stoll-Kleemann},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-04349-160403},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {How Effective is the Buffer Zone? Linking Institutional Processes with Satellite Images from a Case Study in the Lore Lindu Forest Biosphere Reserve, Indonesia},
   volume = {16},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000295837100015,
   abstract = {The success of long-term sustainable management of natural resources depends on local people's support. Assessing local people's attitudes, taking into account their needs, and respecting their opinions should become a management priority. In India, in the last 20 years, community needs and aspirations in forest management were handled through Joint Forest Management with varying degrees of success. Recently, the Forest Rights Act (2006) was passed to recognize and vest forest rights in forest dwelling communities. This major policy development is still in implementation, but little is known about how this devolution process will affect people's attitudes toward forests. In this paper, we analyze associations between attitudes toward state controlled forests (Reserved Forests) and (i) awareness about the Forest Right Act, (ii) attitudes toward the State Forest Department, and (iii) participation in forest management groups of mostly tribal forest dwellers in the district of Kodagu (Karnataka). We collected information with a structured questionnaire among 247 villagers living under three different land tenure and management regimes: (1) private coffee plantations, (2) Reserved Forest, and (3) National Park. The results of the multivariate analyses show that people are more likely to appreciate Reserved Forests if they have more knowledge about the Forest Rights Act and if they have positive attitudes toward the State Forest Department. A sobering result in our sample is that participation in formal forest management groups is negatively associated to attitudes toward Reserved Forests, suggesting the Joint Forest Management model doesn't necessarily help the transition from coercion to consent. Increasing local people awareness about their rights and improving their relations with the formal forest stewards remain priorities for sustainable forest management to emerge in India.},
   author = {Biljana Macura and Francisco Zorondo-Rodriguez and Mar Grau-Satorras and Kathryn Demps and Marie Laval and Claude A Garcia and Victoria Reyes-Garcia},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-04242-160310},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Local Community Attitudes toward Forests Outside Protected Areas in India. Impact of Legal Awareness, Trust, and Participation.},
   volume = {16},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000298841900013,
   abstract = {Cultivation of soy for human and animal food has been growing rapidly in
Brazil in the last thirty years, and the recent emergence of a biodiesel
market in Brazil has stimulated this further. Soy occupies large parts
of the Cerrado biome and has now reached the Amazon, and concerns have
been raised about both the environmental and social impacts of this.
This study combined data from literature with interview surveys in three
areas in the soy belt: Sorriso, in the Cerrado; Guaranta do Norte and
Alta Floresta, in the transitional zone between the Cerrado and the
Amazon biome, and Santarem, which is fully in the Amazon biome, to
understand these impacts from the perspective of the soy farmers, the
other farmers, and the laborers. From the literature it is clear that at
least 80% of the direct deforestation is due to clearance for cattle
rearing, and we estimate that 13-18% is due to soy, although less than
6% can be attributed to biodiesel, since most soy is used for other
products. In the Amazon biome, the Forest Law, the Soy Moratorium,
improved monitoring and the general unsuitability of the land have
combined to keep soy cultivation at a low level so far despite the
construction of a port at Santarem, which makes this area much more
accessible. In the site in the transition area little soybean is
cultivated due to unsuitable configuration of land and to transportation
costs. In the Cerrado, however, soy has proved itself to be a viable
alternative to timber, as well as replacing grazing, which is most
likely causing indirect deforestation elsewhere, although this effect
could not be measured in this study. More than half of the soy farmers
interviewed claimed to have converted grazing land as opposed to forest,
although grazing land often contains some secondary forest as well as
grassland. In the transition areas, the expectation of farmers is that
when transport costs fall due to road improvements, soy will be
cultivated in an integrated rotation system on grazing land, improving
degraded pastures. Soy farmers, laborers and non-soy farmers all have a
positive view of the social impacts of soy, borne out by the fact that
average incomes in Sorriso, where there has been an enormous increase in
soy production over the last 20 years, are 4.6 times higher than those
in Guaranta do Norte, which is still dominated by cattle rearing. The
PNPB program, which aims for social inclusion of small family farmers in
the production of biofuel feedstock, has succeeded in forcing large soy
purchasing companies to assist essentially uneconomic farms and has
enabled some small farmers in agrarian reform settlements to profit.
However, we found evidence of plots changing hands and being
consolidated by farmers with greater skills and capital, resulting in
incipient class formation. Moreover, the companies are selective in
their choice of agrarian settlement, and were not operating in those in
which land holdings are very small or where the terrain is too broken up
for large-scale mechanization.},
   author = {Mendelson Lima and Margaret Skutsch and Gerlane de Medeiros Costa},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-04366-160404},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Deforestation and the Social Impacts of Soy for Biodiesel: Perspectives of Farmers in the South Brazilian Amazon},
   volume = {16},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000289081200038,
   abstract = {African forest-based beekeeping has a long tradition, has been practiced
in Cameroon for centuries, and contributes on average to 52% of
household incomes of beekeepers in the Adamaoua savannah and Northwest
montane forests. Livelihoods, regulatory and policy framework, business
environment, and forest management are intricately linked in the chain
from beekeeper to consumer. However, it has not been a route out of
poverty; despite support, the majority of beekeepers subsist on $2 a
day. An energetic, innovative, and entrepreneurial group named Guiding
Hope is leading a new wave of indigenous social entrepreneurs
revitalizing the apiculture sector with the aim of improving this
situation. The story of how they developed, the challenges faced, and
how they have translated multidisciplinary scientific findings into
action is recounted. The combination of participatory action research, a
value chain approach, monitoring, and learning from traditional
knowledge has lead to positive societal and ecological benefits that
extend from Cameroon to an international level.},
   author = {Verina Ingram and Justin Njikeu},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Sweet, Sticky, and Sustainable Social Business},
   volume = {16},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000298841900022,
   abstract = {Three case studies from Mexico are presented in which the impacts of the
recent introduction of jatropha cultivation for biodiesel production are
examined. In Chiapas and Michoacan, local social and environmental
impacts were assessed using interviews with key informants and
questionnaires directed at three groups of stakeholders: jatropha
cultivators, farmers in the same areas who are not cultivating jatropha,
and laborers on jatropha farms. Results show that the farmers are
primarily motivated to participate by the subsidies offered in a
government program in the first 2 years, rather than any proven economic
benefit. Our farm budget study indicated that profits would be marginal
for these farmers. However, no cases of land alienation were involved,
and impacts on food security and deforestation are currently not
significant. Employment opportunities for landless laborers have
increased in areas where jatropha is now grown. The program is only in
its third year currently, so these outcomes would need to be reexamined
as it develops. In Yucatan, production is mainly in the hands of
commercial companies, using estates formerly under low-intensity grazing
and secondary forest. A carbon balance analysis indicated that there may
be a significant loss of carbon stocks associated with jatropha
plantation establishment on these estates. Depending on the maturity of
the forest regrowth and the intensity of jatropha production, the carbon
payback period varies from 2 to 14 years, although, in some scenarios,
the carbon debt may never be recovered.},
   author = {Margaret Skutsch and Emilio de los Rios and Silvia Solis and Enrique Riegelhaupt and Daniel Hinojosa and Sonya Gerfert and Yan Gao and Omar Masera},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-04448-160411},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Jatropha in Mexico: Environmental and Social Impacts of an Incipient Biofuel Program},
   volume = {16},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000289081200043,
   abstract = {Resilience has been growing in importance as a perspective for governing
social-ecological systems. The aim of this paper is first to analyze a
well-studied human dominated agroecosystem using five existing key
heuristics of the resilience perspective and second to discuss the
consequences of using this resilience perspective for the future
management of similar human dominated agroecosystems. The human
dominated agroecosystem is located in the Dutch Northern Frisian
Woodlands where cooperatives of dairy farmers have been attempting to
organize a transition toward more viable and environmental friendly
agrosystems. A mobilizing element in the cooperatives was the ability of
some dairy farmers to obtain high herbage and milk yield production with
limited nitrogen fertilizer input. A set of reinforcing measures was
hypothesized to rebalance nitrogen flows and to set a new equilibrium. A
dynamic farm model was used to evaluate the long-term effects of
reinforcing measures on soil organic matter content, which was
considered the key indicator of an alternative system state. Simulations
show that no alternative stable state for soil organic matter exists
within a plausible range of fertilizer applications. The observed
differences in soil organic matter content and nutrient use efficiency
probably represent a time lag of long-term nonequilibrium system
development. The resilience perspective proved to be especially
insightful in addressing interacting long-term developments expressed in
the panarchy. Panarchy created a heterogeneity of resources in the
landscape providing local landscape-embedded opportunities for high
N-efficiencies. Stopping the practice of grassland renewal will allow
this ecological landscape embedded system to mature. In contrast, modern
conventional dairy farms shortcut the adaptive cycle by frequent
grassland renewals, resulting in high resilience and adaptability. This
comes at the cost of long-term accumulated ecological capital of soil
organic matter and transformability, thus reinforcing the incremental
adaptation trap. Analysis of such a human dominated agroecosystem
reveals that rather than alternative states, an alternative set of
relationships within a multiscale setting applies, indicating the
importance for embedding panarchy in the analysis of sustainable
development goals in agroecosystems.},
   author = {Dirk F van Apeldoorn and Kasper Kok and Marthijn P W Sonneveld and Tom (A) Veldkamp},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Panarchy Rules: Rethinking Resilience of Agroecosystems, Evidence from Dutch Dairy-Farming},
   volume = {16},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000298841900019,
   abstract = {Biofuels are receiving growing negative attention. Direct and/or
indirect land-use changes that result from their cultivation can cause
emissions due to carbon losses in soils and biomass and could negate any
eventual greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction benefit. This paper evaluates
the implications of land-use change emission on the climate-change
mitigation potential of different biofuel production systems in 12 case
studies in six countries. We calculated carbon debts created by
conversion of different land-use types, ranging from annual cropland to
primary forest. We evaluated case studies using three different biofuel
crops: oil palm, Jatropha, and soybean. The time needed for each biofuel
production system to pay back its carbon debt was calculated based on a
life-cycle assessment of the GHG reduction potentials of the system.
Carbon debts range from 39 to 1743.7 Mg C0(2) ha(-1). The oil palm case
studies created the largest carbon debts (472.8-1743.7 t C0(2) ha(-1))
because most of the area expansion came at the expense of dense tropical
forest. The highest debt was associated with plantation on peatland. For
all cases evaluated, only soybean in Guaranta do Norte and Alta
Floresta, Brazil needed less than one human generation (30 years) to
repay the initial carbon debt. Highest repayment times were found for
Jatropha (76-310 years) and oil palm (59-220 years) case studies. Oil
palm established in peatlands had the greatest repayment times (206-220
years). High repayment times for Jatropha resulted from the combined
effects of land-cover change and low CO2 emission reduction rate. These
outcomes raise serious questions about the sustainability of biofuel
production. The carbon implications of conversion of (semi-) natural
systems with medium to high biomass indicate that, in order to generate
climate benefits, cultivation of biofuel feedstocks should be restricted
to areas that already have low carbon content.},
   author = {Wouter M J Achten and Louis V Verchot},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-04403-160414},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Implications of Biodiesel-Induced Land-Use Changes for CO2 Emissions: Case Studies in Tropical America, Africa, and Southeast Asia},
   volume = {16},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000289081200026,
   abstract = {Conservation and development visions in and around protected areas
generate confrontation and uncertainty that damage the biodiversity and
ecosystem services which maintain human well-being. To address this
issue, we applied the participatory scenario planning framework to the
protected area of the Do ana social-ecological system in southwestern
Spain. This work explores the social perceptions regarding the
conditions, trends, trade-offs, and future of ecosystem services and
human well-being, and seeks management strategies for the Do ana
social-ecological system and its protected areas. We found that
participatory scenario planning (1) can create different visions of the
future of the system addressing its uncertainty and the main ecosystem
services trade-offs, and (2) can propose consensual management
strategies to determine a path toward a desirable future.},
   author = {Ignacio Palomo and Berta Martin-Lopez and Cesar Lopez-Santiago and Carlos Montes},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Participatory Scenario Planning for Protected Areas Management under the Ecosystem Services Framework: the Donana Social-Ecological System in Southwestern Spain},
   volume = {16},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000289496900009,
   abstract = {The emerging bioenergy markets provide opportunities for the
transformation and diversification of agriculture on an international
scale through the development of new plant resources. Introduction of
new perennial pastures and woody crops into agricultural systems offers
significant environmental and economic benefits but may pose risks to
existing natural ecosystems through environmental weeds and genetic
contamination. A risk management framework provides a means of
fulfilling the `duty of care' requirements to enable industries to
maximise the economic benefits of new crops whilst minimising any
potential negative environmental impacts. An Environmental Risk
Management Policy forms a basis for risk management at all levels of the
research and development process. Such a policy includes assessment of
both weed and genetic risk through assessment protocols based on the
evaluation of variables known to influence invasiveness and gene flow.
Experimental site hygiene guidelines provide a framework for operation
of breeding activities that minimise the risk of trials as a source of
invasion. Species management guides are extension information produced
to ensure any risk associated with species and varieties released or
promoted are identified and managed.},
   author = {Margaret Byrne and Lynley Stone},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2010.11.004},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   issue = {1-2},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {50-54},
   title = {The need for `duty of care' when introducing new crops for sustainable agriculture},
   volume = {3},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000295837100008,
   abstract = {The societies and ecosystems of the Nigerien Sahel appeared increasingly
vulnerable to climatic and economic uncertainty in the late twentieth
century. Severe episodes of drought and famine drove massive livestock
losses and human migration and mortality. Soil erosion and tree loss
reduced a woodland to a scrub steppe and fed a myth of the Sahara desert
relentlessly advancing southward. Over the past two decades this myth
has been shattered by the dramatic reforestation of more than 5 million
hectares in the Maradi and Zinder Regions of Niger. No single actor,
policy, or practice appears behind this successful regreening of the
Sahel. Multiple actors, institutions and processes operated at different
levels, times, and scales to initiate and sustain this reforestation
trend. We used systems analysis to examine the patterns of interaction
as biophysical, livelihood, and governance indicators changed relative
to one another during forest decline and rebound. It appears that forest
decline was reversed when critical interventions helped to shift the
direction of reinforcing feedbacks, e. g., vicious cycles changed to
virtuous ones. Reversals toward de-forestation or reforestation were
preceded by institutional changes in governance, then livelihoods and
eventually in the biophysical environment. Biophysical change sustained
change in the other two domains until interventions introduced new ideas
and institutions that slowed and then reversed the pattern of feedbacks.
However, while society seems better at coping with economic or climatic
shock or stress, the resilience of society and nature in the
Maradi/Zinder region to global sources of uncertainty remains a pressing
question in a society with one of the highest population growth rates on
Earth.},
   author = {Jan Sendzimir and Chris P Reij and Piotr Magnuszewski},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-04198-160301},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Rebuilding Resilience in the Sahel: Regreening in the Maradi and Zinder Regions of Niger},
   volume = {16},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000296686300004,
   abstract = {There is an imminent socio-political and economic need to identify
cost-effective mitigation strategies if we are to minimise the impact of
climate change and ensure global environmental security. Forest
ecosystems are considered as potential carbon (C) sinks under future
climate forcing, as C inputs to plant biomass and soil are generally
predicted to increase. However, a key determinant of C-sequestration
efficiency is, among others, the availability and sustainability of
other nutrients, including nitrogen (N). This presents great uncertainty
in predicting the global capacity of terrestrial ecosystems to sequester
C because there are major gaps in our understanding of the interactions
and feedbacks between the C and N cycles. Interactions are further
complicated when multiple climate factors are considered and increased
microbial activity could serve to negate any C-sequestration as soil
organic matter is mineralised at faster rates. This synthesis paper
highlights the importance of N in forest ecosystem C-sequestration and
identifies the mechanisms involved. We propose that a better mechanistic
understanding on interactions between plant and microbial communities
should be explicitly considered for the development of effective policy
strategies for forest ecosystem C sequestration.},
   author = {Catriona A Macdonald and Ian C Anderson and Richard D Bardgett and Brajesh K Singh},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2011.08.013},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   issue = {5},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {303-310},
   title = {Role of nitrogen in carbon mitigation in forest ecosystems},
   volume = {3},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000295837100021,
   abstract = {A common challenge facing land use planning is assessment of the future performance of land use options. The challenge can be acute in developing regions where land use is expanding rapidly and funding and data needed for planning are scarce. To inform land use planning for a biosphere reserve located in Paraguay's Atlantic forest region, a scenario analysis explored the relative merits of conventional and conservation agricultural practices, sustained yield forestry, and protection. Simulations compared the long-term impacts on land cover, biotic carbon, and income of the area's residents. Ecological and economic decline were projected under conventional practices. Protection and forestry scenarios achieved only small relative improvements to ecological indicators at the cost of reduced economic performance. By addressing the underlying issue of land degradation, conservation agriculture including no-tillage was the most successful land use strategy both ecologically and economically. Identification of conservation agriculture as the most promising land use strategy prioritizes issues that must be addressed to achieve sustainability, most importantly the provision of education and funding to smallholder farmers. We conclude that scenario analysis offers a flexible strategy to integrate available data for the purpose of informing land use planning in data-limited regions such as Paraguay's Atlantic forest.},
   author = {Matthew J Carlson and Ross Mitchell and Laura Rodriguez},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-04267-160308},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Scenario Analysis to Identify Viable Conservation Strategies in Paraguay's Imperiled Atlantic Forest},
   volume = {16},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000294163500026,
   abstract = {Morocco's argan oil is now the most expensive edible oil in the world.
High-value argan markets have sparked a bonanza of argan activity.
Nongovernmental organizations, international and domestic development
agencies, and argan oil cooperatives aggressively promote the win-win
aim of simultaneously benefiting local people and the health of the
argan forest. This paper tests some of these win-win claims. Analysis of
a panel of detailed household data suggests that the boom has enabled
some rural households to increase consumption, increase their goat herds
(which bodes poorly for the argan forest), and send their girls to
secondary school. The boom has predictably made households vigilant
guardians of fruit on the tree, but it has not incited investments in
longer term tree and forest health. We evaluate landscape-level impacts
of these changes using commune-level data on educational enrollment and
normalized difference vegetation index data over the period from 1981 to
2009. The results of the mesoanalysis of enrollment are consistent with
the microanalysis: the argan boom seems to have improved educational
outcomes, especially for girls. Our normalized difference vegetation
index analysis, however, suggests that booming argan prices have not
improved the forest and may have even induced degradation. We conclude
by exploring the dynamic interactions between argan markets, local
institutions, rural household welfare, and forest conservation and
sustainability.},
   author = {Travis J Lybbert and Abdellah Aboudrare and Deborah Chaloud and Nicholas Magnan and Maliha Nash},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1106382108},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {34},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {13963-13968},
   title = {Booming markets for Moroccan argan oil appear to benefit some rural households while threatening the endemic argan forest},
   volume = {108},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000298479900055,
   abstract = {The consequences of biodiversity decline in intensified agricultural
landscapes hinge on surviving biotic assemblages. Maintaining crucial
ecosystem processes and services requires resilience to natural and
anthropogenic disturbances. However, the resilience and stability of
surviving biological communities remain poorly quantified. From a 10-y
dataset comprising 2,880 bird censuses across a land-use gradient, we
present three key findings concerning the resilience and stability of
Costa Rican bird communities. First, seed dispersing, insect eating, and
pollinating guilds were more resilient to low-intensity land use than
high-intensity land use. Compared with forest assemblages, bird
abundance, species richness, and diversity were all similar to 15%
lower in low-intensity land use and similar to 50% lower in
high-intensity land use. Second, patterns in species richness generally
correlated with patterns in stability: guilds exhibited less variation
in abundance in low-intensity land use than in high-intensity land use.
Finally, interspecific differences in reaction to environmental change
(response diversity) and possibly the portfolio effect, but not negative
covariance of species abundances, conferred resilience and stability.
These findings point to the changes needed in agricultural production
practices in the tropics to better sustain bird communities and,
possibly, the functional and service roles that they play.},
   author = {Daniel S Karp and Guy Ziv and Jim Zook and Paul R Ehrlich and Gretchen C Daily},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1118276108},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {52},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {21134-21139},
   title = {Resilience and stability in bird guilds across tropical countryside},
   volume = {108},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000287844400010,
   abstract = {A central challenge for sustainability is how to preserve forest
ecosystems and the services that they provide us while enhancing food
production. This challenge for developing countries confronts the force
of economic globalization, which seeks cropland that is shrinking in
availability and triggers deforestation. Four mechanisms-the
displacement, rebound, cascade, and remittance effects-that are
amplified by economic globalization accelerate land conversion. A few
developing countries have managed a land use transition over the recent
decades that simultaneously increased their forest cover and
agricultural production. These countries have relied on various mixes of
agricultural intensification, land use zoning, forest protection,
increased reliance on imported food and wood products, the creation of
off-farm jobs, foreign capital investments, and remittances. Sound
policies and innovations can therefore reconcile forest preservation
with food production. Globalization can be harnessed to increase land
use efficiency rather than leading to uncontrolled land use expansion.
To do so, land systems should be understood and modeled as open systems
with large flows of goods, people, and capital that connect local land
use with global-scale factors.},
   author = {Eric F Lambin and Patrick Meyfroidt},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1100480108},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {9},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {3465-3472},
   title = {Global land use change, economic globalization, and the looming land scarcity},
   volume = {108},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000295255300040,
   abstract = {Growing demand for food, fuel, and fiber is driving the intensification
and expansion of agricultural land through a corresponding displacement
of native woodland, savanna, and shrubland. In the wake of this
displacement, it is clear that farmland can support biodiversity through
preservation of important ecosystem elements at a fine scale. However,
how much biodiversity can be sustained and with what tradeoffs for
production are open questions. Using a well-studied tropical ecosystem
in Costa Rica, we develop an empirically based model for quantifying the
``wildlife-friendliness\{''\} of farmland for native birds. Some 80% of
the 166 mist-netted species depend on fine-scale countryside forest
elements (<= 60-m-wide clusters of trees, typically of variable length
and width) that weave through farmland along hilltops, valleys, rivers,
roads, and property borders. Our model predicts with similar to 75%
accuracy the bird community composition of any part of the landscape. We
find conservation value in small (<= 20 m wide) clusters of trees and
somewhat larger (<= 60 m wide) forest remnants to provide substantial
support for biodiversity beyond the borders of tropical forest reserves.
Within the study area, forest elements on farms nearly double the
effective size of the local forest reserve, providing seminatural
habitats for bird species typically associated with the forest. Our
findings provide a basis for estimating and sustaining biodiversity in
farming systems through managing fine-scale ecosystem elements and, more
broadly, informing ecosystem service analyses, biodiversity action
plans, and regional land use strategies.},
   author = {Chase D Mendenhall and Cagan H Sekercioglu and Federico Oviedo Brenes and Paul R Ehrlich and Gretchen C Daily},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1111687108},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {39},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {16313-16316},
   title = {Predictive model for sustaining biodiversity in tropical countryside},
   volume = {108},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000294163500024,
   abstract = {This study explores the potential of index insurance as a mechanism to
finance community-based biodiversity conservation in areas where a
strong correlation exists between natural disaster risk, keystone
species populations, and the well-being of the local population. We
illustrate this potential using the case of hornbill conservation in the
Budo-Sungai Padi rainforests of southern Thailand, using 16-y hornbill
reproduction data and 5-y household expenditures data reflecting local
economic well-being. We show that severe windstorms cause both lower
household expenditures and critical nest tree losses that directly
constrain nesting capacity and so reduce the number of hornbill chicks
recruited in the following breeding season. Forest residents' coping
strategies further disturb hornbills and their forest habitats,
compounding windstorms' adverse effects on hornbills' recruitment in the
following year. The strong statistical relationship between wind speed
and both hornbill nest tree losses and household expenditures opens up
an opportunity to design wind-based index insurance contracts that could
both enhance hornbill conservation and support disaster-affected
households in the region. We demonstrate how such contracts could be
written and operationalized and then use simulations to show the
significant promise of unique insurance-based approaches to address
weather-related risk that threatens both biodiversity and poor
populations.},
   author = {Sommarat Chantarat and Christopher B Barrett and Tavan Janvilisri and Sittichai Mudsri and Chularat Niratisayakul and Pilai Poonswad},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1012291108},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {34},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {13951-13956},
   title = {Index insurance for pro-poor conservation of hornbills in Thailand},
   volume = {108},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000288894800018,
   abstract = {Two distinct views are evident in research on how rural communities in
developing countries cope with extreme weather events brought by climate
change: (i) that the resource-reliant poor are acutely vulnerable and
need external assistance to prepare for such events, and (ii) that
climate-related shocks can offer windows of opportunity in which latent
local adaptive capacities are triggered, leading to systemic
improvement. Results from a longitudinal study in a Tawahka community in
Honduras before and after Hurricane Mitch (1994-2002) indicate that
residents were highly vulnerable to the hurricane-due in part to
previous development assistance-and that the poorest households were the
hardest hit. Surprisingly, however, the disaster enabled the poor to
initiate an institutional change that led to more equitable land
distribution, slowed primary forest conversion, and positioned the
community well to cope with comparable flooding occurring 10 y later.
The study provides compelling evidence that communities can seize on the
window of opportunity created by climate-induced shocks to generate
sustained social-ecological improvement, and suggests that future
interventions should foster local capacities for endogenous
institutional change to enhance community resilience to climate shocks.},
   author = {Kendra McSweeney and Oliver T Coomes},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1014123108},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {13},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {5203-5208},
   title = {Climate-related disaster opens a window of opportunity for rural poor in northeastern Honduras},
   volume = {108},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000294163500023,
   abstract = {Protected areas are used to sustain biodiversity and ecosystem services.
However, protected areas can create tradeoffs spatially and temporally
among ecosystem services, which can affect the welfare of dependent
local communities. This study examines the effect of a protected area on
the tradeoff between two extractive ecosystem services from mangrove
forests: cutting mangroves (fuelwood) and harvesting the shrimp and fish
that thrive if mangroves are not cut. We demonstrate the effect in the
context of Saadani National Park (SANAPA) in Tanzania, where enforcement
of prohibition of mangrove harvesting was strengthened to preserve
biodiversity. Remote sensing data of mangrove cover over time are
integrated with georeferenced household survey data in an econometric
framework to identify the causal effect of mangrove protection on income
components directly linked to mangrove ecosystem services. Our findings
suggest that many households experienced an immediate loss in the
consumption of mangrove firewood, with the loss most prevalent in richer
households. However, all wealth classes appear to benefit from long-term
sustainability gains in shrimping and fishing that result from mangrove
protection. On average, we find that a 10% increase in the mangrove
cover within SANAPA boundaries in a 5-km(2) radius of the subvillage
increases shrimping income by approximately twofold. The creation of
SANAPA shifted the future trajectory of the area from one in which
mangroves were experiencing uncontrolled cutting to one in which
mangrove conservation is providing gains in income for the local
villages as a result of the preservation of nursery habitat and
biodiversity.},
   author = {Catherine G McNally and Emi Uchida and Arthur J Gold},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1101825108},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {34},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {13945-13950},
   title = {The effect of a protected area on the tradeoffs between short-run and long-run benefits from mangrove ecosystems},
   volume = {108},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000293129900070,
   abstract = {We explored the social and ecological outcomes associated with emergence
of a management panacea designed to govern a stochastic renewable
natural resource. To that end, we constructed a model of a coupled
social-ecological system of recreational fisheries in which a manager
supports naturally fluctuating stocks by stocking fish in response to
harvest-driven satisfaction of resource users. The realistic assumption
of users remembering past harvest experiences when exploiting a
stochastically fluctuating fish population facilitates the emergence of
a stocking-based management panacea over time. The social benefits of
panacea formation involve dampening natural population fluctuations and
generating stability of user satisfaction. It also maintains the
resource but promotes the eventual replacement of wild fish by
hatchery-descended fish. Our analyses show this outcome is particularly
likely when hatchery-descended fish are reasonably fit (e.g.,
characterized by similar survival relative to wild fish) and/or when
natural recruitment of the wild population is low(e.g., attributable to
habitat deterioration), which leaves the wild population with little
buffer against competition by stocked fish. The potential for
release-based panacea formation is particularly likely under user-based
management regimes and should be common in a range of social-ecological
systems (e.g., fisheries, forestry), whenever user groups are entitled
to engage in release or replanting strategies. The net result will be
the preservation of a renewable resource through user-based incentives,
but the once natural populations are likely to be altered and to host
nonnative genotypes. This risks other ecosystem services and the future
of wild populations.},
   author = {Brett T van Poorten and Robert Arlinghaus and Katrin Daedlow and Susanne S Haertel-Borer},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1013919108},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {30},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {12554-12559},
   title = {Social-ecological interactions, management panaceas, and the future of wild fish populations},
   volume = {108},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000294163500017,
   abstract = {This paper introduces a special feature on biodiversity conservation and
poverty traps. We define and explain the core concepts and then identify
four distinct classes of mechanisms that define important interlinkages
between biodiversity and poverty. The multiplicity of candidate
mechanisms underscores a major challenge in designing policy appropriate
across settings. This framework is then used to introduce the ensuing
set of papers, which empirically explore these various mechanisms
linking poverty traps and biodiversity conservation.},
   author = {Christopher B Barrett and Alexander J Travis and Partha Dasgupta},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1011521108},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {34},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {13907-13912},
   title = {On biodiversity conservation and poverty traps},
   volume = {108},
   year = {2011},
}
@article{ISI:000302986900030,
   abstract = {Cork oak (Quercus suber L.) woodlands are ecologically sensitive and
human-supported areas which strongly rely on the high market value of
cork for their sustainability. Cork harvesting is a forestry practice
specific to this Mediterranean evergreen oak, whereby the bark (cork) is
periodically removed from stems and branches over the whole tree
lifetime.
This practice is a strain factor for the tree, particularly because it
is performed during the most stressful time of the year, and also
because stripped oaks become more vulnerable to pathogens and
environmental hazards such as wildfires. This review gathers and
analyzes information about tree responses to cork harvesting. Cork
removal leads to phellogen destruction and subsequent regeneration. Upon
each harvesting, the tree faces important losses of water, released from
the suddenly exposed living cells, and of cork. Immediate responses
relate to stem healing mechanisms, leaf stomatal closure and prompt
production of new cork layers by the restored phellogen, the latter
actually representing the most evident response of Q suber to cork
harvesting. Further strategies to compensate for water and cork losses
are insufficiently understood, but possibly include prolonged reduction
of leaf transpiration (and consequent reduction of photoassimilation),
increased water uptake from the soil, use of reserves and changes in
whole-tree energy allocation to support cork regeneration.
Cork stripping by unskilled workers may leave wounds on the tree, which
eventually hinder cork regeneration and lead to premature tree death.
The relationship between current cork harvesting practices (e.g.
harvesting intensities or periodicity) and tree resilience is not quite
established. Higher stripping pressures seem to trigger more pronounced
or drastic tree responses and/or to enhance their decline.
A major conclusion is that the available information is still too scarce
to allow for a consistent evaluation of the effects of cork harvesting
on cork oak and on its associated woodlands. So far, few studies have
addressed how tree resilience relates to harvesting intensities, a
crucial issue to enable improved tree and stand management strategies
and to ensure adequate conservation of these sensitive forest systems.
(C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {Graca Oliveira and Augusta Costa},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2012.01.025},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   month = {4},
   pages = {257-272},
   title = {How resilient is Quercus suber L. to cork harvesting? A review and identification of knowledge gaps},
   volume = {270},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000313417400002,
   abstract = {Discussions of diversified farming systems (DFS) rarely mention
rangelands: the grasslands, shrublands, and savannas that make up
roughly one-third of Earth's ice-free terrestrial area, including some
312 million ha of the United States. Although ranching has been
criticized by environmentalists for decades, it is probably the most
ecologically sustainable segment of the U.S. meat industry, and it
exemplifies many of the defining characteristics of DFS: it relies on
the functional diversity of natural ecological processes of plant and
animal (re) production at multiple scales, based on ecosystem services
generated and regenerated on site rather than imported, often
nonrenewable, inputs. Rangelands also provide other ecosystem services,
including watershed, wildlife habitat, recreation, and tourism. Even
where non-native or invasive plants have encroached on or replaced
native species, rangelands retain unusually high levels of plant
diversity compared with croplands or plantation forests. Innovations in
management, marketing, incentives, and easement programs that augment
ranch income, creative land tenure arrangements, and collaborations
among ranchers all support diversification. Some obstacles include rapid
landownership turnover, lack of accessible U.S. Department of
Agriculture certified processing facilities, tenure uncertainty,
fragmentation of rangelands, and low and variable income, especially
relative to land costs. Taking advantage of rancher knowledge and
stewardship, and aligning incentives with production of diverse goods
and services, will support the sustainability of ranching and its
associated public benefits. The creation of positive feedbacks between
economic and ecological diversity should be the ultimate goal.},
   author = {Nathan F Sayre and Liz Carlisle and Lynn Huntsinger and Gareth Fisher and Annie Shattuck},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-04790-170443},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {The Role of Rangelands in Diversified Farming Systems: Innovations, Obstacles, and Opportunities in the USA},
   volume = {17},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000313417400009,
   abstract = {The forest industry is a significant contributor to the development of
roads and most are constructed on Aboriginal territories. Many
Aboriginal communities are isolated both socially and economically and
Aboriginal cultures are often described as having inherent
socio-environmental relationships. Aboriginal communities, therefore,
may be the most likely to benefit and be most vulnerable to the impacts
of road development. We use a case study approach to explore how an
Aboriginal community interprets and responds to the increasing
development of roads in its territory. The results are interpreted using
the theory of access in order to frame the interactions between people
and nature within a cohesive system which includes elements which are
spatially located, flow, interact, and can be disturbed. The dominant
themes discussed as being affected by the influence of roads on access
included issues of the following nature: Aboriginal, hunting, foreign,
territorial and environmental. Issues pertaining to Aboriginal actors as
opposed to foreign actors such as the industry or non-aboriginal hunters
and fishers dominated discussions. Although the positive effects
provided by roads were alluded to, focus tended towards the affected
relationships and ties between the territory, the environment and
Aboriginal members. Roads are associated with changes in traditional
roles and practices which benefit individualistic behaviors. The access
mechanisms mediating and controlling the use of resources through
traditional norms and roles such as sharing, asking permission, and
helping in the practice of traditional activities no longer apply
effectively. Changes in the traditional spatial organization of the
territory have minimized the influence of knowledge, identity, and
negotiation in mediating access among communities. Results highlight
that conflicts have thus resulted between and among Aboriginal
communities. Also, perception of the role of the environment and ways in
which traditional practices occur has altered important
socio-environmental dynamics which are part of Aboriginal culture.},
   author = {Marie-Christine Adam and Daniel Kneeshaw and Tom M Beckley},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-04976-170401},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Forestry and Road Development: Direct and Indirect Impacts from an Aboriginal Perspective},
   volume = {17},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000313417400038,
   abstract = {As the 2005 Millennium Ecosystem Assessment revealed, many social-ecological systems around the world are currently being governed unsustainably. Consequently, social innovation is needed to transform current governance regimes and introduce new more resilient arrangements. Although dominant institutions and social groups may resist such innovations which threaten the status quo and their interests, groups on the margins of the established social order can often trigger governance transformations, despite a lack of conventional financial and institutional resources. In particular, there are numerous cases of marginalized groups initiating processes of radical change to establish sustainable governance practices for threatened social-ecological systems. We investigate one such case, and introduce a typology of power developed by Barnett and Duvall ( 2005) to illuminate the role that nongovernmental organizations and indigenous nations played in the transformation of a social-ecological governance regime for an area known as the Great Bear Rainforest, located in British Columbia, Canada. The analysis shows the interplay of compulsory, structural, institutional, and productive forms of power as the four key interest groups in this case enacted the governance transformation. The conclusions draw lessons about how the use and distribution of certain types of power can shape the course and outcomes of social-ecological governance transformations.},
   author = {Michele-Lee Moore and Ola Tjornbo},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05194-170426},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {From coastal timber supply area to Great Bear Rainforest: exploring power in a social-ecological governance innovation},
   volume = {17},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000302713700008,
   abstract = {The scope of the reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) mechanism has broadened REDD+ to accommodate different country interests such as natural forests, protected areas, as well as forests under community-based management. In Tanzania the REDD+ mechanism is still under development and pilot projects are at an early stage. In this paper, we seek to understand how local priorities and needs could be met in REDD+ implementation and how these expectations match with global mitigation benefits. We examine the local priorities and needs in the use of land and forest resources in the Angai Villages Land Forest Reserve (AVLFR) in the Liwale District of Lindi Region in Tanzania. Primary data was collected in two villages, Mihumo and Lilombe, using semistructured key informant interviews and participatory rural appraisal methods. In addition, the key informant interviews were conducted with other village, district, and national level actors, as well as international donors. Findings show that in the two communities REDD+ is seen as something new and is generating new expectations among communities. However, the Angai villagers highlight three key priorities that have yet to be integrated into the design of REDD+: water scarcity, rural development, and food security. At the local level improved forest governance and sustainable management of forest resources have been identified as one way to achieve livelihood diversification. Although the national goals of REDD+ include poverty reduction, these goals are not necessarily conducive to the goals of these communities. There exist both structural and cultural limits to the ability of the Angai villages to implement these goals and to improve forestry governance. Given the vulnerability to current and future climate variability and change it will be important to consider how the AVLFR will be managed and for whose benefit?},
   author = {Irmeli Mustalahti and Anna Bolin and Emily Boyd and Jouni Paavola},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-04498-170116},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Can REDD plus Reconcile Local Priorities and Needs with Global Mitigation Benefits? Lessons from Angai Forest, Tanzania},
   volume = {17},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000313417400015,
   abstract = {China and Vietnam have developed some of the most ambitious payments for
ecosystem services (PES) initiatives for watershed conservation and
forest management. These include the Sloping Land Conversion Programme
in China and pilot projects designed to implement Decision 380 and the
subsequent national PES law in Vietnam. This study reviews how these two
government-driven initiatives are achieving their environment and
development objectives in terms of their institutional arrangements,
implementation in practice, and sustainability prospects. Although it
remains too soon to determine the effects of these programs on watershed
services, early evidence indicates that they are resulting in vulnerable
land being retired from cultivation supported, in some cases, by
considerable contributions to household income. A review of these
initiatives has revealed two emerging questions that are relevant within
the wider discussion on PES theory: (1) What is the ideal role for
government in an evolving socio-cultural and political context? (2) What
are the implications of a lack of voluntary participation in government
administered PES schemes? Future prospects for harnessing the
substantial political commitment for watershed protection toward more
strategic, flexible, and long-term sustainable outcomes hinge on the
ongoing responsiveness of these governments to stakeholder needs and
objectives.},
   author = {Vijay K Kolinjivadi and Terry Sunderland},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05057-170410},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {A Review of Two Payment Schemes for Watershed Services from China and Vietnam: the Interface of Government Control and PES Theory},
   volume = {17},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000313417400033,
   abstract = {The loss of habitat due to suburban and urban development represents one
of the greatest threats to biodiversity. Conservation developments have
emerged as a key player for reconciling new ex-urban residential
development with ecosystem services. However, as more than half of the
world population lives in urban and suburban developments, identifying
conservation partners to facilitate retrofitting existing residential
neighborhoods becomes paramount. Homeowner associations (HOA) manage a
significant proportion of residential developments in the United States,
which includes the landscape design for yards and gardens. These areas
have the potential to mitigate the loss of urban biodiversity when they
provide habitat for native wildlife. Therefore, the conditions and
restrictions imposed upon the homeowner by the HOA could have profound
effects on the local wildlife habitat. We explored the potential of HOAs
to promote conservation by synthesizing research from three monitoring
programs from Phoenix, Arizona. We compared native bird diversity,
arthropod diversity, and plant diversity between neighborhoods with and
without a HOA. Neighborhoods belonging to HOAs had significantly greater
bird and plant diversity, although insect diversity did not differ. The
institutional framework structuring HOAs, including sanctions for
enforcement coupled with a predictable maintenance regime that
introduces regular disturbance, might explain why neighborhoods with a
HOA had greater bird diversity. For neighborhoods with a HOA, we
analyzed landscape form and management practices. We linked these
features with ecological function and suggested how to modify management
practices by adopting strategies from the Sustainable Sites Initiative,
an international sustainable landscaping program, to help support
biodiversity in current and future residential landscapes.},
   author = {Susannah B Lerman and Victoria Kelly Turner and Christofer Bang},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05175-170445},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Homeowner Associations as a Vehicle for Promoting Native Urban Biodiversity},
   volume = {17},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000309475800010,
   abstract = {Governance of the commons depends on the capacity to generate collective action. Networks and rules that foster that collective action have been defined as social capital. However, their causal link is still not fully understood. We use social network analysis to assess social capital, decision-making, and collective action in a forest-based common pool resource management in La Sepultura Biosphere Reserve (Chiapas, Mexico). Our research analyzes the productive networks and the evolution of coffee groups in one community. The network shows some centrality, with richer landholders tending to occupy core positions and poorer landless peasants occupying peripheral ones. This has fostered the community's environmentally oriented development but has also caused internal conflicts. Market requirements have shaped different but complementary productive networks, where organic coffee commercialization is the main source of bridging ties, which has resulted in more connectivity and resilience. Conservation attitudes, along with the institutional setting of the community, have promoted collective action. The unresolved conflicts, however, still leave some concerns about governance in the future.},
   author = {Luis Rico Garcia-Amado and Manuel Ruiz Perez and Irene Iniesta-Arandia and Guillaume Dahringer and Felipe Reyes and Sara Barrasa},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-04855-170303},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Building ties: social capital network analysis of a forest community in a biosphere reserve in Chiapas, Mexico},
   volume = {17},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000302713700021,
   abstract = {Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) involves the ecological restoration
of degraded forest landscapes, with the aim of benefiting both
biodiversity and human well-being. We first identify four fundamental
principles of FLR, based on previous definitions. We then critically
evaluate the application of these principles in practice, based on the
experience gained during an international, collaborative research
project conducted in six dry forest landscapes of Latin America.
Research highlighted the potential for FLR; tree species of high
socioeconomic value were identified in all study areas, and strong
dependence of local communities on forest resources was widely
encountered, particularly for fuelwood. We demonstrated that FLR can be
achieved through both passive and active restoration approaches, and can
be cost-effective if the increased provision of ecosystem services is
taken into account. These results therefore highlight the potential for
FLR, and the positive contribution that it could make to sustainable
development. However, we also encountered a number of challenges to FLR
implementation, including the difficulty of achieving strong engagement
in FLR activities among local stakeholders, lack of capacity for
community-led initiatives, and the lack of an appropriate institutional
and regulatory environment to support restoration activities. Successful
implementation of FLR will require new collaborative alliances among
stakeholders, empowerment and capacity building of local communities to
enable them to fully engage with restoration activities, and an enabling
public policy context to enable local people to be active participants
in the decision making process.},
   author = {Adrian C Newton and Rafael F del Castillo and Cristian Echeverria and Davide Geneletti and Mario Gonzalez-Espinosa and Lucio R Malizia and Andrea C Premoli and Jose M Rey Benayas and Cecilia Smith-Ramirez and Guadalupe Williams-Linera},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-04572-170121},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Forest Landscape Restoration in the Drylands of Latin America},
   volume = {17},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000302713700011,
   abstract = {Sustainable forest management gives the opportunity to better integrate the way local populations use their customary ``village terroirs\{''\} in the logging activities. This requirement is explicitly stated in all forest laws of the Congo Basin countries but its implementation on the field remains under documented. In Cameroon, 30 forest management plans (FMP) for logging concessions have been reviewed to assess how they effectively include customary use rights. The integration of use rights into the FMPs is heterogeneous but always with very low enforcement. The weak influence of the FMP application on local practices is confirmed with an empirical survey that shows that natural, financial, and physical capitals in two villages of the eastern region of Cameroon have been little affected by the adjoining logging concession over the latest 13 years. Extrasector policies such as agriculture, road infrastructure, techniques, and land tenure are the real drivers of socioeconomic change at the local scale. Their impacts are facilitated by the presence of the logging concessions, which can contribute indirectly to improve local livelihoods.},
   author = {Guillaume Lescuyer and Samuel Assembe Mvondo and Julienne Nadege Essoungou and Vincent Toison and Jean-Francois Trebuchon and Nicolas Fauvet},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-04507-170107},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Logging Concessions and Local Livelihoods in Cameroon: from Indifference to Alliance?},
   volume = {17},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000306067400017,
   abstract = {Scale mismatches result in incomplete or ambiguous feedback that impairs
the ability to learn and adapt and, ultimately, to sustain natural
resources. Our aim is to examine the sea urchin fishery in Maine, USA to
better understand the multiscale, social, and biophysical conditions
that are important for the design of institutions that might be able to
sustain the resource. During the late 1980s and 1990s, the Maine sea
urchin fishery was a classic gold rush fishery. In the beginning, the
fishery was characterized by an abundant resource with little to no
harvesting activity, followed by a period of rapid increase in landings
and effort that led to a subsequent and persistent decline in the sea
urchin population and a significant reduction in effort. We conducted
semistructured interviews with scientists and experienced fishermen to
understand the multiscale, social, and biophysical conditions that
influence fishermen's harvesting strategies, and the implications of
this for the design of institutions for successful resource management.
The current co-management system includes an advisory body made up of
industry members and scientists it also includes limited entry, and
additional input control mechanisms. Many of these measures are
implemented at a very broad scale; however, we find that the ecological
conditions relevant to the sustainable processes occur at the scale of
individual fishing sites or ledges, which is a much finer scale than
current management. Therefore, the co-management system maintains an
open access system and leaves few incentives for the development of
sustainable harvesting strategies among fishermen. The clear suggestion
is that the appropriate management system would be one that directly
addresses the fine scale ecological and social dynamics within this
fishery and gives fishermen property rights over individual ledges (for
example, leases). After having briefly reviewed experiences in Canada
and Chile, we found that knowledge of the coupled natural and human
system at the fine scale is necessary if we are to assess the
feasibility of area management in this fishery, because what works in
one fishery does not necessarily work in another.},
   author = {Teresa R Johnson and James A Wilson and Caitlin Cleaver and Robert L Vadas},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-04767-170215},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Social-Ecological Scale Mismatches and the Collapse of the Sea Urchin Fishery in Maine, USA},
   volume = {17},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000309475800033,
   abstract = {Sustainability science promotes place-based resource management because natural processes vary among ecosystems. When local science is limited, land managers may be forced to generalize from other ecosystems that function differently. One proposed solution is to draw upon the traditional ecological knowledge that indigenous groups have accumulated through resource use. Integrating traditional ecological knowledge with conventional resource management is difficult, especially when the two offer competing explanations of local environments. Although resource managers may discount traditional ecological knowledge that contradicts conventional resource management, we investigate the possibility that these disagreements can arise when nonlocal resource management generalizations displace place-based science. Specifically, we compare claims about wildfires made by Athabascan forest users residing in or near the Koyukuk National Wildlife Refuge and in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service fire management plan for that refuge. We focus on two aspects of fire ecology and management: the drivers of landscape flammability and the feasibility of using wildfires and prescribed burns to achieve resource management objectives. The results indicated that some disagreements came from reliance of the federal fire management plan on generalized national narratives at the expense of place-based science. We propose that in some cases, conflicts between traditional ecological knowledge and conventional resource management, rather than indicating a dead end, can identify topics requiring in-depth, place-based research.},
   author = {Lily A Ray and Crystal A Kolden and F Stuart Chapin III},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05070-170337},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {A Case for Developing Place-Based Fire Management Strategies from Traditional Ecological Knowledge},
   volume = {17},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000301219000024,
   abstract = {Keeping European temperate forests on acidic soils sustainable is
challenging for forest management and wood production. Nutrient budgets
are a diagnostic tool that assesses forest sustainability by adding up
nutrient inputs (atmospheric dissolved deposition and soil weathering)
and outputs (losses in drainage water and by wood harvesting). In these
forests, nutrient budgets of essential nutrients are often unbalanced,
especially for the base cations Ca, Mg and K, meaning that these
nutrients deplete from the ecosystem, what threatens forest
sustainability. Whereas Aeolian dust deposition (ADD) is recognized as a
significant nutrient input in various ecosystems, particularly in
oceans, it is not taken into account in usual nutrient budgets of
European forests. ADD has been characterized in different places in the
world, however, little is known in European forests and about ADD
impacts on their biogeochemical cycles. To fill this gap, this review
aims at (i) synthesizing data on ADD characteristics in European forests
to put forward a deposition model over Europe and calculate nutrient
fluxes, (ii) highlighting the contribution of ADD to plant tissues in
two ecosystems with an isotopic approach, (iii) evaluating the
contribution of ADD to the total nutrient inputs, and (iv) assessing the
impacts of ADD on European nutrient budgets of forests concerning Ca, Mg
and K. Aeolian dust in Europe is either long-distance transported from
arid regions such as Sahara or short-distance from the erosion of local
soils. It was estimated to deposit between 41 and 129 kg ha(-1) year(-1)
throughout Europe. Its mineralogical composition reveals nutrient
bearing minerals, silicates and nonsilicates (carbonates, oxides,
hydroxides, sulphates, phosphates, halides). This suggests Aeolian dust
may contribute as high as 30% of total nutrient inputs, so that it may
significantly shift upwards nutrient budgets of European forests under
latitude 52 degrees N. Further investigations are therefore needed to
inform about accurate ADD rates below the tree canopy and to take
account of the total nutrient inputs. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights
reserved.},
   author = {Emeline Lequy and Sebastien Conil and Marie-Pierre Turpault},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2011.12.005},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   pages = {240-252},
   title = {Impacts of Aeolian dust deposition on European forest sustainability: A review},
   volume = {267},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000301882000010,
   abstract = {In this paper, a review is conducted on the use of the concepts of
Michel Foucault in forest policy analysis. In doing so, three major
questions are posed: (1) how Foucauldian thinking has influenced the
analysis of forest policy, (2) what has been excluded from the analysis,
and (3) how a Foucauldian perspective contributes to an enhancement of
the theoretical knowledge on forest policy as well as how it may be used
in future analyses. Accordingly, in the first section, the Foucauldian
concepts that have been the most influential to forest policy analysis,
discourse, knowledge, and power as well as governmentality are
introduced and summarized in a table aiming to outline a `Foucauldian
perspective'. Subsequently, thirty-nine papers on forest policy that
draw on Foucauldian concepts are analyzed with regard to the following
dimensions: author, academic background, research motivation, regional
focuses, topics and time span covered by the analysis, disciplinary
approach, frameworks, theoretical approach and Foucauldian concepts
used, methods, main findings, and the conclusions drawn by the scholars
about the value of using Foucault for their research. Additionally, the
development of the studies over time is analyzed.
It can be shown that Foucauldian thoughts have inspired the analysis of
forest policy in two major ways: first, via post-structural political
ecology studies and, second, via post-positivist discourse analysis.
While nearly all of the papers were written by geographers,
anthropologists, and policy analysts affiliated with European or North
American universities, most of the studies analyzed forest policies in
developing countries. Less frequently, conflicts about boreal forests
were addressed. Consequently, two commonly found patterns were: an
extension of the suppressive effects of colonial forest
governmentalities into modern forest policies and discursive struggles
about the use of forests. All of the papers shared some common elements,
such as: a skeptical attitude towards claims of a single rationality and
an objective truth and, in particular, toward central state and
capitalist discourses; an interest in the suppressive effects of
dominant types of language and knowledge; an understanding that language
and knowledge need to be addressed as aspects of power; and an
emancipatory motive and interest in broadening the available knowledge
base and democratizing policy making. Finally, the results are
discussed, and the initially posed questions are again addressed. It is
recommended that the Foucauldian analysis of forest policy should
literally escape from its own main discourse and address topics that
were largely neglected until now. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights
reserved.},
   author = {Georg Winkel},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2010.11.009},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   issue = {SI},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   pages = {81-92},
   title = {Foucault in the forests-A review of the use of `Foucauldian' concepts in forest policy analysis},
   volume = {16},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000313417400004,
   abstract = {Adaptation of forest management practices in the context of rapid climatic and socioeconomic changes is a global concern. Stakeholders in the forest-based sector as well as policy makers need improved methods and tools to assess potential impacts of changes in management on sustainability indicators. In this special feature, we introduce a methodological framework for classification of forest management approaches in European forestry and explore how changes in forest management might affect the delivery of various ecosystem goods and services and appropriate sustainability indicators over time and space from local to continental scales. The complementary papers in this special feature explore different aspects of sustainability and risks in representative European forest systems as affected by forest management. We show how a common framework plus supporting growth models and indicators can be used to examine the effects of management on ecosystem services and so provide a first step toward the development of a more integrated approach for strategic forest planning and sustainable use of forest ecosystems.},
   author = {Jean-Michel Carnus and Geerten M Hengeveld and Bill Mason},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-04838-170449},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Sustainability Impact Assessment of Forest Management Alternatives in Europe: an Introductory Background and Framework},
   volume = {17},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000309475800026,
   abstract = {Rapid global urbanization and the knowledge that ecological systems
underpin the future sustainability and resilience of our cities, make an
understanding of urban ecology critical. The way humans engage with
ecological processes within cities is highly complex, and both from a
social and ecological perspective these engagements cannot be
interpreted meaningfully on the basis of a single timeframe. Historical
analyses offer useful insights into the nature of social-ecological
interactions under diverse conditions, enabling improved decision-making
into the future. We present an historical review of the evolving
relationship between the urban settlement of Cape Town and the
ecological processes inherent to its natural surroundings. Since its
establishment, the people of Cape Town have been acutely aware of, and
exploited, the natural resources presented by Table Mountain and its
surrounding wilderness area. An examination of this pattern of
engagement, explored through an ecological process lens, in particular
drawing on the terminology provided by the ecosystem services framework,
reflects a journey of the changing needs and demands of a growing urban
settlement. Ecological processes, and their ensuing flow of ecosystem
services, have been exploited, overexploited, interrupted,
reestablished, conserved, and variably valued through time. Processes of
significance, for example water provision, soil erosion, the provision
of wood and natural materials, and the role of fire, are presented. This
historical analysis documents the progression from a wilderness to a
tamed and largely benign urban environment. Evident is the variable
valuing of ecosystem service attributes through time and by different
people, at the same time, dependent on their immediate needs.},
   author = {Pippin M L Anderson and Patrick J O'Farrell},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-04970-170328},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {An Ecological View of the History of the City of Cape Town},
   volume = {17},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000313417400047,
   abstract = {We investigated vegetation dynamics in relation to livestock grazing as
perceived by pastoral farmers in different regions of Botswana. A
structured questionnaire was used to collect farmers' understanding of
vegetation changes and causes within three different grazing lands. The
pastoral farmers' description of dominant vegetation differed
significantly both at the local and district level, which suggests that
rangelands consist of patches dominated by different grasses and woody
vegetation. Most pastoralists indicated that grass composition has
undergone changes, and unpalatable grasses such as Aristida congesta and
Megaloprotachne albescens are increasing. The different factors
perceived by pastoral farmers to cause changes in vegetation composition
included rainfall, overgrazing, and fire. Bush encroachment is
considered to be more common in communal grazing land than in ranches.
According to pastoral farmers, the ranching system is less degrading to
the environment and more sustainable for livestock production than is
communal grazing.},
   author = {Olaotswe Kgosikoma and Witness Mojeremane and Barbra A Harvie},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05247-170427},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Pastoralists' Perception and Ecological Knowledge on Savanna Ecosystem Dynamics in Semi-arid Botswana},
   volume = {17},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000308565300016,
   abstract = {The ninth century collapse and abandonment of the Central Maya Lowlands
in the Yucatan peninsular region were the result of complex
human-environment interactions. Large-scale Maya landscape alterations
and demands placed on resources and ecosystem services generated
high-stress environmental conditions that were amplified by increasing
climatic aridity. Coincident with this stress, the flow of commerce
shifted from land transit across the peninsula to sea-borne transit
around it. These changing socioeconomic and environmental conditions
generated increasing societal conflicts, diminished control by the Maya
elite, and led to decisions to move elsewhere in the peninsular region
rather than incur the high costs of maintaining the human-environment
systems in place. After abandonment, the environment of the Central Maya
Lowlands largely recovered, although altered from its state before Maya
occupation; the population never recovered. This history and the spatial
and temporal variability in the pattern of collapse and abandonment
throughout the Maya lowlands support the case for different conditions,
opportunities, and constraints in the prevailing human-environment
systems and the decisions to confront them. The Maya case lends insights
for the use of paleo- and historical analogs to inform contemporary
global environmental change and sustainability.},
   author = {B L Turner II and Jeremy A Sabloff},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1210106109},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {35},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {13908-13914},
   title = {Classic Period collapse of the Central Maya Lowlands: Insights about human-environment relationships for sustainability},
   volume = {109},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000307538200035,
   abstract = {The access to water and the engineered landscapes accommodating its
collection and allocation are pivotal issues for assessing
sustainability. Recent mapping, sediment coring, and formal excavation
at Tikal, Guatemala, have markedly expanded our understanding of ancient
Maya water and land use. Among the landscape and engineering feats
identified are the largest ancient dam identified in the Maya area of
Central America; the posited manner by which reservoir waters were
released; construction of a cofferdam for dredging the largest reservoir
at Tikal; the presence of ancient springs linked to the initial
colonization of Tikal; the use of sand filtration to cleanse water
entering reservoirs; a switching station that facilitated seasonal
filling and release; and the deepest rock-cut canal segment in the Maya
Lowlands. These engineering achievements were integrated into a system
that sustained the urban complex through deep time, and they have
implications for sustainable construction and use of water management
systems in tropical forest settings worldwide.},
   author = {Vernon L Scarborough and Nicholas P Dunning and Kenneth B Tankersley and Christopher Carr and Eric Weaver and Liwy Grazioso and Brian Lane and John G Jones and Palma Buttles and Fred Valdez and David L Lentz},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1202881109},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {31},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {12408-12413},
   title = {Water and sustainable land use at the ancient tropical city of Tikal, Guatemala},
   volume = {109},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000301117700016,
   abstract = {Climatic forcing during the Younger Dryas (similar to 12.9-11.5 ky B.P.)
event has become the theoretical basis to explain the origins of
agricultural lifestyles in the Levant by suggesting a failure of
foraging societies to adjust. This explanation however, does not fit the
scarcity of data for predomestication cultivation in the Natufian
Period. The resilience of Younger Dryas foragers is better illustrated
by a concept of adaptive cycles within a theory of adaptive change
(resilience theory). Such cycles consist of four phases:
release/collapse (Omega); reorganization (alpha), when the system
restructures itself after a catastrophic stimulus through innovation and
social memory-a period of greater resilience and less vulnerability;
exploitation (r); and conservation (K), representing an increasingly
rigid system that loses flexibility to change. The Kebarans and Late
Natufians had similar responses to cold and dry conditions vs. Early
Natufians and the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A responses to warm and wet
climates. Kebarans and Late Natufians (alpha-phase) shifted to a
broader-based diet and increased their mobility. Early Natufian and
Pre-Pottery Neolithic A populations (r- and K-phases) had a growing
investment in more narrowly focused, high-yield plant resources, but
they maintained the broad range of hunted animals because of increased
sedentism. These human adaptive cycles interlocked with plant and animal
cycles. Forest and grassland vegetation responded to late Pleistocene
and early Holocene climatic fluctuations, but prey animal cycles
reflected the impact of human hunting pressure. The combination of these
three adaptive cycles results in a model of human adaptation, showing
potential for great sustainability of Levantine foraging systems even
under adverse climatic conditions.},
   author = {Arlene M Rosen and Isabel Rivera-Collazo},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1113931109},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {10},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {3640-3645},
   title = {Climate change, adaptive cycles, and the persistence of foraging economies during the late Pleistocene/Holocene transition in the Levant},
   volume = {109},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000312250800051,
   abstract = {Most eukaryotic organisms are arthropods. Yet, their diversity in rich
terrestrial ecosystems is still unknown. Here we produce tangible
estimates of the total species richness of arthropods in a tropical
rainforest. Using a comprehensive range of structured protocols, we
sampled the phylogenetic breadth of arthropod taxa from the soil to the
forest canopy in the San Lorenzo forest, Panama. We collected 6144
arthropod species from 0.48 hectare and extrapolated total species
richness to larger areas on the basis of competing models. The whole
6000-hectare forest reserve most likely sustains 25,000 arthropod
species. Notably, just 1 hectare of rainforest yields >60% of the
arthropod biodiversity held in the wider landscape. Models based on
plant diversity fitted the accumulated species richness of both
herbivore and nonherbivore taxa exceptionally well. This lends credence
to global estimates of arthropod biodiversity developed from plant
models.},
   author = {Yves Basset and Lukas Cizek and Philippe Cuenoud and Raphael K Didham and Francois Guilhaumon and Olivier Missa and Vojtech Novotny and Frode Odegaard and Tomas Roslin and Juergen Schmidl and Alexey K Tishechkin and Neville N Winchester and David W Roubik and Henri-Pierre Aberlenc and Johannes Bail and Hector Barrios and Jon R Bridle and Gabriela Castano-Meneses and Bruno Corbara and Gianfranco Curletti and Wesley Duarte da Rocha and Domir de Bakker and Jacques H C Delabie and Alain Dejean and Laura L Fagan and Andreas Floren and Roger L Kitching and Enrique Medianero and Scott E Miller and Evandro Gama de Oliveira and Jerome Orivel and Marc Pollet and Mathieu Rapp and Servio P Ribeiro and Yves Roisin and Jesper B Schmidt and Line Sorensen and Maurice Leponce},
   doi = {10.1126/science.1226727},
   issn = {0036-8075},
   issue = {6113},
   journal = {SCIENCE},
   pages = {1481-1484},
   title = {Arthropod Diversity in a Tropical Forest},
   volume = {338},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000309211000061,
   abstract = {Many wildlife species face imminent extinction because of human impacts,
and therefore, a prevailing belief is that some wildlife species,
particularly large carnivores and ungulates, cannot coexist with people
at fine spatial scales (i.e., cannot regularly use the exact same point
locations). This belief provides rationale for various conservation
programs, such as resettling human communities outside protected areas.
However, quantitative information on the capacity and mechanisms for
wildlife to coexist with humans at fine spatial scales is scarce. Such
information is vital, because the world is becoming increasingly
crowded. Here, we provide empirical information about the capacity and
mechanisms for tigers (a globally endangered species) to coexist with
humans at fine spatial scales inside and outside Nepal's Chitwan
National Park, a flagship protected area for imperiled wildlife.
Information obtained from field cameras in 2010 and 2011 indicated that
human presence (i.e., people on foot and vehicles) was ubiquitous and
abundant throughout the study site; however, tiger density was also
high. Surprisingly, even at a fine spatial scale (i.e., camera
locations), tigers spatially overlapped with people on foot and vehicles
in both years. However, in both years, tigers offset their temporal
activity patterns to be much less active during the day when human
activity peaked. In addition to temporal displacement, tiger-human
coexistence was likely enhanced by abundant tiger prey and low levels of
tiger poaching. Incorporating fine-scale spatial and temporal activity
patterns into conservation plans can help address a major global
challenge-meeting human needs while sustaining wildlife.},
   author = {Neil H Carter and Binoj K Shrestha and Jhamak B Karki and Narendra Man Babu Pradhan and Jianguo Liu},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1210490109},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {38},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {15360-15365},
   title = {Coexistence between wildlife and humans at fine spatial scales},
   volume = {109},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000309611400034,
   abstract = {Urban land-cover change threatens biodiversity and affects ecosystem
productivity through loss of habitat, biomass, and carbon storage.
However, despite projections that world urban populations will increase
to nearly 5 billion by 2030, little is known about future locations,
magnitudes, and rates of urban expansion. Here we develop spatially
explicit probabilistic forecasts of global urban land-cover change and
explore the direct impacts on biodiversity hotspots and tropical carbon
biomass. If current trends in population density continue and all areas
with high probabilities of urban expansion undergo change, then by 2030,
urban land cover will increase by 1.2 million km(2), nearly tripling the
global urban land area circa 2000. This increase would result in
considerable loss of habitats in key biodiversity hotspots, with the
highest rates of forecasted urban growth to take place in regions that
were relatively undisturbed by urban development in 2000: the Eastern
Afromontane, the Guinean Forests of West Africa, and the Western Ghats
and Sri Lanka hotspots. Within the pan-tropics, loss in vegetation
biomass from areas with high probability of urban expansion is estimated
to be 1.38 PgC (0.05 PgC yr(-1)), equal to similar to 5% of emissions
from tropical deforestation and land-use change. Although urbanization
is often considered a local issue, the aggregate global impacts of
projected urban expansion will require significant policy changes to
affect future growth trajectories to minimize global biodiversity and
vegetation carbon losses.},
   author = {Karen C Seto and Burak Gueneralp and Lucy R Hutyra},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1211658109},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {40},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {16083-16088},
   title = {Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools},
   volume = {109},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000304090600085,
   abstract = {Industrial agricultural plantations are a rapidly increasing yet largely
unmeasured source of tropical land cover change. Here, we evaluate
impacts of oil palm plantation development on land cover, carbon flux,
and agrarian community lands in West Kalimantan, Indonesian Borneo. With
a spatially explicit land change/carbon bookkeeping model, parameterized
using high-resolution satellite time series and informed by
socioeconomic surveys, we assess previous and project future plantation
expansion under five scenarios. Although fire was the primary proximate
cause of 1989-2008 deforestation (93%) and net carbonemissions (69%),
by 2007-2008, oil palm directly caused 27% of total and 40% of
peatland deforestation. Plantation land sources exhibited distinctive
temporal dynamics, comprising 81% forests on mineral soils (1994-2001),
shifting to 69% peatlands (2008-2011). Plantation leases reveal vast
development potential. In 2008, leases spanned similar to 65% of the
region, including 62% on peatlands and 59% of community-managed lands,
yet < 10% of lease area was planted. Projecting business as usual
(BAU), by 2020 similar to 40% of regional and 35% of community lands
are cleared for oil palm, generating 26% of net carbon emissions.
Intact forest cover declines to 4%, and the proportion of emissions
sourced from peatlands increases 38%. Prohibiting intact and logged
forest and peatland conversion to oil palm reduces emissions only 4%
below BAU, because of continued uncontrolled fire. Protecting logged
forests achieves greater carbon emissions reductions (21%) than
protecting intact forests alone (9%) and is critical for mitigating
carbon emissions. Extensive allocated leases constrain land management
options, requiring trade-offs among oil palm production, carbon
emissions mitigation, and maintaining community landholdings.},
   author = {Kimberly M Carlson and Lisa M Curran and Dessy Ratnasari and Alice M Pittman and Britaldo S Soares-Filho and Gregory P Asner and Simon N Trigg and David A Gaveau and Deborah Lawrence and Hermann O Rodrigues},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1200452109},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {19},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {7559-7564},
   title = {Committed carbon emissions, deforestation, and community land conversion from oil palm plantation expansion in West Kalimantan, Indonesia},
   volume = {109},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000307267000030,
   abstract = {Groundwater is a life-sustaining resource that supplies water to
billions of people, plays a central part in irrigated agriculture and
influences the health of many ecosystems(1,2). Most assessments of
global water resources have focused on surface water(3-6), but
unsustainable depletion of groundwater has recently been documented on
both regional(7,8) and global scales(9-11). It remains unclear how the
rate of global groundwater depletion compares to the rate of natural
renewal and the supply needed to support ecosystems. Here we define the
groundwater footprint (the area required to sustain groundwater use and
groundwater-dependent ecosystem services) and show that humans are
overexploiting groundwater in many large aquifers that are critical to
agriculture, especially in Asia and North America. We estimate that the
size of the global groundwater footprint is currently about 3.5 times
the actual area of aquifers and that about 1.7 billion people live in
areas where groundwater resources and/or groundwater-dependent
ecosystems are under threat. That said, 80 per cent of aquifers have a
groundwater footprint that is less than their area, meaning that the net
global value is driven by a few heavily overexploited aquifers. The
groundwater footprint is the first tool suitable for consistently
evaluating the use, renewal and ecosystem requirements of groundwater at
an aquifer scale. It can be combined with the water footprint and
virtual water calculations(12-14), and be used to assess the potential
for increasing agricultural yields with renewable groundwaterref(15).
The method could be modified to evaluate other resources with renewal
rates that are slow and spatially heterogeneous, such as fisheries,
forestry or soil.},
   author = {Tom Gleeson and Yoshihide Wada and Marc F P Bierkens and Ludovicus P H van Beek},
   doi = {10.1038/nature11295},
   issn = {0028-0836},
   issue = {7410},
   journal = {NATURE},
   pages = {197-200},
   title = {Water balance of global aquifers revealed by groundwater footprint},
   volume = {488},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000308635900041,
   abstract = {The rapid disruption of tropical forests probably imperils global
biodiversity more than any other contemporary phenomenon(1-3). With
deforestation advancing quickly, protected areas are increasingly
becoming final refuges for threatened species and natural ecosystem
processes. However, many protected areas in the tropics are themselves
vulnerable to human encroachment and other environmental stresses(4-9).
As pressures mount, it is vital to know whether existing reserves can
sustain their biodiversity. A critical constraint in addressing this
question has been that data describing a broad array of biodiversity
groups have been unavailable for a sufficiently large and representative
sample of reserves. Here we present a uniquely comprehensive data set on
changes over the past 20 to 30 years in 31 functional groups of species
and 21 potential drivers of environmental change, for 60 protected areas
stratified across the world's major tropical regions. Our analysis
reveals great variation in reserve `health': about half of all reserves
have been effective or performed passably, but the rest are experiencing
an erosion of biodiversity that is often alarmingly widespread
taxonomically and functionally. Habitat disruption, hunting and
forest-product exploitation were the strongest predictors of declining
reserve health. Crucially, environmental changes immediately outside
reserves seemed nearly as important as those inside in determining their
ecological fate, with changes inside reserves strongly mirroring those
occurring around them. These findings suggest that tropical protected
areas are often intimately linked ecologically to their surrounding
habitats, and that a failure to stem broad-scale loss and degradation of
such habitats could sharply increase the likelihood of serious
biodiversity declines.},
   author = {William F Laurance and D Carolina Useche and Julio Rendeiro and Margareta Kalka and Corey J A Bradshaw and Sean P Sloan and Susan G Laurance and Mason Campbell and Kate Abernethy and Patricia Alvarez and Victor Arroyo-Rodriguez and Peter Ashton and Julieta Benitez-Malvido and Allard Blom and Kadiri S Bobo and Charles H Cannon and Min Cao and Richard Carroll and Colin Chapman and Rosamond Coates and Marina Cords and Finn Danielsen and Bart De Dijn and Eric Dinerstein and Maureen A Donnelly and David Edwards and Felicity Edwards and Nina Farwig and Peter Fashing and Pierre-Michel Forget and Mercedes Foster and George Gale and David Harris and Rhett Harrison and John Hart and Sarah Karpanty and W John Kress and Jagdish Krishnaswamy and Willis Logsdon and Jon Lovett and William Magnusson and Fiona Maisels and Andrew R Marshall and Deedra McClearn and Divya Mudappa and Martin R Nielsen and Richard Pearson and Nigel Pitman and Jan van der Ploeg and Andrew Plumptre and John Poulsen and Mauricio Quesada and Hugo Rainey and Douglas Robinson and Christiane Roetgers and Francesco Rovero and Frederick Scatena and Christian Schulze and Douglas Sheil and Thomas Struhsaker and John Terborgh and Duncan Thomas and Robert Timm and J Nicolas Urbina-Cardona and Karthikeyan Vasudevan and S Joseph Wright and Juan Carlos Arias-G and Luzmila Arroyo and Mark Ashton and Philippe Auzel and Dennis Babaasa and Fred Babweteera and Patrick Baker and Olaf Banki and Margot Bass and Inogwabini Bila-Isia and Stephen Blake and Warren Brockelman and Nicholas Brokaw and Carsten A Bruehl and Sarayudh Bunyavejchewin and Jung-Tai Chao and Jerome Chave and Ravi Chellam and Connie J Clark and Jose Clavijo and Robert Congdon and Richard Corlett and H S Dattaraja and Chittaranjan Dave and Glyn Davies and Beatriz de Mello Beisiegel and Rosa de Nazarepaes da Silva and Anthony Di Fiore and Arvin Diesmos and Rodolfo Dirzo and Diane Doran-Sheehy and Mitchell Eaton and Louise Emmons and Alejandro Estrada and Corneille Ewango and Linda Fedigan and Francois Feer and Barbara Fruth and Jacalyn Giacalone Willis and Uromi Goodale and Steven Goodman and Juan C Guix and Paul Guthiga and William Haber and Keith Hamer and Ilka Herbinger and Jane Hill and Zhongliang Huang and I Fang Sun and Kalan Ickes and Akira Itoh and Natalia Ivanauskas and Betsy Jackes and John Janovec and Daniel Janzen and Mo Jiangming and Chen Jin and Trevor Jones and Hermes Justiniano and Elisabeth Kalko and Aventino Kasangaki and Timothy Killeen and Hen-biau King and Erik Klop and Cheryl Knott and Inza Kone and Enoka Kudavidanage and Jose Lahoz da Silva Ribeiro and John Lattke and Richard Laval and Robert Lawton and Miguel Leal and Mark Leighton and Miguel Lentino and Cristiane Leonel and Jeremy Lindsell and Lee Ling-Ling and K Eduard Linsenmair and Elizabeth Losos and Ariel Lugo and Jeremiah Lwanga and Andrew L Mack and Marlucia Martins and W Scott McGraw and Roan McNab and Luciano Montag and Jo Myers Thompson and Jacob Nabe-Nielsen and Michiko Nakagawa and Sanjay Nepal and Marilyn Norconk and Vojtech Novotny and Sean O'Donnell and Muse Opiang and Paul Ouboter and Kenneth Parker and N Parthasarathy and Katia Pisciotta and Dewi Prawiradilaga and Catherine Pringle and Subaraj Rajathurai and Ulrich Reichard and Gay Reinartz and Katherine Renton and Glen Reynolds and Vernon Reynolds and Erin Riley and Mark-Oliver Roedel and Jessica Rothman and Philip Round and Shoko Sakai and Tania Sanaiotti and Tommaso Savini and Gertrud Schaab and John Seidensticker and Alhaji Siaka and Miles R Silman and Thomas B Smith and Samuel Soares de Almeida and Navjot Sodhi and Craig Stanford and Kristine Stewart and Emma Stokes and Kathryn E Stoner and Raman Sukumar and Martin Surbeck and Mathias Tobler and Teja Tscharntke and Andrea Turkalo and Govindaswamy Umapathy and Merlijn van Weerd and Jorge Vega Rivera and Meena Venkataraman and Linda Venn and Carlos Verea and Carolina Volkmer de Castilho and Matthias Waltert and Benjamin Wang and David Watts and William Weber and Paige West and David Whitacre and Ken Whitney and David Wilkie and Stephen Williams and Debra D Wright and Patricia Wright and Lu Xiankai and Pralad Yonzon and Franky Zamzani},
   doi = {10.1038/nature11318},
   issn = {0028-0836},
   issue = {7415},
   journal = {NATURE},
   pages = {290+},
   title = {Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas},
   volume = {489},
   year = {2012},
}
@article{ISI:000325843700009,
   abstract = {Future increases in land-based production will need to focus more on
sustainably intensifying existing production systems. Unfortunately, our
understanding of the global patterns of land use intensity is weak,
partly because land use intensity is a complex, multidimensional term,
and partly because we lack appropriate datasets to assess land use
intensity across broad geographic extents. Here, we review the state of
the art regarding approaches for mapping land use intensity and provide
a comprehensive overview of available global-scale datasets on land use
intensity. We also outline major challenges and opportunities for
mapping land use intensityfor cropland, grazing, and forestry systems,
and identify key issues for future research.},
   author = {Tobias Kuemmerle and Karlheinz Erb and Patrick Meyfroidt and Daniel Mueller and Peter H Verburg and Stephan Estel and Helmut Haberl and Patrick Hostert and Martin R Jepsen and Thomas Kastner and Christian Levers and Marcus Lindner and Christoph Plutzar and Pieter Johannes Verkerk and Emma H van der Zanden and Anette Reenberg},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2013.06.002},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   issue = {5},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   month = {10},
   pages = {484-493},
   title = {Challenges and opportunities in mapping land use intensity gIobally},
   volume = {5},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000316827500047,
   abstract = {Temperate forests have been fundamentally altered by land use and other
stressors globally; these have reduced the abundance of primary and
old-growth forests in particular. Despite many regional studies, the
literature lacks a global synthesis of temperate old-growth structural
characteristics. In this study we compare literature derived data on
mature and old-growth moist temperate forests with the aim of: (i)
exploring global commonalities; (ii) investigating sources of
variability among systems; and (iii) highlighting data gaps and research
needs. We compiled a dataset of 147 records from 93 papers, and analyzed
a set of structural indicators: basal area, stem density, large living
trees, live aboveground biomass, quadratic mean diameter, and coarse
woody debris volume. These indicators were contrasted between mature and
old-growth age classes at a global level and across continents and broad
forest types, testing for significance through Monte-Carlo permutation
procedure. We also related structural indicators to age, climatic and
geographical descriptors. Our results suggest that all structural
indicators vary across systems in relation to geographical,
compositional, and climatic influences. However old-growth forests
showed global commonalities in structure when compared to mature
forests: significantly higher densities of large living trees, higher
quadratic mean diameter, and higher amounts of live aboveground biomass
and coarse woody debris. Furthermore we found inconsistency in the
structural variables reported by different papers; lack of studies on
temperate forests in Russia, and Western and Central Asia. The findings
improve our understanding of old-growth structure and function, and will
help inform sustainable forest management and conservation approaches
world-wide. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {Sabina Burrascano and William S Keeton and Francesco M Sabatini and Carlo Blasi},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2012.11.020},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   month = {3},
   pages = {458-479},
   title = {Commonality and variability in the structural attributes of moist temperate old-growth forests: A global review},
   volume = {291},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000317184800002,
   abstract = {Silvopastoral systems of the Swiss Jura Mountains serve as a traditional
source of forage and timber in the subalpine vegetation belt, but their
vulnerability to land use and climate change puts their future
sustainability at stake. We coupled experimental and modeling approaches
to assess the impact of climate change on the pasture-woodland
landscape. We drew conclusions on the resistance potential of wooded
pastures with different management intensities by sampling along a
canopy cover gradient. This gradient spanned from unwooded pastures
associated with intensive farming to densely wooded pastures associated
with extensive farming. Transplanted mesocosms of these ecosystems
placed at warmer and drier conditions provided experimental evidence
that climate change reduced herbaceous biomass production in unwooded
pastures but had no effect in sparsely wooded pastures, and even
stimulated productivity in densely wooded pastures. Through modeling
these results with a spatially explicit model of wooded pastures
(WoodPaM) modified for the current application, results were
extrapolated to the local landscape under two regionalized
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change scenarios for climate change.
This led to the suggestion that within the Jura pasture-woodlands,
forage production in the near future (2000-2050 AD) would be affected
disproportionately throughout the landscape. A stable forage supply in
hot, dry years would be provided only by extensive and moderate farming,
which allows the development of an insulating tree cover within grazed
pastures. We conclude that such structural landscape diversity would
grant wood-pastures with a buffering potential in the face of climate
change in the forthcoming decades.},
   author = {Konstantin S Gavazov and Alexander Peringer and Alexandre Buttler and Francois Gillet and Thomas Spiegelberger},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-04974-180138},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Dynamics of Forage Production in Pasture-woodlands of the Swiss Jura Mountains under Projected Climate Change Scenarios},
   volume = {18},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000321257100032,
   abstract = {We analyze the potential for socioeconomically sustainable peatland use
by investigating conflicting interests, revealing trade-offs that people
are willing to accept, and studying whether opinions are dependent on
socioeconomic and demographic factors. Opinions toward five forms of
peatland use and seven peatland ecosystem services were surveyed in
Northern Ostrobothnia in northern Finland in 2011. Choice experiment
(CE) was used to reveal trade-offs in land use preferences, and groups
of respondents were identified using the latent class model (LCM). We
identified three classes of respondents in which environmentalists
showed a high preference toward the cessation of peat production and
increase of peatland restoration, the production-oriented class
preferred an increase in timber and peat production areas, and the
current use supporters agreed on the present land use policy. However,
all respondent classes agreed on the increase of nature protection and
the present level of timber production and disagreed on the cessation of
restoration. The CE revealed that environmentally minded people who are
likely to consider the indirect use values and existence values
important are less willing to make trade-offs between ecosystem services
than those who emphasize direct use values. Because peatland restoration
occurs in commercially unproductive peatlands, it improves both the
direct use and existence values without reducing provisioning services
of peatlands. Therefore, restoration is commonly accepted by the public,
in contrast to management options that involve clear trade-offs between
ecosystem services. We conclude that the understanding of preferences
and trade-offs can enhance sustainable land use planning. It may be
unrealistic, however, to expect a solution that all interest groups
would completely accept.},
   author = {Anne Tolvanen and Artti Juutinen and Rauli Svento},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05496-180219},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Preferences of Local People for the Use of Peatlands: the Case of the Richest Peatland Region in Finland},
   volume = {18},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000321257100003,
   abstract = {The literature on common pool resource (CPR) governance lists numerous
factors that influence whether a given CPR system achieves ecological
long-term sustainability. Up to now there is no comprehensive model to
integrate these factors or to explain success within or across cases and
sectors. Difficulties include the absence of large-N studies, the
incomparability of single case studies, and the interdependence of
factors. We propose (1) a synthesis of 24 success factors based on the
current social-ecological systems (SES) framework and a literature
review and (2) the application of neural networks on a database of CPR
management case studies in an attempt to test the viability of this
synthesis. This method allows us to obtain an implicit quantitative and
rather precise model of the interdependencies in CPR systems. Given such
a model, every success factor in each case can be manipulated
separately, yielding different predictions for success. This could
become a fast and inexpensive way to analyze, predict, and optimize
performance for communities worldwide facing CPR challenges. Existing
theoretical frameworks could be improved as well.},
   author = {Ulrich J Frey and Hannes Rusch},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05202-180240},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Using Artificial Neural Networks for the Analysis of Social-Ecological Systems},
   volume = {18},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000329431700041,
   abstract = {Should society have the right to freely available clean air and water,
or should people be required to pay for these as commodities just as
they do for many other goods or services that they consume? With this
question and further questions on environmental governance in mind, we
reviewed the paradigm shift in natural resource management from the
polluter pays principle (PPP), which focuses on polluters and
enforcement of thresholds, to the principle of payments for ecosystem
services (PES), which emphasizes provider-based economic approaches.
Given that there are conflicts of interest over natural resources and
ecosystem services (ESs), these conflicts could be resolved through
rights and/or cost assignments via third-party intervention, i.e., by
the ``state,\{''\} or through private compensation beyond initial
regulation and state-initiated assignments of cost. Our analysis
includes an in-depth literature review and a description of existing
policies on ESs. We also examine the so-called Coase theorem based on a
``neutral\{''\} situation where no rights or costs are distributed in
advance. This theorem provides room for the PPP approaches and the
provider-gets approaches. Both of these approaches should ensure, given
certain assumptions, an economically efficient allocation of resources;
however, they still ignore two indispensable issues, namely, the
ecologically sustainable scale and inherent qualities of ecosystems and
the distributional effects. With regard to the relationship between
these two sets of approaches and their respective relationship to the
legal framework, PES programs can evolve instead of PPP where no
regulations are in place, existing regulations are deemed to be
insufficiently formulated, or regulations are not enforced at all. We
also further address some critical issues that can arise when PES
programs evolve instead of PPP in practice, such as the general
necessity of PES to coexist with basic rights and legal obligations,
inappropriate lexicographic claims from providers of ESs, alongside
claims for potential damages and the relationship of PES with the
intrinsic motivation of service providers. Critically, insufficient
attention has been paid to the fact that by replacing the earlier PPP
doctrine with the ``provider-gets\{''\} principle, rights are
redistributed from the public to the service provider with important
distributional implications for society. Therefore, the replacement of
PPP with PES includes obstacles as well as opportunities, in particular
for the relationship between rich and poor, and developing and developed
countries.},
   author = {Volker Mauerhofer and Klaus Hubacek and Alastor Coleby},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-06025-180441},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {From Polluter Pays to Provider Gets: Distribution of Rights and Costs under Payments for Ecosystem Services},
   volume = {18},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000325521300019,
   abstract = {Silvopastoral systems are traditional components of the landscape in the
Swiss Jura Mountains, and are promising approaches for the sustainable
management of mountain areas worldwide. Due to complex vegetation
dynamics, pasture-woodlands are very vulnerable to the currently
occurring land use and climate changes. Therefore, management requires
integrative long-term predictions of successional trends. We present a
refined version of the spatially explicit, dynamic simulation model
WoodPaM with improved climate sensitivity of simulated vegetation. We
investigate pasture-woodland dynamics by applying an innovative
combination of retrospective simulations starting in the Middle Ages
with prospective simulations following two climate change scenarios. The
retrospective simulations demonstrate the strong dependency of the
landscape mosaic on both climate and management. In high elevation
mountain pastures, climate cooling during the Little Ice Age hindered
simulated tree regeneration and reduced forage production of grasslands.
Both led to an increase in open grassland and to a structural
simplification of the landscape. In turn, climate warming afterwards
showed the opposite effect. At lower elevations, high cattle stocking
rates generally dominate simulated succession, leading to a slow
development of quite homogenous landscapes whose structures are hardly
affected by historical climate variability. Aerial photographs suggest
that logging and windstorms critically shaped the current landscape,
both homogenizing mosaic structures that emerge from selective grazing.
Simulations of climate change scenarios suggest delayed but inevitable
structural changes in the landscape mosaic and a temporary breakdown of
the ecosystem service wood production. The population of currently
dominating Norway spruce collapses due to simulated drought. Spruce is
only slowly replaced either by beech under moderate warming or by Scots
pine under extreme warming. In general, the shift in tree species
dominance results in landscapes of less structural richness than today.
In order to maintain the mosaic structure of pasture-woodlands, we
recommend a future increase in cattle stocking on mountain pastures. The
(re-) introduction of mixed herds (cattle with horses, sheep, and goats)
could mitigate the simulated trend towards structural homogenization of
the forest-grassland mosaic because diverse browsing effects selectively
control tree regeneration and would counteract simulated forest
encroachment. This could prevent the loss of species-rich open
grasslands and forest-grassland ecotones. Forest management should
respect forest-grassland mosaics and ecotones by following the
traditional selective felling of single trees instead of large
clear-cutting. Additionally, beech regeneration should be promoted from
now on in order to smoothen tree species replacement with warming and to
ensure the continuous provision of forest ecosystem services.},
   author = {Alexander Peringer and Silvana Siehoff and Joel Chetelat and Thomas Spiegelberger and Alexandre Buttler and Francois Gillet},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05600-180311},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Past and future landscape dynamics in pasture-woodlands of the Swiss Jura Mountains under climate change},
   volume = {18},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000325521300015,
   abstract = {Mountain ecosystems provide a broad range of ecosystem services (ES).
Trade-offs between different ES are an important aspect in the
assessment of future sustainable land-use. Management of ES in mountain
regions must confront the challenges of spatial and temporal
heterogeneity, and interaction with structural changes in agriculture
and forestry. Using a social-ecological modeling framework, we assess
the relationships between forest and agricultural ES in a mountain
region in Switzerland. Based on the concept of jointness in production,
we evaluated trade-offs and synergies among food provision, biodiversity
conservation, carbon sequestration, and protection against natural
hazards. Results show that increasing the provision of a focal ES in a
mountain region may result in alternating trade-offs and synergies,
depending on the interaction of economic and technological
interdependencies. Thus, management schemes aiming to increase the
provision of one focal ES have to consider not only the technological or
biological nature of interrelationships, but also the economic
interdependencies among different ES. Trade-offs and synergies from
these interactions strongly depend on the underlying structural and
environmental conditions driven by socioeconomic and climatic
developments.},
   author = {Simon Briner and Robert Huber and Peter Bebi and Che Elkin and Dirk R Schmatz and Adrienne Gret-Regamey},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05576-180335},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Trade-Offs between Ecosystem Services in a Mountain Region},
   volume = {18},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000325521300008,
   abstract = {Mountain regions provide essential ecosystem goods and services (EGS)
for both mountain dwellers and people living outside these areas. Global
change endangers the capacity of mountain ecosystems to provide key
services. The Mountland project focused on three case study regions in
the Swiss Alps and aimed to propose land-use practices and alternative
policy solutions to ensure the provision of key EGS under climate and
land-use changes. We summarized and synthesized the results of the
project and provide insights into the ecological, socioeconomic, and
political processes relevant for analyzing global change impacts on a
European mountain region. In Mountland, an integrative approach was
applied, combining methods from economics and the political and natural
sciences to analyze ecosystem functioning from a holistic
human-environment system perspective. In general, surveys, experiments,
and model results revealed that climate and socioeconomic changes are
likely to increase the vulnerability of the EGS analyzed. We regard the
following key characteristics of coupled human-environment systems as
central to our case study areas in mountain regions: thresholds,
heterogeneity, trade-offs, and feedback. Our results suggest that the
institutional framework should be strengthened in a way that better
addresses these characteristics, allowing for (1) more integrative
approaches, (2) a more network-oriented management and steering of
political processes that integrate local stakeholders, and (3) enhanced
capacity building to decrease the identified vulnerability as central
elements in the policy process. Further, to maintain and support the
future provision of EGS in mountain regions, policy making should also
focus on project-oriented, cross-sectoral policies and spatial planning
as a coordination instrument for land use in general.},
   author = {Robert Huber and Andreas Rigling and Peter Bebi and Fridolin Simon Brand and Simon Briner and Alexandre Buttler and Che Elkin and Francois Gillet and Adrienne Gret-Regamey and Christian Hirschi and Heike Lischke and Roland Werner Scholz and Roman Seidl and Thomas Spiegelberger and Ariane Walz and Willi Zimmermann and Harald Bugmann},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05499-180336},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Sustainable Land Use in Mountain Regions Under Global Change: Synthesis Across Scales and Disciplines},
   volume = {18},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000325521300043,
   abstract = {Mountain ecosystems are highly sensitive to global change. In fact, the continued capacity of mountain regions to provide goods and services to society is threatened by the impact of environmental changes on ecosystems. Although mapping ecosystem services values is known to support sustainable resource management, the integration of spatially explicit local expert knowledge on ecosystem dynamics and social responses to global changes has not yet been integrated in the modeling process. This contribution demonstrates the importance of integrating local knowledge into the spatially explicit valuation of ecosystem services. Knowledge acquired by expert surveys flows into a GIS-based Bayesian Network for valuing forest ecosystem services under a land-use and a climate change scenario in a case study in the Swiss Alps. Results show that including expert knowledge in ecosystem services mapping not only reduces uncertainties considerably, but also has an important effect on the ecosystem services values. Particularly the iterative process between integrating expert knowledge into the modeling process and mapping ecosystem services guarantees a continuous improvement of ecosystem services values maps while opening a new way for mutual learning between scientists and stakeholders which might support adaptive resource management.},
   author = {Adrienne Gret-Regamey and Sibyl H Brunner and Juerg Altwegg and Marc Christen and Peter Bebi},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05800-180334},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Integrating Expert Knowledge into Mapping Ecosystem Services Trade-offs for Sustainable Forest Management},
   volume = {18},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000325521300039,
   abstract = {Oil-dependent indigenous communities in remote regions of Alaska and
elsewhere are facing an unprecedented crisis. With the cost of fuel and
transport skyrocketing, energy costs are crippling local economies,
leading to increasing outmigration and concern for their very existence
in the future. What can be done to address this energy crisis, and
promote energy security, sustainability and resilience in rural forest
communities? We examine the potential of developing a sustainable
biomass-energy industry in Southeast Alaska, home to nearly 16,000
Alaska Natives in a dozen rural and two urban communities within the
United States' largest national forest: The Tongass. Although the
potential for biomass energy has long been touted, realization of the
opportunity has been catalyzed only recently as part of a model of
sustainable development being enacted by the region's largest Native
corporation, Sealaska, and its subsidiary, Haa Aan (\{''\}Our Land\{''\}) L.
L. C. In this paper we examine the unique nature of Alaska Native
corporations and their potential as engines of sustainable development,
particularly through Sealaska's emerging cultural model of
sustainability in relation to social-ecological well-being. We assess
the economic, ecological, and atmospheric emissions parameters of a
wood-biomass energy industry at various scales according to the ``triple
bottom line\{''\} of sustainability. Finally, we address what additional
policy and support measures may be necessary to nurture the successful
transition to biomass energy at a sustainable scale to support rural
indigenous communities, a more resilient, renewable energy system, and a
lower carbon footprint.},
   author = {Munish Sikka and Thomas F Thornton and Rosita Worl},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05763-180338},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Sustainable Biomass Energy and Indigenous Cultural Models of Wellbeing in an Alaska Forest Ecosystem},
   volume = {18},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000317184800037,
   abstract = {Most people in forest and rural areas manage trees as part of their livelihood systems. The resulting ``domestic\{''\} or ``rural\{''\} forests are distinct from conventional forest. They have historically been overlooked by the forestry sector and impacted by forest policies and regulatory frameworks. These forests presently encounter requalification and valuation dynamics, fueled by a sustainable development ideology, and induced by both public powers and local communities. These dynamics move in two different directions: the naturalization of rural forests by policy makers, and their politization by rural people. We draw on long-term research experiences in France, Morocco, Southeast Asia, and Africa on forests managed by ``farmers\{''\}, among which some are analyzed in the Ecology and Society Feature, Public policies and management of rural forests: lasting alliance or fool's dialogue?. We first elaborate on domestication, analyzed at tree, ecosystems and landscape levels, as a concept allowing for a better understanding of the specific relationships developed between rural people and forests. We then engage in a critical review of how forest-related and sustainable development policies consider rural forests, and discuss how they address (or do not address) their specificity and encourage (or do not encourage) their development.},
   author = {Genevieve Michon and Robert Nasi and Gerard Balent},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05706-180130},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Public Policies and Management of Rural Forests: Lasting Alliance or Fool's Dialogue?},
   volume = {18},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{Liu2013,
   abstract = {Interactions between distant places are increasingly widespread and influential, often leading to unexpected outcomes with profound implications for sustainability. Numerous sustainability studies have been conducted within a particular place with little attention to the impacts of distant interactions on sustainability in multiple places. Although distant forces have been studied, they are usually treated as exogenous variables and feedbacks have rarely been considered. To understand and integrate various distant interactions better, we propose an integrated framework based on telecoupling, an umbrella concept that refers to socioeconomic and environmental interactions over distances. The concept of telecoupling is a logical extension of research on coupled human and natural systems, in which interactions occur within particular geographic locations. The telecoupling framework contains five major interrelated components, i.e., coupled human and natural systems, flows, agents, causes, and effects. We illustrate the framework using two examples of distant interactions associated with trade of agricultural commodities and invasive species, highlight the implications of the framework, and discuss research needs and approaches to move research on telecouplings forward. The framework can help to analyze system components and their interrelationships, identify research gaps, detect hidden costs and untapped benefits, provide a useful means to incorporate feedbacks as well as trade-offs and synergies across multiple systems (sending, receiving, and spillover systems), and improve the understanding of distant interactions and the effectiveness of policies for socioeconomic and environmental sustainability from local to global levels.},
   author = {Jianguo Liu and Vanessa Hull and Mateus Batistella and Ruth deFries and Thomas Dietz and Feng Fu and Thomas W Hertel and R Cesar Izaurralde and Eric F Lambin and Shuxin Li and Luiz a. Martinelli and William J McConnell and Emilio F Moran and Rosamond Naylor and Zhiyun Ouyang and Karen R Polenske and Anette Reenberg and Gilberto De Miranda Rocha and Cynthia S Simmons and Peter H Verburg and Peter M Vitousek and Fusuo Zhang and Chunquan Zhu},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05873-180226},
   issn = {17083087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   keywords = {Agents,Auses,Coupled human and natural systems,Coupled human-environment systems,Coupled socialecological systems,Dispersal,Distant interactions,Effects,Feedbacks,Flows,Globalization,Investment,Knowledge transfer,Migration,Socioeconomic and environmental interactions,Species invasion,Sustainability,Technology transfer,Teleconnection,Telecoupling,Trade,Transnational land deals,Water transfer},
   title = {Framing sustainability in a telecoupled world},
   volume = {18},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000324351000006,
   abstract = {The loss of live foliage to browsing mammals, insects and foliar
pathogens can reduce plantation productivity. It remains difficult to
define damage thresholds that trigger lost productivity because tree
responses to defoliation are influenced by abiotic stresses, such as
nutrient or water limitation, as well as the frequency, severity,
seasonality and pattern of defoliation by these biotic agents. This
review provides a detailed synthesis of the key physiological mechanisms
underpinning defoliation-related growth responses in temperate
eucalypts. It illustrates how this understanding can assist in
developing decision tools to quantify rotation-length pest impacts
across a range of growing conditions and identifies management
strategies that may promote recovery from defoliation and minimise
impact. We examine host and pest interactions that influence growth
responses, host defence mechanisms that reduce susceptibility,
leaf-level and whole-tree physiological processes associated with
recovery, and the interactive effects of defoliation and environment. We
conclude by highlighting the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed to
build capacity to predict and model the impacts of defoliation on
productivity, especially under new environments associated with climate
change. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {Alieta Eyles and Karen M Barry and Audrey Quentin and Elizabeth A Pinkard},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2013.04.033},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   pages = {49-64},
   title = {Impact of defoliation in temperate eucalypt plantations: Physiological perspectives and management implications},
   volume = {304},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000325843700002,
   abstract = {Several streams of research have recently converged to identify the
growing importance of distant drivers of land change, interconnections
between social-ecological systems that are separated geographically, and
the indirect consequences of land use changes. Local to national-scale
interventions to promote sustainable land use may have unintended
effects owing to a displacement of land use within and across countries.
Such leakage or `indirect land use change' critically depends on
international geographies of trade. Computing various material flows and
environmental indicators embodied in international trade highlights the
differences between producer and consumer-based biophysical accounting.
Causal attribution of the links between material and monetary flows
across countries, and actual land changes and environmental impacts at
local level requires a combination of economic simulation models,
statistical studies, place-based empirical studies, value chain
analyses, and biophysical accounting.},
   author = {Patrick Meyfroidt and Eric F Lambin and Karl-Heinz Erb and Thomas W Hertel},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2013.04.003},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   issue = {5},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {438-444},
   title = {Globalization of land use: distant drivers of land change and geographic displacement of land use},
   volume = {5},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000322935900002,
   abstract = {Outlook studies have long traditions in the forest sector - they have
been conducted regularly since the 1950s. Until very recently, the
approaches used in these studies have remained relatively unchanged.
However, the global forest sector has been faced with major structural
changes and its operating environment has become ever more complex and
interlinked with other sectors. The aim of this article is to review the
forest sector outlook approaches in face of these changes, and to
analyze how well they have been able to capture and project the changes.
Moreover, we raise the question of whether they seem informative enough
for the purposes of today's decision makers and other stakeholders. The
results indicate that the existing outlook studies have not been able to
sufficiently capture the structural changes in global paper markets, and
it may be that they have difficulties in considering the possible
structural changes in other markets as well. In order to assess the
changes occurring in the operating environment more systematically, and
to better meet the needs of policy-makers and stakeholders, there are
potential advantages in complementing the current modeling approach
dominant in the forest sector with other methods from the field of
foresight. (c) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {Elias Hurmekoski and Lauri Hetemaki},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2013.05.005},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   pages = {17-29},
   title = {Studying the future of the forest sector: Review and implications for long-term outlook studies},
   volume = {34},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000321257100001,
   abstract = {Alpine regions in Europe, in particular, face demanding local
challenges, e.g., the decline in the agriculture and timber industries,
and are also prone to global changes, such as in climate, with
potentially severe impacts on tourism. We focus on the Visp region in
the Upper Valais, Switzerland, and ask how the process of stakeholder
involvement in research practice can contribute to a better
understanding of the specific challenges and future development of
mountainous regions under global change. Based on a coupled
human-environment system (HES) perspective, we carried out a formative
scenario analysis to develop a set of scenarios for the future
directions of the Visp region. In addition, we linked these regional
scenarios to context scenarios developed at the global and Swiss levels
via an external consistency analysis. This method allows the coupling of
both the scenario building process and the scenarios as such. We used a
functional-dynamic approach to theory-practice cooperation, i.e., the
involvement of key stakeholders from, for example, tourism, forestry,
and administration, differed in type and intensity during the steps of
the research process. In our study, we experienced strong problem
awareness among the stakeholders concerning the impacts of global change
and local challenges. The guiding research question was commonly defined
and problem ownership was more or less balanced. We arrived at six
multiscale scenarios that open up future trajectories for the Visp
region, and present generic strategies to cope with global and local
challenges. The results show that local identity, spatial planning,
community budget, and demographic development are important steering
elements in the region's future development. We suggest that
method-guided transdisciplinary processes result in a richer picture and
a more systemic understanding, which enable a discussion of critical and
surprising issues.},
   author = {Fridolin Simon Brand and Roman Seidl and Quang Bao Le and Julia Maria Braendle and Roland Werner Scholz},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-04972-180243},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Constructing Consistent Multiscale Scenarios by Transdisciplinary Processes: the Case of Mountain Regions Facing Global Change},
   volume = {18},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000320503000018,
   abstract = {Although the concept of ecosystem sustainability has a long-term focus,
it is often viewed from a static system perspective. Because most
ecosystems are dynamic, we explore sustainability assessments from three
additional perspectives: resilient systems; systems where tipping points
occur; and systems subject to episodic resetting. Whereas foundations of
ecosystem resilience originated in ecology, recent discussions have
focused on geophysical attributes, and it is recognized that dynamic
system components may not return to their former state following
perturbations. Tipping points emerge when chronic changes (typically
anthropogenic, but sometimes natural) push ecosystems to thresholds that
cause collapse of process and function and may become permanent.
Ecosystem resetting occurs when episodic natural disasters breach
thresholds with little or no warning, resulting in long-term changes to
environmental attributes or ecosystem function. An example of
sustainability assessment of ecosystem goods and services along the Gulf
Coast (USA) demonstrates the need to include both the resilient and
dynamic nature of biogeomorphic components. Mountain road development in
northwest Yunnan, China, makes rivers and related habitat vulnerable to
tipping points. Ecosystems reset by natural disasters are also
presented, emphasizing the need to understand the magnitude frequency
and interrelationships among major disturbances, as shown by (i) the
2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and resulting tsunami, including how
unsustainable urban development exacerbates geodisaster propagation, and
(ii) repeated major earthquakes and associated geomorphic and vegetation
disturbances in Papua New Guinea. Although all of these ecosystem
perturbations and shifts are individually recognized, they are not
embraced in contemporary sustainable decision making.},
   author = {Roy C Sidle and William H Benson and John F Carriger and Toshitaka Kamai},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1302328110},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {23},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {9201-9208},
   title = {Broader perspective on ecosystem sustainability: Consequences for decision making},
   volume = {110},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000319327700031,
   abstract = {The supposition that agricultural intensification results in land
sparing for conservation has become central to policy formulations
across the tropics. However, underlying assumptions remain uncertain and
have been little explored in the context of conservation incentive
schemes such as policies for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and
forest Degradation, conservation, sustainable management, and
enhancement of carbon stocks (REDD+). Incipient REDD+ forest carbon
policies in a number of countries propose agricultural intensification
measures to replace extensive ``slash-andburn\{''\} farming systems. These
may result in conservation in some contexts, but will also increase
future agricultural land rents as productivity increases, creating new
incentives for agricultural expansion and deforestation. While robust
governance can help to ensure land sparing, we propose that conservation
incentives will also have to increase over time, tracking future
agricultural land rents, which might lead to runaway conservation costs.
We present a conceptual framework that depicts these relationships,
supported by an illustrative model of the intensification of key crops
in the Democratic Republic of Congo, a leading REDD+ country. A von
Thunen land rent model is combined with geographic information systems
mapping to demonstrate how agricultural intensification could influence
future conservation costs. Once postintensification agricultural land
rents are considered, the cost of reducing forest sector emissions could
significantly exceed current and projected carbon credit prices. Our
analysis highlights the importance of considering escalating
conservation costs from agricultural intensification when designing
conservation initiatives.},
   author = {Jacob Phelps and Luis Roman Carrasco and Edward L Webb and Lian Pin Koh and Unai Pascual},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1220070110},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {19},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {7601-7606},
   title = {Agricultural intensification escalates future conservation costs},
   volume = {110},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000315149600044,
   abstract = {Shallow groundwater affects terrestrial ecosystems by sustaining river
base-flow and root-zone soil water in the absence of rain, but little is
known about the global patterns of water table depth and where it
provides vital support for land ecosystems. We present global
observations of water table depth compiled from government archives and
literature, and fill in data gaps and infer patterns and processes using
a groundwater model forced by modern climate, terrain, and sea level.
Patterns in water table depth explain patterns in wetlands at the global
scale and vegetation gradients at regional and local scales. Overall,
shallow groundwater influences 22 to 32% of global land area, including
similar to 15% as groundwater-fed surface water features and 7 to 17%
with the water table or its capillary fringe within plant rooting
depths.},
   author = {Y Fan and H Li and G Miguez-Macho},
   doi = {10.1126/science.1229881},
   issn = {0036-8075},
   issue = {6122},
   journal = {SCIENCE},
   pages = {940-943},
   title = {Global Patterns of Groundwater Table Depth},
   volume = {339},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000322441500034,
   abstract = {Previous archaeological mapping work on the successive medieval capitals
of the Khmer Empire located at Angkor, in northwest Cambodia (similar to
9th to 15th centuries in the Common Era, C. E.), has identified it as
the largest settlement complex of the preindustrial world, and yet
crucial areas have remained unmapped, in particular the ceremonial
centers and their surroundings, where dense forest obscures the traces
of the civilization that typically remain in evidence in surface
topography. Here we describe the use of airborne laser scanning (lidar)
technology to create high-precision digital elevation models of the
ground surface beneath the vegetation cover. We identify an entire,
previously undocumented, formally planned urban landscape into which the
major temples such as Angkor Wat were integrated. Beyond these newly
identified urban landscapes, the lidar data reveal anthropogenic changes
to the landscape on a vast scale and lend further weight to an emerging
consensus that infrastructural complexity, unsustainable modes of
subsistence, and climate variation were crucial factors in the decline
of the classical Khmer civilization.},
   author = {Damian H Evans and Roland J Fletcher and Christophe Pottier and Jean-Baptiste Chevance and Dominique Soutif and Boun Suy Tan and Sokrithy Im and Darith Ea and Tina Tin and Samnang Kim and Christopher Cromarty and Stephane De Greef and Kasper Hanus and Pierre Baty and Robert Kuszinger and Ichita Shimoda and Glenn Boornazian},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1306539110},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {31},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {12595-12600},
   title = {Uncovering archaeological landscapes at Angkor using lidar},
   volume = {110},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000322441500007,
   abstract = {We propose a transparent climate debt index incorporating both methane
(CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. We develop national historic
emissions databases for both greenhouse gases to 2005, justifying 1950
as the starting point for global perspectives. We include CO2 emissions
from fossil sources \{[\}CO2(f)], as well as, in a separate analysis, land
use change and forestry. We calculate the CO2(f) and CH4 remaining in
the atmosphere in 2005 from 205 countries using the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change's Fourth Assessment Report impulse response
functions. We use these calculations to estimate the fraction of
remaining global emissions due to each country, which is applied to
total radiative forcing in 2005 to determine the combined climate debt
from both greenhouse gases in units of milliwatts per square meter per
country or microwatts per square meter per person, a metric we term
international natural debt (IND). Australia becomes the most indebted
large country per capita because of high CH4 emissions, overtaking the
United States, which is highest for CO2(f). The differences between the
INDs of developing and developed countries decline but remain large. We
use IND to assess the relative reduction in IND from choosing between
CO2(f) and CH4 `control measures and to contrast the imposed versus
experienced health impacts from climate change. Based on 2005 emissions,
the same hypothetical impact on world 2050 IND could be achieved by
decreasing CH4 emissions by 46% as stopping CO2 emissions entirely, but
with substantial differences among countries, implying differential
optimal strategies. Adding CH4 shifts the basic narrative about
differential international accountability for climate change.},
   author = {Kirk R Smith and Manish A Desai and Jamesine V Rogers and Richard A Houghton},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1308004110},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {31},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {E2865-E2874},
   title = {Joint CO2 and CH4 accountability for global warming},
   volume = {110},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000315209800052,
   abstract = {Warming climate has increased access of native bark beetles to
high-elevation pines that historically received only intermittent
exposure to these tree-killing herbivores. Here we show that a dominant,
relatively naive, high-elevation species, whitebark pine, has inferior
defenses against mountain pine beetle compared with its historical
lower-elevation host, lodgepole pine. Lodgepole pines respond by exuding
more resin and accumulating higher concentrations of toxic monoterpenes
than whitebark pine, where they co-occur. Furthermore, the chemical
composition of whitebark pine appears less able to inhibit the
pheromonal communication beetles use to jointly overcome tree defenses.
Despite whitebark pine's inferior defenses, beetles were more likely to
attack their historical host in mixed stands. This finding suggests
there has been insufficient sustained contact for beetles to alter their
complex behavioral mechanisms driving host preference. In no-choice
assays, however, beetles readily entered and tunneled in both hosts
equally, and in stands containing less lodgepole pine, attacks on
whitebark pines increased. High-elevation trees in pure stands may thus
be particularly vulnerable to temperature-driven range expansions.
Predators and competitors were more attracted to volatiles from
herbivores attacking their historical host, further increasing risk in
less coevolved systems. Our results suggest cold temperatures provided a
sufficient barrier against herbivores for high-elevation trees to
allocate resources to other physiological processes besides defense.
Changing climate may reduce the viability of that evolutionary strategy,
and the life histories of high-elevation trees seem unlikely to foster
rapid counter adaptation. Consequences extend from reduced food supplies
for endangered grizzly bears to altered landscape and hydrological
processes.},
   author = {Kenneth F Raffa and Erinn N Powell and Philip A Townsend},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1216666110},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {6},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {2193-2198},
   title = {Temperature-driven range expansion of an irruptive insect heightened by weakly coevolved plant defenses},
   volume = {110},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000322771100054,
   abstract = {Wildfire activity in boreal forests is anticipated to increase
dramatically, with far-reaching ecological and socioeconomic
consequences. Paleorecords are indispensible for elucidating boreal fire
regime dynamics under changing climate, because fire return intervals
and successional cycles in these ecosystems occur over decadal to
centennial timescales. We present charcoal records from 14 lakes in the
Yukon Flats of interior Alaska, one of the most flammable ecoregions of
the boreal forest biome, to infer causes and consequences of fire regime
change over the past 10,000 y. Strong correspondence between
charcoal-inferred and observational fire records shows the fidelity of
sedimentary charcoal records as archives of past fire regimes. Fire
frequency and area burned increased similar to 6,000-3,000 y ago,
probably as a result of elevated landscape flammability associated with
increased Picea mariana in the regional vegetation. During the Medieval
Climate Anomaly (MCA; similar to 1,000-500 cal B.P.), the period most
similar to recent decades, warm and dry climatic conditions resulted in
peak biomass burning, but severe fires favored less-flammable deciduous
vegetation, such that fire frequency remained relatively stationary.
These results suggest that boreal forests can sustain high-severity fire
regimes for centuries under warm and dry conditions, with vegetation
feedbacks modulating climate-fire linkages. The apparent limit to MCA
burning has been surpassed by the regional fire regime of recent
decades, which is characterized by exceptionally high fire frequency and
biomass burning. This extreme combination suggests a transition to a
unique regime of unprecedented fire activity. However, vegetation
dynamics similar to feedbacks that occurred during the MCA may stabilize
the fire regime, despite additional warming.},
   author = {Ryan Kelly and Melissa L Chipman and Philip E Higuera and Ivanka Stefanova and Linda B Brubaker and Feng Sheng Hu},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1305069110},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {32},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {13055-13060},
   title = {Recent burning of boreal forests exceeds fire regime limits of the past 10,000 years},
   volume = {110},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{ISI:000315137700043,
   abstract = {Mutational activation of BRAF is the most prevalent genetic alteration
in human melanoma, with >= 50% of tumours expressing the BRAF(V600E)
oncoprotein(1,2). Moreover, the marked tumour regression and improved
survival of late-stage BRAF-mutated melanoma patients in response to
treatment with vemurafenib demonstrates the essential role of oncogenic
BRAF in melanoma maintenance(3,4). However, as most patients relapse
with lethal drug-resistant disease, understanding and preventing
mechanism(s) of resistance is critical to providing improved therapy(5).
Here we investigate the cause and consequences of vemurafenib resistance
using two independently derived primary human melanoma xenograft models
in which drug resistance is selected by continuous vemurafenib
administration. In one of these models, resistant tumours show continued
dependency on BRAF(V600E)-> MEK -> ERK signalling owing to elevated
BRAF(V600E) expression. Most importantly, we demonstrate that
vemurafenib-resistant melanomas become drug dependent for their
continued proliferation, such that cessation of drug administration
leads to regression of established drug-resistant tumours. We further
demonstrate that a discontinuous dosing strategy, which exploits the
fitness disadvantage displayed by drug-resistant cells in the absence of
the drug, forestalls the onset of lethal drug-resistant disease. These
data highlight the concept that drug-resistant cells may also display
drug dependency, such that altered dosing may prevent the emergence of
lethal drug resistance. Such observations may contribute to sustaining
the durability of the vemurafenib response with the ultimate goal of
curative therapy for the subset of melanoma patients with BRAF
mutations.},
   author = {Meghna Das Thakur and Fernando Salangsang and Allison S Landman and William R Sellers and Nancy K Pryer and Mitchell P Levesque and Reinhard Dummer and Martin McMahon and Darrin D Stuart},
   doi = {10.1038/nature11814},
   issn = {0028-0836},
   issue = {7436},
   journal = {NATURE},
   pages = {251-255},
   title = {Modelling vemurafenib resistance in melanoma reveals a strategy to forestall drug resistance},
   volume = {494},
   year = {2013},
}
@article{Shackleton2014,
   abstract = {Non-timber forests products (NTFPs) provide multiple livelihood benefits to local communities and regional and national economies. And yet this knowledge is rarely drawn upon in debates around and design of poverty alleviation or land use policies, strategies and projects. Unless the accumulating wealth of empirical evidence can be translated into policies and approaches at higher levels, and integrated into poverty alleviation programmes, it will have little impact on local and national poverty profiles. In this paper we propose and briefly discuss eight steps to facilitate integration of NTFPs into the development agenda, for the benefit of local communities. These include: (1) proper inventory of NTFP stocks, (2) research on NTFP ecology and sustainable harvest levels, (3) introduction of extension services for NTFPs, (4) inclusion of NTFPs in land management and trade-off decisions, (5) integration of NTFPs into sectoral policies, (6) ensuring NTFP commercialisation is not at the expense of local livelihood needs, (7) promoting security of access and use, and (8) examination of local contextual drivers of unsustainable use. Each is presented along with examples or proposals towards implementation. © 2013 Elsevier B.V.},
   author = {Charlie M. Shackleton and Ashok K. Pandey},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2013.07.004},
   isbn = {13899341 (ISSN)},
   issn = {13899341},
   journal = {Forest Policy and Economics},
   keywords = {Benefits,Development,Mainstreaming,Poverty,Sustainable use},
   pages = {1-7},
   publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
   title = {Positioning non-timber forest products on the development agenda},
   volume = {38},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2013.07.004},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000334005600011,
   abstract = {Trees inside and outside forests contribute to food security in Africa
in the face of climate variability and change. They also provide
environmental and social benefits as part of farming, livelihoods.
Varied ecological and socio-economic conditions have given rise to
specific forms of agroforestry in different parts of Africa. Policies
that institutionally segregate forest from agriculture miss
opportunities for synergy at landscape scale. More explicit inclusion of
agroforestry and the integration of agriculture and forestry agendas in
global initiatives on climate change adaptation and mitigation can
increase their effectiveness. We identify research gaps and overarching
research questions for the contributions in this special issue that may
help shape current opinion in environmental sustainability.},
   author = {Cheikh Mbow and Meine Van Noordwijk and Eike Luedeling and Henry Neufeldt and Peter A Minang and Godwin Kowero},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2013.10.014},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   month = {2},
   pages = {61-67},
   title = {Agroforestry solutions to address food change challenges in Africa},
   volume = {6},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000343844200032,
   abstract = {The forest restoration challenge (globally 2 billion ha) and the
prospect of changing climate with increasing frequency of extreme events
argues for approaching restoration from a functional and landscape
perspective. Because the practice of restoration utilizes many
techniques common to silviculture, no clear line separates ordinary
forestry practices from restoration. The distinction may be that
extra-ordinary activities are required in the face of degraded, damaged,
or destroyed ecosystems. Restoration is driven by the desire to increase
sustainability of ecosystems and their services and restoration is
likely to have multiple goals arising from the motivations of those
involved. The process of setting restoration objectives translates vague
goals into feasible, measurable targets and ultimately actions on the
ground. Our objective for this review is to synthesize the science
underpinning contemporary approaches to forest restoration practice. We
focus on methods and present them within a coherent terminology of four
restoration strategies: rehabilitation, reconstruction, reclamation, and
replacement. While not a consensus terminology, these terms have a
logical foundation. Rehabilitation restores desired species composition,
structure, or processes to a degraded ecosystem. Reconstruction restores
native plant communities on land recently in other resource uses, such
as agriculture. Reclamation restores severely degraded land generally
devoid of vegetation, often the result of resource extraction, such as
mining. Replacement of species (or their locally-adapted genotypes) with
new species (or new genotypes) is a response to climate change.
Restoration methods are presented as available tools; because adding
vegetation is an effective restoration technique, the discussion of
methods begins with a description of available plant materials. We then
discuss altering composition under different initial overstory
conditions, including deployment methods depending upon whether or not
an overstory is present, how much of the landscape will be restored, and
the complexity of the planting design. We present some major approaches
for altering structure in degraded forest stands, and describe
approaches for restoration of two key ecosystem processes, fire and
flooding. Although we consider stand-level designs, what we describe is
mostly scalable to the landscape-level. No restoration project is
undertaken in a social vacuum; even stand-level restoration occurs
within a system of governance that regulates relationships among key
agents. Gathering information and understanding the social dimensions of
a restoration project is as necessary as understanding the biophysical
dimensions. Social considerations can trump biophysical factors.
Published by Elsevier B.V.},
   author = {John A Stanturf and Brian J Palik and R Kasten Dumroese},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2014.07.029},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   month = {11},
   pages = {292-323},
   title = {Contemporary forest restoration: A review emphasizing function},
   volume = {331},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000347440700027,
   abstract = {Wild edible plants (WEPs) are known to make important contributions to
food baskets and livelihoods in the smallholder and subsistence farming
communities of sub-Saharan Africa. As a result, protecting and promoting
the sustainable use of WEPs in concert with more mainstream agricultural
innovation efforts has the potential to build household resilience to
food insecurity. There is, however, a need to better understand how WEPs
contribute to rural livelihoods on a daily basis and act as emergency
safety nets during periods of hunger. Focusing on two villages in rural
eastern Kenya, we sought to determine which household conditions are
correlated with household reliance on WEPs as a coping strategy during
times of food insecurity, while also investigating the role of access
restrictions on adaptive capacity and the ability to obtain these
important food resources. Results reveal that reliance on WEPs is
greater in households that report food insecurity, lack off-farm income,
and have lower asset levels. Access to WEPs is also a major factor in
consumption frequency, with smaller farm sizes and increased distance to
harvest areas significantly correlated with lower levels of WEP use. By
combining vulnerability and adaptive capacity measures for each
household, we created a more complete accounting of the factors that
influence WEP consumption frequency, with implications for policy. This
study represents an important first step in taking a more holistic view
of the subsistence value of WEPs and the myriad factors that influence
households' reliance on, and ability to obtain, uncultivated natural
resources.},
   author = {Stephanie A Shumsky and Gordon M Hickey and Bernard Pelletier and Timothy Johns},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-06924-190434},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Understanding the contribution of wild edible plants to rural social-ecological resilience in semi-arid Kenya},
   volume = {19},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000338711600058,
   abstract = {Minimizing the impact of climate change on farmer livelihoods is
crucial, but adaptation efforts may have unintended consequences for
ecosystems, with potential impacts on farmers' welfare. Unintended
outcomes of climate adaptation strategies have been widely discussed,
however, empirical exploration has been neglected. Grounded in
scholarship on climate adaptation, environmental governance,
social-ecological systems, and land-use change, this paper studies
whether farmers' climate adaptation contributes to deforestation or
forest conservation. The paper draws on interviews with 353 farmers from
46 communities in Calakmul Biosphere Reserve in Mexico and Maya
Biosphere Reserve in Guatemala. Farmers in the area of study have
implemented adaptation strategies that people around the world have used
for centuries, including migration, diversification, savings, and
pooling. The findings show that climate adaptation can increase
deforestation or support forest conservation depending on the type of
adaptation strategy farmers implement. Saving, based on cattle ranching,
is a deforestation-driving strategy. The choice of this strategy is
influenced by distance to the commercial and administrative center and
cash benefits from the forest. Deforestation can have a negative impact
on farmers' welfare, as well as harm biodiversity and contribute to
increased climate change. Thus, deforestation-driving adaptation
strategies may be ineffective. However, diversification, based on
off-farm jobs and operating provision shops, is a conservation-driving
strategy influenced by distance as well as by family size. Farmers who
choose diversification to adapt may contribute to a virtuous circle in
which livelihood improvement in the short term leads to enhanced
social-ecological resilience in the longer term. The need for farmers to
implement adaptation strategies thus represents great risk but also
opportunities.},
   author = {Claudia Rodriguez-Solorzano},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-06509-190253},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Unintended outcomes of farmers' adaptation to climate variability: deforestation and conservation in Calakmul and Maya biosphere reserves},
   volume = {19},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000343247200051,
   abstract = {Conserving wildlife while simultaneously meeting the resource needs of a
growing human population is a major sustainability challenge. As such,
using combined social and environmental perspectives to understand how
people and wildlife are interlinked, together with the mechanisms that
may weaken or strengthen those linkages, is of utmost importance.
However, such integrated information is lacking. To help fill this
information gap, we describe an integrated coupled human and natural
systems (CHANS) approach for analyzing the patterns, causes, and
consequences of changes in wildlife population and habitat, human
population and land use, and their interactions. Using this approach, we
synthesize research in two sites, Wolong Nature Reserve in China and
Chitwan National Park in Nepal, to explicate key relationships between
people and two globally endangered wildlife conservation icons, the
giant panda and the Bengal tiger. This synthesis reveals that local
resident characteristics such as household socioeconomics and
demography, as well as community-level attributes such as resource
management organizations, affect wildlife and their habitats in complex
and even countervailing ways. Human impacts on wildlife and their
habitats are in turn modifying the suite of ecosystem services that they
provide to local residents in both sites, including access to forest
products and cultural values. These interactions are further complicated
by human and natural disturbance (e. g., civil wars, earthquakes),
feedbacks (including policies), and telecouplings (socioeconomic and
environmental interactions over distances) that increasingly link the
focal systems with other distant systems. We highlight several important
implications of using a CHANS approach for wildlife research and
conservation that is useful not only in China and Nepal but in many
other places around the world facing similar challenges.},
   author = {Neil H Carter and Andres Vina and Vanessa Hull and William J McConnell and William Axinn and Dirgha Ghimire and Jianguo Liu},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-06881-190343},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Coupled human and natural systems approach to wildlife research and conservation},
   volume = {19},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000343247200001,
   abstract = {Green spaces within residential areas provide important contributions to
the sustainability of urban systems. Therefore, studying the
characteristics of these areas has become a research priority in cities
worldwide. This project evaluated various aspects of the plant
biodiversity of residential yards (i.e., front yards and back yards
within the Rio Piedras watershed in the San Juan metropolitan area of
Puerto Rico). Our work included gathering information on vegetation
composition and abundance of woody species (i.e., trees, shrubs, palms,
ferns) and large herbs (>2 m height), species origin (native vs.
introduced), and species uses (ornamental, food, and medicinal plants).
A total of 424 yards were surveyed within an area of 187,191 m(2). We
found 383 woody species, with shrubs being the most abundant plant
habitat. As expected, residential yards hosted a disproportionate amount
of introduced species (69.5%). The most common shrub species were all
non-native ornamentals, whereas the most common tree species included
food trees as well as ornamental plants and two native species. Front
yards hosted more ornamental species per unit area than backyards, while
the latter had more food plants. The high amount of introduced species
may present a challenge in terms of implementation of plant conservation
initiatives if there is no clear definition of urban conservation goals.
On the other hand, the high frequency of yards containing food plants
may facilitate the development of residential initiatives that could
provide future adaptive capacity to food shortages.},
   author = {Cristina P Vila-Ruiz and Elvia Melendez-Ackerman and Raul Santiago-Bartolomei and Diana Garcia-Montiel and Lourdes Lastra and Cielo E Figuerola and Jose Fumero-Caban},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-06164-190322},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Plant species richness and abundance in residential yards across a tropical watershed: implications for urban sustainability},
   volume = {19},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000338711600006,
   abstract = {We explored why social-ecological memory (SEM) is a source of inertia
and path dependence, as well as a source of renewal and reorganization
in social-ecological systems (SESs). We have presented two case studies:
the historical case of the Norse settlement on Greenland and an
empirical case from contemporary southern Madagascar. The cases
illustrate how SEM is linked to specific pathways of development and a
particular set of natural resource management practices. We have shown
that in each case, a broader diversity of SEM is present in the SESs,
but not drawn upon. Instead, SEMs are part of what explains community
coherence and the barriers to adoption of more diverse practices. We
have elaborated on how specific SEMs are linked to specified resilience,
and we have shown that this fits existing notions of resilience,
robustness, inertia, and path dependence. We have proposed that to
change the dynamics of development pathways that do not produce desired
results, it is necessary for managers to shift from specific to general
SEM, which would also mirror the shift from specified to general
resilience. The challenge lies in the interplay between the specified
and the general. In this critical work, it is important to recognize
that the valued diversity of SEM necessary for general resilience might
actually reside in a different community.},
   author = {Bjorn Nykvist and Jacob von Heland},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-06167-190247},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Social-ecological memory as a source of general and specified resilience},
   volume = {19},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000338711600007,
   abstract = {Ecologists have developed terminology to distinguish ecosystems based on
the degree of human alteration. To this end, ecosystems can be
characterized as ``novel ecosystems,\{''\} ``impacted ecosystems,\{''\} or
``designed ecosystems,\{''\} depending on the role of human management in
ecosystem development and effects on ecosystem properties. Properly
classifying an ecosystem as novel, impacted, or designed has critical
implications for its conservation and management, but a broadly
applicable definition for a ``novel ecosystem\{''\} does not exist. We
have provided a formal definition of ``novel ecosystem\{''\} that
facilitates its use in practical applications and have described four
characteristics of such an ecosystem. A novel ecosystem can be
identified by its origins rooted in human agency, the ecological
thresholds it has crossed, a significantly altered species composition,
and a capacity to sustain itself. Ecosystem classification in the
literature has been inconsistent. We have illustrated the application of
our definition using multiple case studies representing impacted,
designed, and novel ecosystem.},
   author = {Nathaniel B Morse and Paul A Pellissier and Elisabeth N Cianciola and Richard L Brereton and Marleigh M Sullivan and Nicholas K Shonka and Tessa B Wheeler and William H McDowell},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-06192-190212},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Novel ecosystems in the Anthropocene: a revision of the novel ecosystem concept for pragmatic applications},
   volume = {19},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000333908600002,
   abstract = {Payments for ecosystem services (PES) have increasingly been implemented
to protect and restore ecosystems worldwide. The effectiveness of
conservation investments in PES may differ under alternative policy
scenarios and may not be sustainable because of uncertainties in human
responses to policies and dynamic human-nature interactions. To assess
the impacts of these interactions on the effectiveness of PES programs,
we developed a spatially explicit agent-based model: human and natural
interactions under policies (HANIP). We used HANIP to study the
effectiveness of China's Natural Forest Conservation Program (NFCP) and
alternative policy scenarios in a coupled human-nature system, China's
Wolong Nature Reserve, where indigenous people's use of fuelwood affects
forests. We estimated the effects of the current NFCP, which provides a
cash payment, and an alternative payment scenario that provides an
electricity payment by comparing forest dynamics under these policies to
forest dynamics under a scenario in which no payment is provided. In
2007, there were 337 km(2) of forests in the study area of 515 km(2).
Under the baseline projection in which no payment is provided, the
forest area is expected to be 234 km(2) in 2030. Under the current NFCP,
there are likely to be 379 km(2) of forests in 2030, or an increase of
145 km(2) of forests to the baseline projection. If the cash payment is
replaced with an electricity payment, there are likely to be 435 km(2)
of forests in 2030, or an increase of 201 km(2) of forests to the
baseline projection. However, the effectiveness of the NFCP may be
threatened by the behavior of newly formed households if they are not
included in the payment scheme. In addition, the effects of
socio-demographic factors on forests will also differ under different
policy scenarios. Human and natural interactions under policies (HANIP)
and its modeling framework may also be used to assess the effectiveness
of many other PES programs around the world.},
   author = {Xiaodong Chen and Andres Vina and Ashton Shortridge and Li An and Jianguo Liu},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-05578-190107},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Assessing the Effectiveness of Payments for Ecosystem Services: an Agent-Based Modeling Approach},
   volume = {19},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000334005600014,
   abstract = {Agroforests and agroforestry can be direct targets of Reduced Emissions
from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) programs, or indirect
parts of the necessary conditions for success. Whether or not it becomes
a core element of REDD+ depends on the country's forest definition. We
review these dimensions of agroforestry in REDD+, with supporting
examples, mostly from Africa, and highlight the implications and
challenges for enhancing the contributions of agroforestry to REDD+ and
corresponding sustainable benefits. Where carbon stocks in agroforestry
cannot be directly targeted in REDD+, agroforestry still can be included
in REDD+ strategies, as ways to (1) shift demand for land (land sparing)
and (2) provide alternative sources of products otherwise derived from
forest over-exploitation or conversion, thereby avoiding leakage from
forest protection efforts.},
   author = {Peter A Minang and Lalisa A Duguma and Florence Bernard and Ole Mertz and Meine van Noordwijk},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2013.10.015},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {78-82},
   title = {Prospects for agroforestry in REDD plus landscapes in Africa},
   volume = {6},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000330819400002,
   abstract = {Forest industry has undergone profound changes since the 1990s. Industry-level consolidation and the rise in international investments are the most noticeable features of this process. Based on reviewing internationalization from internalization and transaction cost, resource based, industrial organization and managerial incentives theories, we apply the systematic review method to go through the literature concerning internationalization processes in the forest products industry during the 2000s. By linking the theories with empirical indicators in the forest products industry, we identify research gaps and formulate propositions for future research. We conclude that macro-level studies concerning policy and economic issues are relatively well represented in the literature, whereas only limited attention has been paid to micro-level studies. Based on the literature review, we argue that future internationalization research inter alia in the forest products industry should focus more on the role of corporate culture, the importance of corporate managerial capability, the multidimensional construct of sustainability, and conducting analysis within broader geographic scope than has been done so far. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {Yijing Zhang and Anne Toppinen and Jussi Uusivuori},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2013.06.017},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   pages = {8-16},
   title = {Internationalization of the forest products industry: A synthesis of literature and implications for future research},
   volume = {38},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000334005600025,
   abstract = {Biocarbon projects can connect climate finance to smallholder farmers
and can provide considerable benefits to improved productivity, land
health and income, market access, institutional stability and,
ultimately, food security and reduced poverty for asset-poor rural
communities. While most biocarbon projects focus on forested land or
tree plantations, this paper explores the potential for connecting
agroforestry approaches with carbon benefits. Drawing on experiences in
Africa, we identify the major challenges and opportunities for
developing and rolling out biocarbon projects in agroforestry systems.
We highlight the need for external, up-front funding to overcome high
project establishment costs and the need for innovative solutions to
minimize trade-offs between livelihood and environmental goals. We
contend that resource constraints, flexibility, technical capacity,
tenure and institutional frameworks must be addressed for smallholders
to invest in and benefit from carbon projects. Lastly, we argue that
projects should emphasize non-carbon benefits, using carbon revenue as a
tool to help farmers transition to more sustainable and productive
practices on their land.},
   author = {Kristi Foster and Henry Neufeldt},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2013.12.002},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {148-154},
   title = {Biocarbon projects in agroforestry: lessons from the past for future development},
   volume = {6},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000334005600021,
   abstract = {The domestication of new tree crops is one means for improving food and
nutritional security. In the last decade, a participatory domestication
approach involving scientists and farmers in close collaboration has
been developed in sub-Saharan Africa, based on satisfying household
needs for tree foods and then growing to meet wider demands. The
approach, when practiced in mixed agroforestry regimes that promote
yields and resilience, has resulted in significant improvements in
incomes, diets and in rural business development. In the next decade,
successful agroforestry tree domestication approaches require scaling-up
and better engagement is needed with markets. The domestication of the
edible oil-producing tree allanblackia provides a model for the
involvement of private-public partnerships in sustainable business
development.},
   author = {Daniel A Ofori and Amos Gyau and Ian K Dawson and Ebenezer Asaah and Zac Tchoundjeu and Ramni Jamnadass},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2013.11.016},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {123-127},
   title = {Developing more productive African agroforestry systems and improving food and nutritional security through tree domestication},
   volume = {6},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000334005600003,
   abstract = {Agroforestry is one of the most conspicuous land use systems across
landscapes and agroecological zones in Africa. With food shortages and
increased threats of climate change, interest in agroforestry is
gathering for its potential to address various on-farm adaptation needs,
and fulfill many roles in AFOLU-related mitigation pathways.
Agroforestry provides assets and income from carbon, wood energy,
improved soil fertility and enhancement of local climate conditions; it
provides ecosystem services and reduces human impacts on natural
forests. Most of these benefits have direct benefits for local
adaptation while contributing to global efforts to control atmospheric
greenhouse gas concentrations. This paper presents recent findings on
how agroforestry as a sustainable practice helps to achieve both
mitigation and adaptation objectives while remaining relevant to the
livelihoods of the poor smallholder farmers in Africa.},
   author = {Cheikh Mbow and Pete Smith and David Skole and Lalisa Duguma and Mercedes Bustamante},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2013.09.002},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {8-14},
   title = {Achieving mitigation and adaptation to climate change through sustainable agroforestry practices in Africa},
   volume = {6},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000347440700022,
   abstract = {Human pressure could compromise the provision of ecosystem services if
we do not implement strategies such as ecosystem stewardship to foster
sustainable trajectories. Barriers to managing systems based on
ecosystem stewardship principles are pervasive, including institutional
constraints and uncertain system dynamics. However, solutions to help
managers overcome these barriers are less common. How can we better
integrate ecosystem stewardship into natural resource management
practices? I draw on examples from the literature and two broadly
applicable case studies from Alaska to suggest some generalizable
principles that can help managers redirect how people use and view
ecosystems. These include (1) accounting for both people and ecosystems
in management actions; (2) considering historical and current system
dynamics, but managing flexibly for the future; (3) identifying
interactions between organizational, temporal, and spatial scales; (4)
embracing multiple causes in addition to multiple objectives; and (5)
acknowledging that there are no panaceas and that success will be
incremental. I also identify next steps to rigorously evaluate the broad
utility of these principles and quickly move principles from theory to
application. The findings of this study suggest that natural resource
managers are poised to overcome the barriers to implementing ecosystem
stewardship and to develop innovative adaptations to social-ecological
problems.},
   author = {Winslow D Hansen},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-06907-190413},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Generalizable principles for ecosystem stewardship-based management of social-ecological systems: lessons learned from Alaska},
   volume = {19},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000336791200038,
   abstract = {The recent 70% decline in deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon
suggests that it is possible to manage the advance of a vast
agricultural frontier. Enforcement of laws, interventions in soy and
beef supply chains, restrictions on access to credit, and expansion of
protected areas appear to have contributed to this decline, as did a
decline in the demand for new deforestation. The supply chain
interventions that fed into this deceleration are precariously dependent
on corporate risk management, and public policies have relied
excessively on punitive measures. Systems for delivering positive
incentives for farmers to forgo deforestation have been designed but not
fully implemented. Territorial approaches to deforestation have been
effective and could consolidate progress in slowing deforestation while
providing a framework for addressing other important dimensions of
sustainable development.},
   author = {Daniel Nepstad and David McGrath and Claudia Stickler and Ane Alencar and Andrea Azevedo and Briana Swette and Tathiana Bezerra and Maria DiGiano and Joao Shimada and Ronaldo Seroa da Motta and Eric Armijo and Leandro Castello and Paulo Brando and Matt C Hansen and Max McGrath-Horn and Oswaldo Carvalho and Laura Hess},
   doi = {10.1126/science.1248525},
   issn = {0036-8075},
   issue = {6188},
   journal = {SCIENCE},
   pages = {1118-1123},
   title = {Slowing Amazon deforestation through public policy and interventions in beef and soy supply chains},
   volume = {344},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000335199000073,
   abstract = {The acetyl-CoA ``Wood-Ljungdahl\{''\} pathway couples the folate-mediated
one-carbon (C1) metabolism to either CO2 reduction or acetate oxidation
via acetyl-CoA. This pathway is distributed in diverse anaerobes and is
used for both energy conservation and assimilation of C1 compounds.
Genome annotations for all sequenced strains of Dehalococcoides
mccartyi, an important bacterium involved in the bioremediation of
chlorinated solvents, reveal homologous genes encoding an incomplete
Wood-Ljungdahl pathway. Because this pathway lacks key enzymes for both
C1 metabolism and CO2 reduction, its cellular functions remain elusive.
Here we used D. mccartyi strain 195 as a model organism to investigate
the metabolic function of this pathway and its impacts on the growth of
strain 195. Surprisingly, this pathway cleaves acetyl-CoA to donate a
methyl group for production of methyltetrahydrofolate (CH3-THF) for
methionine biosynthesis, representing an unconventional strategy for
generating CH3-THF in organisms without methylene-tetrahydrofolate
reductase. Carbon monoxide (CO) was found to accumulate as an obligate
by-product from the acetyl-CoA cleavage because of the lack of a CO
dehydrogenase in strain 195. CO accumulation inhibits the sustainable
growth and dechlorination of strain 195 maintained in pure cultures, but
can be prevented by CO-metabolizing anaerobes that coexist with D.
mccartyi, resulting in an unusual syntrophic association. We also found
that this pathway incorporates exogenous formate to support serine
biosynthesis. This study of the incomplete Wood-Ljungdahl pathway in D.
mccartyi indicates a unique bacterial C1 metabolism that is critical for
D. mccartyi growth and interactions in dechlorinating communities and
may play a role in other anaerobic communities.},
   author = {Wei-Qin Zhuang and Shan Yi and Markus Bill and Vanessa L Brisson and Xueyang Feng and Yujie Men and Mark E Conrad and Yinjie J Tang and Lisa Alvarez-Cohen},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1321542111},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {17},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {6419-6424},
   title = {Incomplete Wood-Ljungdahl pathway facilitates one-carbon metabolism in organohalide-respiring Dehalococcoides mccartyi},
   volume = {111},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000340780300028,
   abstract = {Feeding a growing and increasingly affluent world will require expanded
agricultural production, which may require converting grasslands and
forests into cropland. Such conversions can reduce carbon storage,
habitat provision, and other ecosystem services, presenting difficult
societal trade-offs. In this paper, we use spatially explicit data on
agricultural productivity and carbon storage in a global analysis to
find where agricultural extensification should occur to meet growing
demand while minimizing carbon emissions from land use change. Selective
extensification saves similar to 6 billion metric tons of carbon
compared with a business-as-usual approach, with a value of
approximately $1 trillion (2012 US dollars) using recent estimates of
the social cost of carbon. This type of spatially explicit geospatial
analysis can be expanded to include other ecosystem services and other
industries to analyze how to minimize conflicts between economic
development and environmental sustainability.},
   author = {Justin Andrew Johnson and Carlisle Ford Runge and Benjamin Senauer and Jonathan Foley and Stephen Polasky},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1412835111},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {34},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {12342-12347},
   title = {Global agriculture and carbon trade-offs},
   volume = {111},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000336168100070,
   abstract = {Providing food, timber, energy, housing, and other goods and services,
while maintaining ecosystem functions and biodiversity that underpin
their sustainable supply, is one of the great challenges of our time.
Understanding the drivers of land-use change and how policies can alter
land-use change will be critical to meeting this challenge. Here we
project land-use change in the contiguous United States to 2051 under
two plausible baseline trajectories of economic conditions to illustrate
how differences in underlying market forces can have large impacts on
land-use with cascading effects on ecosystem services and wildlife
habitat. We project a large increase in croplands (28.2 million ha)
under a scenario with high crop demand mirroring conditions starting in
2007, compared with a loss of cropland (11.2 million ha) mirroring
conditions in the 1990s. Projected land-use changes result in increases
in carbon storage, timber production, food production from increased
yields, and >10% decreases in habitat for 25% of modeled species. We
also analyze policy alternatives designed to encourage forest cover and
natural landscapes and reduce urban expansion. Although these policy
scenarios modify baseline land-use patterns, they do not reverse
powerful underlying trends. Policy interventions need to be aggressive
to significantly alter underlying land-use change trends and shift the
trajectory of ecosystem service provision.},
   author = {Joshua J Lawler and David J Lewis and Erik Nelson and Andrew J Plantinga and Stephen Polasky and John C Withey and David P Helmers and Sebastin Martinuzzi and Derric Pennington and Volker C Radeloff},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1405557111},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {20},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {7492-7497},
   title = {Projected land-use change impacts on ecosystem services in the United States},
   volume = {111},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000336168100027,
   abstract = {This study examines whether policies to encourage cattle ranching
intensification in Brazil can abate global greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions by sparing land from deforestation. We use an economic model
of global land use to investigate, from 2010 to 2030, the global
agricultural outcomes, land use changes, and GHG abatement resulting
from two potential Brazilian policies: a tax on cattle from conventional
pasture and a subsidy for cattle from semi-intensive pasture. We find
that under either policy, Brazil could achieve considerable sparing of
forests and abatement of GHGs, in line with its national policy targets.
The land spared, particularly under the tax, is far less than
proportional to the productivity increased. However, the tax, despite
prompting less adoption of semi-intensive ranching, delivers slightly
more forest sparing and GHG abatement than the subsidy. This difference
is explained by increased deforestation associated with increased beef
consumption under the subsidy and reduced deforestation associated with
reduced beef consumption under the tax. Complementary policies to
directly limit deforestation could help limit these effects. GHG
abatement from either the tax or subsidy appears inexpensive but, over
time, the tax would become cheaper than the subsidy. A revenue-neutral
combination of the policies could be an element of a sustainable
development strategy for Brazil and other emerging economies seeking to
balance agricultural development and forest protection.},
   author = {Avery S Cohn and Aline Mosnier and Petr Havlik and Hugo Valin and Mario Herrero and Erwin Schmid and Michael O'Hare and Michael Obersteiner},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1307163111},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {20},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {7236-7241},
   title = {Cattle ranching intensification in Brazil can reduce global greenhouse gas emissions by sparing land from deforestation},
   volume = {111},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000347444400038,
   abstract = {Tikal has long been viewed as one of the leading polities of the ancient
Maya realm, yet how the city was able to maintain its substantial
population in the midst of a tropical forest environment has been a
topic of unresolved debate among researchers for decades. We present
ecological, paleoethnobotanical, hydraulic, remote sensing, edaphic, and
isotopic evidence that reveals how the Late Classic Maya at Tikal
practiced intensive forms of agriculture (including irrigation, terrace
construction, arboriculture, household gardens, and short fallow
swidden) coupled with carefully controlled agroforestry and a complex
system of water retention and redistribution. Empirical evidence is
presented to demonstrate that this assiduously managed anthropogenic
ecosystem of the Classic period Maya was a landscape optimized in a way
that provided sustenance to a relatively large population in a
preindustrial, low-density urban community. This landscape productivity
optimization, however, came with a heavy cost of reduced environmental
resiliency and a complete reliance on consistent annual rainfall. Recent
speleothem data collected from regional caves showed that persistent
episodes of unusually low rainfall were prevalent in the mid-9th century
A.D., a time period that coincides strikingly with the abandonment of
Tikal and the erection of its last dated monument in A.D. 869. The
intensified resource management strategy used at Tikal-already operating
at the landscape's carrying capacity-ceased to provide adequate food,
fuel, and drinking water for the Late Classic populace in the face of
extended periods of drought. As a result, social disorder and
abandonment ensued.},
   author = {David L Lentz and Nicholas P Dunning and Vernon L Scarborough and Kevin S Magee and Kim M Thompson and Eric Weaver and Christopher Carr and Richard E Terry and Gerald Islebe and Kenneth B Tankersley and Liwy Grazioso Sierra and John G Jones and Palma Buttles and Fred Valdez and Carmen E Ramos Hernandez},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1408631111},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {52},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {18513-18518},
   title = {Forests, fields, and the edge of sustainability at the ancient Maya city of Tikal},
   volume = {111},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000345662700042,
   abstract = {The extent of Dipterocarp rainforests on the emergent Sundaland landmass
in Southeast Asia during Quaternary glaciations remains a key question.
A better understanding of the biogeographic history of Sundaland could
help explain current patterns of biodiversity and support the
development of effective forest conservation strategies.
Dipterocarpaceae trees dominate the rainforests of Sundaland, and their
distributions serve as a proxy for rainforest extent. We used species
distribution models (SDMs) of 317 Dipterocarp species to estimate the
geographic extent of appropriate climatic conditions for rainforest on
Sundaland at the last glacial maximum (LGM). The SDMs suggest that the
climate of central Sundaland at the LGM was suitable to sustain
Dipterocarp rainforest, and that the presence of a previously suggested
transequatorial savannah corridor at that time is unlikely. Our findings
are supported by palynologic evidence, dynamic vegetation models, extant
mammal and termite communities, vascular plant fatty acid stable
isotopic compositions, and stable carbon isotopic compositions of cave
guano profiles. Although Dipterocarp species richness was generally
lower at the LGM, areas of high species richness were mostly found off
the current islands and on the emergent Sunda Shelf, indicating
substantial species migration and mixing during the transitions between
the Quaternary glacial maxima and warm periods such as the present.},
   author = {Niels Raes and Charles H Cannon and Robert J Hijmans and Thomas Piessens and Leng Guan Saw and Peter C van Welzen and J W Ferry Slik},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1403053111},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {47},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {16790-16795},
   title = {Historical distribution of Sundaland's Dipterocarp rainforests at Quaternary glacial maxima},
   volume = {111},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000341988200054,
   abstract = {Boreal ecosystems and their large carbon stocks are strongly shaped by
extensive wildfires. Coupling climate projections with records of area
burned during the last 3 decades across the North American boreal zone
suggests that area burned will increase by 30-500% by the end of the
21st century, with a cascading effect on ecosystem dynamics and on the
boreal carbon balance. Fire size and the frequency of large-fire years
are both expected to increase. However, how fire size and time since
previous fire will influence future burn rates is poorly understood,
mostly because of incomplete records of past fire overlaps. Here, we
reconstruct the length of overlapping fires along a 190-km-long transect
during the last 200 y in one of the most fire-prone boreal regions of
North America to document how fire size and time since previous fire
will influence future fire recurrence. We provide direct field evidence
that extreme burn rates can be sustained by a few occasional droughts
triggering immense fires. However, we also show that the most fire-prone
areas of the North American boreal forest are resistant to high burn
rates because of overabundant young forest stands, thereby creating a
fuel-mediated negative feedback on fire activity. These findings will
help refine projections of fire effect on boreal ecosystems and their
large carbon stocks.},
   author = {Jessie Heon and Dominique Arseneault and Marc-Andre Parisien},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1409316111},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {38},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {13888-13893},
   title = {Resistance of the boreal forest to high burn rates},
   volume = {111},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000339500200039,
   abstract = {Vernal pools are far more important for providing ecosystem services
than one would predict based on their small size. However, prevailing
resource-management strategies are not effectively conserving pools and
other small natural features on private lands. Solutions are complicated
by tensions between private property and societal rights, uncertainties
over resource location and function, diverse stakeholders, and
fragmented regulatory authority. The development and testing of new
conservation approaches that link scientific knowledge, stakeholder
decision-making, and conservation outcomes are important responses to
this conservation dilemma. Drawing from a 15-y history of vernal pool
conservation efforts in Maine, we describe the coevolution of pool
conservation and research approaches, focusing on how research-based
knowledge was produced and used in support of management decisions. As
management shifted from reactive, top-down approaches to proactive and
flexible approaches, research shifted from an ecology-focused program to
an interdisciplinary program based on social-ecological systems. The
most effective strategies for linking scientific knowledge with action
changed as the decision-makers, knowledge needs, and context for vernal
pool management advanced. Interactions among stakeholders increased the
extent to which knowledge was coproduced and shifted the objective of
stakeholder engagement from outreach to research collaboration and
development of innovative conservation approaches. New conservation
strategies were possible because of the flexible, solutions-oriented
collaborations and trust between scientists and decision-makers
(fostered over 15 y) and interdisciplinary, engaged research. Solutions
to the dilemma of conserving small natural features on private lands,
and analogous sustainability science challenges, will benefit from
repeated negotiations of the sciencepolicy boundary.},
   author = {Aram J K Calhoun and Jessica S Jansujwicz and Kathleen P Bell and Malcolm L Hunter},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1323606111},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {30},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {11002-11006},
   title = {Improving management of small natural features on private lands by negotiating the science-policy boundary for Maine vernal pools},
   volume = {111},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000342633900051,
   abstract = {Water stress is one of the primary selective forces in plant evolution.
There are characters often cited as adaptations to water stress, but
links between the function of these traits and adaptation to drying
climates are tenuous. Here we combine distributional, climatic, and
physiological evidence from 42 species of conifers to show that the
evolution of drought resistance follows two distinct pathways, both
involving the coordinated evolution of tissues regulating water supply
(xylem) and water loss (stomatal pores) in leaves. Only species with
very efficient stomatal closure, and hence low minimum rates of water
loss, inhabit dry habitats, but species diverged in their apparent
mechanism for maintaining closed stomata during drought. An ancestral
mechanism found in Pinaceae and Araucariaceae species relies on high
levels of the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) to close stomata during water
stress. A second mechanism, found in the majority of Cupressaceae
species, uses leaf desiccation rather than high ABA levels to close
stomata during sustained water stress. Species in the latter group were
characterized by xylem tissues with extreme resistance to embolism but
low levels of foliar ABA after 30 d without water. The combination of
low levels of ABA under stress with cavitation-resistant xylem enables
these species to prolong stomatal opening during drought, potentially
extending their photosynthetic activity between rainfall events. Our
data demonstrate a surprising simplicity in the way conifers evolved to
cope with water shortage, indicating a critical interaction between
xylem and stomatal tissues during the process of evolution to dry
climates.},
   author = {Timothy J Brodribb and Scott A M McAdam and Gregory J Jordan and Samuel C V Martins},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1407930111},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {40},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {14489-14493},
   title = {Conifer species adapt to low-rainfall climates by following one of two divergent pathways},
   volume = {111},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000343729500077,
   abstract = {Annual deforestation rates in the Brazilian Amazon fell by 77% between
2004 and 2011, yet have stabilized since 2009 at 5,0007,000 km(2). We
provide the first submunicipality assessment, to our knowledge, of
actor-specific contributions to the deforestation slowdown by linking
agricultural census and remote-sensing data on deforestation and forest
degradation. Almost half (36,158 km(2)) of the deforestation between
2004 and 2011 occurred in areas dominated by larger properties (> 500
ha), whereas only 12% (9,720 km(2)) occurred in areas dominated by
smallholder properties (< 100 ha). In addition, forests in areas
dominated by smallholders tend to be less fragmented and less degraded.
However, although annual deforestation rates fell during this period by
68-85% for all actors, the contribution of the largest landholders (>
2,500 ha) to annual deforestation decreased over time (63% decrease
between 2005 and 2011), whereas that of smallholders went up by a
similar amount (69%) during the same period. In addition, the
deforestation share attributable to remote areas increased by 88%
between 2009 and 2011. These observations are consistent across the
Brazilian Amazon, regardless of geographical differences in actor
dominance or socioenvironmental context. Our findings suggest that
deforestation policies to date, which have been particularly focused on
command and control measures on larger properties in deforestation
hotspots, may be increasingly limited in their effectiveness and fail to
address all actors equally. Further reductions in deforestation are
likely to be increasingly costly and require actor-tailored approaches,
including better monitoring to detect small-scale deforestation and a
shift toward more incentive-based conservation policies.},
   author = {Javier Godar and Toby A Gardner and E Jorge Tizado and Pablo Pacheco},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1322825111},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {43},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {15591-15596},
   title = {Actor-specific contributions to the deforestation slowdown in the Brazilian Amazon},
   volume = {111},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000336687900092,
   abstract = {Ectomycorrhizal fungi, such as Laccaria bicolor, support forest growth
and sustainability by providing growth-limiting nutrients to their plant
host through a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with host roots. We
have previously shown that the effector protein MiSSP7
(Mycorrhiza-induced Small Secreted Protein 7) encoded by L. bicolor is
necessary for the establishment of symbiosis with host trees, although
the mechanistic reasoning behind this role was unknown. We demonstrate
here that MiSSP7 interacts with the host protein PtJAZ6, a negative
regulator of jasmonic acid (JA)-induced gene regulation in Populus. As
with other characterized JASMONATE ZIM-DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins, PtJAZ6
interacts with PtCOI1 in the presence of the JA mimic coronatine, and
PtJAZ6 is degraded in plant tissues after JA treatment. The association
between MiSSP7 and PtJAZ6 is able to protect PtJAZ6 from this JA-induced
degradation. Furthermore, MiSSP7 is able to block-or mitigate-the impact
of JA on L. bicolor colonization of host roots. We show that the loss of
MiSSP7 production by L. bicolor can be complemented by transgenically
varying the transcription of PtJAZ6 or through inhibition of JA-induced
gene regulation. We conclude that L. bicolor, in contrast to arbuscular
mycorrhizal fungi and biotrophic pathogens, promotes mutualism by
blocking JA action through the interaction of MiSSP7 with PtJAZ6.},
   author = {Jonathan M Plett and Yohann Daguerre and Sebastian Wittulsky and Alice Vayssieres and Aurelie Deveau and Sarah J Melton and Annegret Kohler and Jennifer L Morrell-Falvey and Annick Brun and Claire Veneault-Fourrey and Francis Martin},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1322671111},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {22},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {8299-8304},
   title = {Effector MiSSP7 of the mutualistic fungus Laccaria bicolor stabilizes the Populus JAZ6 protein and represses jasmonic acid (JA) responsive genes},
   volume = {111},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000333027900064,
   abstract = {The impact of large herbivores on ecosystems before modern human
activities is an open question in ecology and conservation. For Europe,
the controversial wood-pasture hypothesis posits that grazing by wild
large herbivores supported a dynamic mosaic of vegetation structures at
the landscape scale under temperate conditions before agriculture. The
contrasting position suggests that European temperate vegetation was
primarily closed forest with relatively small open areas, at most
impacted locally by large herbivores. Given the role of modern humans in
the world-wide decimations of megafauna during the late Quaternary, to
resolve this debate it is necessary to understand herbivore-vegetation
interactions before these losses. Here, a synthetic analysis of beetle
fossils from Great Britain shows that beetles associated with herbivore
dung were better represented during the Last Interglacial
(132,000-110,000 y B. P., before modern human arrival) than in the early
Holocene (10,000-5,000 y B. P.). Furthermore, beetle assemblages
indicate closed and partially closed forest in the early Holocene but a
greater mixture of semiopen vegetation and forest in the Last
Interglacial. Hence, abundant and diverse large herbivores appear to
have been associated with high structural diversity of vegetation before
the megafauna extinctions at the end of the Pleistocene. After these
losses and in the presence of modern humans, large herbivores generally
were less abundant, and closed woodland was more prevalent in the early
Holocene. Our findings point to the importance of the formerly rich
fauna of large herbivores in sustaining structurally diverse vegetation
in the temperate forest biome and provide support for recent moves
toward rewilding-based conservation management.},
   author = {Christopher J Sandom and Rasmus Ejrnaes and Morten D D Hansen and Jens-Christian Svenning},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1311014111},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {11},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {4162-4167},
   title = {High herbivore density associated with vegetation diversity in interglacial ecosystems},
   volume = {111},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000341625600041,
   abstract = {Illegal wildlife trade has reached alarming levels globally, extirpating
populations of commercially valuable species. As a driver of
biodiversity loss, quantifying illegal harvest is essential for
conservation and sociopolitical affairs but notoriously difficult. Here
we combine field-based carcass monitoring with fine-scale demographic
data from an intensively studied wild African elephant population in
Samburu, Kenya, to partition mortality into natural and illegal causes.
We then expand our analytical framework to model illegal killing rates
and population trends of elephants at regional and continental scales
using carcass data collected by a Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species program. At the intensively monitored site, illegal
killing increased markedly after 2008 and was correlated strongly with
the local black market ivory price and increased seizures of ivory
destined for China. More broadly, results from application to
continental data indicated illegal killing levels were unsustainable for
the species between 2010 and 2012, peaking to similar to 8% in 2011
which extrapolates to similar to 40,000 elephants illegally killed and a
probable species reduction of similar to 3% that year. Preliminary data
from 2013 indicate overharvesting continued. In contrast to the rest of
Africa, our analysis corroborates that Central African forest elephants
experienced decline throughout the last decade. These results provide
the most comprehensive assessment of illegal ivory harvest to date and
confirm that current ivory consumption is not sustainable. Further, our
approach provides a powerful basis to determine cryptic mortality and
gain understanding of the demography of at-risk species.},
   author = {George Wittemyer and Joseph M Northrup and Julian Blanc and Iain Douglas-Hamilton and Patrick Omondi and Kenneth P Burnham},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1403984111},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {36},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {13117-13121},
   title = {Illegal killing for ivory drives global decline in African elephants},
   volume = {111},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000344187500029,
   abstract = {The impacts of escalating wildfire in many regions - the lives and homes
lost, the expense of suppression and the damage to ecosystem services -
necessitate a more sustainable coexistence with wildfire. Climate change
and continued development on fire-prone landscapes will only compound
current problems. Emerging strategies for managing ecosystems and
mitigating risks to human communities provide some hope, although
greater recognition of their inherent variation and links is crucial.
Without a more integrated framework, fire will never operate as a
natural ecosystem process, and the impact on society will continue to
grow. A more coordinated approach to risk management and land-use
planning in these coupled systems is needed.},
   author = {Max A Moritz and Enric Batllori and Ross A Bradstock and A Malcolm Gill and John Handmer and Paul F Hessburg and Justin Leonard and Sarah McCaffrey and Dennis C Odion and Tania Schoennagel and Alexandra D Syphard},
   doi = {10.1038/nature13946},
   issn = {0028-0836},
   issue = {7525},
   journal = {NATURE},
   pages = {58-66},
   title = {Learning to coexist with wildfire},
   volume = {515},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000344187500028,
   abstract = {Historically, farmers and hunter-gatherers relied directly on ecosystem
services, which they both exploited and enjoyed. Urban populations still
rely on ecosystems, but prioritize non-ecosystem services
(socioeconomic). Population growth and densification increase the scale
and change the nature of both ecosystem-and non-ecosystem-service supply
and demand, weakening direct feedbacks between ecosystems and societies
and potentially pushing social-ecological systems into traps that can
lead to collapse. The interacting and mutually reinforcing processes of
technological change, population growth and urbanization contribute to
over-exploitation of ecosystems through complex feedbacks that have
important implications for sustainable resource use.},
   author = {Graeme S Cumming and Andreas Buerkert and Ellen M Hoffmann and Eva Schlecht and Stephan von Cramon-Taubadel and Teja Tscharntke},
   doi = {10.1038/nature13945},
   issn = {0028-0836},
   issue = {7525},
   journal = {NATURE},
   pages = {50-57},
   title = {Implications of agricultural transitions and urbanization for ecosystem services},
   volume = {515},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{ISI:000330321000047,
   author = {Luke Gibson and Tien Ming Lee and Lian Pin Koh and Barry W Brook and Toby A Gardner and Jos Barlow and Carlos A Peres and Corey J A Bradshaw and William F Laurance and Thomas E Lovejoy and Navjot S Sodhi},
   doi = {10.1038/nature12933},
   issn = {0028-0836},
   issue = {7485},
   journal = {Nature},
   month = {1},
   pages = {710-710},
   title = {Erratum: Corrigendum: Primary forests are irreplaceable for sustaining tropical biodiversity},
   volume = {505},
   url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/nature12933},
   year = {2014},
}
@article{Keenan2015,
   abstract = {The area of land covered by forest and trees is an important indicator of environmental condition. This study presents and analyses results from the Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 (FRA 2015) of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FRA 2015 was based on responses to surveys by individual countries using a common reporting framework, agreed definitions and reporting standards. Results indicated that total forest area declined by 3%, from 4128Mha in 1990 to 3999Mha in 2015. The annual rate of net forest loss halved from 7.3Mhay-1in the 1990s to 3.3Mhay-1between 2010 and 2015. Natural forest area declined from 3961Mha to 3721Mha between 1990 and 2015, while planted forest (including rubber plantations) increased from 168Mha to 278Mha. From 2010 to 2015, tropical forest area declined at a rate of 5.5Mhay-1- only 58% of the rate in the 1990s - while temperate forest area expanded at a rate of 2.2Mhay-1. Boreal and sub-tropical forest areas showed little net change. Forest area expanded in Europe, North America, the Caribbean, East Asia, and Western-Central Asia, but declined in Central America, South America, South and Southeast Asia and all three regions in Africa. Analysis indicates that, between 1990 and 2015, 13 tropical countries may have either passed through their forest transitions from net forest loss to net forest expansion, or continued along the path of forest expansion that follows these transitions. Comparing FRA 2015 statistics with the findings of global and pan-tropical remote-sensing forest area surveys was challenging, due to differences in assessment periods, the definitions of forest and remote sensing methods. More investment in national and global forest monitoring is needed to provide better support for international initiatives to increase sustainable forest management and reduce forest loss, particularly in tropical countries.},
   author = {Rodney J. Keenan and Gregory A. Reams and Frédéric Achard and Joberto V. de Freitas and Alan Grainger and Erik Lindquist},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.014},
   isbn = {0378-1127},
   issn = {03781127},
   journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
   keywords = {Deforestation,Forest,Forest transition,Land cover,Land use,Remote sensing},
   pages = {9-20},
   pmid = {17255001},
   publisher = {Elsevier B.V.},
   title = {Dynamics of global forest area: Results from the FAO Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015},
   volume = {352},
   url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.014},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000361777200014,
   abstract = {The Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015 shows that deforestation has
slowed and afforestation has increased globally during 1990-2015.
Planted forests have increasingly provided goods and services hitherto
derived from natural forests, and mosaic forests in agricultural
landscapes are increasing. Forest gain is occurring at higher latitudes
and in richer countries whilst forest loss continues in poor countries
in the tropics. Some middle income tropical countries are now also
transitioning to forest gain. These transition countries are
characterised by reforms to forest management and improvements in
agricultural practices but also by significant expansions of planted
forest, which account for similar to 25-100% of gains. Forest-area
estimates of the FRA align with satellite-derived estimates, with
deviations of <=+/- 7% globally and <=+/- 17% for the tropics. Mosaics
comprised of trees outside forests, remnant forest patches, and young
regenerating forests constitute a modest proportion of the tropical
forest estate and are seemingly well inventoried by the FRA. Extensive
areas of forest experienced partial canopy cover reduction since 2000,
particularly in the tropics where their area is similar to 6.5 times
that deforested since 1990. The likelihood of the eventual loss of these
forests and a decline in their capacity to provide goods and services is
a matter of concern. Demand for industrial wood and fuelwood increased
35% in the tropics since 1990, principally in poorer countries, and
growth in demand will accelerate into the future, particularly in the
Asia-Pacific region. Notwithstanding significant increases in forests
within protected areas since 1990 to 517 Mha (16.3%) globally and 379
Mha (26.6%) in the tropics, increasing demands for ecological services,
forest products, and climate change mitigation is likely to be met from
an expanding area of planted forests more than from the declining area
of natural forests, particularly in Africa. The global rate of
planted-forest expansion since 1990 is close to a target rate of 2.4%
per annum necessary to replace wood supplied from natural forests in the
medium term, though the expansion rate has declined to 1.5% since 2005.
Multiple-use forests permitting both production and conservation account
for 26% of the global forest area and 17% of the tropical forest area,
and have increased by 81.8 Mha or 8.5% globally since 1990, with most
gains in the tropics. Sustainable forest management in low-income and
tropical countries remains modest, with only 37% low-income country
forests covered by forest inventories. International support has proven
effective at increasing this coverage since 2010. (C) 2015 Published by
Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND
license.},
   author = {Sean Sloan and Jeffrey A Sayer},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2015.06.013},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   month = {9},
   pages = {134-145},
   title = {Forest Resources Assessment of 2015 shows positive global trends but forest loss and degradation persist in poor tropical countries},
   volume = {352},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000362913100006,
   abstract = {Most bushmeat studies in the Amazon region focus on hunting patterns of
indigenous populations in rural settings. Our study describes the
existence of urban hunters in medium-sized towns. Using a variety of
data collection methods, we describe the main socioeconomic
characteristics of urban hunters in Benjamin Constant and Atalaia do
Norte, Brazil. We analyze the patterns and motivations of urban hunters
as well as the type of prey harvested and quantities traded. All
interviewed hunters are caboclos, people of mixed Brazilian indigenous
and European origins from rural areas who now live in urban and
peri-urban areas. Living in these more populated spaces allows these
hunters better market options for their harvest and allows them to
alternate hunting with other economic activities. Only 29% of the
interviewed hunters relied solely on hunting. In total, 11.6 tons of
bushmeat were harvested (of which 97% was traded) by four hunters
during the monitoring period (60 days). The most hunted species were
terecay (Podocnemis unifilis), curassow (Crax sp.), paca (Cuniculus
paca), and tapir (Tapirus terrestris). The ratio of bushmeat sold to
that consumed, as well as the level of participation in the bushmeat
market chain, allowed us to differentiate between specialized and
diversified hunters. Specialized hunters sell 81% of the bushmeat
caught to known wholesalers in the city. Diversified hunters sell 21%
of their total catch to families, neighbors, or friends directly as
fresh meat, avoiding intermediaries. For all hunters, hunting localities
are associated with peri-urban roadways that are easily reached by
motorbike or bicycle from the hunters' houses in the urban areas or city
fringes. Our results show that urban hunters in medium-sized towns
exemplify how traditional hunting systems can be adapted in the face of
globalization, by living close to the market, at relatively manageable
distances from hunting grounds, and using modern methods of
transportation and communication to bypass law enforcement.},
   author = {Nathalie van Vliet and Daniel Cruz and Maria Paula Quiceno-Mesa and Lindon Jonhson de Aquino and Jessica Moreno and Rairon Ribeiro and John Fa},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-07506-200308},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Ride, shoot, and call: wildlife use among contemporary urban hunters in Tres Fronteiras, Brazilian Amazon},
   volume = {20},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000362913100020,
   abstract = {Chelonians constitute an important source of food and income for the
inhabitants of tropical forests. We assessed the social, biological, and
environmental factors affecting the hunting and trade of the endangered
yellow-footed tortoise (Chelonoidis denticulata) in rural and urban
areas in the Amazon and estimated the sustainability of tortoise use. We
also discuss possible conservation alternatives that are compatible with
the needs of local inhabitants. We monitored tortoise hunting and trade
for 12 years in 10 traditional communities that exploit different
habitat types in the Brazilian Amazon and collected data on the tortoise
trade in two urban markets for six years. In upland forests, tortoise
hunting mainly occurred during the dry season; in whitewater flooded
forests, hunting mainly occurred during the flood season. The tortoise
trade was carried out nearly entirely by whitewater flooded forest users
and was intimately related to fishing, the main economic activity in
these communities. Furthermore, the tortoise trade was encouraged in
whitewater flooded forests because this environment yielded
significantly heavier tortoises than upland forests, and we observed a
strong relationship between trade probability and tortoise size. The
tortoise trade was found to primarily supply nearby urban centers,
generating high monetary gain. Female tortoises suffered greater hunting
pressure and were more valued in the bushmeat market. The productivity
of tortoise hunting in the monitored communities severely decreased with
time. In addition, the price per kilogram of tortoise greatly increased
in the urban market. Given this unsustainable scenario, policies
regulating tortoise hunting in the Amazon are needed. These policies
must be adapted to the different patterns of tortoise use by rural
communities while maintaining the culture and food sovereignty of the
local inhabitants.},
   author = {Thais Q Morcatty and Joao Valsecchi},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-07701-200303},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Social, biological, and environmental drivers of the hunting and trade of the endangered yellow-footed tortoise in the Amazon},
   volume = {20},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000353293900008,
   abstract = {The ability of agroecosystems to provide food ultimately depends on the
regulating and supporting ecosystem services that underpin their
functioning, such as the regulation of soil quality, water quality, soil
erosion, pests, and pollinators. However, there are trade-offs between
provisioning and regulating or supporting services, whose nature at the
farm and plot scales is poorly understood. We analyzed data at the farm
level for two agroecosystems with contrasting objectives in central
Mexico: one aimed at staple crop production for self-subsistence and
local markets, the other directed to a cash crop for export markets.
Bivariate and multivariate trade-offs were analyzed for different crop
management strategies (conventional, organic, traditional, crop
rotation) and their underpinning socioeconomic drivers. There was a
clear trade-off between crop yield and soil quality in self-subsistence
systems. However, other expected trade-offs between yields and soil
quality did not always occur, likely because of the overall good soils
of the region and the low to medium input profile of most farms.
Trade-offs were highly dependent on farm-specific agricultural
practices; organic, traditional, and rotation management systems
generally showed smaller trade-offs between yield and soil quality, pest
control, and biodiversity than did conventional management systems.
Perceived drivers reported by farmers included increasing prices for
cash crops, rising costs of inputs, and extreme climatic events (e.g.,
drought, hail, frost). Farmers did not identify the regulation of soil
quality, water quality, soil erosion, pests, or pollinators as important
constraints. Although acceptable yields could be maintained irrespective
of key regulating and supporting services according to these
perceptions, current levels of soil erosion and nutrient runoff are
likely to have important negative effects at the watershed scale.
Sustainability in both agroecosystems could be increased substantially
by promoting alternative practices aimed at maintaining biodiversity,
soil quality, and soil retention.},
   author = {Carlos E Gonzalez-Esquivel and Mayra E Gavito and Marta Astier and Martin Cadena-Salgado and Ek del-Val and Laura Villamil-Echeverri and Yair Merlin-Uribe and Patricia Balvanera},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-06875-200138},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Ecosystem service trade-offs, perceived drivers, and sustainability in contrasting agroecosystems in central Mexico},
   volume = {20},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000367628900032,
   abstract = {Many indigenous communities living in the Amazon rely on hunting and
fishing to meet the majority of their protein needs. Despite the
importance of these practices, few studies from the region have analyzed
the socioeconomic drivers of hunting and fishing at the household level.
We propose a household production model to assess the effect of key
economic parameters on hunting and fishing in small indigenous
communities located in the Ecuadorian Amazon, whose principal source of
protein is derived from hunting and fishing. The model was validated
using empirical data from two communities that reflect different levels
of market integration and forest conservation. Demand and supply
functions were generated from household data gathered over 19 months.
Elasticities were derived to determine the sensitivity of the decision
to engage in hunting to exogenous parameters such as off-farm wages,
hunting costs, bushmeat price, penalties for the illegal sale of
bushmeat, and biological characteristics of the game species. After
calibrating the model, we simulated changes in the key economic
parameters. The parameter that most directly affected hunting activity
in both communities was off-farm wages. Simulating a 10% wage increase
resulted in a 16-20% reduction in harvested biomass, while a 50%
increase diminished harvested biomass by > 50%. Model simulations
revealed that bushmeat price and penalties for illegal trade also had
important effects on hunter behavior in terms of amount of bushmeat
sold, but not in terms of total harvest. As a tool for understanding
hunters' economic decision-making, the model provides a basis for
developing strategies that promote sustainable hunting and wildlife
conservation while protecting indigenous livelihoods.},
   author = {Enrique de la Montana and Rocio del Pilar Moreno-Sanchez and Jorge H Maldonado and Daniel M Griffith},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-08032-200430},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Predicting hunter behavior of indigenous communities in the Ecuadorian Amazon: insights from a household production model},
   volume = {20},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000367628900043,
   abstract = {Collaborative forest governance enables forest-based communities access to and management responsibilities for forestry resources. Researchers argue that processes that enable social learning have the potential to contribute to the sustainable management of forests by engaging local people, helping them identify their collective needs and gain access to resource entitlements, and encouraging them to learn about and implement different management options. Although there is considerable attention to gender in the literature on collaborative forestry, particularly in developing countries, there is relatively little attention to gender in the social learning literature. Furthermore, there is almost no attention to these issues in postindustrial countries. Our purpose was to better understand how gender affects social learning and collaborative forest governance in forest-based communities in Canada and Uganda. Results showed that most participants in both countries started engaging in collaborative forest governance with limited knowledge and learned as they participated in various activities. However, we found that social learning opportunities and outcomes were affected by gender; in addition, they were also affected by the values that people held, education, and literacy. We suggest that practitioners should consider gender and other axes of difference if they want to design collaborative forest governance initiatives that are both participatory and inclusive.},
   author = {Felicitas Egunyu and Maureen G Reed},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-08126-200444},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Social learning by whom? Assessing gendered opportunities for participation and social learning in collaborative forest governance},
   volume = {20},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000362913100003,
   abstract = {In today's globalized world, humans and nature are inextricably linked.
The coupled human and natural systems (CHANS) framework provides a lens
with which to understand such complex interactions. One of the central
components of the CHANS framework involves examining feedbacks among
human and natural systems, which form when effects from one system on
another system feed back to affect the first system. Despite
developments in understanding feedbacks in single disciplines,
interdisciplinary research on CHANS feedbacks to date is scant and often
site-specific, a shortcoming that prevents complex coupled systems from
being fully understood. The special feature ``Exploring Feedbacks in
Coupled Human and Natural Systems (CHANS)\{''\} makes strides to fill this
critical gap. Here, as an introduction to the special feature, we
provide an overview of CHANS feedbacks. In addition, we synthesize key
CHANS feedbacks that emerged in the papers of this special feature
across agricultural, forest, and urban landscapes. We also examine
emerging themes explored across the papers, including multilevel
feedbacks, time lags, and surprises as a result of feedbacks. We
conclude with recommendations for future research that can build upon
the foundation provided in the special feature.},
   author = {Vanessa Hull and Mao-Ning Tuanniu and Jianguo Liu},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-07404-200317},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Synthesis of human-nature feedbacks},
   volume = {20},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000367628900018,
   abstract = {To maximize specific ecosystem services (ES) such as food production,
people alter landscape structure, i.e., the types of ecosystems present,
their relative proportions, and their spatial arrangement across
landscapes. This can have significant, and sometimes unexpected, effects
on biodiversity and ES. Communities need information about how land/use
activities and changes to landscape structure are likely to affect
biodiversity and ES, but current scientific understanding of these
effects is incomplete. The Monteregie Connection (MC) project has used
the rapidly suburbanizing agricultural Monteregien landscape just east
of Montreal, Quebec, Canada, to investigate how current and historic
landscape structure influences ES provision. Our results highlight the
importance of forest connectivity and functional diversity on ES
provision, and show that ES provision can vary significantly even within
single land-use types in response to changes in landscape structure. Our
historical analysis reveals that levels of ES provision, as well as
relationships among individual ES, can change dramatically through time.
We are using these results to build quantitative ES-landscape structure
models to assess four future landscape scenarios for the region:
Periurban Development, Demand for Energy, Whole-System Crisis, and Green
Development. These scenarios integrate empirical and historical data on
ES provision with local stakeholder input about global and local social
and ecological drivers to explore how land-use decisions could affect ES
provision and human well-being across the region to the year 2045. By
integrating empirical data, quantitative models, and scenarios we have
achieved the central goals of the MC project: (1) increasing
understanding of the effects of landscape structure on biodiversity and
ES provision, (2) effectively linking this knowledge to decision making
to better manage for biodiversity and ES, and (3) creating a vision for
a more sustainable social-ecological system in the region.},
   author = {Matthew G E Mitchell and Elena M Bennett and Andrew Gonzalez and Martin J Lechowicz and Jeanine M Rhemtulla and Jeffrey A Cardille and Kees Vanderheyden and Genevieve Poirier-Ghys and Delphine Renard and Sylvestre Delmotte and Cecile H Albert and Bronwyn Rayfield and Maria Dumitru and Hsin-Hui Huang and Martine Larouche and Kate N Liss and Dorothy Y Maguire and Kyle T Martins and Marta Terrado and Carly Ziter and Lucie Taliana and Karine Dancose},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-07927-200415},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {The Monteregie Connection: linking landscapes, biodiversity, and ecosystem services to improve decision making},
   volume = {20},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000353293900030,
   abstract = {We investigated the participation of local ethnic groups in wetland
conservation, determined the economic benefits that they received from
the wetlands, and assessed socioeconomic factors that affect dependency
on wetlands. A total of 217 wetland resource-user households residing
around Ghodaghodi Lake, western Nepal were surveyed. Data were analyzed
using descriptive statistics, t-tests and ordinary least squares
regressions. The wetland resources contributed significantly to the
household economy of the local people. Each household extracted lake
resources at an annual worth of NPR 4379 ($63 USD), equivalent to
12.4% of the household total gross income. Although the people
maintained a positive attitude toward wetland conservation, their
participation in conservation efforts was inadequate. Socioeconomic
factors such as larger household size, older age of the head of the
family, and larger area of agricultural land increased the rate of
resource extraction. In contrast, when households were involved with
local conservation organizations, resource extraction was reduced. We
recommend the following resource conservation and livelihood strategies:
implementation of community-based conservation approaches to increase
system productivity, adoption of biogas plants, and improved cooking
stoves to reduce fuelwood consumption, coupled with conservation
awareness programs.},
   author = {Pramod Lamsal and Krishna Prasad Pant and Lalit Kumar and Kishor Atreya},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-07172-200110},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Sustainable livelihoods through conservation of wetland resources: a case of economic benefits from Ghodaghodi Lake, western Nepal},
   volume = {20},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000362913100014,
   abstract = {Despite the fact that sustainability of bushmeat hunting in tropical
areas is of major concern for conservation and development
practitioners, we still know very little about how to measure
sustainability and how to put in place sustainable bushmeat hunting
systems. We review the current limits of traditional methods used to
investigate sustainability of bushmeat hunting, discuss the need to
incorporate the characteristics of complex systems into sustainability
assessments, and suggest how resilience theories could assist in
understanding bushmeat sustainability and more effective conservation of
wildlife in tropical areas. Traditional methods used to assess the
sustainability of bushmeat hunting include demographic models of
population growth, one-off biological indicators, population trend
methods, harvest-based indicators, and comparisons of demographic
parameters between sites. These traditional biological sustainability
indices have proved inadequate for measuring the impact of bushmeat
hunting because sustainability is treated as a static, binary (yes or
no) question, thus ignoring stochastic processes, the inherent
variability of natural systems, and the complexity of hunting systems.
We suggest that bushmeat hunting systems in tropical areas should be
regarded as social-ecological systems in which the impacts of hunting on
prey populations are not the only focus. Instead, the analysis of
resilience aims at understanding the complex and dynamic relationships
between the hunting ground, its resources, the stakeholders, and the
different exogenous drivers of change that affect the components of the
system at different scales. The main implication of using the resilience
theory in the context of bushmeat hunting is the shift from the need to
assess stocks with imprecise measures to the incorporation of the
uncertainty and stochasticity inherent to complex systems in
participatory and adaptive management processes. As such, the resilience
analysis provides an unprecedented opportunity for the sustainable use
of bushmeat and allows the identification of strategies to strengthen
resilience when the system is found to be close to a given threshold,
instead of reinforcing fortress conservation.},
   author = {Nathalie van Vliet and John Fa and Robert Nasi},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-07669-200307},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Managing hunting under uncertainty: from one-off ecological indicators to resilience approaches in assessing the sustainability of bushmeat hunting},
   volume = {20},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000357622800003,
   abstract = {As the magnitude, complexity, and urgency of many sustainability
problems increase, there is a growing need for universities to
contribute more effectively to problem solving. Drawing upon prior
research on social-ecological systems, knowledge-action connections, and
organizational innovation, we developed an integrated conceptual
framework for strengthening the capacity of universities to help society
understand and respond to a wide range of sustainability challenges.
Based on experiences gained in creating the Senator George J. Mitchell
Center for Sustainability Solutions (Mitchell Center), we tested this
framework by evaluating the experiences of interdisciplinary research
teams involved in place-based, solutions-oriented research projects at
the scale of a single region (i.e., the state of Maine, USA). We
employed a multiple-case-study approach examining the experiences of
three interdisciplinary research teams working on tidal energy
development, adaptation to climate change, and forest vulnerability to
an invasive insect. Drawing upon documents, observations, interviews,
and other data sources, three common patterns emerged across these cases
that were associated with more effective problem-solving strategies.
First, an emphasis on local places and short-term dynamics in
social-ecological systems research provides more frequent opportunities
for learning while doing. Second, iterative stakeholder engagement and
inclusive forms of knowledge co-production can generate substantial
returns on investment, especially when researchers are dedicated to a
shared process of problem identification and they avoid framing
solutions too narrowly. Although these practices are time consuming,
they can be accelerated by leveraging existing stakeholder
relationships. Third, efforts to mobilize interdisciplinary expertise
and link knowledge with action are facilitated by an organizational
culture that emphasizes mutual respect, adaptability, and solutions.
Participation of faculty associated with interdisciplinary academic
programs, solutions-oriented fields, and units with partnership-oriented
missions hastens collaboration within teams and between teams and
stakeholders. The Mitchell Center also created a risk-tolerant culture
that encouraged organizational learning. Solutions-focused programs at
other universities can potentially benefit from the lessons we learned.},
   author = {David D Hart and Kathleen P Bell and Laura A Lindenfeld and Shaleen Jain and Teresa R Johnson and Darren Ranco and Brian McGill},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-07283-200204},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Strengthening the role of universities in addressing sustainability challenges: the Mitchell Center for Sustainability Solutions as an institutional experiment},
   volume = {20},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000362913100011,
   abstract = {Monitoring the distribution and abundance of hunted wildlife is critical
to achieving sustainable resource use, yet adequate data are sparse for
most tropical regions. Conventional methods for monitoring hunted
forest-vertebrate species require intensive in situ survey effort, which
severely constrains spatial and temporal replication. Integrating local
ecological knowledge (LEK) into monitoring and management is appealing
because it can be cost-effective, enhance community participation, and
provide novel insights into sustainable resource use. We develop a
technique to monitor population depletion of hunted forest wildlife in
the Brazilian Amazon, based on the local ecological knowledge of rural
hunters. We performed rapid interview surveys to estimate the
landscape-scale depletion of ten large-bodied vertebrate species around
161 Amazonian riverine settlements. We assessed the explanatory and
predictive power of settlement and landscape characteristics and were
able to develop robust estimates of local faunal depletion. By
identifying species-specific drivers of depletion and using secondary
data on human population density, land form, and physical accessibility,
we then estimated landscape-and regional-scale depletion. White-lipped
peccary (Tayassu pecari), for example, were estimated to be absent from
17% of their putative range in Brazil's largest state (Amazonas),
despite 98% of the original forest cover remaining intact. We found
evidence that bushmeat consumption in small urban centers has
far-reaching impacts on some forest species, including severe depletion
well over 100 km from urban centers. We conclude that LEK-based
approaches require further field validation, but have significant
potential for community-based participatory monitoring as well as
cost-effective, large-scale monitoring of threatened forest species.},
   author = {Luke Parry and Carlos A Peres},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-07601-200315},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Evaluating the use of local ecological knowledge to monitor hunted tropical-forest wildlife over large spatial scales},
   volume = {20},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000353293900018,
   abstract = {A challenge for landscape planning is to understand how trade-offs are
differently negotiated across privately held parcels and how economic
incentives for conservation affect these trade-offs. I used the
efficiency frontier framework to explore the trade-offs associated with
the nature tourism industry, an economic incentive for conservation, in
Monteverde, Costa Rica. I modeled regional changes in forest cover from
1985 through 2009, dates that coincide with the boom in the nature
tourism industry. Interview data were used to understand the social
context of these forest cover changes and the negotiation of trade-offs
from the perspective of individual parcel owners. The results suggest
that nature tourism can provide a win-win conservation scenario on
individual parcels in which livelihood opportunities coincide with
forest regrowth. However, nature tourism has the potential to introduce
market feedback that can both complicate livelihood sustainability and
hinder multiple ecosystem service provisioning.},
   author = {Karen E Allen},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-07058-200121},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Trade-offs in nature tourism: contrasting parcel-level decisions with landscape conservation planning},
   volume = {20},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000367628900028,
   abstract = {Parcelization and forest fragmentation are of concern for ecological, economic, and social reasons. Efforts to keep large, private forests intact may be supported by a decision-making process that incorporates landowners' objectives and uncertainty. We used structured decision making (SDM) with owners of large, private forests in Macon County, North Carolina. Macon County has little land use regulation and a history of discordant, ineffective attempts to address land use and development. We worked with landowners to define their objectives, identify decision options for forest management, build a Bayesian decision network to predict the outcomes of decisions, and determine the optimal and least-desirable decision options. The optimal forest management options for an average, large, forested property (30 ha property with 22 ha of forest) in Macon County was crown-thinning timber harvest under the Present-Use Value program, in which enrolled property is taxed at the present-use value (growing timber for commercial harvest) rather than full market value. The least-desirable forest management actions were selling 1 ha and personal use of the forest (e.g., trails, firewood) with or without a conservation easement. Landowners reported that they enjoyed participating in the project (85%) and would reconsider what they are currently doing to manage their forest (69%). The decision that landowners initially thought would best meet their objectives did not match results from the decision network. This highlights the usefulness of SDM, which typically has been applied to decision problems involving public resources.},
   author = {Paige F B Ferguson and Michael J Conroy and John F Chamblee and Jeffrey Hepinstall-Cymerman},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-07996-200427},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Using structured decision making with landowners to address private forest management and parcelization: balancing multiple objectives and incorporating uncertainty},
   volume = {20},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000353293900033,
   abstract = {Agricultural intensification in rural areas of developing countries
compromises the provision of ecosystem services. Social conflict arises
among landholders with different preferences for ecosystem services and
land-use practices in agricultural frontiers of the Argentine Dry Chaco.
We explored policy and management options by assessing the actual and
potential outcomes of alternative land-use systems and scenarios. We
first constructed the efficiency frontier for avian habitat and
agricultural productivity to analyze the combinations of ecosystem
services that can be achieved under different land-use intensities. A
nonlinear, concave efficiency frontier indicated opportunities to
achieve large gains for production with small losses for conservation,
for instance, by transitioning from low-to intermediate-intensity
systems. Second, we projected production and conservation outcomes,
which can be achieved through the implementation of five alternative
policy options. The land sharing with conservation scenario, 70% of the
landscape covered by intermediate-intensity systems and 30% by
undisturbed forests, yielded the higher combination of avian habitat and
agricultural productivity. Third, we constructed indifference curves of
three landholder groups, i.e., preproductivist, multifunctional, and
productivist, by assessing their intentions (proxies for preferences) to
conserve and convert remnant forests in their landholdings.
Multifunctional landholders showed balanced preferences for conserving
and converting forests in their landholdings, and maintaining
intermediate-intensity systems. A general willingness to conserve
forests coexisted in preproductivist landholders with the intention to
clear some portions of the landholding and intensify landuse, indicating
the potential of an endogenously motivated transition toward a
multifunctional regime. Such transition may increase their productivity
by 35-65% without compromising avian habitat. Productivist landholders
showed a strong inclination toward converting forests for pasture
cultivation, despite the observation that they can increase their
conservation outcomes by 30-50% without significantly reducing
productivity by transitioning toward a multifunctional regime. Promoting
this transition will require exogenous incentives and regulations
tailored to the behavior of this landholder group.},
   author = {Matias E Mastrangelo and Pedro Laterra},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-07186-200120},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {From biophysical to social-ecological trade-offs: integrating biodiversity conservation and agricultural production in the Argentine Dry Chaco},
   volume = {20},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000367628900035,
   abstract = {In recent years, both depletion of wild animals and declining food
supply have threatened the livelihoods of people inhabiting the forests
of the Congo Basin, and rendered the bushmeat trade a national and
global concern. Because initial approaches to wildlife management were
criticized for lacking consideration of the customary rights of local
people, a variety of projects have been proposed to ensure their active
participation in management initiatives. However, unfamiliar with the
concepts of conservation ecology, local people have found it difficult
to contribute effectively. This paper proposes an approach to monitor
the status of fauna, based on the ratio of blue duikers (Philantomba
monticola) to medium-sized duikers (Cephalophus spp.) for the total
number of hunting catches (the catch B/M). Analysis of changes in the
composition of hunting catches across multiple sites in southeastern
Cameroon revealed the following trends: (1) without substantive human
intervention, i.e., hunting pressure and forest disturbance,
medium-sized duikers were densely distributed while blue duikers were
sparse, so that the catch B/M was low; (2) under moderate human
intervention, blue duikers became more densely distributed while the
original density of medium-sized duikers was maintained, so that the
catch B/M increased; (3) with extensive human intervention in specific
areas, medium-sized duikers became sparsely distributed while a
relatively high density of blue duikers was maintained, so that the
catch B/M increased significantly and a mosaic of different compositions
of duikers was formed; and (4) with extensive human intervention
extending over the specific extensive area, both medium-sized and blue
duikers became sparse. It appears that the catch B/M predicts changes in
the status of game animals and of the background wild fauna, and is both
a sufficiently reliable variable for ecologists and perceptible for
local people. Furthermore, this approach has the potential to cultivate
a relationship of trust between ecologists and local people, which is
indispensable in establishing effective collaborative wildlife
management.},
   author = {Hirokazu Yasuoka and Masaaki Hirai and Towa O W Kamgaing and Zeun's C B Dzefack and Eric Chretien Kamdoum and Kadiri S Bobo},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-08041-200425},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Changes in the composition of hunting catches in southeastern Cameroon: a promising approach for collaborative wildlife management between ecologists and local hunters},
   volume = {20},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000362913100007,
   abstract = {There is an increasing demand in higher education institutions for
training in complex environmental problems. Such training requires a
careful mix of conventional methods and innovative solutions, a task not
always easy to accomplish. In this paper we review literature on this
theme, highlight relevant advances in the pedagogical literature, and
report on some examples resulting from our recent efforts to teach
complex environmental issues. The examples range from full credit
courses in sustainable development and research methods to project-based
and in-class activity units. A consensus from the literature is that
lectures are not sufficient to fully engage students in these issues. A
conclusion from the review of examples is that problem-based and
project-based, e.g., through case studies, experiential learning
opportunities, or real-world applications, learning offers much promise.
This could greatly be facilitated by online hubs through which teachers,
students, and other members of the practitioner and academic community
share experiences in teaching and research, the way that we have done
here.},
   author = {Natalie C Ban and Emily Boyd and Michael Cox and Chanda L Meek and Michael Schoon and Sergio Villamayor-Tomas},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-07517-200335},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Linking classroom learning and research to advance ideas about social-ecological resilience},
   volume = {20},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000218417200002,
   abstract = {Process-based models are important tools for understanding the dynamics and functioning of forest ecosystems. In nearly all models, forest productivity is largely driven by carbon (C) input via photosynthesis, which reacts strongly positive to elevated CO2 (eCO(2)). The simulated increases in forest productivity in terms of wood production, however, have been much higher than experimental and observational evidence suggests, at least in thosemodels that did not account for nutrient limitations. Experimental results show that in most investigated systems, eCO(2) leads to increasing allocation of C below ground, without sustained enhancements of wood production. This translocation of C below ground, which also enhances nutrient uptake, appears to be larger than simulated in our current models. However, because of a lack of experimental data from real ecosystems, in particular from the tropics, the big question remains unresolved whether increasing levels of CO2 have and will lead to substantially increased forest productivity in terms of stand-level wood increment. To reduce the uncertainties, it will be necessary to develop new theory, implement that in models, and rigorously compare model results with observations. They range from physiological measurements, results from ``free air CO2 enrichment\{''\} experiments to forest inventories, tree rings and C-13 analyses (as a proxy for changes in water use efficiency). Key issues that should be addressed in the models include the coupling of C and nutrient cycles, limitations to the C sink capacity of trees, dynamic changes in allocation, and potential feedbacks from tree population dynamics on stand productivity.},
   author = {Thomas Hickler and Anja Rammig and Christian Werner},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-015-0014-8},
   issn = {2198-6436},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {Current Forestry Reports},
   month = {6},
   pages = {69-80},
   title = {Modelling CO2 Impacts on Forest Productivity},
   volume = {1},
   url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40725-015-0014-8},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000218417800005,
   abstract = {Forest growth and productivity are critically important at a range of spatial scales, to better understand the terrestrial carbon cycle globally to sustainably manage the forest locally. Field measurements of forestry parameters to assess productivity at any spatial scale consume substantial resources in terms of both time and cost. Remote sensing enables a highly accurate approach for observation of forested ecosystems, providing the tools to estimate many biophysical parameters across a range of scales. There are a number of different methods of measuring the productivity of forested ecosystems using remote sensing. In this review, we summarize the three general approaches-productivity via physiological measurements, dimension analysis, or relationships of growth to foliage concentrations and light-and provide specific examples throughout on the use and application of remote sensing technologies. The paper concludes with some general statements on future work and the way forward.},
   author = {Nicholas C Coops},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-015-0020-x},
   issn = {2198-6436},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {Current Forestry Reports},
   month = {9},
   pages = {195-205},
   title = {Characterizing Forest Growth and Productivity Using Remotely Sensed Data},
   volume = {1},
   url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40725-015-0020-x},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000361864700012,
   abstract = {Sustaining forest resources requires a better understanding of forest
ecosystem processes, and how management decisions and climate change may
affect these processes in the future. While plot and inventory data
provide our most detailed information on forest carbon, energy, and
water cycling, applying this understanding to broader spatial and
temporal domains requires scaling approaches. Remote sensing provides a
powerful resource for ``upscaling\{''\} process understanding to regional
and continental domains. The increased range of available remote sensing
modalities, including interferometric radar, lidar, and hyperspectral
imagery, allows the retrieval of a broad range of forest attributes.
This paper reviews the application of remote sensing for upscaling
forest attributes from the plot scale to regional domains, with
particular emphasis on how remote sensing products can support
parameterization and validation of ecosystem process models. We focus on
four key ecological attributes of forests: composition, structure,
productivity and evapotranspiration, and disturbance dynamics. For each
attribute, we discuss relevant remote sensing technologies, provide
examples of their application, and critically evaluate both strengths
and challenges associated with their use. Published by Elsevier B.V.},
   author = {Jeffrey G Masek and Daniel J Hayes and M Joseph Hughes and Sean P Healey and David P Turner},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2015.05.032},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   issue = {SI},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   pages = {109-123},
   title = {The role of remote sensing in process-scaling studies of managed forest ecosystems},
   volume = {355},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000361864700002,
   abstract = {Climate change has already begun to impact the structure and function of
forest ecosystems in the Pacific Northwest by altering the frequency,
intensity, and duration of droughts and heat stress, with implications
for widespread environmental and socio-economic change. A major
realization is that accumulated physiological stress can ultimately lead
to tree mortality and changes in species distributions, particularly in
areas away from maritime influences. To ameliorate the effects of
drought, insect outbreaks, and reduce the risk of crown fires, various
strategies are being tested. To make some of these strategies
economical, biomass is proposed as an alternative energy source. At the
same time that an increase in harvesting is being considered, there is a
desire to increase carbon sequestration by forests to offset, at least
in part, greenhouse gas emissions. Assessments are needed to determine
current and future impacts of climate change, and to evaluate management
options while considering carbon storage benefits and sustainability of
ecosystem structure and function. Here we provide an overview of
research results from the Pacific Northwest region where forests
dominate the landscape and contain among the highest biomass on earth.
In this review, we present findings that challenge common assumptions,
and suggest a way to predict outcomes of changes in climate and land
management in the future. The approach includes the use of
observation-driven land system models that integrate the extent that
forests are vulnerable to climate change, management practices, and
economic considerations. It also requires increased emphasis on in situ
and remotely sensed observations and experiments to initialize and test
the model, and to track trends in forest condition. (C) 2014 Elsevier
B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {B E Law and R H Waring},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2014.11.023},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   issue = {SI},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   pages = {4-14},
   title = {Carbon implications of current and future effects of drought, fire and management on Pacific Northwest forests},
   volume = {355},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000353293900011,
   abstract = {The trade-off between economically critical provisioning services and
environmentally sustaining supporting services often seems absolute.
Yet, when land use is inefficient, managers may be able to increase
provision of both economically and ecologically sustaining services. To
explore such sustainable ``win-win\{''\} outcomes, I present a model of
predicted trade-offs of provisioning and supporting services on
smallholder farms in eastern Paraguay. The spatially implicit model
simulates smallholder parcels as mosaics of subsistence agriculture,
cattle pasture, eucalyptus plantations, and/or natural forest cover, and
predicts provisioning and supporting service supply depending on the
relative abundance of each land-use type per parcel. I represent
provisioning services as the annual, per-ha proportion of a smallholder
family's subsistence needs met by agriculture and forestry. I represent
multidimensional supporting services as a composite index of forest bird
biodiversity, soil organic carbon content, and aboveground annual net
primary productivity (NPP) relative to what would be expected in a stand
of high-quality Atlantic Forest. I use this model first to predict
ecosystem-service supply for 38 actual smallholder parcels in rural
eastern Paraguay, and then to generate an efficiency frontier that
illustrates the optimal trade-offs between provisioning and supporting
services that are biophysically possible for the system. Comparison of
the empirical findings and the efficiency frontier indicates that
current land use is inefficient relative to the biophysical optimum. All
smallholder parcels included in the study but one lie far from the
modeled efficiency frontier, indicating that for a given level of
agricultural and forestry production, supporting services are not
optimally conserved. If parcel owners were able to overcome constraints
to sustainability by, for example, transitioning from cattle ranching to
agroforestry production, they could protect high levels (often upward of
90%) of the supporting ecosystem services provided by natural forest
without sacrificing economically valuable provisioning services.
Pathways to such sustainable outcomes are discussed.},
   author = {Jake J Grossman},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-06953-200119},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Ecosystem service trade-offs and land use among smallholder farmers in eastern Paraguay},
   volume = {20},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000357622800020,
   abstract = {What are the factors that hinder or support publishing interdisciplinary
research? What does a successful interdisciplinary publishing process
look like? We address these questions by analyzing the publishing
process of the interdisciplinary research project titled
``Mountland.\{''\} Project researchers published most of their main
results as a Special Feature of Ecology and Society. Using the story
wall method and qualitative content analysis, we identified ten factors
contributing to the success or failure of publishing interdisciplinary
research. They can be assigned to four groups of resources: scientific
resources, i.e., previous joint research, simultaneously written
manuscripts; human resources, i.e., coordination, flexibility,
composition of the team; integrative resources, i.e., vision of
integration, chronology of results; and feedback resources, i.e.,
internal reviews, subject editors, external reviewers. According to this
analysis, an ideal-typical publishing process necessitates, among other
things, (1) a strong, interdisciplinary coordinator, (2) a clear shared
vision of integration and a common framework, (3) flexibility in terms
of money and time, (4) a certain sense of timing regarding when and how
to exchange results and knowledge, (5) subject editors who are familiar
with the specific project and its interdisciplinary merits, and (6)
reviewers who are open minded about interdisciplinary efforts.},
   author = {Christian Pohl and Gabriela Wuelser and Peter Bebi and Harald Bugmann and Alexandre Buttler and Che Elkin and Adrienne Gret-Regamey and Christian Hirschi and Quang Bao Le and Alexander Peringer and Andreas Rigling and Roman Seidl and Robert Huber},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-07448-200223},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {How to successfully publish interdisciplinary research: learning from an Ecology and Society Special Feature},
   volume = {20},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000353293900048,
   abstract = {Leadership is often assumed, intuitively, to be an important driver of
sustainable development. To understand how leadership is conceptualized
and analyzed in the environmental sciences and to discover what this
research says about leadership outcomes, we conducted a review of
environmental leadership research over the last 10 years. We found that
much of the environmental leadership literature focuses on a few key
individuals and desirable leadership competencies. The literature also
reports that leadership is one of the most important of a number of
factors contributing to effective environmental governance. Only a
subset of the literature highlights interacting sources of leadership,
disaggregates leadership outcomes, or evaluates leadership processes in
detail. We argue that the literature on environmental leadership is
highly normative. Leadership is typically depicted as an unequivocal
good, and its importance is often asserted rather than tested. We trace
how leadership studies in the management sciences are evolving and argue
that, taking into account the state of the art in environmental
leadership research, more critical approaches to leadership research in
environmental science can be developed.},
   author = {Louisa S Evans and Christina C Hicks and Philippa J Cohen and Peter Case and Murray Prideaux and David J Mills},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-07268-200150},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Understanding leadership in the environmental sciences},
   volume = {20},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000357622800004,
   abstract = {Deforestation is a widely recognized problem in the Brazilian Amazon.
Small farmers play a key role in this process in that they earn their
livelihood by ranching and farming. Many studies have addressed the link
between deforestation and livelihood strategies adopted by small
farmers. Most have focused on advanced monitoring systems, simulation
models, and GIS approaches to analyze the interaction of both
dimensions, i.e., livelihoods and forest cover change. Although the
current toolbox of methods has proved successful in increasing our
understanding of these interactions, the models and approaches employed
do not consider small farmers' perspectives. On the assumption that
local small farmers are agents of land-cover change, understanding how
they perceive their own situation is essential to elucidate their
actions. Our objective is to explore future changes in livelihood
security and environmental sustainability as envisaged by local small
farmers in the Brazilian Amazon. Previous livelihood cluster analysis of
small farmers located in southeast Para was integrated with fuzzy
cognitive mapping to determine present perceptions and to explore future
changes, using global scenarios downscaled to the local situation.
Overall, system description differs only on details; all results
indicate a strong trade-off between livelihood security and
environmental sustainability in all livelihood systems, as identified by
the small farmers. However, fundamentally different outcomes are
obtained from the future analysis, depending on the livelihood strategy
cluster. Achieving win-win outcomes does not necessarily imply a
positive scenario, especially if small farmers are dependent on income
transfers from the government to provide their livelihood.},
   author = {Fabio H Diniz and Kasper Kok and Marjanke A Hoogstra-Klein and Bas Arts},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-07286-200226},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Mapping future changes in livelihood security and environmental sustainability based on perceptions of small farmers in the Brazilian Amazon},
   volume = {20},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000367628900020,
   author = {Anders H. Sirén},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-07932-200435},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {Ecology and Society},
   pages = {art35},
   title = {Assessing sustainability is just one component of many in the quest to achieve sustainability},
   volume = {20},
   url = {http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol20/iss4/art35/},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000359832700037,
   abstract = {Although disturbances such as fire and native insects can contribute to
natural dynamics of forest health, exceptional droughts, directly and in
combination with other disturbance factors, are pushing some temperate
forests beyond thresholds of sustainability. Interactions from
increasing temperatures, drought, native insects and pathogens, and
uncharacteristically severe wildfire are resulting in forest mortality
beyond the levels of 20th-century experience. Additional anthropogenic
stressors, such as atmospheric pollution and invasive species, further
weaken trees in some regions. Although continuing climate change will
likely drive many areas of temperate forest toward large- scale
transformations, management actions can help ease transitions and
minimize losses of socially valued ecosystem services.},
   author = {Constance I Millar and Nathan L Stephenson},
   doi = {10.1126/science.aaa9933},
   issn = {0036-8075},
   issue = {6250},
   journal = {SCIENCE},
   pages = {823-826},
   title = {Temperate forest health in an era of emerging megadisturbance},
   volume = {349},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000356251800031,
   abstract = {Multinational corporations play a prominent role in shaping the environmental trajectory of the planet. The integration of environmental costs and benefits into corporate decision-making has enormous, but as yet unfulfilled, potential to promote sustainable development. To help steer business decisions toward better environmental outcomes, corporate reporting frameworks need to develop scientifically informed standards that consistently consider land use and land conversion, clean air (including greenhouse gas emissions), availability and quality of freshwater, degradation of coastal and marine habitats, and sustainable use of renewable resources such as soil, timber, and fisheries. Standardization by itself will not be enough-also required are advances in ecosystem modeling and in our understanding of critical ecological thresholds. With improving ecosystem science, the opportunity for realizing a major breakthrough in reporting corporate environmental impacts and dependencies has never been greater. Now is the time for ecologists to take advantage of an explosion of sustainability commitments from business leaders and expanding pressure for sustainable practices from shareholders, financial institutions, and consumers.},
   author = {Peter M Kareiva and Brynn W McNally and Steve McCormick and Tom Miller and Mary Ruckelshaus},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1408120111},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {24},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {7375-7382},
   title = {Improving global environmental management with standard corporate reporting},
   volume = {112},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000356251800035,
   abstract = {The agricultural expansion and intensification required to meet growing
food and agri-based product demand present important challenges to
future levels and management of biodiversity and ecosystem services.
Influential actors such as corporations, governments, and multilateral
organizations have made commitments to meeting future agricultural
demand sustainably and preserving critical ecosystems. Current
approaches to predicting the impacts of agricultural expansion involve
calculation of total land conversion and assessment of the impacts on
biodiversity or ecosystem services on a per-area basis, generally
assuming a linear relationship between impact and land area. However,
the impacts of continuing land development are often not linear and can
vary considerably with spatial configuration. We demonstrate what could
be gained by spatially explicit analysis of agricultural expansion at a
large scale compared with the simple measure of total area converted,
with a focus on the impacts on biodiversity and carbon storage. Using
simple modeling approaches for two regions of Brazil, we find that for
the same amount of land conversion, the declines in biodiversity and
carbon storage can vary two-to fourfold depending on the spatial pattern
of conversion. Impacts increase most rapidly in the earliest stages of
agricultural expansion and are more pronounced in scenarios where
conversion occurs in forest interiors compared with expansion into
forests from their edges. This study reveals the importance of spatially
explicit information in the assessment of land-use change impacts and
for future land management and conservation.},
   author = {Rebecca Chaplin-Kramer and Richard P Sharp and Lisa Mandle and Sarah Sim and Justin Johnson and Isabela Butnar and Llorenc i Canals and Bradley A Eichelberger and Ivan Ramler and Carina Mueller and Nikolaus McLachlan and Anahita Yousefi and Henry King and Peter M Kareiva},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1406485112},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {24},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {7402-7407},
   title = {Spatial patterns of agricultural expansion determine impacts on biodiversity and carbon storage},
   volume = {112},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000358930600036,
   abstract = {Earth is a chemical battery where, over evolutionary time with a
trickle-charge of photosynthesis using solar energy, billions of tons of
living biomass were stored in forests and other ecosystems and in vast
reserves of fossil fuels. In just the last few hundred years, humans
extracted exploitable energy from these living and fossilized biomass
fuels to build the modern industrial-technological-informational
economy, to grow our population to more than 7 billion, and to transform
the biogeochemical cycles and biodiversity of the earth. This rapid
discharge of the earth's store of organic energy fuels the human
domination of the biosphere, including conversion of natural habitats to
agricultural fields and the resulting loss of native species, emission
of carbon dioxide and the resulting climate and sea level change, and
use of supplemental nuclear, hydro, wind, and solar energy sources. The
laws of thermodynamics governing the trickle-charge and rapid discharge
of the earth's battery are universal and absolute; the earth is only
temporarily poised a quantifiable distance from the thermodynamic
equilibrium of outer space. Although this distance from equilibrium is
comprised of all energy types, most critical for humans is the store of
living biomass. With the rapid depletion of this chemical energy, the
earth is shifting back toward the inhospitable equilibrium of outer
space with fundamental ramifications for the biosphere and humanity.
Because there is no substitute or replacement energy for living biomass,
the remaining distance from equilibrium that will be required to support
human life is unknown.},
   author = {John R Schramski and David K Gattie and James H Brown},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1508353112},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {31},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {9511-9517},
   title = {Human domination of the biosphere: Rapid discharge of the earth-space battery foretells the future of humankind},
   volume = {112},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000349911700036,
   abstract = {Spreading fires are noisy (and potentially chaotic) systems in which
transitions in dynamics are notoriously difficult to predict. As flames
move through spatially heterogeneous environments, sudden shifts in
temperature, wind, or topography can generate combustion instabilities,
or trigger self-stabilizing feedback loops, that dramatically amplify
the intensities and rates with which fires propagate. Such transitions
are rarely captured by predictive models of fire behavior and, thus,
complicate efforts in fire suppression. This paper describes a simple,
remarkably instructive physical model for examining the eruption of
small flames into intense, rapidly moving flames stabilized by feedback
between wind and fire (i.e., ``wind-fire coupling\{''\}-a mechanism of
feedback particularly relevant to forest fires), and it presents
evidence that characteristic patterns in the dynamics of spreading
flames indicate when such transitions are likely to occur. In this model
system, flames propagate along strips of nitrocellulose with one of two
possible modes of propagation: a slow, structured mode, and a fast,
unstructured mode sustained by wind-fire coupling. Experimental
examination of patterns in dynamics that emerge near bifurcation points
suggests that symptoms of critical slowing down (i.e., the slowed
recovery of the system from perturbations as it approaches tipping
points) warn of impending transitions to the unstructured mode. Findings
suggest that slowing responses of spreading flames to sudden changes in
environment (e.g., wind, terrain, temperature) may anticipate the onset
of intense, feedback-stabilized modes of propagation (e.g., ``blowup
fires\{''\} in forests).},
   author = {Jerome M Fox and George M Whitesides},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1417043112},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {8},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {2378-2383},
   title = {Warning signals for eruptive events in spreading fires},
   volume = {112},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000361393700020,
   abstract = {Efforts to understand the ecological regulation of species diversity via
bottom-up approaches have failed to yield a consensus theory. Theories
based on the alternative of top-down regulation have fared better.
Paine's discovery of keystone predation demonstrated that the regulation
of diversity via top-down forcing could be simple, strong, and direct,
yet ecologists have persistently failed to perceive generality in
Paine's result. Removing top predators destabilizes many systems and
drives transitions to radically distinct alternative states. These
transitions typically involve community reorganization and loss of
diversity, implying that top-down forcing is crucial to diversity
maintenance. Contrary to the expectations of bottom-up theories, many
terrestrial herbivores and mesopredators are capable of sustained
order-of-magnitude population increases following release from
predation, negating the assumption that populations of primary consumers
are resource limited and at or near carrying capacity. Predation sensu
lato (to include Janzen-Connell mortality agents) has been shown to
promote diversity in a wide range of ecosystems, including rocky
intertidal shelves, coral reefs, the nearshore ocean, streams, lakes,
temperate and tropical forests, and arctic tundra. The compelling
variety of these ecosystems suggests that top-down forcing plays a
universal role in regulating diversity. This conclusion is further
supported by studies showing that the reduction or absence of predation
leads to diversity loss and, in the more dramatic cases, to catastrophic
regime change. Here, I expand on the thesis that diversity is maintained
by the interaction between predation and competition, such that strong
top-down forcing reduces competition, allowing coexistence.},
   author = {John W Terborgh},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1501070112},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {37},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {11415-11422},
   title = {Toward a trophic theory of species diversity},
   volume = {112},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000364026100047,
   abstract = {Sea-level rise can threaten the long-term sustainability of coastal
communities and valuable ecosystems such as coral reefs, salt marshes
and mangroves(1,2). Mangrove forests have the capacity to keep pace with
sea-level rise and to avoid inundation through vertical accretion of
sediments, which allows them to maintain wetland soil elevations
suitable for plant growth(3). The Indo-Pacific region holds most of the
world's mangrove forests(4), but sediment delivery in this region is
declining, owing to anthropogenic activities such as damming of
rivers(5). This decline is of particular concern because the
Indo-Pacific region is expected to have variable, but high, rates of
future sea-level rise(6,7). Here we analyse recent trends in mangrove
surface elevation changes across the Indo-Pacific region using data from
a network of surface elevation table instruments(8-10). We find that
sediment availability can enable mangrove forests to maintain rates of
soil-surface elevation gain that match or exceed that of sea-level rise,
but for 69 per cent of our study sites the current rate of sea-level
rise exceeded the soil surface elevation gain. We also present a model
based on our field data, which suggests that mangrove forests at sites
with low tidal range and low sediment supply could be submerged as early
as 2070.},
   author = {Catherine E Lovelock and Donald R Cahoon and Daniel A Friess and Glenn R Guntenspergen and Ken W Krauss and Ruth Reef and Kerrylee Rogers and Megan L Saunders and Frida Sidik and Andrew Swales and Neil Saintilan and Le Xuan Thuyen and Tran Triet},
   doi = {10.1038/nature15538},
   issn = {0028-0836},
   issue = {7574},
   journal = {NATURE},
   pages = {559-U217},
   title = {The vulnerability of Indo-Pacific mangrove forests to sea-level rise},
   volume = {526},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000359002300040,
   abstract = {An epidemic of Ebola virus disease of unprecedented scale has been
ongoing for more than a year in West Africa. As of 29 April 2015, there
have been 26,277 reported total cases (of which 14,895 have been
laboratory confirmed) resulting in 10,899 deaths(1). The source of the
outbreak was traced to the prefecture of Gueckedou in the forested
region of southeastern Guinea(2,3). The virus later spread to the
capital, Conakry, and to the neighbouring countries of Sierra Leone,
Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal and Mali(1). In March 2014, when the first
cases were detected in Conakry, the Institut Pasteur of Dakar, Senegal,
deployed a mobile laboratory in Donka hospital to provide diagnostic
services to the greater Conakry urban area and other regions of Guinea.
Through this process we sampled 85 Ebola viruses (EBOV) from patients
infected from July to November 2014, and report their full genome
sequences here. Phylogenetic analysis reveals the sustained transmission
of three distinct viral lineages co-circulating in Guinea, including the
urban setting of Conakry and its surroundings. One lineage is unique to
Guinea and closely related to the earliest sampled viruses of the
epidemic. A second lineage contains viruses probably reintroduced from
neighbouring Sierra Leone on multiple occasions, while a third lineage
later spread from Guinea to Mali. Each lineage is defined by multiple
mutations, including non-synonymous changes in the virion protein 35
(VP35), glycoprotein (GP) and RNA-dependent-RNA polymerase (L) proteins.
The viral GP is characterized by a glycosylation site modification and
mutations in the mucin-like domain that could modify the outer shape of
the virion. These data illustrate the ongoing ability of EBOV to develop
lineage-specific and potentially phenotypically important variation.},
   author = {Etienne Simon-Loriere and Ousmane Faye and Oumar Faye and Lamine Koivogui and Nfaly Magassouba and Sakoba Keita and Jean-Michel Thiberge and Laure Diancourt and Christiane Bouchier and Matthias Vandenbogaert and Valerie Caro and Gamou Fall and Jan P Buchmann and Christan B Matranga and Pardis C Sabeti and Jean-Claude Manuguerra and Edward C Holmes and Amadou A Sall},
   doi = {10.1038/nature14612},
   issn = {0028-0836},
   issue = {7563},
   journal = {NATURE},
   pages = {102-U210},
   title = {Distinct lineages of Ebola virus in Guinea during the 2014 West African epidemic},
   volume = {524},
   year = {2015},
}
@article{ISI:000373935100023,
   abstract = {We evaluated farmers' rationales to understand their decision making in
relation to the use of fertile anthropogenic soils, i.e., Amazonian dark
earths (ADE), and for dealing with changes in shifting cultivation in
Central Amazonia. We analyzed qualitative information from 196
interviews with farmers in 21 riverine villages along the Madeira River.
In order to decide about crop management options to attain their
livelihood objectives, farmers rely on an integrated and dynamic
understanding of their biophysical and social environment. Farmers
associate fallow development with higher crop yields and lower weed
pressure, but ADE is always associated with high yields and high weeding
requirements. Amazonian dark earths are also seen as an opportunity to
grow different crops and/or grow crops in more intensified management
systems. However, farmers often maintain simultaneously intensive
swiddens on ADE and extensive swiddens on nonanthropogenic soils.
Farmers acknowledge numerous changes in their socioeconomic environment
that affect their shifting cultivation systems, particularly their
growing interaction with market economies and the incorporation of
modern agricultural practices. Farmers considered that shifting
cultivation systems on ADE tend to be more prone to changes leading to
intensification, and we identified cases, e.g., swiddens used for
watermelon cultivation, in which market demand led to
overintensification and resulted in ADE degradation. This shows that
increasing intensification can be a potential threat to ADE and can
undermine the importance of these soils for agricultural production, for
the conservation of agrobiodiversity, and for local livelihoods. Given
that farmers have an integrated knowledge of their context and respond
to socioeconomic and agro-ecological changes in their environment, we
argue that understanding farmers' knowledge and rationales is crucial to
identify sustainable pathways for the future of ADE and of smallholder
agriculture in Amazonia.},
   author = {Andre B Junqueira and Conny J M Almekinders and Tjeerd-Jan Stomph and Charles R Clement and Paul C Struik},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-08140-210112},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {The role of Amazonian anthropogenic soils in shifting cultivation: learning from farmers' rationales},
   volume = {21},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000380049100039,
   abstract = {Oil palm has increasingly been established on peatlands throughout
Indonesia. One of the concerns is that the drainage required for
cultivating oil palm in peatlands leads to soil subsidence, potentially
increasing future flood risks. This study analyzes the hydrological and
economic effects of oil palm production in a peat landscape in Central
Kalimantan. We examine two land use scenarios, one involving conversion
of the complete landscape including a large peat area to oil palm
plantations, and another involving mixed land use including oil palm
plantations, jelutung ( jungle rubber; (Dyera spp.) plantations, and
natural forest. The hydrological effect was analyzed through flood risk
modeling using a high-resolution digital elevation model. For the
economic analysis, we analyzed four ecosystem services: oil palm
production, jelutung production, carbon sequestration, and orangutan
habitat. This study shows that after 100 years, in the oil palm
scenario, about 67% of peat in the study area will be subject to
regular flooding. The flood-prone area will be unsuitable for oil palm
and other crops requiring drained soils. The oil palm scenario is the
most profitable only in the short term and when the externalities of oil
palm production, i.e., the costs of CO2 emissions, are not considered.
In the examined scenarios, the social costs of carbon emissions exceed
the private benefits from oil palm plantations in peat. Depending upon
the local hydrology, income from jelutung, which can sustainably be
grown in undrained conditions and does not lead to soil subsidence,
outweighs that from oil palm after several decades. These findings
illustrate the trade-offs faced at present in Indonesian peatland
management and point to economic advantages of an approach that involves
expansion of oil palm on mineral lands while conserving natural peat
forests and using degraded peat for crops that do not require drainage.},
   author = {Elham Sumarga and Lars Hein and Aljosja Hooijer and Ronald Vernimmen},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-08490-210252},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Hydrological and economic effects of oil palm cultivation in Indonesian peatlands},
   volume = {21},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000380049100018,
   abstract = {Although the use of wild mammals as a source of food has been better
studied in tropical forest environments, their importance as a source of
protein for human communities in semiarid environments is little known.
In the latter, the availability of wild animal meat is limited in
comparison to other environments. In the semiarid regions of
northeastern Brazil, hunting wild mammals for their meat is traditional,
playing a crucial role in the livelihoods and food security of various
rural and urban communities, especially during the annual drought
seasons. In this study, we investigated the role of wild mammals as
bushmeat in 10 communities within the Caatinga biome in northeast
Brazil. We used key-informant interviews, household surveys, and
questionnaires to determine the species hunted and consumed. We found
that about 30 species were used for bushmeat, with communities
clustering into two main groups. We showed that in almost all
municipalities visited, all mammals hunted were reported after interview
days. A total of 46.9% of hunters consumed bushmeat at least once a
week. However, preference for bushmeat over livestock was perceived to
be more a matter of taste (61.50% of respondents) than a real need for
protein supplementation from the wild. The ease of entering
environmental areas where wild mammals can be found has disadvantages
for wildlife in terms of pressure and overexploitation, especially where
it concerns endangered species. The key to understanding the
socioeconomic, cultural, and ecological contexts in which there are
traditional uses is to develop conservationist strategies suitable for
the socioeconomic reality of human populations.},
   author = {Raynner Rilke D Barboza and Sergio F Lopes and Wedson M S Souto and Hugo Fernandes-Ferreira and Romulo R N Alves},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-08358-210202},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {The role of game mammals as bushmeat In the Caatinga, northeast Brazil},
   volume = {21},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000391199400011,
   abstract = {The design of strategies aimed at sustainable resource management requires an understanding of the trade-offs between the ecosystem services at stake, to determine appropriate ways in which to navigate them. We assess trade-offs between forage production for cattle ranching and the maintenance of carbon stocks or tree diversity in a Mexican tropical dry forest. Trade-offs between pairs of services were assessed by identifying their efficiency frontiers at both site and landscape scales. We also estimated service outcomes under current and hypothetical land-management conditions. We found stark trade-offs between fodder and carbon stocks and between fodder and tree species richness at the site scale. At the landscape scale, the efficiency frontier was concave, with a much less pronounced trade-off in the fodder-species richness case. Our estimates of current service supply levels showed a reduction of 18-21% for C stock and 41-43% for fodder biomass, relative to the maximum feasible values along the efficiency frontier. Choice of the optimum management strategy to reduce such inefficiency depended on deforestation level: secondary forest regeneration was most suitable when deforestation is low, whereas increased fodder productivity in the pastures is best when deforestation is high. Pasture enrichment with forage trees and secondary forest growth are potential management alternatives for achieving sustainability given the range of enabling ecological factors and to balance ecological and social sustainability given the requirements and preferences of local stakeholders. Given that analogous trade-offs are found across the tropics, this work contributes to reconciling tropical forest maintenance and its use for sustainable rural livelihoods.},
   author = {Francisco Mora and Patricia Balvanera and Eduardo Garcia-Frapolli and Alicia Castillo and Jenny M Trilleras and Daniel Cohen-Salgado and Oscar Salmeron},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-08691-210445},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Trade-offs between ecosystem services and alternative pathways toward sustainability in a tropical dry forest region},
   volume = {21},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000391199400009,
   abstract = {There are fundamental spatial and temporal disconnects between the
specific policies that have been crafted to address our wildfire
challenges. The biophysical changes in fuels, wildfire behavior, and
climate have created a new set of conditions for which our wildfire
governance system is poorly suited to address. To address these
challenges, a reorientation of goals is needed to focus on creating an
anticipatory wildfire governance system focused on social and ecological
resilience. Key characteristics of this system could include the
following: (1) not taking historical patterns as givens; (2) identifying
future social and ecological thresholds of concern; (3) embracing
diversity/heterogeneity as principles in ecological and social
responses; and (4) incorporating learning among different scales of
actors to create a scaffolded learning system.},
   author = {Toddi Steelman},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-08681-210403},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {US wildfire governance as social-ecological problem},
   volume = {21},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000385720400034,
   abstract = {Can social inequality be seen imprinted in a forest landscape? We studied the relationship between land holding, land use, and inequality in a peasant community in the Peruvian Amazon where farmers practice swidden-fallow cultivation. Longitudinal data on land holding, land use, and land cover were gathered through field-level surveys ( n = 316) and household interviews ( n = 51) in 1994/1995 and 2007. Forest cover change between 1965 and 2007 was documented through interpretation of air photos and satellite imagery. We introduce the concept of ``land use inequality\{''\} to capture differences across households in the distribution of forest fallowing and orchard raising as key land uses that affect household welfare and the sustainability of swidden-fallow agriculture. We find that land holding, land use, and forest cover distribution are correlated and that the forest today reflects social inequality a decade prior. Although initially land-poor households may catch up in terms of land holdings, their use and land cover remain impoverished. Differential land use investment through time links social inequality and forest cover. Implications are discussed for the study of forests as landscapes of inequality, the relationship between social inequality and forest composition, and the forest-poverty nexus.},
   author = {Oliver T Coomes and Yoshito Takasaki and Jeanine M Rhemtulla},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-08684-210320},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Forests as landscapes of social inequality: tropical forest cover and land distribution among shifting cultivators},
   volume = {21},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000385720400013,
   abstract = {Jatropha-based biofuels have undergone a rapid boom-and-bust cycle in
southern Africa. Despite strong initial support by governments, donors,
and the private sector, there is a lack of empirical studies that
compare the environmental and socioeconomic impacts of Jatropha's two
dominant modes of production: large plantations and smallholder-based
projects. We apply a rapid ecosystem services assessment approach to
understand the impact of two Jatropha projects that are still
operational despite widespread project collapse across southern Africa:
a smallholder-based project (BERL, Malawi) and a large plantation
(Niqel, Mozambique). Our study focuses on changes in provisioning
ecosystem services such as biofuel feedstock, food, and woodland
products that can have important effects on human well-being locally.
Qualitative information is provided for other regulating and cultural
ecosystem services. Although at this stage no impact is tremendously
positive or negative, both projects show some signs of viability and
local poverty alleviation potential. However, their long-term
sustainability is not guaranteed given low yields, uncertain markets,
and some prevailing management practices.},
   author = {Graham P von Maltitz and Alexandros Gasparatos and Christo Fabricius and Abbie Morris and Kathy J Willis},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-08554-210303},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Jatropha cultivation in Malawi and Mozambique: impact on ecosystem services, local human well-being, and poverty alleviation},
   volume = {21},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000380049100020,
   abstract = {The implementation of ``reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation\{''\} (REDD+) will inevitably be affected by local social and political dynamics, with the potential for success depending significantly on cooperation from a range of stakeholders at the subnational level. Building on recent critical research on REDD+, we look at how global policy is interpreted locally by actors who are likely to be involved in REDD+ implementation. We do this by examining local stakeholder perceptions of REDD+ and forest management in two contrasting provinces of Indonesia, Riau and Papua, where deforestation rates are high and low, respectively. Using data collected from stakeholder workshops, we conduct a discourse analysis that reveals how subnational actors perceive and position themselves around REDD+ and forest governance. The results reveal six discourses common to both case-study provinces, which variously conflict and converge as they are employed by different actors. Seen together, these discourses provide critical insights into the subnational policy environment, which is largely a product of Indonesia's underlying land and forest politics, and they indicate in turn how REDD+ in practice is likely to be interpreted and reconstituted at the local level. A key finding is that local discourses can be grouped around two divergent positions on REDD+: one that supports forest exploitation and sees limited prospects in forest carbon, and one that embraces sustainable forest management and expresses conditional support for REDD+ subject to benefit-sharing and property arrangements. REDD+ practitioners will therefore need to craft policies and project processes that account for these discursive dynamics.},
   author = {Sarah Milne and Mary Milne and Fitri Nurfatriani and Luca Tacconi},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-08363-210206},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {How is global climate policy interpreted on the ground? Insights from the analysis of local discourses about forest management and REDD plus in Indonesia},
   volume = {21},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000391199400023,
   abstract = {This ethnographic case study of serege-commons, communal pasture and
forest in Muhur, Ethiopia, demonstrates the socially complex nature of
the common property resource (CPR) system, including the factors behind
its resilience and sustained operation. It reveals the multifaceted and
interacting local processes that maintain the commons in the face of
political economic processes that challenge common property management.
The study shows how CPR use, crop cultivation, alternative livelihood
strategies, out-migration, collective herding practices, management
practices, and alternative sources of compliance interact, and these
interacting processes reinforce each other and maintain a resilient CPR
system. This study argues that there is not one single cause for
sustainable CPR regimes. Instead, the resilience and sustained operation
of the CPR system are due to a mix of interdependent elements and
inter-reinforcing linkages related to CPR operations, and their
interactions within complex social-ecological systems.},
   author = {Mengistu Dessalegn},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-08768-210422},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Threatened common property resource system and factors for resilience: lessons drawn from serege-commons in Muhur, Ethiopia},
   volume = {21},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000373935100013,
   abstract = {This paper examines the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change mechanism Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation (REDD+), and its associated multitude of global to local safeguards, as they apply to a single ejido on the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. It draws on written sources and interviews to analyze the ways in which broad international norms articulated through the REDD+ safeguards, including support for human rights and sustainable livelihoods for local communities, are translated at national, regional, and local levels. Our findings indicate a wide range of perspectives on what constitutes sustainability, from strict conservation to more forest use-oriented strategies, such as community forestry and traditional Mayan shifting cultivation. These visions, in turn, shape what types of REDD+ interventions are considered a good ``environmental fit,\{''\}i. e., that fit the environmental problems they aim to address. Fits and misfits also occur between institutions, and play a core role in determining whose visions of sustainability prevail. We found a good fit in the case study ejido between REDD+ and the Payment for Ecosystem service (PES) scheme, which sets the parameters for what counts as ``sustainable livelihoods\{''\} within a strict conservation paradigm. We likewise found a good fit between REDD+ safeguards and institutions supporting local community rights to reject REDD+ projects. However, despite the strength of procedural safeguards, the parameters of the PES scheme constrained the choice of REDD+ activities available, including the possibilities of local people to work on the farm and in the forest, and hence the scope of its distributive benefits. This highlights the important, but also problematic, roles of institutional and environmental ``fit\{''\} in determining whose rights are safeguarded and what is recognized as a sustainable livelihood strategy. It also calls for more proactive efforts to expand the range of REDD+ activities in ways that safeguard livelihood diversity.},
   author = {Constance L McDermott and Claudia Ituarte-Lima},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-08088-210109},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Safeguarding what and for whom? The role of institutional fit in shaping REDD plus in Mexico},
   volume = {21},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000399159700002,
   abstract = {In this paper, we comprehensively review the relevant literature
published from 2005 to 2016, focused on lumber drying and provide a
summary of where we feel future research will focus. Drying is a
critical part of most wood products manufacturing process, and the
methods used and proper control are key to achieving the appropriate
production level, quality, and costs. While a combination of drying
methods may be used, most lumber is dried in a kiln at some point in the
process. The most common commercial kilns can be classified as
conventional, high temperature, and vacuum; however, there continues to
be some interest in solar and compression drying. While no new drying
technologies have been proposed, work has continued on improving the
existing methods. Control of the drying process varies with the type of
kiln used, the species being dried and the temperatures used in the
process; however, it usually involves some type of measurement of the
moisture content of the wood being dried. The development of new methods
for controlling the drying process focuses on new ways to measure
moisture content or moisture content variation, temperature drop across
the load, and drying stresses. While wood quality can be defined
differently by its various users, for example, industrial or end users,
certain aspects of quality remain constant across these groups, such as
minimizing warp, checks, and splits, and discoloration, and maintaining
or enhancing mechanical properties. New schedules have been proposed to
increase drying rate and improve drying quality. Methods to reduce
drying defects and improve its quality have focused mainly on mechanical
restraint to prevent warp, better understanding of defect formation, and
pre-treatments to speed up the drying process or reduce final moisture
content variation. Finally, concerns regarding the environmental impacts
of wood drying, most importantly the high energy demands and emissions,
have increased in importance as concerns about sustainability and health
issues become more mainstream.},
   author = {Brian H Bond and Omar Espinoza},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-016-0034-z},
   issn = {2198-6436},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS},
   pages = {106-118},
   title = {A Decade of Improved Lumber Drying Technology},
   volume = {2},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000399160500002,
   abstract = {Background In terms of global forest product market developments, the twenty-first century has been in many ways very different from the twentieth century-striking structural changes have taken place. The global forest sector can be interpreted to be in a phase of creative destruction-an era characterized by a major decline of a number of established products and businesses, and simultaneous emergence of new products and businesses. Main Findings The forest product research field appears to be lacking the tools for formally assessing the significance and extent of the changing production and consumption patterns. That is, the mainstream of quantitative forest product market research has relied to a large extent on forest sector modelling, focusing on questions related to the impacts of policies, sufficiency of wood resources, trends in the production of primary wood products, and international competitiveness. In doing so, they have paid less emphasis on some of the equally important questions, such as value added development, employment issues, structural changes, the diffusion of new products and services, and the realistic contribution of the forest-based sector to the global sustainability challenges. When considering the importance of global forest product markets to the economy, employment and forests, and the changes taking place in the markets, the scale of research on forest product markets is alarmingly low. Conclusions This review clearly points to a need to significantly increase the volume of academic research and education on the global and regional forest-based product markets.},
   author = {Lauri Hetemaki and Elias Hurmekoski},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-016-0042-z},
   issn = {2198-6436},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS},
   pages = {177-188},
   title = {Forest Products Markets under Change: Review and Research Implications},
   volume = {2},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000376544400007,
   abstract = {Ecosystems, such as forests and their associated processes, provide numerous goods and services to human societies. These so called. ecosystem services, have recently gained a lot of scientific interest, also in the field of forest science. This approach is not new to the forest sector, as forest ecosystems have been used in the past for many different purposes besides wood production and even their non-consumptive benefits have been well known for more than one hundred years. Central European forest scientists summarized these diverse services under the term forest functions, a widely accepted approach in the region. Since both concepts have developed separately this paper aims at creating a base to enable interdisciplinary scientific exchange among forest scientists and other disciplines by reviewing and comparing the concepts of ecosystem services and forest functions systematically. This review uses scientific publications (generally in English) to encompass the ecosystem service concept and textbooks as well as legislation and forest management guidelines (predominantly German), for the forest functions concept. Additionally a meta-analysis was conducted to examine their publication patterns. The review shows that despite their different backgrounds, both concepts developed similar definitions and classification schemes. Both consider the valuation of services or functions using similar methods, although their motivations for valuation differ. Interactions of functions and services are more intensely investigated within the ecosystem service concept, whereas forest functions have been more management orientated and consider aspects of sustainability two points that have been criticized to be insufficiently considered within the ecosystem service concept. Merging the ideas of ecosystem services and forest functions can therefore contribute to science in general, forest policy as well as forest management (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {Elisabeth Kindler},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2016.03.011},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   pages = {52-59},
   title = {A comparison of the concepts: Ecosystem services and forest functions to improve interdisciplinary exchange},
   volume = {67},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000385720400014,
   abstract = {Tackling societal and environmental challenges requires new approaches that connect top-down global oversight with bottom-up subnational knowledge. We present a novel framework for participatory development of spatially explicit scenarios at national scale that model socioeconomic and environmental dynamics by reconciling local stakeholder perspectives and national spatial data. We illustrate results generated by this approach and evaluate its potential to contribute to a greater understanding of the relationship between development pathways and sustainability. Using the lens of land use and land cover changes, and engaging 240 stakeholders representing subnational (seven forest management zones) and the national level, we applied the framework to assess alternative development strategies in the Tanzania mainland to the year 2025, under either a business as usual or a green development scenario. In the business as usual scenario, no productivity gain is expected, cultivated land expands by similar to 2% per year (up to 88,808 km(2)), with large impacts on woodlands and wetlands. Despite legal protection, encroachment of natural forest occurs along reserve borders. Additional wood demand leads to degradation, i.e., loss of tree cover and biomass, up to 80,426 km(2) of wooded land. The alternative green economy scenario envisages decreasing degradation and deforestation with increasing productivity (+ 10%) and implementation of payment for ecosystem service schemes. In this scenario, cropland expands by 44,132 km(2) and the additional degradation is limited to 35,778 km(2). This scenario development framework captures perspectives and knowledge across a diverse range of stakeholders and regions. Although further effort is required to extend its applicability, improve users' equity, and reduce costs the resulting spatial outputs can be used to inform national level planning and policy implementation associated with sustainable development, especially the REDD+ climate mitigation strategy.},
   author = {Claudia Capitani and Kusaga Mukama and Boniface Mbilinyi and Isaac O Malugu and Pantaleo K T Munishi and Neil D Burgess and Philip J Platts and Susannah M Sallu and Robert Marchant},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-08565-210304},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {From local scenarios to national maps: a participatory framework for envisioning the future of Tanzania},
   volume = {21},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000391199400025,
   abstract = {Unsustainable land uses present many challenges for securing ecosystem
service provision. It is also difficult to estimate the cost of a
transition to more sustainable land-management practices for individual
landholders. The main cost to landholders is the opportunity costs, the
income foregone when changing land use for continued or enhanced
ecosystem service provision. Thus accurate estimation of opportunity
costs and understanding their distribution are crucial starting points
for determining the economic viability and design of any payment for
ecosystem services (PES) scheme. We compare two opportunity cost
approaches and examine the distribution of these costs for improving
drinking water quality in a complex farming system in a Honduran forest
catchment. Data for both approaches was collected through a survey
applied to upstream catchment landholders. Our results indicate that the
direct flow approach and the proxy rent approach provide comparable and
consistent opportunity cost estimates. The mean net flow return ha(-1)
was US$1410, but this estimate was skewed, mainly by exceptionally high
coffee returns and negative returns of land uses making a loss. This
estimate would imply spending over US$ 2 million per annum for water
conservation, but a revised estimate comes to US$ 257,057 per annum.
Opportunity costs were found to vary according to differences in land
use and landholder characteristics. High value cash crops upholding the
local economy, such as coffee, entail much higher opportunity costs than
for example cattle grazing. These results suggest that discriminate PES
payments, that vary according to opportunity costs and thus discriminate
between land uses and landholders, are essential. Water quality at our
case study site could be managed sustainably by a scheme focusing on
high-impact land uses with lower opportunity costs and closer to water
sources.},
   author = {Olivia R Rendon and Martin Dallimer and Jouni Paavola},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-08787-210436},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Flow and rent-based opportunity costs of water ecosystem service provision in a complex farming system},
   volume = {21},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000376147800045,
   abstract = {For aerial robots, maintaining a high vantage point for an extended time
is crucial in many applications. However, available on-board power and
mechanical fatigue constrain their flight time, especially for smaller,
battery-powered aircraft. Perching on elevated structures is a
biologically inspired approach to overcome these limitations. Previous
perching robots have required specific material properties for the
landing sites, such as surface asperities for spines, or ferromagnetism.
We describe a switchable electroadhesive that enables controlled
perching and detachment on nearly any material while requiring
approximately three orders of magnitude less power than required to
sustain flight. These electroadhesives are designed, characterized, and
used to demonstrate a flying robotic insect able to robustly perch on a
wide range of materials, including glass, wood, and a natural leaf.},
   author = {M A Graule and P Chirarattananon and S B Fuller and N T Jafferis and K Y Ma and M Spenko and R Kornbluh and R J Wood},
   doi = {10.1126/science.aaf1092},
   issn = {0036-8075},
   issue = {6288, SI},
   journal = {SCIENCE},
   pages = {978-982},
   title = {Perching and takeoff of a robotic insect on overhangs using switchable electrostatic adhesion},
   volume = {352},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000390044900032,
   abstract = {Decision-makers increasingly seek scientific guidance on investing in
nature, but biodiversity remains difficult to estimate across diverse
landscapes. Here, we develop empirically based models for quantifying
biodiversity across space. We focus on agricultural lands in the
tropical forest biome, wherein lies the greatest potential to conserve
or lose biodiversity. We explore two questions, drawing from empirical
research oriented toward pioneering policies in Costa Rica. First, can
remotely sensed tree cover serve as a reliable basis for improved
estimation of biodiversity, from plots to regions? Second, how does
tropical biodiversity change across the land-use gradient from native
forest to deforested cropland and pasture? We report on understory
plants, nonflying mammals, bats, birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Using
data from 67,737 observations of 908 species, we test how tree cover
influences biodiversity across space. First, we find that fine-scale
mapping of tree cover predicts biodiversity within a taxon-specific
radius (of 30-70 m) about a point in the landscape. Second, nearly 50%
of the tree cover in our study region is embedded in countryside forest
elements, small (typically 0.05-100 ha) clusters or strips of trees on
private property. Third, most species use multiple habitat types,
including crop fields and pastures (to which 15% of species are
restricted), although some taxa depend on forest (57% of species are
restricted to forest elements). Our findings are supported by
comparisons of 90 studies across Latin America. They provide a basis for
a planning tool that guides investments in tropical forest biodiversity
similar to those for securing ecosystem services.},
   author = {Chase D Mendenhall and Analisa Shields-Estrada and Arjun J Krishnaswami and Gretchen C Daily},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1604981113},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {51},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {14544-14551},
   title = {Quantifying and sustaining biodiversity in tropical agricultural landscapes},
   volume = {113},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000383954700021,
   abstract = {For half a century, the process of economic integration of the Amazon
has been based on intensive use of renewable and nonrenewable natural
resources, which has brought significant basin-wide environmental
alterations. The rural development in the Amazonia pushed the
agricultural frontier swiftly, resulting in widespread land-cover
change, but agriculture in the Amazon has been of low productivity and
unsustainable. The loss of biodiversity and continued deforestation will
lead to high risks of irreversible change of its tropical forests. It
has been established by modeling studies that the Amazon may have two
``tipping points,\{''\} namely, temperature increase of 4 degrees C or
deforestation exceeding 40% of the forest area. If transgressed,
large-scale ``savannization\{''\} of mostly southern and eastern Amazon
may take place. The region has warmed about 1 degrees C over the last 60
y, and total deforestation is reaching 20% of the forested area. The
recent significant reductions in deforestation-80% reduction in the
Brazilian Amazon in the last decade-opens up opportunities for a novel
sustainable development paradigm for the future of the Amazon. We argue
for a new development paradigm-away from only attempting to reconcile
maximizing conservation versus intensification of traditional
agriculture and expansion of hydropower capacity-in which we research,
develop, and scale a high-tech innovation approach that sees the Amazon
as a global public good of biological assets that can enable the
creation of innovative high-value products, services, and platforms
through combining advanced digital, biological, and material
technologies of the Fourth Industrial Revolution in progress.},
   author = {Carlos A Nobre and Gilvan Sampaio and Laura S Borma and Juan Carlos Castilla-Rubio and Jose S Silva and Manoel Cardoso},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1605516113},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {39},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {10759-10768},
   title = {Land-use and climate change risks in the Amazon and the need of a novel sustainable development paradigm},
   volume = {113},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000373762400044,
   abstract = {Growing demand for agricultural commodities is causing the expansion of
agricultural frontiers onto native vegetation worldwide. Agribusiness
companies linking these frontiers to distant spaces of consumption
through global commodity chains increasingly make zero-deforestation
pledges. However, production and land conversion are often carried out
by less-visible local and regional actors that are mobile and responsive
to new agricultural expansion opportunities and legal constraints on
land use. With more stringent deforestation regulations in some
countries, we ask whether their movements are determined partly by
differences in land-use policies, resulting in ``deforestation
havens.\{''\} We analyze the determinants of investment decisions by
agricultural companies in the Gran Chaco and Chiquitano, a region that
has become the new deforestation ``hot spot\{''\} in South America. We
test whether companies seek out less-regulated forest areas for new
agricultural investments. Based on interviews with 82 companies totaling
2.5 Mha of properties, we show that, in addition to proximity to current
investments and the availability of cheap forestland, lower
deforestation regulations attract investments by companies that tend to
clear more forest, mostly cattle ranching operations, and that lower
enforcement attracts all companies. Avoiding deforestation leakage
requires harmonizing deforestation regulations across regions and
commodities and promoting sustainable intensification in cattle
ranching.},
   author = {Yann le Polain de Waroux and Rachael D Garrett and Robert Heilmayr and Eric F Lambin},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1602646113},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {15},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {4021-4026},
   title = {Land-use policies and corporate investments in agriculture in the Gran Chaco and Chiquitano},
   volume = {113},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000390044900033,
   abstract = {Endangered forest-grassland mosaics interspersed with expanding
agriculture and silviculture occur across many parts of the world,
including the southern Brazilian highlands. This natural mosaic
ecosystem is thought to reflect alternative stable states driven by
threshold responses of recruitment to fire and moisture regimes. The
role of adaptive human behavior in such systems remains understudied,
despite its pervasiveness and the fact that such ecosystems can exhibit
complex dynamics. We develop a nonlinear mathematical model of coupled
human-environment dynamics in mosaic systems and social processes
regarding conservation and economic land valuation. Our objective is to
better understand how the coupled dynamics respond to changes in
ecological and social conditions. The model is parameterized with
southern Brazilian data on mosaic ecology, land-use profits, and
questionnaire results concerning landowner preferences and conservation
values. We find that the mosaic presently resides at a crucial juncture
where relatively small changes in social conditions can generate a wide
variety of possible outcomes, including complete loss of mosaics;
large-amplitude, long-term oscillations between land states that
preclude ecosystem stability; and conservation of the mosaic even to the
exclusion of agriculture/silviculture. In general, increasing the time
horizon used for conservation decision making is more likely to maintain
mosaic stability. In contrast, increasing the inherent conservation
value of either forests or grasslands is more likely to induce large
oscillations-especially for forests-due to feedback from rarity-based
conservation decisions. Given the potential for complex dynamics,
empirically grounded nonlinear dynamical models should play a larger
role in policy formulation for human-environment mosaic ecosystems.},
   author = {Kirsten A Henderson and Chris T Bauch and Madhur Anand},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1604987113},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {51},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {14552-14559},
   title = {Alternative stable states and the sustainability of forests, grasslands, and agriculture},
   volume = {113},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000383090700034,
   abstract = {The progressive oxygenation of the Earth's atmosphere was pivotal to the
evolution of life, but the puzzle of when and how atmospheric oxygen
(O-2) first approached modern levels (similar to 21%) remains
unresolved. Redox proxy data indicate the deep oceans were oxygenated
during 435-392 Ma, and the appearance of fossil charcoal indicates O-2 >
15-17% by 420-400 Ma. However, existing models have failed to predict
oxygenation at this time. Here we show that the earliest plants, which
colonized the land surface from similar to 470 Ma onward, were
responsible for this mid-Paleozoic oxygenation event, through greatly
increasing global organic carbon burialthe net long-term source of O-2.
We use a trait-based ecophysiological model to predict that cryptogamic
vegetation cover could have achieved similar to 30% of today's global
terrestrial net primary productivity by similar to 445 Ma. Data from
modern bryophytes suggests this plentiful early plant material had a
much higher molar C:P ratio (similar to 2,000) than marine biomass
(similar to 100), such that a given weathering flux of phosphorus could
support more organic carbon burial. Furthermore, recent experiments
suggest that early plants selectively increased the flux of phosphorus
(relative to alkalinity) weathered from rocks. Combining these effects
in a model of long-term biogeochemical cycling, we reproduce a sustained
+2% increase in the carbonate carbon isotope (delta C-13) record by
similar to 445 Ma, and predict a corresponding rise in O-2 to present
levels by 420-400 Ma, consistent with geochemical data. This oxygen rise
represents a permanent shift in regulatory regime to one where
fire-mediated negative feedbacks stabilize high O-2 levels.},
   author = {Timothy M Lenton and Tais W Dahl and Stuart J Daines and Benjamin J W Mills and Kazumi Ozaki and Matthew R Saltzman and Philipp Porada},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1604787113},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {35},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {9704-9709},
   title = {Earliest land plants created modern levels of atmospheric oxygen},
   volume = {113},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000368617900033,
   abstract = {Tropical forests are the global cornerstone of biological diversity, and
store 55% of the forest carbon stock globally, yet sustained
provisioning of these forest ecosystem services may be threatened by
hunting-induced extinctions of plant-animal mutualisms that maintain
long-term forest dynamics. Large-bodied Atelinae primates and tapirs in
particular offer nonredundant seed-dispersal services for many
large-seeded Neotropical tree species, which on average have higher wood
density than smaller-seeded and wind-dispersed trees. We used field data
and models to project the spatial impact of hunting on large primates by
similar to 1 million rural households throughout the Brazilian Amazon.
We then used a unique baseline dataset on 2,345 1-ha tree plots arrayed
across the Brazilian Amazon to model changes in aboveground forest
biomass under different scenarios of hunting-induced large-bodied
frugivore extirpation. We project that defaunation of the most
harvest-sensitive species will lead to losses in aboveground biomass of
between 2.5-5.8% on average, with some losses as high as 26.5-37.8%.
These findings highlight an urgent need to manage the sustainability of
game hunting in both protected and unprotected tropical forests, and
place full biodiversity integrity, including populations of large
frugivorous vertebrates, firmly in the agenda of reducing emissions from
deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+) programs.},
   author = {Carlos A Peres and Thaise Emilio and Juliana Schietti and Sylvain J M Desmouliere and Taal Levi},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1516525113},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {892-897},
   title = {Dispersal limitation induces long-term biomass collapse in overhunted Amazonian forests},
   volume = {113},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000367881500043,
   abstract = {The mangrove forests of Southeast Asia are highly biodiverse and provide
multiple ecosystem services upon which millions of people depend.
Mangroves enhance fisheries and coastal protection, and store among the
highest densities of carbon of any ecosystem globally. Mangrove forests
have experienced extensive deforestation owing to global demand for
commodities, and previous studies have identified the expansion of
aquaculture as largely responsible. The proportional conversion of
mangroves to different land use types has not been systematically
quantified across Southeast Asia, however, particularly in recent years.
In this study we apply a combined geographic information system and
remote sensing method to quantify the key proximate drivers (i.e.,
replacement land uses) of mangrove deforestation in Southeast Asia
between 2000 and 2012. Mangrove forests were lost at an average rate of
0.18% per year, which is lower than previously published estimates. In
total, more than 100,000 ha of mangroves were removed during the study
period, with aquaculture accounting for 30% of this total forest
change. The rapid expansion of rice agriculture in Myanmar, and the
sustained conversion of mangroves to oil palm plantations in Malaysia
and Indonesia, are identified as additional increasing and
under-recognized threats to mangrove ecosystems. Our study highlights
frontiers of mangrove deforestation in the border states of Myanmar, on
Borneo, and in Indonesian Papua. To implement policies that conserve
mangrove forests across Southeast Asia, it is essential to consider the
national and subnational variation in the land uses that follow
deforestation.},
   author = {Daniel R Richards and Daniel A Friess},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1510272113},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {344-349},
   title = {Rates and drivers of mangrove deforestation in Southeast Asia, 2000-2012},
   volume = {113},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000388161700051,
   abstract = {The nucleation of atmospheric vapours is an important source of new
aerosol particles that can subsequently grow to form cloud condensation
nuclei in the atmosphere(1). Most field studies of atmospheric aerosols
over continents are influenced by atmospheric vapours of anthropogenic
origin (for example, ref. 2) and, in consequence, aerosol processes in
pristine, terrestrial environments remain poorly understood. The Amazon
rainforest is one of the few continental regions where aerosol particles
and their precursors can be studied under near-natural conditions(3-5),
but the origin of small aerosol particles that grow into cloud
condensation nuclei in the Amazon boundary layer remains unclear(6-8).
Here we present aircraft- and ground-based measurements under clean
conditions during the wet season in the central Amazon basin. We find
that high concentrations of small aerosol particles (with diameters of
less than 50 nanometres) in the lower free troposphere are transported
from the free troposphere into the boundary layer during precipitation
events by strong convective downdrafts and weaker downward motions in
the trailing stratiform region. This rapid vertical transport can help
to maintain the population of particles in the pristine Amazon boundary
layer, and may therefore influence cloud properties and climate under
natural conditions.},
   author = {Jian Wang and Radovan Krejci and Scott Giangrandel and Chongai Kuang and Henrique M J Barbosa and Joel Brito and Samara Carbone and Xuguang Chi and Jennifer Comstock and Florian Ditas and Jost Lavric and Hanna E Manninen and Fan Mei and Daniel Moran-Zuloaga and Christopher Poehlker and Mira L Poehlker and Jorge Saturno and Beat Schmid and Rodrigo A F Souza and Stephen R Springston and Jason M Tomlinson and Tami Toto and David Walter and Daniela Wimmer and James N Smith and Markku Kulmala and Luiz A T Machado and Paulo Artaxo and Meinrat O Andreae and Tuukka Petaja and Scot T Martin},
   doi = {10.1038/nature19819},
   issn = {0028-0836},
   issue = {7629},
   journal = {NATURE},
   pages = {416-419},
   title = {Amazon boundary layer aerosol concentration sustained by vertical transport during rainfall},
   volume = {539},
   year = {2016},
}
@article{ISI:000400535900004,
   abstract = {Forest ecosystems are known for their capacity to retain and
redistribute water. Nevertheless, even in some forested watersheds,
prolonged or intense rainfall events often exceed the retention
threshold of the system, generating accelerated runoff. Surface
microrelief is an important attribute of forest ecosystems that often
act to mediate potential runoff. In most natural forests, the soil
surface is typically unevenly broken with pit and mound microrelief,
formed by both historical and recent tree uprooting events. In managed
forests, however, tree uprooting is traditionally seen as undesirable.
The systematic repression of this process may lead to gradual loss of
microrelief. To date, little attention has been paid to the impacts of
the pit-mound microrelief, or its absence, on forest hydrology.
Restoration of naturally undulating microrelief in managed forests can
help to accentuate water retention and mitigate runoff, while reducing
drought stress and reinforcing forest productivity and resilience. This
paper summarizes the literature and presents insights on the effects of
tree uprooting on the microrelief of forest soils and forest hydrology,
focusing on its consequences to water retention, tree water supply, and
forest health. Furthermore, we explore the mechanisms and possible
consequences of the long-term repression of these processes in
intensively managed forests, with implications for forest management and
further research. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {Martin Valtera and Randall J Schaetzl},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2017.02.048},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   note = {Review<br/>microtopography and water flow in forests},
   pages = {40-51},
   title = {Pit-mound microrelief in forest soils: Review of implications for water retention and hydrologic modelling},
   volume = {393},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000390727600030,
   abstract = {Robinia pseudoacacia, invaded many countries a long time ago and is now
a common part of the Central European landscape. Positive economic but
negative environmental impacts of Robinia result in conflicts of
interest between nature conservation, forestry, urban landscaping,
beekeepers and the public when defining management priorities. Because
current legislation will determine the future distribution of Robinia in
the landscape, a comprehensive view of this species is necessary.
Although this species is well studied, most of the scientific papers
deal with the economic aspects. Other information is published in local
journals or reports. Therefore we reviewed the ecological and
socio-economic impact of Robinia placing particular emphasis on the
species' history, vegetation ecology, invasiveness and management. In
Central Europe, Robinia is limited climatically by late spring frost
combined with a short vegetation period, soil hypoxia, shade and
frequent major disturbances. The long historical tradition of using
Robinia for afforestation has resulted in its popularity as a widespread
forest tree and it being an important part of the economy in some
countries. The main reasons are its fast growth, valuable and resistant
wood, suitability for amelioration, reclamation of disturbed sites and
erosion control, honey-making and recently dendromass production. On the
other hand, a side-effect of planting this nitrogen-fixing pioneer tree,
very tolerant of the nature of the substrate, is its propagation and
spread, which pose a problem for nature conservation. Robinia is
considered invasive, threatening especially dry and semi-dry grasslands,
some of the most species-rich and endangered types of habitat in the
region, causing extinction of many endangered light-demanding plants and
invertebrates due to changes in light regime, microclimate and soil
conditions. Other often invaded habitats include open dry forests and
shrubland, alluvial habitats, agrarian landscapes, urban and industrial
environments and disturbed sites, e.g. post-fire sites, forest clearings
or degraded forestry plantations. Without forestry, black locust
abundance would decrease during succession in forests with highly
competitive and shade tolerant trees and in mature forests it occurs
only as admixture of climax trees. The limited pool of native woody
species, lack of serious natural enemies and a dense cover of grasses
and sedges can suppress forest succession and favour the development of
Robinia monodominant stands over 70 years old. A stratified approach,
which combines both tolerance in some areas and strict eradication at
valuable sites, provides the best option for achieving a sustainable
coexistence of Robinia with people and nature. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V.
All rights reserved.},
   author = {Michaela Vitkova and Jana Muellerova and Jiri Sadlo and Jan Pergl and Petr Pysek},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2016.10.057},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   month = {1},
   pages = {287-302},
   title = {Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) beloved and despised: A story of an invasive tree in Central Europe},
   volume = {384},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000419351000014,
   abstract = {The global environmental conservation community recognizes that the participation of local communities is essential for the success of conservation initiatives; however, much work remains to be done on how to integrate conservation and human wellbeing. We propose that an assets-based approach to environmental conservation and human well-being, which is grounded in a biocultural framework, can support sustainable and adaptive management of natural resources by communities in regions adjacent to protected areas. We present evidence from conservation and quality of life initiatives led by the Field Museum of Natural History over the past 17 years in the Peruvian Amazon. Data were derived from asset mapping in 37 communities where rapid inventories were conducted and from 38 communities that participated in longer term quality of life planning. Our main findings are that Amazonian communities have many characteristics, or assets, that recent scholarship has linked to environmental sustainability and good natural resource stewardship, and that quality of life plans that are based on these assets tend to produce priorities that are more consistent with environmental conservation. Importantly, we found that validating social and ecological assets through our approach can contribute to the creation of protected areas and to their long-term management. As strategies to engage local communities in conservation expand, research on how particular methodologies, such as an assets-based approach, is needed to determine how these initiatives can best empower local communities, how they can be improved, and how they can most effectively be linked to broader conservation and development processes.},
   author = {Alaka Wali and Diana Alvira and Paula S Tallman and Ashwin Ravikumar and Miguel O Macedo},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-09598-220406},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {A new approach to conservation: using community empowerment for sustainable well-being},
   volume = {22},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000404997600010,
   abstract = {Here, we analyze the current spaces for public participation in Crown (public) land management through a comparative study that focuses on the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. We define spaces for public participation as opportunities for meaningful public involvement in the decision-making arena of forest management. We examine the experiences of public participation in these provinces in an exploratory study comparing perceptions of participatory processes and outcomes of the processes in these two provinces based on 15 years (1999-2014) of informant experience. The objective is to understand more fully the barriers and bridges to meaningful public participation and relate these perceptions to on-the-ground implementation. A primary goal is to understand how, over time, processes with unsatisfying outcomes shape the perceptions of the participants. Rather than focusing on one particular participatory process, this comparative study assesses participation over time to identify the limitations in the participatory environments of these two provinces. We take a qualitative research approach using semistructured interviews with 42 forestry stakeholders, combined with participant observation and document analysis. This research reveals: (1) the importance of historical and cultural context as ongoing power imbalances shape the current dialogue and spaces for participation; (2) periods of robust and sound attempts at public participation in both provinces, with disappointments in implementation giving rise to a sense of futility, a closed system, and mistrust of government and industry over time; (3) a system of privileged access in opposition to the ideals of deliberative democracy and an equitable decision-making process; (4) in New Brunswick, public land policy implementation that is not reflective of participatory processes or of interests outside government and industry; (5) in Nova Scotia, recent efforts to incorporate values outside the government-industry policy realm, demonstrating an attempt to shift toward a more collaborative system for public land management.},
   author = {Lauren F Miller and Solange Nadeau},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-09142-220219},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Participatory processes for public lands: Do provinces practice what they preach?},
   volume = {22},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000404997600031,
   abstract = {Tree species in tropical forests provide economically important goods
and ecosystem services. In submontane forests of southwestern Amazonia,
we investigated the degree to which tree species important for
subsistence and trade contribute to aboveground carbon storage (AGC). We
used 41 1-hectare plots to determine the species abundance, basal area,
and AGC of stems >10 cm diameter at breast height (dbh). Economically
important taxa were classified using ethnobotanical studies and
according to their stem density. These taxa (n = 263) accounted for 45%
of total stems, 53% of total basal area, and 56% of total AGC,
significantly more than taxa with minor or unknown uses (Welch test at p
< 0.05). Taxa with 1-2 stems per hectare, or with fewer than 1 stem per
hectare (common and rare) accounted for 35% of total AGC, more than the
22% accounted for by dominant taxa. High basal area had a greater
impact on AGC than abundance in economic taxa because their populations
are skewed to adult trees. Size in these taxa had a median dbh > 40 cm
and few stems in regeneration classes of dbh < 10 to 20 cm (e.g.,
Bertholletia excelsa, Cariniana spp., Cedrelinga spp., Ceiba spp.,
Dipteryx spp.), whereas dominant Tetragastris spp., and Pseudolmedia
spp. had most stems in low diameter classes and a median diameter of <
30 cm. Bertholletia excelsa, with 1.5 stems per hectare, showed the
highest basal area of any species and accounted for 9% of AGC (11
Mg/ha), twice that of the second-ranking species. Our study shows that
economic importance and carbon stocks in trees are closely linked in
southwestern Amazonia. Unplanned harvests can disrupt synergistic dual
roles altering carbon stocks temporally or permanently. Precautionary
measures based on species ecology, demography, and regeneration traits
should be at the forefront of REDD+ to reconcile maximum harvesting
limits, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable forest management.},
   author = {N Galia Selaya and Pieter A Zuidema and Christopher Baraloto and Vincent A Vos and Roel J W Brienen and Nigel Pitman and Foster Brown and Amy E Duchelle and Alejandro Araujo-Murakami and Luis A Oliveira Carillo and Guido H Vasquez Colomo and Severo Meo Chupinagua and Hugo Fuentes Nay and Stephen Perz},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-09297-220240},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Economically important species dominate aboveground carbon storage in forests of southwestern Amazonia},
   volume = {22},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000399397700016,
   abstract = {We report a study of central Maya lowland dynastic information networks,
i.e., six cities' external elite ceramic influences, and how they
reflect the decision-making practices of Maya elites over 3000 years.
Forest cover, i.e., Moraceae family pollen, was added to the network
analysis to provide ecological boundary conditions, thus ecologically
moderated information networks. Principal components analysis revealed
three dominant patterns. First, the networking of interior cities into
powerful polities in the Late Preclassic and Classic periods (400
BCE-800 CE). In a second pattern, coastal cities emerged as key
entrepots based on marine navigation (Terminal and Postclassic periods,
800-1500 CE). Climate dynamics and sustainability considerations
facilitated the transition. Forest cover, a measure of ecosystem health,
shows interior forests diminished as interior cities networked but
rebounded as their networks declined. By contrast, coastal forests
flourished with networks implying that the marine-based economy was
sustainable. Third, in the Classic, the network-dominant coast, west or
east, changed with interior polities' political struggles, the critical
transition occurring after 695 CE as Tikal gained dominance over the
Calakmul-Caracol alliance. Beginning with the Late Preclassic about 2000
years ago, it is possible to assign names to the decision makers by
referencing the growing literature on written Maya records. Although the
detectable decision sequence evident in this analysis is very basic, we
believe it does open possible avenues to much deeper understanding as
the study proceeds into the future. The Integrated History and Future of
People on Earth-Maya working group that sponsored the analysis
anticipates that it will provide actionable social science intelligence
for future decision making at the global scale.},
   author = {Joel D Gunn and Vernon L Scarborough and William J Folan and Christian Isendahl and Arlen F Chase and Jeremy A Sabloff and Beniamino Volta},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-08931-220120},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {A distribution analysis of the central Maya lowlands ecoinformation network: its rises, falls, and changes},
   volume = {22},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000419351000038,
   abstract = {Rural development shaped by global pressures aims to improve livelihoods
and market access in remote communities. However, rural development
measures can alter landscapes, and change the embedded natural resources
and access to them. In Mexico, rural women and their livelihoods are
frequently most affected by changes in water resources. This study
focused on women in Coatitilan, a small community (population 255) in
the mountains of Veracruz, Mexico. A road construction project blocked
the main pipe that distributes water throughout the community. Also,
river water was unusable for women living downstream of a trout
cultivation project. Participant observation and interviews were used to
determine how women in Coatitilan dealt with limited water access and
reduced quality. Women's local knowledge of the landscape highlighted
the location of water springs that had previously been used
infrequently, and underlined the importance of vegetation in controlling
water resources. Women's local knowledge of climate demonstrated local
expressions for weather, and highlighted the importance of prayer for
dealing with unforeseen events. Kinship provided several women with
access to water from privately owned springs. This study shows that
women in Coatitilan adapted their water management by relying on their
local knowledge of landscape and climate, and on social networks. These
results suggest that women's local knowledge could play an important
role in planning development projects, and it helps women adapt to
abrupt changes.},
   author = {Maria Kernecker and Christian R Vogl and Araceli Aguilar Melendez},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-09787-220437},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Women's local knowledge of water resources and adaptation to landscape change in the mountains of Veracruz, Mexico},
   volume = {22},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000404997600011,
   abstract = {Payments for Hydrologic Services (PHS) programs are increasingly used as
a policy tool to provide incentives for upstream landowners to adopt
land use activities that favor sustainable provision of high-quality
water to downstream areas. However, the effectiveness of PHS programs in
achieving their objectives and the potential for unintended (often
undesirable) consequences remain poorly understood. We integrate results
from ecohydrological and socioeconomic research to explore the impact of
Mexico's PHS program on the target hydrologic services and people's
decisions, behavior, and knowledge regarding forest conservation and
water. Using central Veracruz as our case study, we identify areas of
both synchrony and disconnection between PHS goals and outcomes. Mature
and regenerating cloud forests (targeted by PHS) were found to produce
enhanced hydrologic services relative to areas converted to pasture,
including reduced peak flows during large rain events and maintenance of
dry-season base flows. However, unexpectedly, these hydrologic benefits
from cloud forests were not necessarily greater than those from other
vegetation types. Consequently, the location of forests in strategic
watershed positions (e.g., where deforestation risk or hydrologic
recharge are high) may be more critical than forest type in promoting
hydrologic functions within watersheds and should be considered when
targeting PHS payments. While our results suggest that participation in
PHS improved the level of knowledge among watershed inhabitants about
forest-water relationships, a mismatch existed between payment amounts
and landowner opportunity costs, which may contribute to the modest
success in targeting priority areas within watersheds. Combined, these
findings underscore the complexity of factors that influence motivations
for PHS participation and land use decisions and behavior, and the
importance of integrating understanding of both ecohydrological and
socioeconomic dynamics into PHS design and implementation. We conclude
by identifying opportunities for improving the design of PHS programs
and recommending priority areas for future research and monitoring, both
in Mexico and globally.},
   author = {Heidi Asbjornsen and Robert H Manson and Jason J Scullion and Friso Holwerda and Lyssette E Munoz-Villers and M Susana Alvarado-Barrientos and Daniel Geissert and Todd E Dawson and Jeffrey J McDonnell and L Adrian Bruijnzeel},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-09144-220225},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Interactions between payments for hydrologic services, landowner decisions, and ecohydrological consequences: synergies and disconnection in the cloud forest zone of central Veracruz, Mexico},
   volume = {22},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000399397700048,
   abstract = {Conservation science addresses the complementary goals of preventing
future biodiversity loss while sustaining critical human foundations. In
this paper we use two case studies focused on land management to discuss
how private lands conservation can be more effective by considering how
planning and decision making reflects a coupled human and natural system
(CHANS). The first case study focuses on conservation easements in the
temperate forests of eastern United States; the second focuses on
conservation opportunities in Midwestern agroecosystems, in particular
the value of agroforestry. For each case study we discuss the natural
and human subsystems, how elements and interactions within and between
subsystems (as organized by elements of CHANS) create challenges and
opportunities for conservation, and the importance of considering
relevant scales of subsystems. Review of these case studies demonstrates
that additional insight gained by using a CHANS perspective,
particularly given how the subsystems interact at different scales,
improves identification of important points of social and ecological
overlap, ultimately enhancing conservation research, planning, and
practice.},
   author = {John E Quinn and Jesse M Wood},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-09132-220139},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Application of a coupled human natural system framework to organize and frame challenges and opportunities for biodiversity conservation on private lands.},
   volume = {22},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000412944300022,
   abstract = {The environmental and socioeconomic interactions between distant regions
of the world (\{''\}telecoupling\{''\}) are dramatically increasing.
Telecoupling brings about new challenges and opportunities to
biodiversity conservation that are of a larger magnitude and of a faster
pace than ever observed before. Our understanding of the dynamics and
leverage points of this telecoupled world is however limited. It is thus
important to take stock of what we know and what we still need to know
to formulate effective biodiversity conservation policies with
telecoupling increasing. We identify the challenges and opportunities
for biodiversity conservation brought about by the world's telecoupling
in international trade and information by new technologies. Challenges
are presented by the high demands for agricultural and wildlife products
by high-income and emerging economies, putting pressure on land
protection, management and incentive-based conservation interventions.
Opportunities are brought about by the strength of telecoupled
information flows that can generate strong pressure on multinationals
and governments to adopt sustainable practices. Examples of these
opportunities are zero-deforestation pledges and the increase in the
number of certification schemes in key agricultural commodities.
Conservation practitioners need to adopt a global perspective on
telecoupling and focus on the new conservation opportunities represented
by shaping the social norms of affluent consumers in emerging and
high-income economies.},
   author = {L Roman Carrasco and Joleen Chan and Francesca L McGrath and Le T P Nghiem},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-09448-220324},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Biodiversity conservation in a telecoupled world},
   volume = {22},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000399397700012,
   abstract = {We use the simulation model Envision to analyze long-term wildfire
dynamics and the effects of different fuel management scenarios in
central Oregon, USA. We simulated a 50-year future where fuel management
activities were increased by doubling and tripling the current area
treated while retaining existing treatment strategies in terms of
spatial distribution and treatment type. We modeled forest succession
using a state-and-transition approach and simulated wildfires based on
the contemporary fire regime of the region. We tested for the presence
of temporal trends and overall differences in burned area among four
fuel management scenarios. Results showed that when the forest was
managed to reduce fuels it burned less: over the course of 50 years
there was up to a 40% reduction in area burned. However, simulation
outputs did not reveal the expected temporal trend, i.e., area burned
did not decrease progressively with time, nor did the absence of
management lead to its increase. These results can be explained as the
consequence of an existing wildfire deficit and vegetation succession
paths that led to closed canopy, and heavy fuels forest types that are
unlikely to burn under average fire weather. Fire (and management)
remained relatively rare disturbances and, given our assumptions, were
unable to alter long-term vegetation patterns and consequently unable to
alter long-term wildfire dynamics. Doubling and tripling current
management targets were effective in the near term but not sustainable
through time because of a scarcity of stands eligible to treat according
to the modeled management constraints. These results provide new
insights into the long-term dynamics between fuel management programs
and wildfire and demonstrate that treatment prioritization strategies
have limited effect on fire activity if they are too narrowly focused on
particular forest conditions.},
   author = {Ana M G Barros and Alan A Ager and Michelle A Day and Haiganoush K Preisler and Thomas A Spies and Eric White and Robert J Pabst and Keith A Olsen and Emily Platt and John D Bailey and John P Bolte},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-08917-220124},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Spatiotemporal dynamics of simulated wildfire, forest management, and forest succession in central Oregon, USA},
   volume = {22},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000407773800006,
   abstract = {Purpose of Review A wildland fire is a complex phenomenon driven by the
interactions of a number of fundamental chemical and physical processes
involved in the combustion and the release of heat from burning
vegetative fuels. In this second article of a two-part series
summarising our state of knowledge of these processes, the focus is on
the physical processes involved in the transfer of the liberated heat
(the generation of which is discussed in the first article) to adjacent
fuel and its subsequent ignition which provides the key mechanism for
sustained spread of the fire.
Recent Findings The competitive thermal degradation reactions
(volatilisation versus charring) occur simultaneously at all points
around a wildland fire perimeter but the extent to which one pathway
dominates the other is determined by the transfer of the heat released
from combusting fuel to adjacent fuel. This transfer occurs by the
combination of advection, radiation and transport of burning material
and may be moderated or compounded by interactions with the surrounding
atmosphere or topography and by vegetation condition.
Summary The primary heat transfer processes in a wildland fire are
advection (incorporating buoyancy and convection), radiation, direct
flame contact and transport of burning solid material such as embers and
firebrands (i.e. spotting). Other key processes involved in the transfer
of heat to adjacent fuel necessary for sustained fire spread include
fuel moisture, atmospheric and topographic effects, and the interactions
of these with the fire. Gaps in our knowledge that limit our ability to
predict the seeming capricious behaviour of wildland fires are also
highlighted. The series is concluded with a discussion of how these
physical processes interact with the combustion chemistry processes
discussed in the first article.},
   author = {Andrew L Sullivan},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-017-0058-z},
   issn = {2198-6436},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS},
   pages = {150-171},
   title = {Inside the Inferno: Fundamental Processes of Wildland Fire Behaviour},
   volume = {3},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000407773800005,
   abstract = {Purpose of Review This two-part series of articles summarises our
current understanding of the fundamental processes involved in the
combustion and spread of wildland fire and their interactions, and
highlights the knowledge gaps that limit our ability to predict the
seeming capricious behaviour of wildland fires. This first article
details the fundamental chemistry involved in the thermal degradation of
cellulosic biomass (vegetation), the release of combustible products
from such fuel and their subsequent oxidation and release of energy in
the form of heat.
Recent Findings A fundamental source of much of the complexity of the
behaviour of a wildland fire can be traced to the highly temperature
sensitive chemistry involved in the thermal degradation of cellulosic
biomass fuels. Nucleophilic competition in the thermal degradation
reactions between the endothermic volatilisation pathway that leads to
gas phase flaming combustion and the exothermic charring pathway that
leads to solid phase glowing interacts with the environment around a
fire to sustain ongoing ignition, transition from glowing to flaming
combustion and respond to changes in prevailing wind and moisture
conditions to influence fire behaviour.
Summary The behaviour of a wildland fire is the result of the
interactions of a number of fundamental processes governing the
combustion and release of energy from vegetative fuels, the transfer of
that heat to adjacent fuels and their subsequent ignition. The
interacting chemical and physical processes occur across a range of
spatial and temporal scales and result in fire behaviour that often is
thought to be unpredictable but is not fundamentally so. Gaps in our
knowledge that limit our ability to predict the behaviour of wildland
fires are highlighted.},
   author = {Andrew L Sullivan},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-017-0057-0},
   issn = {2198-6436},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS},
   pages = {132-149},
   title = {Inside the Inferno: Fundamental Processes of Wildland Fire Behaviour},
   volume = {3},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000411534000010,
   abstract = {Fungal fruit-bodies are an important economic resource both for recreational pickers and commercial markets. The broad interest in forest fungi and mushrooms has motivated attempts to develop appropriate silvicultural methods able to preserve and improve mushroom yields. Defining best practices for the sustainability and profitability of forest fungal resources is the main aim of `mycosilviculture'. However, the difficulty of monitoring and studying such a cryptic kingdom (i.e., fungi) under real forest conditions has led to rather scattered scientific knowledge of the effects of forest management regimes and silvicultural operations on wild mushroom resources. Here, we review the current scientific literature regarding the influence of (i) stand characteristics, i.e. stand age, stand density, canopy cover and tree species composition, (ii) silvicultural practices and (iii) other management-related disturbances affecting the yield of wild epigeous mushrooms, with the aim of systematizing existing scientific knowledge and identifying gaps in knowledge in order to suggest future lines of research. Most of the research in the field of mycosilviculture to date has focused on ectomycorrhizal mushrooms, which include the majority of wild commercial mushrooms. The main findings from the literature indicate that forest management practices, by modifying stand characteristics and microclimatic conditions, can influence wild mushroom occurrence and productivity, both positively and negatively, depending on the specific fungal ecological needs, reproductive strategies, forest type and management regime. Further research efforts relating to all aspects of the interaction between forest management, fungal ecology and mushroom production are needed: in particular, additional research efforts should be devoted to understanding mushroom yield dynamics in uneven aged and mixed forests and evaluating the effects of regeneration methods on fungal communities.},
   author = {Antonio Tomao and Jose Antonio Bonet and Juan de Aragon and Sergio De-Miguel},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2017.07.039},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   pages = {102-114},
   title = {Is silviculture able to enhance wild forest mushroom resources? Current knowledge and future perspectives},
   volume = {402},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000390740400001,
   abstract = {Natural resource governance is enhanced and structured by rules, norms and strategies which make institutionalism quintessential in the natural resource governance discourse. Adopting a retrospective analysis of classical theoretical literature and recent empirical experiences of natural resource institutions, this paper discusses institutional analysis as pertains to the natural resource governance context. Synthesizing from relevant literature, this review designs and discusses an analytical framework to illustrate how formal and informal institutions structure natural resource governance. The key elements in the framework are: biophysical element, process and institutional element, behavioral choice element, enforcement mechanisms and an outcome element. The paper argues that for formal rule to be more effective, it greatly depends on its relationship with the informal institutions and more importantly their enforcement complementarities. The study, consequently, discusses key elements that influence the effectiveness of natural resource rule enforcement. This review concludes that both formal and informal institutions serve as catalysts to reinforce natural resource governance; however, the two could also combine to form a clandestine network to facilitate unethical resource exploitation. The paper puts forward that, it is not institutions per se but the ``nature of interaction\{''\} between formal and informal institutions together with the ``enforcement mechanisms\{''\} which will to a large extent determine the kind of resource outcomes. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
   author = {Emmanuel Yeboah-Assiamah and Kobus Muller and Kwame Ameyaw Domfeh},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2016.10.006},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   pages = {1-12},
   title = {Institutional assessment in natural resource governance: A conceptual overview},
   volume = {74},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000412944300012,
   abstract = {Tropical forests continue to be plagued by the dual sustainability
challenges of deforestation and rural poverty. We seek to understand why
many of the farmers living in the Brazilian Amazon, home to the world's
largest tropical agricultural-forest frontier, persist in agricultural
activities associated with low incomes and high environmental damage. To
answer this question, we assess the factors that shape the development
and distribution of agricultural activities and farmer well-being in
these frontiers. Our study utilizes a uniquely comprehensive
social-ecological dataset from two regions in the eastern Brazilian
Amazon and employs a novel conceptual framework that highlights the
interdependencies between household attributes, agricultural activities,
and well-being. We find that livestock production, which yields the
lowest per hectare incomes, remains the most prevalent land use in
remote areas, but many examples of high income fruit, horticulture, and
staple crop production exist on small properties, particularly in
peri-urban areas. The transition to more profitable land uses is limited
by lagging supply chain infrastructure, social preferences, and the fact
that income associated with land use activities is not a primary source
of perceived life quality. Instead subjective well-being is more heavily
influenced by the nonmonetary attributes of a rural lifestyle (safety,
tranquility, community relations, etc.). We conclude that transitions
away from low-income land uses in agricultural-forest frontiers of the
Brazilian Amazon need not abandon a land-focused vision of development,
but will require policies and programs that identify and discriminate
households based on a broader set of household assets, cultural
attributes, and aspirations than are traditionally applied. At a broader
scale, access to distant markets for high value crops must be improved
via investments in processing, storage, and marketing infrastructure.},
   author = {Rachael D Garrett and Toby A Gardner and Thiago Fonseca Morello and Sebastien Marchand and Jos Barlow and Driss Ezzine de Blas and Joice Ferreira and Alexander C Lees and Luke Parry},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-09364-220327},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Explaining the persistence of low income and environmentally degrading land uses in the Brazilian Amazon},
   volume = {22},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000419351000036,
   abstract = {Food insecurity and malnutrition can be major, yet often overlooked,
consequences of armed conflicts because of the disruption of rural-urban
trade networks and human migration toward safe urban centers. Bushmeat
has been shown to act as an important safety net for conflict-affected
urban populations, contributing the provisioning of basic needs and
postconflict peace building efforts. However, the widely documented
unsustainability of bushmeat hunting questions whether reliance of an
urban population on bushmeat can be sustained for prolonged periods. To
assess the potential contribution of bushmeat to sustainable food
systems and peace building processes in a postconflict setting in the
Democratic Republic of Congo, we use bushmeat trade data from the
Kisangani market collected during three annual surveys in 2002,
2008/2009, and 2015/2016. Overall, we found a decreasing supply of
bushmeat that, combined with an increasing human population size,
limited the contribution of bushmeat to food security. Although bushmeat
was the cheapest source of animal protein available in 2002, substitutes
became more affordable over time, thereby reducing the need for
bushmeat, especially among the urban poor. Finally, assessing the
sustainability of bushmeat supply showed an ambiguous pattern depending
on the indicator used, which may have been influenced by changes in the
geographical trade routes, possibly mediating negative effects of local
resource depletion on urban bushmeat supplies. This study provides
insights into the contribution and the sustainability of bushmeat to
urban postconflict food security. At the same time we also highlight the
need for improved understanding of temporal supply/trade trajectories
and especially the interaction between the sustainability of bushmeat
harvest and the availability of affordable substitutes for ensuring
sustainable food systems in support of peace building processes.},
   author = {Nathalie van Vliet and Bjorn Schulte-Herbruggen and Jonas Muhindo and Casimir Nebesse and Sylvestre Gambalemoke and Robert Nasi},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-09780-220435},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Trends in bushmeat trade in a postconflict forest town: implications for food security},
   volume = {22},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000399013800034,
   abstract = {Hunting is a major driver of biodiversity loss, but a systematic
large-scale estimate of hunting-induced defaunation is lacking. We
synthesized 176 studies to quantify hunting-induced declines of mammal
and bird populations across the tropics. Bird and mammal abundances
declined by 58% (25 to 76%) and by 83% (72 to 90%) in hunted
compared with unhunted areas. Bird and mammal populations were depleted
within 7 and 40 kilometers from hunters' access points (roads and
settlements). Additionally, hunting pressure was higher in areas with
better accessibility to major towns where wild meat could be traded.
Mammal population densities were lower outside protected areas,
particularly because of commercial hunting. Strategies to sustainably
manage wildmeat hunting in both protected and unprotected tropical
ecosystems are urgently needed to avoid further defaunation.},
   author = {A Benitez-Lopez and R Alkemade and A M Schipper and D J Ingram and P A Verweij and J A J Eikelboom and M A J Huijbregts},
   doi = {10.1126/science.aaj1891},
   issn = {0036-8075},
   issue = {6334},
   journal = {SCIENCE},
   pages = {180-183},
   title = {The impact of hunting on tropical mammal and bird populations},
   volume = {356},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000393196300102,
   abstract = {As a consequence of their remarkable adaptability, fast growth, and
superior wood properties, eucalypt tree plantations have emerged as key
renewable feedstocks (over 20 million ha globally) for the production of
pulp, paper, bioenergy, and other lignocellulosic products. However,
most biomass properties such as growth, wood density, and wood chemistry
are complex traits that are hard to improve in long-lived perennials.
Systems genetics, a process of harnessing multiple levels of component
trait information (e.g., transcript, protein, and metabolite variation)
in populations that vary in complex traits, has proven effective for
dissecting the genetics and biology of such traits. We have applied a
network-based data integration (NBDI) method for a systems-level
analysis of genes, processes and pathways underlying biomass and
bioenergy-related traits using a segregating Eucalyptus hybrid
population. We show that the integrative approach can link biologically
meaningful sets of genes to complex traits and at the same time reveal
the molecular basis of trait variation. Gene sets identified for related
woody biomass traits were found to share regulatory loci, cluster in
network neighborhoods, and exhibit enrichment for molecular functions
such as xylan metabolism and cell wall development. These findings offer
a framework for identifying the molecular underpinnings of complex
biomass and bioprocessing-related traits. A more thorough understanding
of the molecular basis of plant biomass traits should provide additional
opportunities for the establishment of a sustainable bio-based economy.},
   author = {Eshchar Mizrachi and Lieven Verbeke and Nanette Christie and Ana C Fierro and Shawn D Mansfield and Mark F Davis and Erica Gjersing and Gerald A Tuskan and Marc Van Montagu and Yves de Peer and Kathleen Marchal and Alexander A Myburg},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1620119114},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {5},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {1195-1200},
   title = {Network-based integration of systems genetics data reveals pathways associated with lignocellulosic biomass accumulation and processing},
   volume = {114},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000405662300067,
   abstract = {The 2012 Brazilian Forest Code governs the fate of forests and savannas
on Brazil's 394 Mha of privately owned lands. The government claims that
a new national land registry (SICAR), introduced under the revised law,
could end illegal deforestation by greatly reducing the cost of
monitoring, enforcement, and compliance. This study evaluates that
potential, using data from state-level land registries (CAR) in Para and
Mato Grosso that were precursors of SICAR. Using geospatial analyses and
stakeholder interviews, we quantify the impact of CAR on deforestation
and forest restoration, investigating how landowners adjust their
behaviors over time. Our results indicate rapid adoption of CAR, with
registered properties covering a total of 57 Mha by 2013. This suggests
that the financial incentives to join CAR currently exceed the costs.
Registered properties initially showed lower deforestation rates than
unregistered ones, but these differences varied by property size and
diminished over time. Moreover, only 6% of registered producers
reported taking steps to restore illegally cleared areas on their
properties. Our results suggest that, fromthe landowner's perspective,
full compliance with the Forest Code offers few economic benefits.
Achieving zero illegal deforestation in this context would require the
private sector to include full compliance as a market criterion, while
state and federal governments develop SICAR as a de facto enforcement
mechanism. These results are relevant to other tropical countries and
underscore the importance of developing a policy mix that creates
lasting incentives for sustainable land-use practices.},
   author = {Andrea A Azevedo and Raoni Rajao and Marcelo A Costa and Marcelo C C Stabile and Marcia N Macedo and Tiago N P dos Reis and Ane Alencar and Britaldo S Soares-Filho and Rayane Pacheco},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1604768114},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {29},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {7653-7658},
   title = {Limits of Brazil's Forest Code as a means to end illegal deforestation},
   volume = {114},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000398159000067,
   abstract = {Many biodiversity-ecosystem services studies omit cultural ecosystem
services (CES) or use species richness as a proxy and assume that more
species confer greater CES value. We studied wildflower viewing, a key
biodiversity-based CES in amenity-based landscapes, in Southern
Appalachian Mountain forests and asked (i) How do aesthetic preferences
for wildflower communities vary with components of biodiversity,
including species richness?; (ii) How do aesthetic preferences for
wildflower communities vary across psychographic groups?; and (iii) How
well does species richness perform as an indicator of CES value compared
with revealed social preferences for wildflower communities? Public
forest visitors (n = 293) were surveyed during the summer of 2015 and
asked to choose among images of wildflower communities in which flower
species richness, flower abundance, species evenness, color diversity,
and presence of charismatic species had been digitally manipulated.
Aesthetic preferences among images were unrelated to species richness
but increased with more abundant flowers, greater species evenness, and
greater color diversity. Aesthetic preferences were consistent across
psychographic groups and unaffected by knowledge of local flora or value
placed on wildflower viewing. When actual wildflower communities (n =
54) were ranked based on empirically measured flower species richness
orwildflower viewing utility based on multinomial logit models of
revealed preferences, rankings were broadly similar. However,
designation of hotspots (CES values above the median) based on species
richness alone missed 27% of wildflower viewing utility hotspots. Thus,
conservation priorities for sustaining CES should incorporate social
preferences and consider multiple dimensions of biodiversity that
underpin CES supply.},
   author = {Rose A Graves and Scott M Pearson and Monica G Turner},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1701370114},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {14},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {1779-3774},
   title = {Species richness alone does not predict cultural ecosystem service value},
   volume = {114},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000406653300059,
   abstract = {The conservation of charismatic and functionally important large species
is becoming increasingly difficult. Anthropogenic pressures continue to
squeeze available habitat and force animals into degraded and disturbed
areas. Ensuring the long-term survival of these species requires a
well-developed understanding of how animals use these new landscapes to
inform conservation and habitat restoration efforts. We combined 3 y of
highly detailed visual observations of Bornean orangutans with
high-resolution airborne remote sensing (Light Detection and Ranging) to
understand orangutan movement in disturbed and fragmented forests of
Malaysian Borneo. Structural attributes of the upper forest canopy were
the dominant determinant of orangutan movement among all age and sex
classes, with orangutans more likely to move in directions of increased
canopy closure, tall trees, and uniform height, as well as avoiding
canopy gaps and moving toward emergent crowns. In contrast, canopy
vertical complexity (canopy layering and shape) did not affect movement.
Our results suggest that although orangutans do make use of disturbed
forest, they select certain canopy attributes within these forests,
indicating that not all disturbed or degraded forest is of equal value
for the long-term sustainability of orangutan populations. Although the
value of disturbed habitats needs to be recognized in conservation plans
for wide-ranging, large-bodied species, minimal ecological requirements
within these habitats also need to be understood and considered if
long-term population viability is to be realized.},
   author = {Andrew B Davies and Marc Ancrenaz and Felicity Oram and Gregory P Asner},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1706780114},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {31},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {8307-8312},
   title = {Canopy structure drives orangutan habitat selection in disturbed Bornean forests},
   volume = {114},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000407129000073,
   abstract = {Tropical rainforest regions are urbanizing rapidly, yet the role of
emerging metropolises in driving wildlife overharvesting in forests and
inland waters is unknown. We present evidence of a large defaunation
shadow around a rainforest metropolis. Using interviews with 392 rural
fishers, we show that fishing has severely depleted a large-bodied
keystone fish species, tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), with an impact
extending over 1,000 km from the rainforest city of Manaus (population
2.1 million). There was strong evidence of defaunation within this area,
including a 50% reduction in body size and catch rate (catch per unit
effort). Our findings link these declines to city-based boats that
provide rural fishers with reliable access to fish buyers and ice and
likely impact rural fisher livelihoods and flooded forest biodiversity.
This empirical evidence that urban markets can defaunate deep into
rainforest wilderness has implications for other urbanizing
socioecological systems.},
   author = {Daniel J Tregidgo and Jos Barlow and Paulo S Pompeu and Mayana de Almeida Rocha and Luke Parry},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1614499114},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {32},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {8655-8659},
   title = {Rainforest metropolis casts 1,000-km defaunation shadow},
   volume = {114},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000414222900034,
   abstract = {The European Parliament decided in September that member states of the European Union can increase forest harvesting, provided the forest's carbon sink remains positive and sustainable forest-management practices are not violated. This decision did not include a proviso for reducing carbon emissions in other sectors to compensate for the net increase of emissions that will result from the increased harvesting. This requirement was specified by the European Commission and the European Parliament's Committee on Environment, Public Health and Food Safety (ENVI), and is in accord with the Paris agreement. Forestry is not sustainable unless it conserves the biodiversity of forest ecosystems and maintains forest resources and their contribution to global carbon cycles, while also fulfilling four other criteria (see go.nature.com/2gkkqrw). Allowing increased harvests is likely to violate two of the sustainability criteria by causing carbon emissions to rise for decades compared with the status quo (see go.nature.com/2yucysr) and by failing to maintain forest biodiversity (see go.nature.com/2zeo2sd). To avert a sustainability crisis, Europe must impose a strict upper limit on forest harvesting and formulate policies to stimulate carbon sequestration. The limit should be set to enhance forest carbon reservoirs and promote long-lasting wood products to replace goods responsible for high emissions, such as concrete and steel.},
   author = {Janne S Kotiaho and Markku Ollikainen and Jyri Seppälä},
   doi = {10.1038/551033d},
   issn = {0028-0836},
   issue = {7678},
   journal = {Nature},
   month = {11},
   pages = {33-33},
   title = {Sustainability crisis brews in EU forestry},
   volume = {551},
   url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/551033d},
   year = {2017},
}
@article{ISI:000445694900005,
   abstract = {We review the literature linking taxation and sustainable forest
management (SFM) in humid tropical forests. This literature broadly
falls in two strands. One emphasizes economic theoretical ideals and
seeks to define optimal taxation designs with incentives for SFM. The
other strand documents political-economic empirical realities that fall
far from the theoretical ideals and which may help explaining why
taxation reforms for SFM have had mixed outcomes. We conclude that
future research could benefit from further integration and interaction
between the two strands and argue for dynamic forest taxation policies
that can respond to changing market demands, technologies, and context
conditions to provide the right incentives and signals for SFM.},
   author = {Christian P Hansen and Jens F Lund},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2018.03.002},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   issue = {SI},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   month = {6},
   pages = {23-28},
   title = {Forestry taxation for sustainability: theoretical ideals and empirical realities},
   volume = {32},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000430778900021,
   abstract = {Despite the high diversity of trees in the tropics, very few native
species have been used in plantations. In a scenario of high
international demand for nature conservation, ecological restoration and
for the provision of forest products, mixed species forestry in the
tropics emerges as a promising option. In this study, we examine three
large experiments in the Atlantic Forest region of Brazil that combine
early Eucalyptus wood production with a high diversity (23-30 species)
of native tree species. We tested the following hypotheses: (1)
Eucalyptus growth and survival is higher in mixed plantations than in
monocultures, while that of native species is lower when intercropped
with Eucalyptus; (2) The diameter of target native trees is influenced
by the size and by the identity of neighboring trees; (3) The negative
effect of competition from Eucalyptus on native species is directly
related to their growth rate. We compared mixtures of Eucalyptus and a
high diversity of native tree species with Eucalyptus monocultures and
with plots containing only native species, replacing Eucalyptus by ten
native species. To test our hypotheses, we examined inventory data
considering the stand- and the tree-levels. We calculated survival rate,
diameter and height growth and basal area of whole stands and groups of
species. We also used a neighborhood index analysis to separate the
effect of total competition (i.e. stand density) and the influence of
groups of species (infra- and inter-specific competition). The
Eucalyptus trees in high diversity mixtures grew larger and yielded
nearly 75% of the basal area produced by Eucalyptus monocultures even
though this genus accounted for only 50% of seedlings in the mixtures.
In the mixtures, Eucalyptus negatively affected the growth of native
species proportionate to the native species' growth rate. With some
exceptions, the mixed plantations had no overall negative effect on tree
survival or height growth. We conclude that mixtures of Eucalyptus and a
high diversity of native tree species are feasible and represent a
potential alternative for establishing multipurpose plantations,
especially in the context of forest and landscape restoration.},
   author = {Nino Tavares Amazonas and David I Forrester and Carina Camargo Silva and Danilo Roberti Alves Almeida and Ricardo Ribeiro Rodrigues and Pedro H S Brancalion},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2018.03.015},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   month = {5},
   pages = {247-256},
   title = {High diversity mixed plantations of Eucalyptus and native trees: An interface between production and restoration for the tropics},
   volume = {417},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000453422000006,
   abstract = {Among the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) three broad groups
coexist: first, articulating demand for further human resource
appropriation, second, sustaining the resource base, and third,
redistributing power and benefits. Agriculture and forestry jointly
interact with all three. The SDG portfolio calls for integrated land use
management. Technological alternatives shift the value of various types
of land use (forests, trees and agricultural practices) as source of
`ecosystem services'. At the interface of agriculture and forestry the
40-year old term agroforestry has described technologies (AF1) and an
approach to multifunctional landscape management (AF2). A broadened Land
Equivalence Ratio (LER) as performance metric indicates efficiency.
Agroforestry also is an opportunity to transcend barriers between
agriculture and forestry as separate policy domains (AF3). Synergy
between policy domains can progress from recognized tradeoffs and
accepted coexistence, via common implementation frames, to space for
shared innovation. Further institutional space for integral
`all-landuses' approaches is needed.},
   author = {Meine van Noordwijk and Lalisa A Duguma and Sonya Dewi and Beria Leimona and Delia C Catacutan and Betha Lusiana and Ingrid Oborn and Kurniatun Hairiah and Peter A Minang},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2018.09.003},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   month = {10},
   pages = {33-42},
   title = {SDG synergy between agriculture and forestry in the food, energy, water and income nexus: reinventing agroforestry?},
   volume = {34},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000454653700042,
   abstract = {The social-ecological systems framework (SESF) is arguably the most
comprehensive conceptual framework for diagnosing interactions and
outcomes in social-ecological systems (SES). This article systematically
reviews the literature applying and developing the SESF and discusses
methodological challenges for its continued use and development. Six
types of research approaches using the SESF are identified, as well as
the context of application, types of data used, and commonly associated
concepts. The frequency of how each second-tier variable is used across
articles is analyzed. A summary list of indicators used to measure each
second-tier variable is provided. Articles suggesting modifications to
the framework are summarized and linked to the specific variables. The
discussion reflects on the results and focuses on methodological
challenges for applying the framework. First, how the SESF is
historically related to commons and collective action research. This
affects its continued development in relation to inclusion criteria for
variable modification and discourse in the literature. The framework may
evolve into separate modified versions for specific resource use sectors
(e.g., forestry, fisheries, food production, etc.), and a general
framework would aggregate the generalizable commonalities between them.
Methodological challenges for applying the SESF are discussed related to
research design, transparency, and cross-case comparison. These are
referred to as ``methodological gaps\{''\} that allow the framework to be
malleable to context but create transparency, comparability, and data
abstraction issues. These include the variable-definition gap,
variable-indicator gap, the indicator-measurement gap, and the data
transformation gap. A benefit of the framework has been its ability to
be malleable and multipurpose, bringing a welcomed pluralism of methods,
data, and associated concepts. However, pluralism creates challenges for
synthesis, data comparison, and mutually agreed-upon methods for
modifications. Databases are a promising direction forward to help solve
this problem. In conclusion, future research is discussed by reflecting
on the different ways the SESF may continue to be a useful tool through
(1) being a general but adaptable framework, (2) enabling comparison,
and (3) as a diagnostic tool for theory building.},
   author = {Stefan Partelow},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10594-230436},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {A review of the social-ecological systems framework: applications, methods, modifications, and challenges},
   volume = {23},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000432464800022,
   abstract = {European demand for renewable energy resources has led to rapidly
increasing transatlantic exports of wood pellets from the southeastern
United States (SE US) since 2009. Disagreements have arisen over the
global greenhouse gas reductions associated with replacing coal with
wood, and groups on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean have raised
concerns that increasing biomass exports might negatively affect SE US
forests and the ecosystem services they provide. We use the telecoupling
framework to test assertions that the intended benefits of the wood
pellet trade for Europe might be offset by negative consequences in the
SE US. Through a review of current literature and available data sets,
we characterize the observed and potential changes in the environmental,
social, and economic components of the sending and receiving regions to
assess the overall sustainability of this renewable energy system. We
conclude that the observed transatlantic wood pellet trade is an example
of a mutually beneficial telecoupled system with the potential to
provide environmental and socioeconomic benefits in both the SE US and
Europe despite some negative effects on the coal industry. We recommend
continued monitoring of this telecoupled system to quantify the
environmental, social, and economic interactions and effects in the
sending, receiving, and spillover systems over time so that
evidence-based policy decisions can be made with regard to the
sustainability of this renewable energy pathway.},
   author = {Esther S Parish and Anna J Herzberger and Colin C Phifer and Virginia H Dale},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-09878-230128},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Transatlantic wood pellet trade demonstrates telecoupled benefits},
   volume = {23},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000446321000043,
   abstract = {Interdisciplinary research in the fields of forestry and sustainability studies often encounters seemingly incompatible ontological assumptions deriving from natural and social sciences. The perceived incompatibilities might emerge from the epistemological and ontological claims of the theories or models directly employed in the interdisciplinary collaboration, or they might be created by other epistemological and ontological assumptions that these interdisciplinary researchers find no reason to question. In this paper we discuss the benefits and risks of two possible approaches, Popperian optimism and Kuhnian pessimism, to interdisciplinary knowledge integration where epistemological and ontological differences between the sciences involved can be expected.},
   author = {Johannes Persson and Henrik Thoren and Lennart Olsson},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10401-230340},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {The interdisciplinary decision problem: Popperian optimism and Kuhnian pessimism in forestry},
   volume = {23},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000437397400023,
   abstract = {We focus here on deforestation and human development dynamics among 211
small and medium-sized municipalities (in terms of population) in the
Amazonian arc of deforestation, Brazil. First, we construct a typology
of municipalities through principal component analysis and cluster
analysis. Using this typology, we seek to identify changing
deforestation frontiers in the study area based not only on forest loss
levels, but also on sets of socioeconomic and demographic elements
associated with human development. We find four well-defined
macro-deforestation frontiers that exhibit distinct interactions between
forest loss and human development levels. Our results show different
levels of demographic and economic pressures in these frontiers while
revealing some important trends such as the internalization of
investments and demographic growth in the arc of deforestation. In
addition, population growth and in-migration and out-migration patterns
in the explored municipalities suggest a demographic complementarity
among frontiers. Finally, we explore implications for public policies
seeking to advance forest recovery and long-term conservation through
sustainable development growth at the local and regional levels.},
   author = {Douglas Sathler and Susana B Adamo and Everton E C Lima},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10062-230230},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Deforestation and local sustainable development in Brazilian Legal Amazonia: an exploratory analysis},
   volume = {23},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000446321000009,
   abstract = {Salinization in coastal regions of Bangladesh challenges sustainable
development of different sectors like agriculture, forestry, fisheries,
livestock, and health. Particularly its southwest region largely faces
increased salinity risks because of its geographical location and
environmental settings. This study analyzes the causes of salinity
increase, their cascading impacts on different coastal systems, and
their livelihood implications, and assesses potential coping measures
through innovative adaptation pathways for the most affected coastal
systems. These pathways integrate bottom-up and top-down perceptions in
adaptation planning through a driver-pressure-state-impact-response
framework, multicriteria analysis, and adaptation turning point
approaches. We surveyed 200 households and interviewed 20 key
informants. We observed that household-level respondents' perceptions
are more closely related to socioeconomic aspects than to the
biophysical environmental aspects and focus on issue-based action.
However, the key informants focus more on the biophysical changes and
the large-scale measures. The developed framework shows that salinity
increase is an interconnected process of
climatic-social-ecological-economic systems in the coastal environment.
It also shows that responses already taken, i.e., polders and shrimp
farming, to cope with salinization have later become pressures, i.e.,
riverbed siltation, waterlogging, and intensive salinization, on the
systems. In total, we identified six interconnected causes of salinity
increase and 24 potential measures to address them. Also we
distinguished three coastal systems, i.e., crop-agriculture, drinking
water sources, and the Sundarbans mangrove, most affected by salinity
increase. Finally we proposed 16 adaptation pathways for these coastal
systems based on the multicriteria analysis and adaptation turning
points of the potential measures.},
   author = {Peerzadi Rumana Hossain and Fulco Ludwig and Rik Leemans},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10215-230327},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Adaptation pathways to cope with salinization in south-west coastal region of Bangladesh},
   volume = {23},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000437397400039,
   abstract = {The planetary boundaries framework defined safe limits to human impacts
on essential Earth-system processes. Subsequent assessments concluded
that impacts exceed most delineated boundaries. Societal responses to
these results have been insufficient to restore safety. One factor
impeding effective action is differences in scale between planetary
boundaries and national, regional, or local scales where many impacts
and solutions originate. I have contributed toward a resolution by
developing a regional scale framework and an approach to translate
boundaries across spatial scales. I developed the framework for a county
and river basin in the Pacific Northwest. The framework includes six
state variables related to planetary scale analogues. Boundary
translation can be achieved by aggregating hydrologic processes across
scales. Because of greater process certainty and lower spatial
heterogeneity at the regional scale, regional boundaries can be defined
with more precision than global analogues. The region has exceeded five
boundaries and is close to the remaining one. Effects of existing and
proposed policies will be to exceed boundaries further. Likely
consequences include irreversible degradation in river functions, severe
water shortages, impaired water quality, human health impacts, and
extinctions of iconic salmonids. In most cases, policy and enforcement
mechanisms to restore conditions within regional boundaries are in
place, but they have been ignored or misapplied. New initiatives with
potential to restore safety are being pursued by indigenous peoples, who
also are most directly affected by boundary transgression. By clearly
delineating regional boundaries and identifying consequences of boundary
transgression, this framework may complement indigenous efforts with
policy imperatives for other stakeholders in the region.},
   author = {John F McLaughlin},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10171-230243},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Safe operating space for humanity at a regional scale},
   volume = {23},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000432464800014,
   abstract = {The creation of the protected areas (PAs) of restricted use dominates conservation policies throughout the world and reflects the western idea of separation between pristine nature and human-modified habitats. However, this conservation strategy has caused the proliferation of environmental conflicts involving territorial rights of traditional peoples and local communities throughout the world. Our study aims to analyze the impacts of the creation of a system of PAs of restricted use on the livelihoods and well-being of traditional communities in the north of Minas Gerais State, in Brazil. We analyzed the conflicts emerging in the study region from the perspective of the environmental justice paradigm. We used the extended-case method, conducting fieldwork to observe and register the movements of social resistance of traditional communities, and interviews with key stakeholders. Between 1970-1990, the Jaiba irrigation project was implemented in the north of Minas Gerais and, to compensate for the huge environmental impact of the project, several PAs of restricted use were created, disregarding the traditional peoples that inhabited the region. As a consequence, these populations were expelled from their territories without compensation or resettlement, causing severe restrictions to their traditional livelihoods and well-being, including access to natural resources such as water, fisheries and timber, and nontimber products, jeopardizing their food security, cultural identity, and social integrity. They initiated the ``Movement of the People Cornered by Parks,\{''\} lately evolving to ``Vazanteiros in Movement,\{''\} incorporating elements of the environmental arena to politically dispute alternative conservation projects. Sustainable development policies that incorporate the `` economy of repair,\{''\} expressed as environmental compensation strategies, are intrinsically contradictory and inappropriate from the perspective of environmental justice. Inclusive conservation planning must account for historical, social, and cultural contexts of the affected region and prioritize the preservation of rights and well-being of local communities.},
   author = {Felisa C Anaya and Mario M Espirito-Santo},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-09850-230108},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Protected areas and territorial exclusion of traditional communities: analyzing the social impacts of environmental compensation strategies in Brazil},
   volume = {23},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000437397400017,
   abstract = {Tribal communities in the Pacific Northwest of the United States of America (USA) have long-standing relationships to ancestral lands now managed by federal land management agencies. In recent decades, federal and state governments have increasingly recognized tribal rights to resources on public lands and to participate in their management. In support of a new planning initiative to promote sustainable land management, we reviewed scientific publications to examine relationships between tribal social-ecological systems and public lands in the region. We identified key ecocultural resources, impacts to those resources, and associated forest ecosystems, and strategies that have been piloted to redress those impacts. We found that many factors stemming from colonization by Euro-Americans have engendered social-ecological traps that have inhibited tribes from continuing traditional land stewardship activities that supported their well-being and maintained ecological integrity. These long-standing factors include legal and political constraints on tribal access and management; declining quality and abundance of forest resources due to inhibition of both natural disturbance and indigenous tending regimes; competition with nontribal users; species extirpations and introductions of invasive species; and erosion of tribal traditional ecological knowledge and relationships that are important for revitalizing resource use. As a consequence, both supply and demand for these forest resources have been reduced, as have the resilience and diversity of these ecosystems. Simply permitting resource harvest by tribal members does not sufficiently address the underlying constraints in ways that will promote tribal well-being. Escaping these traps will require addressing a gamut of ecological and social constraints through cooperative restoration efforts between land management agencies and tribes, several of which we highlight as examples. Because tribally focused restoration strategies generally align with broader strategies suggested to restore national forests in the region, they can foster both tribal well-being and ecological sustainability.},
   author = {Jonathan W Long and Frank K Lake},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10041-230210},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Escaping social-ecological traps through tribal stewardship on national forest lands in the Pacific Northwest, United States of America},
   volume = {23},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000454653700019,
   abstract = {The metacoupling framework provides grounds for characterizing
interactions within and between coupled human and natural systems, yet
few studies quantify the nuances of these systems. Network analysis is a
powerful and flexible tool that has been used to quantify social,
economic, and ecological systems. Our objective was to evaluate the
utility of network analysis for quantifying metacoupled systems by
assessing global soybean trade among 217 countries from 1986 to 2013. We
identified and quantified sending and receiving systems, subnetworks and
flow pathways, changes over time and across scales, feedbacks, and
associations between trade and tropical deforestation. Although a total
of 165 distinct cliques were identified within the network, a few key
players were disproportionately influential in the 2872 partnerships,
including Brazil (37.5%), China (48.6%), and the USA (72.3%). Total
network density increased five-fold over the study period with an
increasingly smaller set of countries heavily engaged in trade, posing
sustainability and food security concerns. We found evidence of a
positive feedback where countries with established trade partnerships
were more likely to expand trade relationships over the study period.
Trade patterns were not explained by regional or continental geography,
highlighting limitations of neighborhood analyses commonly used in
ecology. We also found evidence of a link between soybean trade and
tropical deforestation; in pantropical countries participating in
soybean trade, cumulative soybean exports for the period 2000-2012 were
strongly associated with remotely sensed estimates of forest loss by
country (Rsq = 0.35, p < 0.0001). We demonstrated that network analyses
can be used to quantitatively assess relationships between metacoupled
social-ecological systems. Increased data access and platforms for
integrating diverse data sources using multidisciplinary tools will be
key to pushing the boundaries of quantitative metacoupled systems
research.},
   author = {Danica Schaffer-Smith and Stephanie A Tomscha and Karl J Jarvis and Dorothy Y Maguire and Michael L Treglia and Jianguo Liu},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10460-230403},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Network analysis as a tool for quantifying the dynamics of metacoupled systems: an example using global soybean trade},
   volume = {23},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000454653700038,
   abstract = {Agricultural expansion threatens biodiversity due to habitat loss and fragmentation. In the Gran Chaco, a global deforestation hotspot, rampant cropland and pasture expansion raise concerns about the sustainability of these land-use changes. Zoning policies were recently enacted in the Argentine Chaco to balance agriculture and conservation, yet the environmental outcomes of implementing these policies remain unclear. Here, we focused on the province of Formosa (Argentina) to evaluate how fully implementing zoning there would affect forest loss and connectivity, and how multiscale landscape planning could enhance environmental outcomes. Specifically, we simulated potential future forest cover for different spatial planning scenarios to assess the effect of (a) implementing regional corridors and (b) enacting additional policies to minimize forest fragmentation at the plot level, under both high and low deforestation rates. We then quantified forest connectivity and fragmentation using morphological image segmentation and landscape indices. Our results show that implementing regional corridors reduced the extent of potential deforestation by 650,000 ha (43%), and this alone strongly increased forest connectivity compared with scenarios without corridors. However, how deforestation would be carried out at the plot level was critically important. Plot-level spatial planning could have a strong and positive effect on mitigating fragmentation and on maintaining connectivity, even in scenarios with high deforestation rates (i.e., reducing the number of forest fragments by up to 35%, increasing the core forest by up to 6%). Moreover, under high deforestation rates, implementing regional corridors and plot-level design had a strong complementary effect on mitigating forest fragmentation (17% less forest fragments than when implementing either of the two strategies alone). Our analyses clearly highlight the opportunities of multiscale spatial planning and the need to complement broad-scale zoning with plot-level landscape design in order to mitigate the negative impacts of deforestation in the Chaco and other active agricultural frontiers.},
   author = {Sebastian A Torrella and Maria Piquer-Rodriguez and Christian Levers and Ruben Ginzburg and Gregorio Gavier-Pizarro and Tobias Kuemmerle},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10546-230437},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Multiscale spatial planning to maintain forest connectivity in the Argentine Chaco in the face of deforestation},
   volume = {23},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000432464800035,
   abstract = {Smallholders are crucial for global sustainability given their
importance to food and nutritional security, agriculture, and
biodiversity conservation. Worldwide smallholders are subject to
expanded telecoupling whereby their social-ecological systems are linked
to large-scale socioeconomic and environmental drivers. The present
research uses the synthesis of empirical evidence to demonstrate
smallholder telecoupling through the linkages stemming from the
global-level integration of markets (commodity, labor, finance),
urbanization, governance, and technology. These telecoupling forces are
often disadvantageous to smallholders while certain conditions can
contribute to the potential sustainability of their social-ecological
systems. Case studies were chosen to describe sustainability
opportunities and limits involving smallholder production and
consumption of high-agrobiodiversity Andean maize amid telecoupled
migration (Bolivia), the role of international eco-certification in
smallholder coffee-growing and agroforests (Colombia), smallholder
organic dairy production in large-scale markets and technology transfer
(upper Midwest, U.S.A.), and smallholders' global niche commodity
production of argan oil (Morocco). These case studies are used to
identify the key challenges and opportunities faced by smallholders in
telecoupling and to develop a conceptual framework. This framework
specifies the integrated roles of global systems together with
influential public and private institutions operating at multiple scales
including the national level. The framework also integrates the local
dynamics of smallholders' multiple land use units and their
socioeconomic and environmental variation. Spatial spillover effects in
smallholder landscapes are an additional element. This framework further
establishes the un-Romantic, nonteleological, and antifetishistic view
of smallholders. It provides specific insights on the multilevel
dynamics of smallholder telecoupling and potential sustainability
opportunities that can strengthen livelihoods, biodiversity
conservation, and food and nutritional security. These insights are
concluded to be valuable to environmental, agricultural, and food
scientists and scholars (both biogeophysical sciences and social
sciences), policy makers, institutional analysts, development
specialists and practitioners, social justice activists, and others
seeking to advance global sustainability including sustainable
development.},
   author = {Karl S Zimmerer and Eric F Lambin and Steven J Vanek},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-09935-230130},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Smallholder telecoupling and potential sustainability},
   volume = {23},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000446321000044,
   abstract = {Conflicts over forests and trees threaten the sustainability of the resource base. The nature and causes of such conflicts have been documented, but little is known about factors that determine whether interactions result in conflict or cooperation. Particularly, the role of social capital has been underexposed, with existing studies focusing mainly on networks, and less on the role of norms, trust, and reciprocity in conflict mitigation. Our case study addresses these gaps, asking what factors determine whether interactions about timber resources in Ghana's off-reserve forest areas result in conflict or cooperation. Off-reserve areas, which are mosaics of forest, fallow, and farmland patches, contribute significantly to timber for domestic and export markets, despite a rapidly declining resource base since the 2000s. Conflicts over legally required social responsibility agreements and inadequate compensation for crop damage abound, but, in rare cases, peaceful cooperation exists. Based on a literature review, document analysis, key respondent interviews, semistructured interviews, and focus groups, we found that interactions between actors are shaped by a complex mix of socioeconomic, social, orientational, and institutional power resources that actors mobilize to negotiate access to increasingly scarce timber resources and their benefits. Socioeconomic power resources initially determine whether a cooperative relationship between timber operators and communities can be established, but elements of social capital (connectedness, norms, trustworthiness, and reciprocity) determine the further course of the interaction patterns. Communities thereby rely primarily on bonding social capital because their bridging capital is practically absent and their linking capital is limited to people who are potential conflict partners. We conclude that conflicts in forested landscapes go beyond competing claims and benefit sharing, and that norms, trustworthiness, and reciprocity are at least as important dimensions of social capital as networks. This finding implies that more attention is needed toward the cultural context in which interactions are embedded.},
   author = {Mirjam A F Ros-Tonen and Mercy Derkyi},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10408-230344},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Conflict or cooperation? Social capital as a power resource and conflict mitigation strategy in timber operations in Ghana's off-reserve forest areas},
   volume = {23},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000454653700048,
   abstract = {Despite the great emphasis on sustainable forest management in the 1998 Indonesian reform movement, deforestation has only accelerated since then, with Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo) exhibiting the highest rate of forest loss. Some forested areas have, however, been preserved by local communities. We investigate how and why two of these communities in Kapuas Hulu district, West Kalimantan, have managed to maintain their forests against the pressures of illegal logging and conversion to oil palm plantations. One village community had the capacity to act on its own, while the other needed additional capacity through intercommunity collaboration. Motivations behind these villages' decisions were both economic and eudaimonic; their desire for meaningful lives related to the community and environment and to past and future generations. The findings enrich the literature on land use change because description and analysis of successful resistance against logging and oil palm is still rare. As such, the findings offer a different way to understand and interrogate the challenges confronting present-day forest communities in Kalimantan and beyond, standing out against the mainstream impression that communities are still powerless or unwilling to resist the short-term economic lures. We also refer briefly to the environmental justice perspective.},
   author = {Elizabeth Linda Yuliani and Edwin B P de Jong and Luuk Knippenberg and Denny O Bakara and Mohammad Agus Salim and Terry Sunderland},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10640-230449},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Keeping the land: indigenous communities' struggle over land use and sustainable forest management in Kalimantan, Indonesia},
   volume = {23},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000425348700002,
   abstract = {Purpose of Review The European Union's targets to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions have led to the increasing demand for forest biomass in energy
production, which, in turn, has raised questions about the adequacy of
supply and the sustainability of forest biomass resources for energy.
Although the prospects of using biomass for energy have been studied
extensively, the outcomes and estimates differ widely between studies.
Understanding the differences between the estimates can facilitate their
utilisation in policy and investment planning. In this review, we
identify and summarise the factors and assumptions affecting the forest
bioenergy potential estimates.
Recent Findings For the purpose of comparing bioenergy potential
estimates, there is a need to harmonise units, concepts and methods-the
range of estimates is partly attributable to the differences in what the
term potential refers to. In terms of methods, perhaps the most
significant drawback in some of the previous estimates indicating a
``market gap\{''\} has been the neglect of market mechanisms, i.e. price
dynamics and international trade. Some essential market assumptions have
also been overlooked, notably how the demand for and supply of forest
biomass for energy are closely related to the development and vitality
of traditional forest industries, as well as to the development of
forest products markets.
Summary The estimates for bioenergy potentials vary mostly due to
differences in the scope of the studies, methods and approaches employed
and assumptions concerning market developments. Studies have been
primarily focused on the theoretical or technical potential for
bioenergy and paid less attention to economic and sustainable potential
that would provide more policy relevance. Further research on forest
bioenergy resources could benefit from increased attention to the
interdependencies between markets, the costs and externalities of
bioenergy production and sustainability of forest biomass sourcing.},
   author = {Riitta Hanninen and Elias Hurmekoski and Antti Mutanen and Jari Viitanen},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-018-0070-y},
   issn = {2198-6436},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS},
   pages = {13-22},
   title = {Complexity of Assessing Future Forest Bioenergy Markets-Review of Bioenergy Potential Estimates in the European Union},
   volume = {4},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000425348700003,
   abstract = {Purpose of Review Intensive management of forest plantations has evolved
significantly in recent decades because of advances in our understanding
of environmental and silvicultural effects on forest productivity
combined with improvements in information technologies. Our paper
summarizes concepts that provide a basis for making strategic and
operational silvicultural decisions that insure sustainability when
applying intensive management of forest plantations. In addition, we
include new information in areas where there are knowledge gaps in
forest plantation management.
Recent Findings Intensive management of forest plantations increasingly
incorporates large-scale precision silviculture to estimate
silvicultural, biotic, and abiotic effects on site-specific forest
productivity. Remote sensing measurements combined with strategically
located ground information provide spatial modeling tools needed for
this type of silviculture. Long-term field experiments, which are a part
of this methodology, provide a mechanistic understanding of
environmental and silvicultural effects on forest production that is
required for the models driving silvicultural decisions. The focus on
maximizing production will challenge scientific efforts to alleviate
concerns about intensive land use and to provide solutions for water use
conflicts while maintaining long-term productivity and sustainability.
Future work will need to develop a better understanding of genetic x
environment x silvicultural (G x E x S) interactions to improve
productivity and simultaneously provide improved ecosystem services.
Summary New silviculture technology combines remote sensing information
with ground data to model resource availability and limitations to
forest productivity. Understanding G x E x S permits successful
implementation of these new silvicultural technologies. An improved
understanding of G x E x S will provide practical tools that may be
incorporated into our scientific and technical models while providing
robust economic sustainability.},
   author = {Rafael A Rubilar and H Lee Allen and Thomas R Fox and Rachel L Cook and Timothy J Albaugh and Otavio C Campoe},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-018-0072-9},
   issn = {2198-6436},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS},
   pages = {23-34},
   title = {Advances in Silviculture of Intensively Managed Plantations},
   volume = {4},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000440314500002,
   abstract = {This paper seeks to make an inquiry into the state-of-the art scholarly
research of service marketing phenomena in the context of non-industrial
private forest owners (NIPF). Its aim is to find out how service
marketing issues have been approached in scholarly papers and what kinds
of separate research approaches exist towards service marketing
challenges. The core purpose of this paper is to use the most recent
literature from (service) marketing to evaluate the scholarly research
existing in forestry that discusses service marketing and related
phenomena.
In forestry, lot of scholarly research has centered on constructing
different types of NIPF typologies. While the aim in some papers has
been to either serve as tools for policy making or forest management
planning, others have delved deeper into trying to understand NIPF
communication, values, objectives, etc. Simultaneously, there has been a
radical new development in (service-) marketing theory on how to rethink
economic exchange. The core of this service dominant logic (SDL) is that
we should move from seeing economic exchange as an exchange of products
or product-like services. Instead, we should ask what core ``service\{''\}
this exchange provides for the different exchange parties-i.e., what
(strategic) benefits the engagement provides to the actors involved in
the exchange relationship. While the two might at first seem
disconnected, this paper aims to show that the SDL view could be very
useful in explaining the future of the services aimed at NIPF. The new
view could be used to explain why some NIPF groups are not reached by
traditional service marketing tools. Further, it can also provide light
into what type of new service businesses might be needed for the future
NIPF service sector.
This paper constructs a theoretical continuum from a product-centric
view of services to the abstract service dominant logic (SDL) view of
services. This continuum provides light into the value creation
potential of the sector but also possible value creators-i.e., new
businesses and economic activities. Results suggest that while new
services can be gauged by the developed theoretical view, and while NIPF
value creation is a part of some disciplinary explanations of NIPF
behavior, the literature is still quite product dominant in its ways to
view NIPF behavior.},
   author = {Sami Berghall},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-018-0081-8},
   issn = {2198-6436},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS},
   pages = {125-137},
   title = {Service Marketing Phenomena in the Context of Private Forest Owners-a Service Dominant Logic Perspective on Scholarly Literature},
   volume = {4},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000449137300024,
   abstract = {This paper reports the results 20 years after undertaking experimental cutting to convert an abandoned Turkey oak (Quercus cerris) coppice into transitional high forest. The basic idea was to convert the coppice into high forest in a single intervention, by way of which an agametic high forest is shaped into an almost permanent compositional and structural arrangement. Two very low release densities, which were unusual both due to legal provisions and to that already tested in Italy, were applied and compared to natural evolution. The experimental thinnings were sustainable from a social and economic perspective, having given rise to positive revenue and not having limited the economic activities of the region. From an ecological perspective, the treated areas experienced an increase in volume between 77% and 80% - recovering from 91% to 100% of the harvested volume - and maintained a persistently low mortality rate for the entire period of observation. In the same period, the areas with natural evolution experienced an increase in volume of less than 14% and a high mortality rate, which, in addition to the Turkey oak individuals, also drastically reduced the presence of other tree species. The experimental thinnings modified the dimensional structure of the treated areas, making it almost uniform and physiognomically similar to that of a one-layer high forest. In the untreated areas, natural evolution produced a dimensional structure that is not very different from that of the treated areas, but over longer times and with selective processes occurring by chance. Twenty years later, the initial hypothesis of undertaking a conversion in a single intervention is corroborated by the results obtained.},
   author = {Monica Notarangelo and Orazio La Marca and Nicola Moretti},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2018.08.012},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   pages = {241-249},
   title = {Long-term effects of experimental cutting to convert an abandoned oak coppice into transitional high forest in a protected area of the Italian Mediterranean region},
   volume = {430},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000447103700060,
   abstract = {Ecological restoration has become an overarching management paradigm for
sustaining the health and resilience of forests across western North
America. Restoration often involves mechanical thinning to promote
development of complex habitats in moist, productive forests and
mechanical thinning with prescribed fire to reduce fuels and restore
natural disturbance regimes in dry, fire prone forests. This systematic
review quantified the impact of restoration treatments on forest
ecosystem carbon (C) stocks and identified factors that moderate
treatment effects across spatial and temporal scales. Our review process
identified 73 studies to be included for analysis, from which we
calculated 482 estimates of treatment effect size. We found that
restoration treatments significantly reduce C. Prescribed fire had
larger impacts on belowground than aboveground carbon pools, while
thinning and combined treatments had larger impacts on aboveground
pools. The available literature is highly skewed toward shorter
timescales ( < 25 years after treatment), small spatial scales, and is
geographically concentrated: 41% of estimated effect sizes came from
studies in the Sierra Nevada. Thinning had similar effects on forest
carbon in dry forests and moist forests. The relative magnitude of total
C losses was significantly less from simulation than empirical studies,
although simulations also mostly evaluated long-term impacts ( > 75
years after treatment) while empirical studies mostly looked at short
term ( < 25 year) effects. Post-treatment wildfire significantly reduced
the percentage of carbon lost relative to controls in the aboveground
pool. Long-term, treated stands only recovered to control levels of
carbon when wildfire was present. Returns on the carbon debt imposed by
thinning and prescribed fire depend on the nuances of the treatments
themselves but may also depend upon treatment intensity and the
frequency and intensity of future wildfire. Ecological restoration in
forests across the western US has to carefully balance the budget of
ecosystem carbon with competing objectives such as improved wildlife
habitat, reduced risk of severe wildfire, and other ecosystem services.},
   author = {Jason N James and Norah Kates and Catherine D Kuhn and Caitlin E Littlefield and Colton W Miller and Jonathan D Bakker and David E Butman and Ryan D Haugo},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2018.07.029},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   pages = {625-641},
   title = {The effects of forest restoration on ecosystem carbon in western North America: A systematic review},
   volume = {429},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000440775600002,
   abstract = {The concept of ecosystem services has gained importance in the forest management and forest policy processes in recent years. Ensuring the sustainable provision of ecosystem services requires accurate information of the current provision and methods for predicting the impact of important drivers, such as changes in land cover and land use. In this review, we define the sources of uncertainties in forest-related ecosystem service assessments and discuss their importance to the usability of the information for different purposes. The uncertainties are due to e.g. variation in the selected indicators for the ecosystem services, lack of primary information on them, poor correlation with the data used for mapping the ecosystem services to larger scale and for predicting the impacts of human interventions. The uncertainties can be random or non-random and their assessment is often ignored, especially in the case of the non-random errors. As a result, different assessments and subsequent decision recommendations can be highly conflicting. We do not expect that the accuracies would significantly improve in the short term. The best way to proceed is therefore to assess the uncertainties and take them into account in the decision making for forest management.},
   author = {A Kangas and K T Korhonen and T Packalen and J Vauhkonen},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2018.05.056},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   pages = {7-16},
   title = {Sources and types of uncertainties in the information on forest-related ecosystem services},
   volume = {427},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000445694900009,
   abstract = {Humanity faces a grand challenge as we seek to enhance food production,
improve livelihoods, and preserve ecosystems. Existing frameworks of
sustainable agricultural intensification offer the promise of balancing
food production with sparing land for nature, but are too narrowly
focused to address all dimensions of the challenge. To this debate, we
contribute a synthetic discussion of the broader goals of sustainable
intensification, arguing that it is necessary to incorporate improvement
of smallholder wellbeing as an explicit goal of sustainable
intensification. Many of the rural lands available for increased food
production are currently farmed by smallholders whose livelihoods will
be affected by changes in production systems. Evidence suggests that
expected income benefits to smallholders do not always materialize, come
at the cost of other dimensions of livelihoods, or are distributed
unevenly. Innovative combinations of different strategies such as
revitalization of abandoned farmlands, changes in consumer diet regimes,
ecological intensification, enhancement of diversification and
agricultural extension services, and strong local institutions under the
backdrop of economic globalization can be harnessed to increase land-use
efficiency, thus meeting the goals of providing sufficient food while
reconciling environmental conservation with improved smallholder
wellbeing.},
   author = {Chuan Liao and Daniel G Brown},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2018.04.013},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   issue = {SI},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {53-59},
   title = {Assessments of synergistic outcomes from sustainable intensification of agriculture need to include smallholder livelihoods with food production and ecosystem services},
   volume = {32},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000453422000005,
   abstract = {This paper examines the potential and limitations of SDG 5 (Gender
Equality) in helping to achieve household food security. The potential
lies in the attention it pays to women's access to land and natural
resources, which can significantly enhance women's ability to produce
and procure food. Its limitations lie in a lack of attention to the
production constraints that women farmers face; its failure to recognise
forests and fisheries as key sources of food; and its lack of clarity on
which natural resources women need access to and why. Moreover, other
goals which bear on food security as important providers of nutrition,
such as SDG 15 as it relates to forests and SDG 14 as it relates to fish
resources, make no mention of gender equality, nor does SDG 13 (Climate
action) recognise the vulnerabilities of women farmers. A bold
interpretation of SDG 5 and establishing synergies with other SDGs could
provide ways forward. This includes not only SDGs which recognise the
importance of gender equality, such as SDGs 1, 2, and 13 on poverty,
hunger, and climate change respectively, but also SDGs 14 and 15 whose
silence on gender could prove detrimental not just to attaining food
security, but also to furthering their stated objectives of resource
conservation.},
   author = {Bina Agarwal},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2018.07.002},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {26-32},
   title = {Gender equality, food security and the sustainable development goals},
   volume = {34},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000445694900012,
   abstract = {The scope and current investment for forest landscape restoration (FLR) is great, as are the demands put upon it for improving livelihoods and well-being. International leaders have pledged 350 Mha for FLR as part of international sustainability agendas. FLR is implemented primarily through incentives and institutions, with an emphasis on the role of active planting and land tenure reforms. Despite recent attention and a growing literature that assesses the contributions of FLR and related projects to livelihood and wellbeing, there is a dearth of evidence linking FLR to social, economic, or political outcomes. We present a simple framework to understand environmental and social effects of FLR interventions and we review the evidence linking FLR to livelihood and well-being outcomes. We suggest that to enhance benefits to local populations from FLR, it is necessary to better integrate socioeconomic and political data into FLR planning and implementation, to increase the role of informational implementation, and to develop monitoring and evaluation protocols to assess direct and indirect environmental and social impacts from FLR projects.},
   author = {James T Erbaugh and Johan A Oldekop},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2018.05.007},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   issue = {SI},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {76-83},
   title = {Forest landscape restoration for livelihoods and well-being},
   volume = {32},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000445694900006,
   abstract = {There is a lack of generalizable empirical analyses of whether
particular types of monitoring promote effective forest governance, and
under what circumstances. We reviewed a specific sample of the
peer-reviewed literature on how monitoring, including state-level,
participatory, and third-party monitoring, might affect forest
conditions. Examining 25 cases, we found three trends which limit our
understanding of the effect of monitoring. First, there was a bias
toward studies in Brazil and India, indicating that the literature might
not be globally representative. Second, no studies compared different
types of monitoring. Third, the majority of studies relied on
qualitative approaches, making comparison across cases difficult. These
insights suggest focusing research agendas on comparative assessment
across sites and monitoring systems.},
   author = {Laura Vang Rasmussen and Martin Rudbeck Jepsen},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2018.03.011},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   issue = {SI},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {29-37},
   title = {Monitoring systems to improve forest conditions},
   volume = {32},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000437397400049,
   abstract = {Our research explores local perspectives of a recent and controversial shift in conservation and development strategies in the Brazilian Amazon whereby legal timber commercialization is being pioneered in select extractive reserves, which are a type of comanaged sustainable-use protected area. To understand how this initiative might affect well-being, we documented perceptions of reserve residents about a legal logging project and factors that influenced their decision to participate or not participate. Semistructured interviews (N = 64) were conducted with both male and female heads of household from June to August 2014. We tested the effect of household-level livelihood assets associated with material and relational well-being on project participation. Participating households were significantly less economically well-off and were more educated than nonparticipating households. Individual perceptions indicated that project supporters were motivated by income, whereas nonsupporters most frequently criticized the low price of timber. Both groups expressed concern about the potential environmental impacts of logging. By gender, supportive men were more motivated by financial aspects, whereas supportive women pointed to improved physical assets. Men opposed to the logging project highlighted governance issues, whereas nonsupportive women tended to express environmental concerns. Our study corroborates previously documented interests (and needs) of residents to develop alternative income-generating livelihood opportunities. Further, most interviewed residents expressed support for a more locally customized logging project, indicating that a lack of resident inclusion in project development generated much of the project controversy. Our study highlights both economic development and comanagement governance challenges of sustainable-use protected areas and how project interventions relate to well-being of forest residents.},
   author = {Natalie A Cooper and Karen A Kainer},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-09995-230204},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {To log or not to log: local perceptions of timber management and its implications for well-being within a sustainable-use protected area},
   volume = {23},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000432464800005,
   abstract = {Agrarian metabolism applies the social metabolism framework to
agriculture. It focuses on the study of the exchange of material and
energy flows between a society and its environment for producing useful
biomass. These flows must maintain the fund elements of the
agroecosystem in sufficient quantity and of sufficient quality for them
to continue providing ecosystem services. This methodology was applied
to Spanish agriculture between 1960 and 2008, a period characterized by
a deep process of intensification based on external inputs (EIs). We
specifically focused on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K),
carbon (C), and energy flows, and on the three fund elements that they
sustain such as soil, biodiversity, and woodland. The results show that
the growing incorporation of EIs has broken the equilibrium between land
and biomass uses required by traditional farming, lowering the density
of internal energy loops. On cropland, the relative fall in unharvested
biomass had a negative effect on both biodiversity and the soil, which
reduced the replenishment of organic C between 1960 and 1990. The sharp
increase in internal and external flows of biomass for animal feed
hardly contributed to increasing soil organic carbon (SOC) between 1990
and 2008 because of the fact that these flows had increasingly lower C:N
ratios. The massive importation of N in feed and mineral fertilizers
(553 and 1150 Gg in 2000, respectively) increased the surplus and the
losses of N, which in turn could have a negative impact on biodiversity,
water, and the atmosphere. The scenario constructed without imported
animal feed would allow a reduction in the environmental impacts related
to the excess of N, with hardly any negative effect on SOC
replenishment, and improving energy return rates in the form of total,
unharvested, and accumulated phytomass.},
   author = {Gloria I Guzman and Eduardo Aguilera and Roberto Garcia-Ruiz and Eva Torremocha and David Soto-Fernandez and Juan Infante-Amate and Manuel de Molina},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-09773-230102},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {The agrarian metabolism as a tool for assessing agrarian sustainability, and its application to Spanish agriculture (1960-2008)},
   volume = {23},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000454653700049,
   abstract = {Since the concept of community forests was instituted in Cameroon in 1994, there has been an upsurge of such forest management arrangements in the country. However, up to now there is no conclusive evidence as to whether such schemes can operate as profitable ventures and at the same time meet their social and environmental objectives. The latter is the core objective of a social enterprise that constitutes the basis of our analysis. In fact, little attention has been paid to understanding the business side of community forests. In this regard, we review existing evidence about community forests making profits and simultaneously meeting their social and sustainable forest management goals. The analysis is based on a range of literature covering 20 years of community forestry experience in Cameroon and also from information gathered from nine case study community forests in Cameroon. Although not overwhelming, the existing literature shows that community forests can be run as profitable enterprises. However, profitability is conditional on the type of activities the enterprises engaged in, the capacity of the community forest entrepreneurs to run the business themselves rather than subcontracting, and on the capacity of the enterprises, especially timber related ones, to diversify into nontimber forest products (NTFPs) and agricultural activities. The available evidence suggests mixed results about the contribution of community forests to community development projects and livelihoods, and emphasizes that the legal form of the community forest, the kind of enterprise the community focuses on and the type of support received by the community forest are important drivers of viable community forest enterprises. The study further notes the absence of a sustainable funding model for community forest enterprises and recommends that government should officially classify them in the social enterprise sector. By so doing, community forests can benefit from special programs meant for the social enterprise sector including the provision of starting capital and capacity building on basic business principles.},
   author = {Divine Foundjem-Tita and Lalisa A Duguma and Stijn Speelman and Serge M Piabuo},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10651-230450},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Viability of community forests as social enterprises: A Cameroon case study},
   volume = {23},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000432464800017,
   abstract = {Indigenous peoples manage forestlands and wildlife differently than public and private forestland managers. To evaluate ecological outcomes from these differences, we compared the structure, composition, and diversity of Ojibwe and Menominee tribal forests to nearby nontribal forestlands in northern Wisconsin. These indigenous peoples seek to manage forests for mature conditions, accommodate wolves and other predators, and hunt deer to sustain traditional livelihood values. Their forests are often more mature with higher tree volume, higher rates of tree regeneration, more plant diversity, and fewer invasive species than nearby nontribal forestlands. In contrast, nontribal forestlands lost appreciable plant diversity in the 20th century and have failed to regenerate tree species sensitive to deer herbivory. Ensuing shifts in forest composition and wildlife populations have jeopardized the ability of managers to sustain wildlife and meet certification standards on nontribal forestlands. Lessons from tribal forestlands could help improve the sustainable management of nontribal public forestlands.},
   author = {Donald M Waller and Nicholas J Reo},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-09865-230145},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {First stewards: ecological outcomes of forest and wildlife stewardship by indigenous peoples of Wisconsin, USA},
   volume = {23},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000445694900015,
   abstract = {Forest protected areas (FPAs) remain a core strategy in efforts to
advance global sustainability goals. Information on the effectiveness of
this strategy in delivering environmental and socioeconomic benefits is
accumulating rapidly. Here, we review recent literature to assess
current knowledge on FPA impacts, focusing on studies examining the
governance dimensions of FPAs. We find that quantitative impact
evaluations increasingly assess FPA networks and seek to link FPA
governance to conservation and human well-being outcomes. A largely
separate, qualitative literature provides detailed analysis of forest PA
governance, but rarely connects it to these outcomes. Our review
highlights the need for greater integration of insights and approaches
from these two literatures to develop theory and evidence on sustainable
governance of forest PAs over the long-term.},
   author = {Daniel C Miller and Katia S Nakamura},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2018.05.024},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   issue = {SI},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {96-103},
   title = {Protected areas and the sustainable governance of forest resources},
   volume = {32},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000445694900008,
   abstract = {Grasslands and open savannas are transitioning to shrub-dominated or
tree-dominated landscapes. This phenomenon, often referred to as woody
plant encroachment, is occurring globally. The outcomes of interactions
among the various drivers of this change differ biogeographically; in
semi-arid and subhumid regions they are often related to grazing-induced
changes in fire regimes. Two important theoretical and conceptual
frameworks are emerging that help us understand the underlying
mechanisms of these transformations and inform approaches for
maintaining and restoring grasslands and open savannas: alternative
stable state theory (ASST) and pyric herbivory. Alternative stable state
theory is a way of explaining, understanding, and predicting ecosystem
state transitions in dual-life-form systems, and pyric herbivory is
built on the notion that reciprocal, spatially distributed interactions
between grazing and fire are a key to maintaining grassland and open
savanna landscapes. Considered in tandem, ASST provides insights into
rates and dynamics of grasswoody vegetation transitions, with pyric
herbivory providing a conceptual basis for designing sustainable,
site-specific management strategies. Future progress will hinge on
experimental evaluations of these linked frameworks and their subsequent
refinement over longer time frames in an adaptive management context.},
   author = {Bradford P Wilcox and Andrew Birt and Samuel D Fuhlendorf and Steven R Archer},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2018.04.005},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   issue = {SI},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {46-52},
   title = {Emerging frameworks for understanding and mitigating woody plant encroachment in grassy biomes},
   volume = {32},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000454653700021,
   abstract = {Nontimber forests products (NTFPs) are the mainstay of rural livelihoods
and local economies the world over. As such they are of interest to a
wide disciplinary range of researchers and development and government
agencies seeking to promote livelihoods, incomes, and ecologically
sustainable practices. With the attention on the various human uses of
NTFPs, their role and networks in the broader biological communities in
which they are located are frequently overlooked. Harvesting of many
NTFPs has effects not only at the organism and population scales, but
also on co-occurring species, some of which may also be NTFPs. Thus,
reduction or loss of one NTFP population or species in a specific area
may have cascade effects on other NTFP species, including those used for
cultural purposes. We illustrate the little appreciated importance of
NTFPs in broader ecological and social systems by assessing and
illustrating the importance of NTFP species as ecological or biocultural
keystones in providing regulating and supporting ecological services to
other species and cultural services to people. We present a number of
examples where NTFP species act as keystones in ecological and cultural
systems, including food, pollination and dispersal, animal health,
nutrients, shelter and protection, and cultural symbolism, most of which
have not been considered by NTFP researchers and practitioners. From
these examples we distill six propositions regarding NTFPs and discuss
the value of recognizing some NTFPs as biocultural keystones to
acknowledge and highlight their roles at broader scales.},
   author = {Charlie M Shackleton and Tamara Ticktin and Anthony B Cunningham},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10469-230422},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Nontimber forest products as ecological and biocultural keystone species},
   volume = {23},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000448713200013,
   abstract = {A number of studies indicate that tropical arthropods should be
particularly vulnerable to climate warming. If these predictions are
realized, climate warming may have a more profound impact on the
functioning and diversity of tropical forests than currently
anticipated. Although arthropods comprise over two-thirds of terrestrial
species, information on their abundance and extinction rates in tropical
habitats is severely limited. Here we analyze data on arthropod and
insectivore abundances taken between 1976 and 2012 at two midelevation
habitats in Puerto Rico's Luquillo rainforest. During this time, mean
maximum temperatures have risen by 2.0 degrees C. Using the same study
area and methods employed by Lister in the 1970s, we discovered that the
dry weight biomass of arthropods captured in sweep samples had declined
4 to 8 times, and 30 to 60 times in sticky traps. Analysis of long-term
data on canopy arthropods and walking sticks taken as part of the
Luquillo Long-Term Ecological Research program revealed sustained
declines in abundance over two decades, as well as negative regressions
of abundance on mean maximum temperatures. We also document parallel
decreases in Luquillo's insectivorous lizards, frogs, and birds. While
El Nino/Southern Oscillation influences the abundance of forest
arthropods, climate warming is the major driver of reductions in
arthropod abundance, indirectly precipitating a bottom-up trophic
cascade and consequent collapse of the forest food web.},
   author = {Bradford C Lister and Andres Garcia},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1722477115},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {44},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {E10397-E10406},
   title = {Climate-driven declines in arthropod abundance restructure a rainforest food web},
   volume = {115},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000454302600050,
   abstract = {Mineral and hydrocarbon extraction and infrastructure are increasingly
significant drivers of forest loss, greenhouse gas emissions, and
threats to the rights of forest communities in forested areas of
Amazonia, Indonesia, and Mesoamerica. Projected investments in these
sectors suggest that future threats to forests and rights are
substantial, particularly because resource extraction and infrastructure
reinforce each other and enable population movements and agricultural
expansion further into the forest. In each region, governments have made
framework policy commitments to national and cross-border infrastructure
integration, increased energy production, and growth strategies based on
further exploitation of natural resources. This reflects political
settlements among national elites that endorse resource extraction as a
pathway toward development. Regulations that protect forests, indigenous
and rural peoples' lands, and conservation areas are being rolled back
or are under threat. Small-scale gold mining has intensified in specific
locations and also has become a driver of deforestation and degradation.
Forest dwellers' perceptions of insecurity have increased, as have
documented homicides of environmental activists. To explain the
relationships among extraction, infrastructure, and forests, this paper
combines a geospatial analysis of forest loss overlapped with areas of
potential resource extraction, interviews with key informants, and
feedback from stakeholder workshops. The increasing significance of
resource extraction and associated infrastructure as drivers of forest
loss and rights violations merits greater attention in the empirical
analyses and conceptual frameworks of Sustainability Science.},
   author = {Anthony J Bebbington and Denise Humphreys Bebbington and Laura Aileen Sauls and John Rogan and Sumali Agrawal and Cesar Gamboa and Aviva Imhof and Kimberly Johnson and Herman Rosa and Antoinette Royo and Tessa Toumbourou and Ricardo Verdum},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1812505115},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {52},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {13164-13173},
   title = {Resource extraction and infrastructure threaten forest cover and community rights},
   volume = {115},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000430191900042,
   abstract = {Despite evidence from experimental grasslands that plant diversity
increases biomass production and soil organic carbon (SOC) storage, it
remains unclear whether this is true in natural ecosystems, especially
under climatic variations and human disturbances. Based on field
observations from 6,098 forest, shrubland, and grassland sites across
China and predictions from an integrative model combining multiple
theories, we systematically examined the direct effects of climate,
soils, and human impacts on SOC storage versus the indirect effects
mediated by species richness (SR), aboveground net primary productivity
(ANPP), and belowground biomass (BB). We found that favorable climates
(high temperature and precipitation) had a consistent negative effect on
SOC storage in forests and shrublands, but not in grasslands. Climate
favorability, particularly high precipitation, was associated with both
higher SR and higher BB, which had consistent positive effects on SOC
storage, thus offsetting the direct negative effect of favorable climate
on SOC. The indirect effects of climate on SOC storage depended on the
relationships of SR with ANPP and BB, which were consistently positive
in all biome types. In addition, human disturbance and soil pH had both
direct and indirect effects on SOC storage, with the indirect effects
mediated by changes in SR, ANPP, and BB. High soil pH had a consistently
negative effect on SOC storage. Our findings have important implications
for improving global carbon cycling models and ecosystem management:
Maintaining high levels of diversity can enhance soil carbon
sequestration and help sustain the benefits of plant diversity and
productivity.},
   author = {Shiping Chen and Wantong Wang and Wenting Xu and Yang Wang and Hongwei Wan and Dima Chen and Zhiyao Tang and Xuli Tang and Guoyi Zhou and Zongqiang Xie and Daowei Zhou and Zhouping Shangguan and Jianhui Huang and Jin-Sheng He and Yanfen Wang and Jiandong Sheng and Lisong Tang and Xinrong Li and Ming Dong and Yan Wu and Qiufeng Wang and Zhiheng Wang and Jianguo Wu and F Stuart Chapin III and Yongfei Bai},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1700298114},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {16},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {4027-4032},
   title = {Plant diversity enhances productivity and soil carbon storage},
   volume = {115},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000449934400058,
   abstract = {Tropical forests hold most of Earth's biodiversity. Their continued loss
through deforestation and agriculture is the main threat to species
globally, more than disease, invasive species, and climate change.
However, not all tropical forests have the same ability to sustain
biodiversity. Those that have been disturbed by humans, including
forests previously cleared and regrown (secondary growth), have lower
levels of species richness compared with undisturbed (primary) forests.
The difference is even greater considering extinctions that will later
emanate from the disturbance (extinction debt). Here, we find that Haiti
has less than 1% of its original primary forest and is therefore among
the most deforested countries. Primary forest has declined over three
decades inside national parks, and 42 of the 50 highest and largest
mountains have lost all primary forest. Our surveys of vertebrate
diversity (especially amphibians and reptiles) on mountaintops indicates
that endemic species have been lost along with the loss of forest. At
the current rate, Haiti will lose essentially all of its primary forest
during the next two decades and is already undergoing a mass extinction
of its biodiversity because of deforestation. These findings point to
the need, in general, for better reporting of forest cover data of
relevance to biodiversity, instead of ``total forest\{''\} as defined by
the United Nation's Food and Agricultural Organization. Expanded
detection and monitoring of primary forest globally will improve the
efficiency of conservation measures, inside and outside of protected
areas.},
   author = {S Blair Hedges and Warren B Cohen and Joel Timyan and Zhiqiang Yang},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1809753115},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {46},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {11850-11855},
   title = {Haiti's biodiversity threatened by nearly complete loss of primary forest},
   volume = {115},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000441628900002,
   abstract = {The paired watershed approach is the most popular tool for quantifying
the effects of forest watershed management on water sustainability. But
this approach does not often address the critical factor of water stored
in the landscape. Future work needs to quantify storage in paired
watershed studies to inform sustainable water management.},
   author = {J J McDonnell and J Evaristo and K D Bladon and J Buttle and I F Creed and S F Dymond and G Grant and A Iroume and C R Jackson and J A Jones and T Maness and K J McGuire and D F Scott and C Segura and R C Sidle and C Tague},
   doi = {10.1038/s41893-018-0099-8},
   issn = {2398-9629},
   issue = {8},
   journal = {NATURE SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {378-379},
   title = {Water sustainability and watershed storage},
   volume = {1},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000439189400011,
   abstract = {Meeting demands for agricultural production while maintaining ecosystem
services, mitigating and adapting to climate change and conserving
biodiversity will be a defining challenge of this century. Crop
production in agroforests is being widely implemented with the
expectation that it can simultaneously meet each of these goals. But
trade-offs are inherent to agroforestry and so unless implemented with
levels of canopy cover that optimize these trade-offs, this effort in
climate-smart, sustainable intensification may simply compromise both
production and ecosystem services. By combining simultaneous
measurements of production, soil fertility, disease, climate variables,
carbon storage and species diversity along a shade-tree cover gradient,
here we show that low-to-intermediate shade cocoa agroforests in West
Africa do not compromise production, while creating benefits for climate
adaptation, climate mitigation and biodiversity. As shade-tree cover
increases above approximately 30%, agroforests become increasingly less
likely to generate win-win scenarios. Our results demonstrate that
agroforests cannot simultaneously maximize production, climate and
sustainability goals but might optimise the trade-off between these
goals at low-to-intermediate levels of cover.},
   author = {W J Blaser and J Oppong and S P Hart and J Landolt and E Yeboah and J Six},
   doi = {10.1038/s41893-018-0062-8},
   issn = {2398-9629},
   issue = {5},
   journal = {NATURE SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {234-239},
   title = {Climate-smart sustainable agriculture in low-to-intermediate shade agroforests},
   volume = {1},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000419128700038,
   abstract = {Many major corporations and countries have made commitments to purchase
or produce only ``sustainable\{''\} palm oil, a commodity responsible for
substantial tropical forest loss. Sustainability certification is the
tool most used to fulfill these procurement policies, and around 20% of
global palm oil production was certified by the Roundtable on
Sustainable Palm Oil ( RSPO) in 2017. However, the effect of
certification on deforestation in oil palm plantations remains unclear.
Here, we use a comprehensive dataset of RSPO-certified and noncertified
oil palm plantations (similar to 188,000 km(2)) in Indonesia, the
leading producer of palm oil, as well as annual remotely sensed metrics
of tree cover loss and fire occurrence, to evaluate the impact of
certification on deforestation and fire from 2001 to 2015. While forest
loss and fire continued after RSPO certification, certified palm oil was
associated with reduced deforestation. Certification lowered
deforestation by 33% from a counterfactual of 9.8 to 6.6% y(-1.).
Nevertheless, most plantations contained little residual forest when
they received certification. As a result, by 2015, certified areas held
less than 1% of forests remaining within Indonesian oil palm
plantations. Moreover, certification had no causal impact on forest loss
in peatlands or active fire detection rates. Broader adoption of
certification in forested regions, strict requirements to avoid all
peat, and routine monitoring of clearly defined forest cover loss in
certified and RSPO member-held plantations appear necessary if the RSPO
is to yield conservation and climate benefits from reductions in
tropical deforestation.},
   author = {Kimberly M Carlson and Robert Heilmayr and Holly K Gibbs and Praveen Noojipady and David N Burns and Douglas C Morton and Nathalie F Walker and Gary D Paoli and Claire Kremen},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1704728114},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {121-126},
   title = {Effect of oil palm sustainability certification on deforestation and fire in Indonesia},
   volume = {115},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000440552600047,
   abstract = {Global soils store at least twice as much carbon as Earth's
atmosphere(1,2). The global soil-to-atmosphere (or total soil
respiration, R-S) carbon dioxide (CO2) flux is increasing(3,4), but the
degree to which climate change will stimulate carbon losses from soils
as a result of heterotrophic respiration (R-H) remains highly
uncertain(5-8). Here we use an updated global soil respiration
database(9) to show that the observed soil surface R-H:R-S ratio
increased significantly, from 0.54 to 0.63, between 1990 and 2014 (P =
0.009). Three additional lines of evidence provide support for this
finding. By analysing two separate global gross primary production
datasets(10,11), we find that the ratios of both R-H and R-S to gross
primary production have increased over time. Similarly, significant
increases in R-H are observed against the longest available
solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence global dataset, as well as gross
primary production computed by an ensemble of global land models. We
also show that the ratio of night-time net ecosystem exchange to gross
primary production is rising across the FLUXNET2015(12) dataset. All
trends are robust to sampling variability in ecosystem type,
disturbance, methodology, CO2 fertilization effects and mean climate.
Taken together, our findings provide observational evidence that global
R-H is rising, probably in response to environmental changes, consistent
with metaanalyses(13-16) and long-term experiments(17). This suggests
that climate-driven losses of soil carbon are currently occurring across
many ecosystems, with a detectable and sustained trend emerging at the
global scale.},
   author = {Ben Bond-Lamberty and Vanessa L Bailey and Min Chen and Christopher M Gough and Rodrigo Vargas},
   doi = {10.1038/s41586-018-0358-x},
   issn = {0028-0836},
   issue = {7716},
   journal = {NATURE},
   pages = {80+},
   title = {Globally rising soil heterotrophic respiration over recent decades},
   volume = {560},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000453337000009,
   abstract = {Biofuels became controversial for compromising food production. Forest residue conversion to jet fuel is a second-generation biofuel that doesn’t compete with food. However, it has unexpected implications across the Sustainable Development Goals.},
   author = {Sgouris Sgouridis},
   doi = {10.1038/s41893-018-0198-6},
   issn = {2398-9629},
   issue = {12},
   journal = {Nature Sustainability},
   month = {12},
   pages = {735-736},
   title = {Flying sustainably with forest leftovers},
   volume = {1},
   url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-018-0198-6},
   year = {2018},
}
@article{ISI:000502823600006,
   abstract = {Addressing global environmental problems requires collaborative
international arrangements that incorporate the strengths of multiple
partners with cultural, infrastructural, educational, and economic
differences to produce more robust research and improved environmental
outcomes. This can be especially important for research in the tropics
given the ecological importance and economic and social constraints.
However, significant economic, social and institutional barriers exist
towards establishing effective collaborative networks, especially
between North-South partners. In this paper, we integrate best practices
from the collaboration and social networking literatures to examine a
teaching and research partnership between American and Costa Rican
institutions. This case demonstrates the potential for research stations
to serve as central nodes in establishing collaborative networks
involving researchers, government, and community organizations.},
   author = {Peter Beck and Rodolfo Quiros and Christopher Eric Johnson and Michael D Wasserman},
   doi = {10.1016/j.cosust.2019.06.007},
   issn = {1877-3435},
   journal = {CURRENT OPINION IN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY},
   month = {8},
   pages = {31-38},
   title = {Biological research stations as central nodes in promoting North-South collaborative networks for teaching and research},
   volume = {39},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000482712400011,
   abstract = {We evaluate the relative desirability of alternative futures for the
upper Merrimack River watershed in New Hampshire, USA based on the value
of ecosystem services at the end of the 21st century as gauged by its
present-day inhabitants. This evaluation is accomplished by integrating
land-use and socioeconomic scenarios, downscaled climate projections,
biogeophysical simulation models, and the results of a
citizen-stakeholder deliberative multicriteria evaluation. We find that
although there are some trade-offs between alternative plausible
futures, for the most part, it can be expected that future inhabitants
of the watershed will be most satisfied if land-use planning in the
intervening years prioritizes water supply and flood protection as well
as maintenance of existing farmland and forest cover. With respect to
climate change, it is expected that future watershed inhabitants will be
more negatively affected by the projected loss of snow cover than the
anticipated increase in hot summer days. More important than the
specific results for the upper Merrimack River watershed, this
integrative assessment demonstrates the complex yet ultimately
informative potential to link stakeholder engagement with scenario
generation, ecosystem models, and multiattribute evaluation for
informing regional-scale planning and decision making.},
   author = {Mark E Borsuk and Georgia Mavrommati and Nihar R Samal and Shan Zuidema and Wilfred Wollheim and Shannon H Rogers and Alexandra M Thorn and David Lutz and Madeleine Mineau and Curt Grimm and Cameron P Wake and Richard Howarth and Kevin Gardner},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10806-240211},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Deliberative multiattribute valuation of ecosystem services across a range of regional land-use, socioeconomic, and climate scenarios for the upper Merrimack River watershed, New Hampshire, USA},
   volume = {24},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000506574000028,
   abstract = {In recent years, social-ecological systems (SES) have emerged as a
prominent analytical framing with which to investigate pressing
sustainability issues associated with the Anthropocene era. Despite the
growth of SES research, the lack of a delineated set of methods commonly
contributes to disorientation for those entering into a field where
methodological pluralism is the norm. We conduct a review of SES
research, focusing particularly on methods used in this field. Our
results reflect the rapid growth in SES research relative to other
publications in relevant subject areas, and suggest a maturation of the
field. Whilst institutions investigating SES have been mostly based in
the global north, focal SES has been more globally distributed, although
key regions, especially island regions, remain poorly studied. Key
problems addressed in the studies related to policy, trade,
conservation, adaptation, land use change, water, forests,
sustainability, urban problems, and governance and institutions. We
identified 311 methods, which we grouped into 27 method categories that
can serve as a guide to SES research methods for newcomers to the field.
We also performed an exploratory assessment of the ability of these
methods to account for key features of SES as complex adaptive systems.
We found that methods do better at accounting for the relational and
context-dependent nature of SES, and least well with complex causality.
Our study highlights the plurality of methods used in SES research, and
helps highlight key areas in need of further methodological development.},
   author = {Alta de Vos and Reinette Biggs and Rika Preiser},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-11236-240416},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Methods for understanding social-ecological systems: a review of place-based studies},
   volume = {24},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000506574000007,
   abstract = {Landscape stewardship offers a means to put social-ecological approaches
to stewardship into practice. The growing interest in landscape
stewardship has led to a focus on multistakeholder collaboration.
Although there is a significant body of literature on collaborative
management and governance of natural resources, the particular
challenges posed by multifunctional landscapes, in which there are often
contested interests, require closer attention. We present a case study
from South Africa to investigate how collaborative stewardship can be
fostered in contested multifunctional landscapes. We conducted this
research through an engaged transdisciplinary research partnership in
which we integrated social-ecological practitioner and academic
knowledge to gain an in-depth understanding of the challenges of
fostering collaboration. We identified five overarching factors that
influence collaboration: contextual, institutional, social-relational,
individual, and political-historical. Collaborative stewardship
approaches focused on the development of formal governance institutions
appear to be most successful if enabling individual and
social-relational conditions are in place. Our case study, characterized
by high social diversity, inequity, and contestation, suggests that
consensus-driven approaches to collaboration are unlikely to result in
equitable and sustainable landscape stewardship in such contexts. We
therefore suggest an approach that focuses on enhancing individual and
social-relational enablers. Moreover, we propose a bottom-up patchwork
approach to collaborative stewardship premised on the notion of
pluralism. This would focus on building new interpersonal relationships
and collaborative capacity through small collective actions. Taking a
relational, pluralistic approach to fostering collaborative stewardship
is particularly important in contested, socially heterogeneous
landscapes. Drawing on our study and the literature, we propose guiding
principles for implementing relational, pluralistic approaches to
collaborative stewardship and suggest future research directions for
supporting such approaches.},
   author = {Jessica Cockburn and Georgina Cundill and Sheona Shackleton and Mathieu Rouget and Marijn Zwinkels and Susanna (Ancia) Cornelius and Liz Metcalfe and Dieter van den Broeck},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-11085-240432},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {4},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Collaborative stewardship in multifunctional landscapes: toward relational, pluralistic approaches},
   volume = {24},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000464153200004,
   abstract = {Shifting agriculture systems in the Colombian Amazon, locally known as chagras, have been traditionally managed by indigenous peoples following their traditional ecological knowledge (TEK). However, different socioeconomic drivers of change are affecting indigenous chagra TEK, resulting in changes in practices and land-use patterns. This study examines TEK transformations from 1970 to 2016 and their relation to rainforest management in the Ticuna indigenous resguardo of El Vergel (Leticia Municipality, Amazonas Department). It employs an ethnographic case study design that articulates quantitative data on land-use variables related to chagras and qualitative ethnographic data describing dimensions of TEK and its perceived transformations, including knowledge of the environment, practices and management systems, social institutions, and worldviews. Our findings reveal that TEK transformations entail changes in land-use, including size of production area, temporality of land-use, and cultivated diversity. This study contributes to a reinterpretation of TEK transformations and emphasizes the importance of the chagra as an adaptive system. The TEK transformations related to chagras imply a constant reattunement of relations that bind people and their environments. Rather than being frozen in an ethnographic past, people have responded to social and economic drivers to meet their current needs and aspirations. Likewise, understanding TEK transformations and their relation to changes in land-use practices provides relevant insights about social-ecological dynamics in the Amazon rainforest to navigate change and provide the basis for a discussion of how to enrich management decisions to move toward sustainability in tropical forests.},
   author = {Valentina Fonseca-Cepeda and C Julian Idrobo and Sebastian Restrepo},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-10416-240108},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {The changing chagras: traditional ecological knowledge transformations in the Colombian Amazon},
   volume = {24},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000456902500058,
   abstract = {Several Andean countries have planned to restore forest cover in
degraded land to enhance the provision of multiple ecosystem services in
response to international commitments such as the Bonn Challenge.
Hydrological services, e.g. water supply, hydrological regulation and
erosion mitigation, are particularly important to sustain the life of
more than fifty million Andean people. While rapid and important forest
cover changes have occurred during recent decades, critical information
on the impact of forestation on hydrological services has not yet been
synthesized in the context of Andean ecosystems. We define forestation
as the establishment of forest by plantation or natural regeneration on
areas that either had forest in the past or not. To help improve
decision-making on forestation in the Andes, we reviewed the available
literature concerning the impacts of forestation on water supply,
hydrological regulation and mitigation of erosion and landslides. We
also examined available data on the most relevant hydrological processes
such as infiltration, evapotranspiration and runoff in forest stands.
Hydrological services from native forests were also included as a
reference state for comparing processes and services provided by
forestation. Following systematic review protocols, we synthesized 155
studies using different methods, including meta-analyses and
meta-regressions. Results show that forestation has had clear impacts on
degraded soils, through reducing water erosion of soils and risk of
moderate floods, increasing soil infiltration rate by 8 and topsoil
organic matter (SOM). We found that 20 years of tree plantation was
sufficient to recover infiltration rate and sediment yield close to the
levels of native forests whereas SOM, soil water storage and surface
runoff of native forests could not be recovered by forestation in the
time scales examined. The benefits in terms of hydrological regulation
are at the expense of a reduction in total water supply since forest
cover was associated with higher water use in most Andean regions.
Forestation with native species was under-epresented in the reviewed
studies. The impact of forestation on landslides has also been largely
overlooked in the Andes. At high elevations, exotic tree plantations on
Andean grasslands (e.g. paramo and puna) had the most detrimental
consequences since these grasslands showed an excellent capacity for
hydrological regulation and erosion mitigation but also a water yield up
to 40% higher than tree plantations. People engaged in forest
restoration initiative should be aware that hydrological services may
take some time for society and the environment to show clear benefits
after forestation.},
   author = {Vivien Bonnesoeur and Bruno Locatelli and Manuel R Guariguata and Boris F Ochoa-Tocachi and Veerle Vanacker and Zhun Mao and Alexia Stokes and Sarah-Lan Mathez-Stiefel},
   doi = {10.1016/j.foreco.2018.11.033},
   issn = {0378-1127},
   journal = {FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT},
   pages = {569-584},
   title = {Impacts of forests and forestation on hydrological services in the Andes: A systematic review},
   volume = {433},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000476715500028,
   abstract = {Protected areas (PAs) are the leading tools to conserve forests.
However, given their mixed effectiveness, we want to know when they have
impacts internally and, if they do, when they have spillovers. Political
economy posits roles for the level of government. One hypothesis is that
federal PAs avoid more internal deforestation than state PAs since
federal agencies consider gains for other jurisdictions. Such political
differences as well as economic mechanisms can cause PA spillovers to
vary greatly, even from ``leakage,\{''\} more deforestation elsewhere, to
``blockage,\{''\} less deforestation elsewhere. We examine internal
impacts and local spillovers for Brazilian Amazon federal and state
agencies. Outside the region's ``arc of deforestation,\{''\} we confirm
little internal impact and show no spillovers. In the ``arc,\{''\} we test
impacts by state, as states are large and feature considerably different
dynamics. For internal impacts, estimates for federal PAs and indigenous
lands are higher than for state PAs. For local spillover impacts,
estimates for most arc states either are not significant or are not
robust; however, for Para, federal PAs and indigenous lands feature both
internal impacts and local spillovers. Yet, the spillovers in Para go in
opposite directions across agencies, leakage for indigenous lands but
blockage for federal PAs, suggesting a stronger external signal from the
environmental agency. Across all these tools, only federal PAs lower
deforestation internally and nearby. Results suggest that agencies'
objectives and capacities are critical parts of the contexts for
conservation strategies.},
   author = {Diego Herrera and Alexander Pfaff and Juan Robalino},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1802877116},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {30},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {14916-14925},
   title = {Impacts of protected areas vary with the level of government: Comparing avoided deforestation across agencies in the Brazilian Amazon},
   volume = {116},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000461679000011,
   abstract = {Natural capital will be depleted rapidly and excessively if the
long-term, offsite impacts of depletion are ignored. By examining the
case of tropical forest burning, we illustrate such myopia: Pursuit of
short-term economic gains results in air pollution that causes
long-term, irreversible health impacts. We integrate longitudinal data
on prenatal exposure to the 1997 Indonesian forest fires with child
nutritional outcomes and find that mean exposure to air pollution during
the prenatal stage is associated with a half-SD decrease in
height-for-age z score at age 17, which is robust to several statistical
checks. Because adult height is associated with income, this implies a
loss of 4% of average monthly wages for approximately one million
Indonesian workers born during this period. To put these human capital
losses in the context of policy making, we conduct social cost-benefit
analyses of oil palm plantations under different scenarios for clearing
land and controlling fires. We find that clearing for oil palm
plantations using mechanical methods generates higher social net
benefits compared with clearing using fires. Oil palm producers,
however, would be unwilling to bear the higher private costs of
mechanical clearing. Therefore, we need more effective fire bans, fire
suppression, and moratoriums on oil palm in Indonesia to protect natural
and human capital, and increase social welfare.},
   author = {Jie-Sheng Tan-Soo and Subhrendu K Pattanayak},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1802876116},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {12},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {5239-5245},
   title = {Seeking natural capital projects: Forest fires, haze, and early-life exposure in Indonesia},
   volume = {116},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000494457400024,
   abstract = {The Ganges-Brahmaputra (G-B) River system transports over a billion tons
of sediment every year from the Himalayan Mountains to the Bay of Bengal
and has built the world's largest active sedimentary deposit, the Bengal
Fan. High sedimentation rates drive exceptional organic matter
preservation that represents a long-term sink for atmospheric CO2. While
much attention has been paid to organic-rich fine sediments, coarse
sediments have generally been overlooked as a locus of organic carbon
(OC) burial. However, International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition
354 recently discovered abundant woody debris (millimeter- to
centimeter-sized fragments) preserved within the coarse sediment layers
of turbidite beds recovered from 6 marine drill sites along a transect
across the Bengal Fan (similar to 8 degrees N, similar to 3,700-m water
depth) with recovery spanning 19 My. Analysis of bulk wood and lignin
finds mostly lowland origins of wood delivered episodically. In the last
5 My, export included C-4 plants, implying that coarse woody, lowland
export continued after C-4 grassland expansion, albeit in reduced
amounts. Substantial export of coarse woody debris in the last 1 My
included one wood-rich deposit (similar to 0.05 Ma) that encompassed
coniferous wood transported from the headwaters. In coarse layers, we
found on average 0.16 weight % OC, which is half the typical biospheric
OC content of sediments exported by the modern G-B Rivers. Wood burial
estimates are hampered by poor drilling recovery of sands. However,
high-magnitude, low-frequency wood export events are shown to be a key
mechanism for C burial in turbidites.},
   author = {Hyejung Lee and Valier Galy and Xiaojuan Feng and Camilo Ponton and Albert Galy and Christian France-Lanord and Sarah J Feakins},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1913714116},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {45},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {22518-22525},
   title = {Sustained wood burial in the Bengal Fan over the last 19 My},
   volume = {116},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000465363700081,
   abstract = {A major challenge in transforming development to inclusive, sustainable
pathways is the pervasive and persistent trade-off between provisioning
services (e.g., agricultural production) on the one hand and regulating
services (e.g., water purification, flood control) and biodiversity
conservation on the other. We report on an application of China's new
Ecological Development Strategy, now being formally tested and refined
for subsequent scaling nationwide, which aims to mitigate and even
eliminate these trade-offs. Our focus is the Ecosystem Function
Conservation Area of Hainan Island, a rural, tropical region where
expansion of rubber plantations has driven extensive loss of natural
forest and its vital benefits to people. We explored both the
biophysical and the socioeconomic options for achieving simultaneous
improvements in product provision, regulating services, biodiversity,
and livelihoods. We quantified historic trade-offs between rubber
production and vital regulating services, finding that, over the past 20
y (1998-2017), there was a 72.2% increase in rubber plantation area,
leading to decreases in soil retention (17.8%), water purification
\{[\}reduced retention of nitrogen (56.3%) and phosphorus (27.4%)],
flood mitigation (21.9%), carbon sequestration (1.7%), and habitat for
biodiversity (6.9%). Using scenario analyses, we identified a
two-pronged strategy that would significantly reduce these trade-offs,
enhancing regulating services and biodiversity, while simultaneously
diversifying and increasing product provision and improving livelihoods.
This general approach to analyzing product provision, regulating
services, biodiversity, and livelihoods has applicability in rural
landscapes across China, South and Southeast Asia, and beyond.},
   author = {Hua Zheng and Lijuan Wang and Wenjia Peng and Cuiping Zhang and Cong Li and Brian E Robinson and Xiaochen Wu and Lingqiao Kong and Ruonan Li and Yi Xiao and Weihua Xu and Zhiyun Ouyang and Gretchen C Daily},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1819501116},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {17},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {8623-8628},
   title = {Realizing the values of natural capital for inclusive, sustainable development: Informing China's new ecological development strategy},
   volume = {116},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000460911500029,
   abstract = {Green water-rainfall over land that eventually flows back to the
atmosphere as evapotranspiration-is the main source of water to produce
food, feed, fiber, timber, and bioenergy. To understand how freshwater
scarcity constrains production of these goods, we need to consider
limits to the green water footprint (WFg), the green water flow
allocated to human society. However, research traditionally focuses on
scarcity of blue water-groundwater and surface water. Here we expand the
debate on water scarcity by considering green water scarcity (WSg). At 5
x 5 arc-minute spatial resolution, we quantify WFg and the maximum
sustainable level to this footprint (WFg,m), while accounting for green
water requirements to support biodiversity. We then estimate WSg per
country as the ratio of the national aggregate WFg to the national
aggregate WFg,m. We find that globally WFg amounts to 56% of WFg,(m),
and overshoots it in several places, for example in countries in Europe,
Central America, the Middle East, and South Asia. The sustainably
available green water flows in these countries are mostly or fully
allocated to human activities (predominately agriculture and forestry),
occasionally at the cost of green water flows earmarked for nature. By
ignoring limits to the growing human WFg, we risk further loss of
ecosystem values that depend on the remaining untouched green water
flows. We emphasize that green water is a critical and limited resource
that should explicitly be part of any assessment of water scarcity, food
security, or bioenergy potential.},
   author = {Joep F Schyns and Arjen Y Hoekstra and Martijn J Booij and Rick J Hogeboom and Mesfin M Mekonnen},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1817380116},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {11},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {4893-4898},
   title = {Limits to the world's green water resources for food, feed, fiber, timber, and bioenergy},
   volume = {116},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000462350500013,
   abstract = {South Asian megacities are strong sources of regional air pollution.
Delhi is a key hotspot of health-and climate-impacting black carbon (BC)
emissions, affecting environmental sustainability in densely populated
northern India. Effective mitigation of BC impact is hampered by highly
uncertain emission source estimates. Here, we use dual-carbon isotope
fingerprints (delta C-13/Delta C-14) of BC to constrain the seasonal
source variability in Delhi. These measurements show that lower BC
concentrations in summer are predominantly from fossil fuel sources
(similar to 83%). However, large-scale open burning of post-harvest
crop residue/wood in nearby rural regions is contributing to severe haze
pollution in Delhi during winter and autumn (similar to 42 +/- 17%).
Hence, the common conception that megacities affect their surroundings
is here amended or seasonally reversed. Therefore, to combat the severe
air pollution problems in Delhi and the environmental quality of
northern India, current urban efforts need to be complemented with
countryside regional mitigation.},
   author = {Srinivas Bikkina and August Andersson and Elena N Kirillova and Henry Holmstrand and Suresh Tiwari and A K Srivastava and D S Bisht and Orjan Gustafsson},
   doi = {10.1038/s41893-019-0219-0},
   issn = {2398-9629},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {NATURE SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {200-205},
   title = {Air quality in megacity Delhi affected by countryside biomass burning},
   volume = {2},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000480430900026,
   abstract = {Global losses of natural area are primarily attributed to cropland
expansion, whereas the role of urban expansion is considered minor.
However, urban expansion can induce cropland displacement, potentially
leading to a loss of forest elsewhere. The extent of this effect is
unknown. This study shows that indirect forest losses, through cropland
displacement, far exceed direct losses from urban expansion. On a global
scale, urban land increased from 33.2 to 71.3 million hectares (Mha)
between 1992 and 2015, leading to a direct loss of 3.3 Mha of forest and
an indirect loss of 17.8 to 32.4 Mha. In addition, this urban expansion
led to a direct loss of 4.6 Mha of shrubland and an indirect loss of 7.0
to 17.4 Mha. Guiding urban development towards more sustainable
trajectories can thus help preserve forest and other natural area at a
global scale.},
   author = {Jasper van Vliet},
   doi = {10.1038/s41893-019-0340-0},
   issn = {2398-9629},
   issue = {8},
   journal = {NATURE SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {755-763},
   title = {Direct and indirect loss of natural area from urban expansion},
   volume = {2},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000496159900047,
   abstract = {Much of the Earth's biosphere has been appropriated for the production
of harvestable biomass in the form of food, fuel and fibre. Here we show
that the simplification and intensification of these systems and their
growing connection to international markets has yielded a global
production ecosystem that is homogenous, highly connected and
characterized by weakened internal feedbacks. We argue that these
features converge to yield high and predictable supplies of biomass in
the short term, but create conditions for novel and pervasive risks to
emerge and interact in the longer term. Steering the global production
ecosystem towards a sustainable trajectory will require the redirection
of finance, increased transparency and traceability in supply chains,
and the participation of a multitude of players, including integrated
`keystone actors' such as multinational corporations.},
   author = {M Nystrom and J -B. Jouffray and A V Norstrom and B Crona and P Sogaard Jorgensen and S R Carpenter and O Bodin and V Galaz and C Folke},
   doi = {10.1038/s41586-019-1712-3},
   issn = {0028-0836},
   issue = {7781},
   journal = {NATURE},
   pages = {98-108},
   title = {Anatomy and resilience of the global production ecosystem},
   volume = {575},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000467789100016,
   abstract = {Since the 1980's, decentralized forest management has been promoted as a way to enhance sustainable forest use and reduce rural poverty. Rural communities manage increasing amounts of the world's forests, yet rigorous evidence using large-N data on whether community-based forest management (CFM) can jointly reduce both deforestation and poverty remains scarce. We estimate the impacts of CFM using a large longitudinal dataset that integrates national census-based poverty measures with high-resolution forest cover change data, and near-complete information on Nepal's >18,000 community forests. We compare changes in forest cover and poverty from 2000-2012 for subdistricts with or without CFM arrangements, but that are otherwise similar in terms of socioeconomic and biophysical baseline measures. Our results indicate that CFM has, on average, contributed to significant net reductions in both poverty and deforestation across Nepal, and that CFM increases the likelihood of win-win outcomes. We also find that the estimated reduced deforestation impacts of community forests are lower where baseline poverty levels are high, and greater where community forests are larger and have existed longer. These results indicate that greater benefits may result from longer-term investments and larger areas committed to CFM, but that community forests established in poorer areas may require additional support to minimize tradeoffs between socioeconomic and environmental outcomes.},
   author = {Johan A Oldekop and Katharine R E Sims and Birendra K Karna and Mark J Whittingham and Arun Agrawal},
   doi = {10.1038/s41893-019-0277-3},
   issn = {2398-9629},
   issue = {5},
   journal = {NATURE SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {421-428},
   title = {Reductions in deforestation and poverty from decentralized forest management in Nepal},
   volume = {2},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000471032700013,
   abstract = {Several studies have proposed maximum allowable areas of cropland
(12.6-15.18% of terrestrial area) as environmental sustainability
requirements, yet none have so far considered the minimum biodiversity
levels required to support ecosystem functioning at acceptable levels.
Here, we use a decision tree-based optimization model to estimate the
maximum area of cropland and pasture that would meet-or come closest to
meeting-the acceptable levels of local biodiversity proposed in the
literature (90% local species abundance and 80% local species richness
compared with an undisturbed baseline). We model four scenarios under
which we vary two key sources of uncertainty: the maximization function
and the potential of secondary vegetation to maintain biodiversity. The
model finds that a maximum of 4.62-11.17% of the global ice-free land
can be allocated to cropland (and 7.86-15.67% to pasture) to meet these
biodiversity constraints-a lower level than was suggested in previous
studies. The results are very sensitive to the minimum acceptable
biodiversity values and the biodiversity response factors used, but the
size of the disparity between current cropland area and our results
suggests that actions to limit or reduce the area dedicated to
agriculture should feature more prominently in policy discussions.},
   author = {Arkaitz Usubiaga-Liano and Georgina M Mace and Paul Ekins},
   doi = {10.1038/s41893-019-0300-8},
   issn = {2398-9629},
   issue = {6},
   journal = {NATURE SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {491-498},
   title = {Limits to agricultural land for retaining acceptable levels of local biodiversity},
   volume = {2},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000496824100015,
   abstract = {In the version of this Brief Communication originally published, the affiliation for Marta Pérez-Soba, ‘EU Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy’, should have been listed as her present address; her main affiliation should have been ‘Wageningen Environmental Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands’; these have now been corrected. Additionally, owing to a technical issue, the Supplementary Information file did not originally appear with this article; the file is now uploaded.},
   author = {Gert-Jan Nabuurs and Peter Verweij and Michiel Van Eupen and Marta Pérez-Soba and Helga Pülzl and Kees Hendriks},
   doi = {10.1038/s41893-019-0410-3},
   issn = {2398-9629},
   issue = {11},
   journal = {Nature Sustainability},
   month = {11},
   pages = {1062-1062},
   title = {Author Correction: Next-generation information to support a sustainable course for European forests},
   volume = {2},
   url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-019-0410-3},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000458334800009,
   abstract = {A major sustainability challenge is determining where to target
management to enhance natural capital and the ecosystem services it
provides. Achieving this understanding is difficult, given that the
effects of most actions vary according to wider environmental
conditions; and this context dependency is typically poorly understood.
Here, we describe an analytical framework that helps meet this challenge
by identifying both why and where management actions are most effective
for enhancing natural capital across large geographic areas. We
illustrate the framework's generality by applying it to two examples for
Britain: pond water quality and invasion of forests by rhododendron.},
   author = {Rebecca Spake and Chloe Bellamy and Laura J Graham and Kevin Watts and Tom Wilson and Lisa R Norton and Claire M Wood and Reto Schmucki and James M Bullock and Felix Eigenbrod},
   doi = {10.1038/s41893-019-0223-4},
   issn = {2398-9629},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {NATURE SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {90-97},
   title = {An analytical framework for spatially targeted management of natural capital},
   volume = {2},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000472860000038,
   abstract = {Predicting the responses of streamflow to changes in forest management
is fundamental to the sustainable regulation of water resources.
However, studies of changes in forest cover have yielded unclear and
largely unpredictable results. Here we compile a comprehensive and
spatially distributed database of forest-management studies worldwide,
to assess the factors that control streamflow response to forest
planting and removal. We introduce a vegetation-to-bedrock model that
includes seven key landscape factors in order to explain the impacts of
forest removal and planting on water yield. We show that the amount of
water stored in a landscape is the most important factor in predicting
streamflow response to forest removal, whereas the loss of water through
evaporation and transpiration is the most important factor in predicting
streamflow response to forest planting. Our findings affect model
parameterizations in climate change mitigation schemes ( involving, for
example, afforestation or deforestation) in different geologic and
climate regions around the world, and inform practices for the
sustainable management of water resources.},
   author = {Jaivime Evaristo and Jeffrey J McDonnell},
   doi = {10.1038/s41586-019-1306-0},
   issn = {0028-0836},
   issue = {7762},
   journal = {NATURE},
   pages = {455+},
   title = {RETRACTED: Global analysis of streamflow response to forest management (Retracted article. See vol. 578, pg. 326, 2020)},
   volume = {570},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000460426900047,
   abstract = {Coastal wetlands (mangrove, tidal marsh and seagrass) sustain the
highest rates of carbon sequestration per unit area of all natural
systems(1,2), primarily because of their comparatively high productivity
and preservation of organic carbon within sedimentary substrates(3).
Climate change and associated relative sea-level rise (RSLR) have been
proposed to increase the rate of organic-carbon burial in coastal
wetlands in the first half of the twenty-first century(4), but these
carbon-climate feedback effects have been modelled to diminish over time
as wetlands are increasingly submerged and carbon stores become
compromised by erosion(4,5). Here we show that tidal marshes on
coastlines that experienced rapid RSLR over the past few millennia (in
the late Holocene, from about 4,200 years ago to the present) have on
average 1.7 to 3.7 times higher soil carbon concentrations within 20
centimetres of the surface than those subject to a long period of
sea-level stability. This disparity increases with depth, with soil
carbon concentrations reduced by a factor of 4.9 to 9.1 at depths of 50
to 100 centimetres. We analyse the response of a wetland exposed to
recent rapid RSLR following subsidence associated with pillar collapse
in an underlying mine and demonstrate that the gain in carbon
accumulation and elevation is proportional to the accommodation space
(that is, the space available for mineral and organic material
accumulation) created by RSLR. Our results suggest that coastal wetlands
characteristic of tectonically stable coastlines have lower carbon
storage owing to a lack of accommodation space and that carbon
sequestration increases according to the vertical and lateral
accommodation space(6) created by RSLR. Such wetlands will provide
long-term mitigating feedback effects that are relevant to global
climate-carbon modelling.},
   author = {Kerrylee Rogers and Jeffrey J Kelleway and Neil Saintilan and J Patrick Megonigal and Janine B Adams and James R Holmquist and Meng Lu and Lisa Schile-Beers and Atun Zawadzki and Debashish Mazumder and Colin D Woodroffe},
   doi = {10.1038/s41586-019-0951-7},
   issn = {0028-0836},
   issue = {7746},
   journal = {NATURE},
   pages = {91+},
   title = {Wetland carbon storage controlled by millennial-scale variation in relative sea-level rise},
   volume = {567},
   year = {2019},
}
@article{ISI:000545036900017,
   abstract = {Here, we expand on the term ``ecomimicry\{''\} to be an umbrella concept
for an approach to adaptive ecosystem-based management of
social-ecological systems that simultaneously optimizes multiple
ecosystem services for the benefit of people and place. In this context,
we define ecomimicry as a strategy for developing and managing cultural
landscapes, built upon a deep understanding of the structure and
function of ecosystems, that harnesses ecosystem processes for the
purpose of balancing and sustaining key ecosystem services, rather than
maximizing one service (e.g., food production) to the detriment of
others. Ecomimicry arises through novel, place-based innovations or is
adopted from elsewhere and adapted to local conditions. Similarly,
precontact Hawaiian social-ecological systems integrated a variety of
ecomimicry schema to engender a complex system of adaptive resource
management that enhanced biocultural diversity and supported resilient
food systems, ultimately sustaining a thriving human population. In
addition to presenting a synopsis of how ecomimicry was employed in the
design and management of Hawaiian social-ecological systems, we identify
and characterize specific ecomimicry applications. Within this context,
we explore a revival of ecomimicry for biological conservation,
biocultural restoration, resilience, and food security. We conclude with
a discussion of how revitalizing such an approach in the restoration of
social-ecological systems may address issues of conservation and
sustainability in the Anthropocene.},
   author = {Kawika B Winter and Noa Kekuewa Lincoln and Fikret Berkes and Rosanna A Alegado and Natalie Kurashima and Kiana L Frank and Pua'ala Pascua and Yoshimi M Rii and Frederick Reppun and Ingrid S S Knapp and Will C McClatchey and Tamara Ticktin and Celia Smith and Erik C Franklin and Kirsten Oleson and Melissa R Price and Margaret A McManus and Megan J Donahue and Kuulei S Rodgers and Brian W Bowen and Craig E Nelson and Bill Thomas and Jo-Ann Leong and Elizabeth M P Madin and Malia Ana J Rivera and Kim A Falinski and Leah L Bremer and Jonathan L Deenik and Sam M Gon III and Brian Neilson and Ryan Okano and Anthony Olegario and Ben Nyberg and A Hiilei Kawelo and Kelii Kotubetey and J Kanekoa Kukea-Shultz and Robert J Toonen},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-11539-250226},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Ecomimicry in Indigenous resource management: optimizing ecosystem services to achieve resource abundance, with examples from Hawai'i},
   volume = {25},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000545036900027,
   abstract = {Social representations (SRs) are systems of values, ideas, and practices
that characterize individuals' and social groups' relationships to both
their social and natural environment. Comparing SRs between places,
social groups, and through time is critical to understanding how
social-ecological systems (SESs) and their diverse uses are perceived,
interpreted, and understood. This knowledge needs to be taken into
account to achieve efficient land use management of SESs such as
agricultural landscapes. People's perceptions of the landscape are
increasingly studied in sustainability sciences and a growing number of
studies use the SR framework for analyzing differences in SRs between
stakeholders and localities or for detecting changes over time. Robust
methodologies able to compare SRs are required for this purpose. In this
paper, we propose a modular approach to studying SRs from words
collected from free listing tasks. This approach relies on standardizing
definitions of frequency thresholds commonly used to assess SR content,
consensus level, and structure. We then illustrate the value of this
methodological approach through a comparative study of farmers' social
representations of the agricultural landscape among four contrasted
social-ecological contexts in France. We show how our comparative method
allows for characterizing spatial variations in SRs and identifying
social-ecological factors that influence the structuration and content
of SRs. Finally, we discuss our methodological progress and the
implications of our results for public policies aimed at managing SESs
and in particular agricultural landscapes for conservation.},
   author = {Carole Vuillot and Raphael Mathevet and Clelia Sirami},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-11636-250228},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Comparing social representations of the landscape: a methodology},
   volume = {25},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000524149700019,
   abstract = {It is increasingly recognized that fisheries management should take a
more holistic approach toward full spectrum sustainability that includes
ecological, social, and economic considerations. The Canadian Fisheries
Research Network (CFRN) has developed an evaluation framework for
comprehensive fisheries management, derived from Canadian policy and
international commitments. In the changing landscape of resource
management, third party market certification has grown where there are
perceived management gaps and increasingly exerts pressure on management
considerations. Increasingly, there is a need to integrate coastal
management and to consider consistent management objectives across
sectors. In this study, the CFRN framework is used as a lens with which
to compare certification schemes (fisheries, aquaculture, and forestry)
of relevance to activities in southwest New Brunswick. This analysis
reveals (1) that the three certification schemes differ in the scope of
their objectives; (2) that a number of CFRN framework elements are not
addressed in the certification schemes; and (3) that the certification
scheme that most closely matches the CFRN framework is from the forestry
sector and that the Marine Stewardship Council certifications scheme for
fisheries is most different from the CFRN because it lacks consideration
of social and economic aspects. We are thus challenged to consider why
fisheries management and certification continue to fall behind in the
consideration of a broad spectrum of management objectives and we are
provided with an opportunity to learn from the strengths of other
sectors.},
   author = {Claire Mussells and Robert L Stephenson},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-11368-250117},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {A comparison of sustainability objectives: how well does the Canadian Fisheries Research Network framework compare with fisheries, forestry, and aquaculture certification schemes?},
   volume = {25},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000545036900022,
   abstract = {Many actors, from the individual to neighborhood to municipal scale,
influence the management of trees, grass, and other vegetation on
residential properties. Recent work has been directed toward
understanding the ecological characteristics of residential landscapes
and the human drivers of landscape management; however, much of this
work remains disciplinarily focused and at a single scale of analysis.
This study employs a mixed-method approach to examine household- and
neighborhood-scale drivers of urban residential tree species richness
and tree canopy structure. A stratified sampling design was used to
capture households in homeowners associations (HOAs) and neighborhood
associations (NAs) to better understand the informal and formal
institutions having an impact on residential tree management practices.
We used the social-ecological system (SES) framework to build a
classification system for identifying significant variables that
influence residential tree composition and cover. Results of this work
demonstrated tree species richness and canopy cover to be positively
related to tree abundance and housing age, which is suggestive of the
legacy effect. Governance variables were more strongly correlated with
tree species richness whereas variables reflecting socioeconomic status
and education were more strongly correlated with canopy cover. Rule
compliance and fitting in with neighborhood landscaping norms was
significantly more important to HOA households than NA households.
Conversely, opportunities to work together to solve community problems
were viewed more positively by NA households than HOA households. For
all parcels together, compliance with city and HOA/NA rules was
negatively related to tree species richness and canopy cover, a finding
that may implicate the nature of rules that focus on tree removal
practices and barriers to plant (what and where). This work is timely
given the rapid expansion of neighborhood associations in urban areas,
which parallels establishment of rules governing residential yard
practices. If current arboriculture and urban forestry standards are
considered during rule formation and implementation, such rules have the
potential to promote species diversity and the sustained provisioning of
ecosystem services.},
   author = {Mikaela L Schmitt-Harsh and Sarah K Mincey},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-11564-250214},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Operationalizing the social-ecological system framework to assess residential forest structure: a case study in Bloomington, Indiana},
   volume = {25},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000524149700032,
   abstract = {Understanding the long-term dynamics of social-ecological systems is
critical to better inform sustainable management. Since Holling's
adaptive cycle heuristic, published in 2001, substantial progress has
been made to explore historical changes in agricultural, pastoral, and
forest systems. However, the application of this heuristic in coastal
fishery systems has been relatively rare. Using the Tam Giang Lagoon in
Vietnam as an example of a rapidly changing environment, we explore the
historical behavior of this tropical coastal social-ecological system
(SES), associated livelihood pathways, and possible challenges for
future livelihood adaptations through the lens of the adaptive cycle
metaphor. Our analysis demonstrates that the present lagoon SES
condition is the result of a series of historical events and
reorganization attempts through two complete adaptive cycles. The
lagoon's future vulnerability is tied to the intensification of human
uses, prolonged ecological degradation, and intensifying climatic
hazards. We show how the evolution of the lagoon SES resulted in
divergent livelihood pathways that bring benefits to some users but also
cause persistent constraints and sometimes irreversible losses to other
users in shared common pool resources. A one-size-fits-all fishery
management approach is therefore ill-suited for improving diverse
livelihoods. We recommend that fishery policies take seriously the
heterogeneity in livelihood pathways for sustainable lagoon management.
We end by reflecting on the usefulness of the adaptive cycle heuristic
in systematically exploring historical dynamics and identifying
underlying drivers and feedbacks between the social and ecological
components of complex fishery systems.},
   author = {Hoang Trung Thanh and Petra Tschakert and Matthew R Hipsey},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-11489-250131},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Tracing environmental and livelihood dynamics in a tropical coastal lagoon through the lens of multiple adaptive cycles},
   volume = {25},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000524149700002,
   abstract = {Slash-and-burn shifting cultivation is common in indigenous societies in
the Amazon basin. The large land use of this farming practice is of
increasing concern because most indigenous communities are faced with
population growth and territory losses. Our study aims to evaluate the
feasibility of transforming shifting cultivation into a permanent
cropping system by application of Terra Preta practice. For this
purpose, an overview of the nutrient cycles of the agroecosystem of an
indigenous family in Sarayaku, located in the eastern lowlands of the
Ecuadorian Amazon, is provided. Household nutrient input and output data
were collected and complemented with information from literature. The
balances of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were calculated in five
different scenarios: (I) recycling of household waste; (II) recycling of
household waste and urine; (III) recycling of household waste, urine,
and feces. Whereas the first three scenarios include an external wood
source, IV and V additionally integrate a tree plantation. In scenario
IV the tree plantation is fertilized only with feces, while in V also
with household waste. Even after consideration of nutrient losses,
scenarios II to V show potential to accumulate nutrients at the
farmland. These results indicate the feasibility of closing nutrient
cycles with the purpose to generate permanent farmland by combining
knowledge of Terra Preta practice and the way of life of indigenous
communities. In a described step by step manner this new agricultural
system could be implemented and improve greatly resilience and
sustainability of land use in the Amazon.},
   author = {Hannes Schritt and Christine Beusch and Pedro Rios Guayasamin and Martin Kaupenjohann},
   doi = {10.5751/ES-11252-250110},
   issn = {1708-3087},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {ECOLOGY AND SOCIETY},
   title = {Transformation of traditional shifting cultivation into permanent cropping systems: a case study in Sarayaku, Ecuador},
   volume = {25},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000520833400003,
   abstract = {Purpose of Review This review provides perspectives and insights of forest researchers from four continents representing a range of geo-regions, with examples from diverse and dynamic use of forest products that are undervalued and often misrepresented. A comprehensive discussion of the subject provides special attention to property, tenancy, public goods and access rights to non-wood forest products (NWFP), seen as forest ecosystem services in a framework for forest management decisions. The overall purpose is to provide a logical argument for transitioning to sustainable management of forests for timber and NWFP. Recent Findings Multifunctional ecosystem-based approaches are transforming our understanding of forests. The prevailing economic relevance of NWFP for trade and sustenance requires their operative integration into forest management. Integration of NWFP will shift a traditional timber-oriented management paradigm towards an inclusive ecosystem forest management approach. We show that the impact of NWFP resources on livelihoods provides multiple benefits to all sectors of global society. Policy and property rights affect the availability and sustainability of the resource, while regulations, restrictions and prohibitions target the sustainable harvest of NWFP under growing demand. Official reporting of production volumes of NWFP is sparse, erratic or inaccurate due to a complex system that is opaque and with inadequately understood value chains, yet research is underway to better understand all NWFP sectors. A shift from command-and-control forest management to broader governance schemes is observed, yet despite a growing awareness of their importance, NWFP and their potential for a bio-based economy require more research. A conceptual framework for transitioning to sustainable co-production management of timber and NWFP is presented. Such a transition is needed to ensure long-term forest security, health and resilience.},
   author = {Jonathan P Sheppard and James Chamberlain and Dolores Agundez and Prodyut Bhattacharya and Paxie Wanangwa Chirwa and Andrey Gontcharov and Willie Cliffie John Sagona and Hai-long Shen and Wubalem Tadesse and Sven Mutke},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-019-00107-1},
   issn = {2198-6436},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS},
   pages = {26-40},
   title = {Sustainable Forest Management Beyond the Timber-Oriented Status Quo: Transitioning to Co-production of Timber and Non-wood Forest Products-a Global Perspective},
   volume = {6},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000527528500001,
   abstract = {Purpose of Review For the past few decades, consumers have increasingly
demanded biodegradable, petroleum-free, and safe products for the
environment, humans, and animals, with improved performance. In terms of
energy consumption, modern society has progressively sought to reduce
fossil fuel utilization and greenhouse gas emissions. This review
presents and discusses the possibilities of using biomass residues that
are derived from forest operations and wood manufacturing to produce
biofuels and biomaterials as sustainable alternatives that could boost
the development of renewable technologies and bio-economy. Recent
Findings Forest biomass residues are composed primarily of cellulose,
hemicellulose, and lignin in varying proportions depending upon the
species. Residues from forest operations have heterogeneous compositions
due to the presence of branches, foliage, tree tops, and bark, compared
with those derived from wood manufacturing industries. Several
technological approaches have been developed to add value to forest
biomass residues through their conversion to biomaterials such as
wood-based composite panels, wood-plastic composites, wood pellets, and
biofuels, such as biochar, bio-oil, syngas (thermochemical approach),
and biogas (biochemical approach). Forest biomass residues are valuable
lignocellulosic materials, but research is still required regarding
their conversion into value-added products given their heterogeneous
compositions and varied physicochemical properties. Obstacles such as
transportation costs and their complex structural and chemical
mechanisms that resist decomposition need to be better overcome in
developing high-quality and economically viable biofuels and
biomaterials. In contrast, wood-based panels, composites, pellets, and
biofuels produced by the wood manufacturing industries exhibit superior
properties and characteristics for commercialization. Recent studies
regarding valorization of forest biomass residues are a welcome
recognition of the need to transition to a sustainable economy, and a
definitive strategy for achieving objectives that have been set for
reducing greenhouse gas emissions.},
   author = {Flavia Lega Braghiroli and Leandro Passarini},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-020-00112-9},
   issue = {2},
   journal = {CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS},
   pages = {172-183},
   title = {Valorization of Biomass Residues from Forest Operations and Wood Manufacturing Presents a Wide Range of Sustainable and Innovative Possibilities},
   volume = {6},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000511046200001,
   abstract = {Purpose of Review Carbon (C) storage provides trees with a pool of C
that can be remobilized and used to sustain vital physiological
processes when photosynthesis and/or C transport cannot meet a plant's
current demands. As such, it may be an important determinant of tree
survival in many cases. However, we do not yet know how often tree
mortality occurs as the result of carbon limitation, and therefore it
remains unclear whether C storage is important for preventing tree
death. The purpose of this review is therefore to summarize and assess
recent research regarding the role of C storage in tree survival under
different stressors and disturbances. Recent Findings Both recent and
older work have identified many potential mechanisms by which C storage
may influence tree survival, and there is evidence that higher tissue
non-structural carbohydrate concentrations or total content can be
associated with survival and recovery following defoliation and
aboveground tissue destruction and under deep shade, drought, flooding,
biotic attack, and freezing temperatures. However, in most cases, there
is also evidence suggesting that C storage does not always or even often
influence survival. Both drought and flooding may lead to inhibition of
C transport, particularly to the roots, suggesting that increased root
storage specifically might play a critical role in survival; however,
this remains to be tested. In some cases, the ability to maintain C
assimilation and transport might be more critical than increasing
storage. Though C storage can affect survival, we are far from knowing
how common or uncommon this pattern is. Future work exploring the
relationship between survival and storage needs to focus on measuring C
storage in all organs and tissues, considering the importance of total
storage content, not just concentrations, identifying the relevant
compounds in different species that constitute the actual storage pool,
and carefully separating out the effects of storage from other factors
that also tend to change when storage concentrations are altered.},
   author = {Erin Wiley},
   doi = {10.1007/s40725-019-00106-2},
   issue = {1},
   journal = {CURRENT FORESTRY REPORTS},
   pages = {14-25},
   title = {Do Carbon Reserves Increase Tree Survival during Stress and Following Disturbance?},
   volume = {6},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000519529500004,
   abstract = {In this paper, we present the results of a review of the state of the
art concerning the sustainability of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs)
use and/or commercialization from an integrated social-ecological
perspective. We reviewed 72 papers that bring on board both social and
ecological dimensions of NTFP use and/or commercialization, while
identifying different dimensions of sustainability. We found that the
majority (68%) of research does not encompass the socio-cultural
dimension, and sense of place is not addressed in the papers we
analyzed. Additionally, we found that many studies (-92%) have not
conducted a multi-scalar analysis, which we deem crucial for the
thorough understanding of sustainability. Because ecological
unsustainability is prevalent among the papers analyzed, we bring on
board the discussion around why certain social-ecological interactions
and dynamics result in positive outcomes in both human and biophysical
systems, whereas others incur in negative impacts. We then shed light in
ways forward for enhancing sustainability. Building on our review, we
discuss four theoretical contributions to guide future research on the
sustainability of NTFP use and/or commercialization, namely the SES
framework, political ecology, land-change science, and social
innovation. Combined, these theories support multidimensional and
multi-scalar sustainability analyses. We hence expect that the synergies
between these theoretical contributions can steer future research into a
direction that unravels broader NTFP and forest values, enhancing
sustainability and promoting social-ecological development.},
   author = {Natalia Girao Rodrigues de Mello and Hubert Gulinck and Pieter den Broeck and Constanza Parra},
   doi = {10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102109},
   issn = {1389-9341},
   journal = {FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS},
   title = {Social-ecological sustainability of non-timber forest products: A review and theoretical considerations for future research},
   volume = {112},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000539738400045,
   abstract = {The response of mangroves to high rates of relative sea level rise
(RSLR) is poorly understood. We explore the limits of mangrove vertical
accretion to sustained periods of RSLR in the final stages of
deglaciation. The timing of initiation and rate of mangrove vertical
accretion were compared with independently modeled rates of RSLR for 78
locations. Mangrove forests expanded between 9800 arid 7500 years ago,
vertically accreting thick sequences of organic sediments at a rate
principally driven by the rate of RSLR, representing an important carbon
sink. We found it very likely (>90% probability) that mangroves were
unable to initiate sustained accretion when RSLR rates exceeded 6.1
millimeters per year This threshold is likely to be surpassed on
tropical coastlines within 30 years under high-emissions scenarios.},
   author = {N Saintilan and N S Khan and E Ashe and J J Kelleway and K Rogers and C D Woodroffe and B P Horton},
   doi = {10.1126/science.aba2656},
   issn = {0036-8075},
   issue = {6495},
   journal = {SCIENCE},
   pages = {1118+},
   title = {Thresholds of mangrove survival under rapid sea level rise},
   volume = {368},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000524986900041,
   abstract = {Understanding tropical forest dynamics and planning for their
sustainable management require efficient, yet accurate, predictions of
the joint dynamics of hundreds of tree species. With increasing
information on tropical tree life histories, our predictive
understanding is no longer limited by species data but by the ability of
existing models to make use of it. Using a demographic forest model, we
show that the basal area and compositional changes during forest
succession in a neotropical forest can be accurately predicted by
representing tropical tree diversity (hundreds of species) with only
five functional groups spanning two essential trade-offs-the
growth-survival and stature-recruitment trade-offs. This data-driven
modeling framework substantially improves our ability to predict
consequences of anthropogenic impacts on tropical forests.},
   author = {Nadja Rueger and Richard Condit and Daisy H Dent and Saara J DeWalt and Stephen P Hubbell and Jeremy W Lichstein and Omar R Lopez and Christian Wirth and Caroline E Farrior},
   doi = {10.1126/science.aaz4797},
   issn = {0036-8075},
   issue = {6487},
   journal = {SCIENCE},
   pages = {165+},
   title = {Demographic trade-offs predict tropical forest dynamics},
   volume = {368},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000522167400054,
   abstract = {The profitability and sustainability of future biorefineries are
dependent on efficient feedstock use. Therefore, it is essential to
valorize lignin when using wood. We have developed an integrated
biorefinery that converts 78 weight % (wt %) of birch into
xylochemicals. Reductive catalytic fractionation of the wood produces a
carbohydrate pulp amenable to bioethanol production and a lignin oil.
After extraction of the lignin oil, the crude, unseparated mixture of
phenolic monomers is catalytically funneled into 20 wt % of phenol and
9 wt % of propylene (on the basis of lignin weight) by gas-phase
hydroprocessing and dealkylation; the residual phenolic oligomers (30 wt
%) are used in printing ink as replacements for controversial
para-nonylphenol. A techno-economic analysis predicts an economically
competitive production process, and a life-cycle assessment estimates a
lower carbon dioxide footprint relative to that of fossil-based
production.},
   author = {Yuhe Liao and Steven-Friso Koelewijn and Gil den Bossche and Joost Van Aelst and Sander den Bosch and Tom Renders and Kranti Navare and Thomas Nicolai and Korneel Van Aelst and Maarten Maesen and Hironori Matsushima and Johan M Thevelein and Karel Van Acker and Bert Lagrain and Danny Verboekend and Bert F Sels},
   doi = {10.1126/science.aau1567},
   issn = {0036-8075},
   issue = {6484, SI},
   journal = {SCIENCE},
   pages = {1385+},
   title = {A sustainable wood biorefinery for low-carbon footprint chemicals production},
   volume = {367},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000508977600053,
   abstract = {Hybrid-poplar tree plantations provide a source for biofuel and biomass,
but they also increase forest isoprene emissions. The consequences of
increased isoprene emissions include higher rates of tropospheric ozone
production, increases in the lifetime of methane, and increases in
atmospheric aerosol production, all of which affect the global energy
budget and/or lead to the degradation of air quality. Using RNA
interference (RNAi) to suppress isoprene emission, we show that this
trait, which is thought to be required for the tolerance of abiotic
stress, is not required for high rates of photosynthesis and woody
biomass production in the agroforest plantation environment, even in
areas with high levels of climatic stress. Biomass production over 4 y
in plantations in Arizona and Oregon was similar among genetic lines
that emitted or did not emit significant amounts of isoprene. Lines that
had substantially reduced isoprene emission rates also showed decreases
in flavonol pigments, which reduce oxidative damage during extremes of
abiotic stress, a pattern that would be expected to amplify metabolic
dysfunction in the absence of isoprene production in stress-prone
climate regimes. However, compensatory increases in the expression of
other proteomic components, especially those associated with the
production of protective compounds, such as carotenoids and terpenoids,
and the fact that most biomass is produced prior to the hottest and
driest part of the growing season explain the observed pattern of high
biomass production with low isoprene emission. Our results show that it
is possible to reduce the deleterious influences of isoprene on the
atmosphere, while sustaining woody biomass production in temperate
agroforest plantations.},
   author = {Russell K Monson and Barbro Winkler and Todd N Rosenstiel and Katja Block and Juliane Merl-Pham and Steven H Strauss and Kori Ault and Jason Maxfield and David J P Moore and Nicole A Trahan and Amberly A Neice and Ian Shiach and Greg A Barron-Gafford and Peter Ibsen and Joel T McCorkel and Joerg Bernhardt and Joerg-Peter Schnitzler},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1912327117},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {1596-1605},
   title = {High productivity in hybrid-poplar plantations without isoprene emission to the atmosphere},
   volume = {117},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000538147800080,
   abstract = {Extensive and recurrent severe wildfires present complex challenges for
policy makers. This is highlighted by extensive wildfires around the
globe, ranging from western North America and Europe to the Amazon and
Arctic, and, most recently, the 2019-2020 fires in eastern Australia. In
many jurisdictions, discussions after significant losses of life,
property, and vegetation are sometimes conducted in the absence of
nuanced debates about key aspects of climate, land, and resource
management policy. Improved insights that have significant implications
for policies and management can be derived from spatial and temporal
analyses of fires. Here, we demonstrate the importance of such analyses
using a case study of large-scale, recurrent severe wildfires over the
past two decades in the Australian state of Victoria. We overlaid the
location of current and past fires with ecosystem types, land use, and
conservation values. Our analyses revealed 1) the large spatial extent
of current fires, 2) the extensive and frequent reburning of recently
and previously fire-damaged areas, 3) the magnitude of resource loss for
industries such as timber and pulplog production, and 4) major impacts
on high conservation value areas and biodiversity. These analyses
contain evidence to support policy reforms that alter the mode of forest
management, target the protection of key natural assets including
unburnt areas, manage repeatedly damaged and potentially collapsed
ecosystems, and expand the conservation estate. Our mapping approach
should have applicability to other environments subject to large-scale
fires, although the particular details of policy reforms would be
jurisdiction, ecosystem, and context specific.},
   author = {David B Lindenmayer and Chris Taylor},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.2002269117},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {22},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {12481-12485},
   title = {New spatial analyses of Australian wildfires highlight the need for new fire, resource, and conservation policies},
   volume = {117},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000555851800011,
   abstract = {Coping of evergreen conifers in boreal forests with freezing
temperatures on bright winter days puts the photosynthetic machinery in
great risk of oxidative damage. To survive harsh winter conditions,
conifers have evolved a unique but poorly characterized photoprotection
mechanism, a sustained form of nonphotochemical quenching (sustained
NPQ). Here we focused on functional properties and underlying molecular
mechanisms related to the development of sustained NPQ in Norway spruce
(Picea abies). Data were collected during 4 consecutive years (2016 to
2019) from trees growing in sun and shade habitats. When day
temperatures dropped below -4 degrees C, the specific N-terminally
triply phosphorylated LHCB1 isoform (3p-LHCII) and phosphorylated PSBS
(p-PSBS) could be detected in the thylakoid membrane. Development of
sustained NPQ coincided with the highest level of 3p-LHCII and p-PSBS,
occurring after prolonged coincidence of bright winter days and
temperatures close to -10 degrees C. Artificial induction of both the
sustained NPQ and recovery from naturally induced sustained NPQ provided
information on differential dynamics and light-dependence of 3p-LHCII
and p-PSBS accumulation as prerequisites for sustained NPQ. Data
obtained collectively suggest three components related to sustained NPQ
in spruce: 1) Freezing temperatures induce 3p-LHCII accumulation
independently of light, which is suggested to initiate destacking of
appressed thylakoid membranes due to increased electrostatic repulsion
of adjacent membranes; 2) p-PSBS accumulation is both light -and
temperature-dependent and closely linked to the initiation of sustained
NPQ, which 3) in concert with PSII photoinhibition, is suggested to
trigger sustained NPQ in spruce.},
   author = {Steffen Grebe and Andrea Trotta and Azfar Ali Bajwa and Ilaria Mancini and Pushan Bag and Stefan Jansson and Mikko Tikkanen and Eva-Mari Aro},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.2004165117},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {30},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {17499-17509},
   title = {Specific thylakoid protein phosphorylations are prerequisites for overwintering of Norway spruce (Picea abies) photosynthesis},
   volume = {117},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000518736600002,
   abstract = {Increasing concerns about the impacts of palm oil cultivation have led
to a growing focus on how to replace palm oil in commercial
applications. This Perspective analyses replacement options-from a
technical, environmental and economic angle-and how to make current
cultivation practices more sustainable.
The expansion of palm oil cultivation in recent decades has led to
substantial increases in greenhouse gas emissions and biodiversity loss
from carbon-rich tropical forest. Because of this, there is increased
focus on replacement of palm oil in industrial and consumer products.
Plant oils like rapeseed and sunflower oil, exotic oils such as coconut
oil and shea butter, and microbial single cell oils have been suggested
as potential replacements. Here, we review each of these options from a
technical, environmental and economic perspective, including the option
to improve the sustainability of existing palm oil cultivation
practices.},
   author = {Sophie Parsons and Sofia Raikova and Christopher J Chuck},
   doi = {10.1038/s41893-020-0487-8},
   issue = {6},
   journal = {NATURE SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {412-418},
   title = {The viability and desirability of replacing palm oil},
   volume = {3},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000566879100001,
   abstract = {Fungi-derived leather substitutes are an emerging class of ethically and environmentally responsible fabrics that are increasingly meeting consumer aesthetic and functional expectations and winning favour as an alternative to bovine and synthetic leathers. While traditional leather and its alternatives are sourced from animals and synthetic polymers, these renewable sustainable leather substitutes are obtained through the upcycling of low-cost agricultural and forestry by-products into chitinous polymers and other polysaccharides using a natural and carbon-neutral biological fungal growth process. Following physical and chemical treatment, these sheets of fungal biomass visually resemble leather and exhibit comparable material and tactile properties. Fungi-derived material can substitute for leather. This Review synthesizes information on this process and its environmental and ethical benefits.},
   author = {Mitchell Jones and Antoni Gandia and Sabu John and Alexander Bismarck},
   doi = {10.1038/s41893-020-00606-1},
   issn = {2398-9629},
   journal = {Nature Sustainability},
   month = {9},
   title = {Leather-like material biofabrication using fungi},
   url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-00606-1},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000535585100025,
   abstract = {Nature-based solutions are becoming an increasingly important component
of sustainable coastal risk management. For particularly destructive
hazards like tsunamis, natural elements like vegetation are often
combined with designed elements like seawalls or dams to augment the
protective benefits of each component. One example of this kind of
hybrid approach is the so-called tsunami mitigation park, which combines
a designed hillscape with vegetation. Despite the increasing popularity
of tsunami mitigation parks, the protective benefits they provide are
poorly understood and incompletely quantified. As a consequence of this
lack of understanding, current designs might not maximize the protective
benefits of tsunami mitigation parks. Here, we numerically model the
interactions between a single row of hills with an incoming tsunami to
identify the mechanisms through which the park protects the coast. We
initialize the tsunami as an N wave that propagates to shore and impacts
the coast directly. We find that partial reflection of the incoming wave
is the most important mechanism by which hills reduce the kinetic energy
that propagates onshore. The protective benefit of tsunami mitigation
parks is thus comparable to that of a small wall, at least for tsunamis
with amplitudes that are comparable to the hill height. We also show
that hills could elevate potential damage in the immediate vicinity of
the hills where flow speeds increase compared to a planar beach,
suggesting the need to include a buffer zone behind the hills into a
strategic park design.},
   author = {Brent Lunghino and Adrian F Santiago Tate and Miho Mazereeuw and Abdul Muhari and Francis X Giraldo and Simone Marras and Jenny Suckale},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.1911857117},
   issn = {0027-8424},
   issue = {20},
   journal = {PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA},
   pages = {10740-10745},
   title = {The protective benefits of tsunami mitigation parks and ramifications for their strategic design},
   volume = {117},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000520778000017,
   abstract = {Variation in vegetation and climate affects the long-term changes in
bird communities in intensive-agriculture habitats, but not in
diversified-agriculture or natural-forest habitats, by changing the
local colonization and extinction rates.
Agricultural practices constitute both the greatest cause of
biodiversity loss and the greatest opportunity for conservation(1,2),
given the shrinking scope of protected areas in many regions. Recent
studies have documented the high levels of biodiversity-across many taxa
and biomes-that agricultural landscapes can support over the short
term(1,3,4). However, little is known about the long-term effects of
alternative agricultural practices on ecological communities(4,5) Here
we document changes in bird communities in intensive-agriculture,
diversified-agriculture and natural-forest habitats in 4 regions of
Costa Rica over a period of 18 years. Long-term directional shifts in
bird communities were evident in intensive- and diversified-agricultural
habitats, but were strongest in intensive-agricultural habitats, where
the number of endemic and International Union for Conservation of Nature
(IUCN) Red List species fell over time. All major guilds, including
those involved in pest control, pollination and seed dispersal, were
affected. Bird communities in intensive-agricultural habitats proved
more susceptible to changes in climate, with hotter and drier periods
associated with greater changes in community composition in these
settings. These findings demonstrate that diversified agriculture can
help to alleviate the long-term loss of biodiversity outside natural
protected areas(1).},
   author = {J Nicholas Hendershot and Jeffrey R Smith and Christopher B Anderson and Andrew D Letten and Luke O Frishkoff and Jim R Zook and Tadashi Fukami and Gretchen C Daily},
   doi = {10.1038/s41586-020-2090-6},
   issn = {0028-0836},
   issue = {7799},
   journal = {NATURE},
   pages = {393+},
   title = {Intensive farming drives long-term shifts in avian community composition},
   volume = {579},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000508322400002,
   abstract = {Modern land management often assumes that past human activity shaped
iconic landscapes. This study finds that climate, rather than indigenous
activity, controlled fire severity in New England, with open landscapes
developing after deforestation for European agriculture.
An increasingly accepted paradigm in conservation attributes valued
modern ecological conditions to past human activities. Disturbances,
including prescribed fire, are therefore used by land managers to impede
forest development in many potentially wooded landscapes under the
interpretation that openland habitats were created and sustained by
human-set fire for millennia. We test this paradigm using
palaeoenvironmental and archaeological data from New England. Despite
the region's dense population, anthropogenic impacts on the landscape
before European contact were limited, and fire activity was independent
of changes in human populations. Whereas human populations reached
maxima during the Late Archaic (5,000-3,000 yr bp) and Middle-Late
Woodland (1,500-500 yr bp) periods, lake-sediment charcoal records
indicate elevated fire activity only during the dry early Holocene
(10,000-8,000 yr bp) and after European colonization. Pollen data
indicate closed forests from 8,000 yr bp to the onset of European
deforestation, and archaeological evidence of pre-contact horticultural
activity is sparse. Climate largely controlled fire severity in New
England during the postglacial interval, and widespread openlands
developed only after deforestation for European agriculture. Land
managers seeking to emulate pre-contact conditions should de-emphasize
human disturbance and focus on developing mature forests; those seeking
to maintain openlands should apply the agricultural approaches that
initiated them four centuries ago.},
   author = {W Wyatt Oswald and David R Foster and Bryan N Shuman and Elizabeth S Chilton and Dianna L Doucette and Deena L Duranleau},
   doi = {10.1038/s41893-019-0466-0},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {NATURE SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {241-246},
   title = {Conservation implications of limited Native American impacts in pre-contact New England},
   volume = {3},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000508157900005,
   abstract = {Advances in remote sensing have helped to understand the human drivers
of land-use change globally, but have neglected the role of illicit
transactions. This Perspective presents a framework to identify illicit
land transactions, and an approach to link them to land uses using
remotely sensed data.
Anthropogenic land use has irrevocably transformed the natural systems
on which humankind relies. Advances in remote sensing have led to an
improved understanding of where, why and how social and economic
processes drive globally important land-use changes, from deforestation
to urbanization. The role of illicit activities, however, is often
absent in land change analysis. The paucity of data on unrecorded,
intentionally hidden transactions makes them difficult to incorporate
into spatially specific analyses of land change. We present a conceptual
framework of illicit land transactions and a two-pronged approach using
remotely sensed data to spatially link illicit activities to land uses.},
   author = {Beth Tellman and Nicholas R Magliocca and B L Turner II and Peter H Verburg},
   doi = {10.1038/s41893-019-0457-1},
   issue = {3},
   journal = {NATURE SUSTAINABILITY},
   pages = {175-181},
   title = {Understanding the role of illicit transactions in land-change dynamics},
   volume = {3},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{ISI:000533817300005,
   abstract = {For seafood, concerns about food security often clash with those about sustainability. This Perspective proposes the reconciling concept of `sustainable commoditization' and identifies actions to catalyse this for seafood in the Global South. Debates on seafood in the Global South tend to prioritize food security, whereas debates on seafood in the Global North emphasize sustainability. We track the evolution of both debates and propose the concept of `sustainable commoditization' to reconcile them. We identify three pillars of action that are necessary for sustainable commoditization of seafood in the Global South, namely: (1) sustainable intensification; (2) supply chain transformation; and (3) supporting policy and regulation. We believe that the concept of `sustainable commoditization' is applicable well beyond the seafood sector and is especially relevant for agriculture and forestry more generally.},
   author = {Ben Belton and Thomas Reardon and David Zilberman},
   doi = {10.1038/s41893-020-0540-7},
   issn = {2398-9629},
   issue = {9},
   journal = {Nature Sustainability},
   month = {9},
   pages = {677-684},
   title = {Sustainable commoditization of seafood},
   volume = {3},
   url = {http://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-0540-7},
   year = {2020},
}
@article{Jones2020,
   abstract = {Tropical forest loss currently exceeds forest gain, leading to a net greenhouse gas emission that exacerbates global climate change. This has sparked scientific debate on how to achieve natural climate solutions. Central to this debate is whether sustainably managing forests and protected areas will deliver global climate mitigation benefits, while ensuring local peoples’ health and well-being. Here, we evaluate the 10-y impact of a human-centered solution to achieve natural climate mitigation through reductions in illegal logging in rural Borneo: an intervention aimed at expanding health care access and use for communities living near a national park, with clinic discounts offsetting costs historically met through illegal logging. Conservation, education, and alternative livelihood programs were also offered. We hypothesized that this would lead to improved health and well-being, while also alleviating illegal logging activity within the protected forest. We estimated that 27.4 km2 of deforestation was averted in the national park over a decade (∼70% reduction in deforestation compared to a synthetic control, permuted P = 0.038). Concurrently, the intervention provided health care access to more than 28,400 unique patients, with clinic usage and patient visitation frequency highest in communities participating in the intervention. Finally, we observed a dose–response in forest change rate to intervention engagement (person-contacts with intervention activities) across communities bordering the park: The greatest logging reductions were adjacent to the most highly engaged villages. Results suggest that this community-derived solution simultaneously improved health care access for local and indigenous communities and sustainably conserved carbon stocks in a protected tropical forest.},
   author = {Isabel J. Jones and Andrew J. MacDonald and Skylar R. Hopkins and Andrea J. Lund and Zac Yung Chun Liu and Nurul Ihsan Fawzi and Mahardika Putra Purba and Katie Fankhauser and Andrew J. Chamberlin and Monica Nirmala and Arthur G. Blundell and Ashley Emerson and Jonathan Jennings and Lynne Gaffikin and Michele Barry and David Lopez-Carr and Kinari Webb and Giulio A. de Leo and Susanne H. Sokolow},
   doi = {10.1073/pnas.2009240117},
   issn = {10916490},
   issue = {45},
   journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
   keywords = {Planetary health | natural climate solutions | hum},
   pages = {28515-28524},
   pmid = {33106399},
   title = {Improving rural health care reduces illegal logging and conserves carbon in a tropical forest},
   volume = {117},
   year = {2020},
}
