
@misc{noauthor_google_nodate,
	title = {Google},
	url = {https://www.google.rs/},
	urldate = {2020-06-02},
	file = {Google:files/2/www.google.rs.html:text/html},
}

@article{lemieux_international_2009,
	title = {The {International} {Ban} on {Ivory} {Sales} and its {Effects} on {Elephant} {Poaching} in {Africa}},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0007-0955},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azp030},
	doi = {10.1093/bjc/azp030},
	abstract = {The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) secured an agreement in 1989 among its member states to ban the international trade in ivory. This disruption of the international ivory market was intended to reverse a sharp decline in the African elephant population, which resulted from widespread poaching for ivory in the previous decade. The continent's overall population of elephants increased after the ban, but an analysis of elephant population data from 1979 to 2007 found that some of the 37 countries in Africa with elephants continued to lose substantial numbers of them. This pattern is largely explained by the presence of unregulated domestic ivory markets in and near countries with declines in elephant populations.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2020-06-02},
	journal = {The British Journal of Criminology},
	author = {Lemieux, Andrew M. and Clarke, Ronald V.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2009},
	keywords = {Lovokradja},
	pages = {451--471},
	annote = {Sa ovim radom sam hteo da probam ovaj program
 },
}

@article{yasuoka_snare_2014,
	title = {{SNARE} {HUNTING} {AMONG} {BAKA} {HUNTER}-{GATHERERS} : {IMPLICATIONS} {FOR} {SUSTAINABLE} {WILDLIFE} {MANAGEMENT}},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0286-9667},
	shorttitle = {{SNARE} {HUNTING} {AMONG} {BAKA} {HUNTER}-{GATHERERS}},
	url = {https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/189625},
	doi = {10.14989/189625},
	abstract = {Diversity in hunting methods has been reported among the Mbuti net hunters in Ituri in northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, among the Baka hunters in southeastern Cameroon, who currently practice snare hunting as their principal method, and among other hunter-gatherers in central African forests. Although forest duikers are the main targets of all of these hunters, different species of duikers are captured by different methods. Blue duikers (Philantomba monticola) weighing about 4–5 kg comprise the majority of the Mbuti's net-hunting harvests, whereas red duikers (in particular, Cephalophus callipygus and C. dorsalis) weighing about 15–20 kg are the major catch in Baka snare hunting. The density of duikers in each area is reflected in the rate of captures : the density of blue duikers is higher in the forests used by Mbuti net hunters, and red duikers are more abundant in the Baka area. Thus, it is likely that the relative abundance of each species is one of the major contributors to the selection of an efficient hunting method. Indeed, non-traditional methods may be selected as a result of adaptation to ecological conditions, the availability of hunting tools, and the changing role of hunting in the livelihoods of hunters. An understanding of the context in which hunting methods are selected is needed to design an effective wildlife management plan that is acceptable to the local people who depend on hunting for their livelihood.},
	language = {eng},
	urldate = {2020-06-04},
	journal = {African study monographs. Supplementary issue.},
	author = {Yasuoka, Hirokazu},
	month = aug,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Accepted: 2014-09-10T04:20:19Z
Publisher: The Research Committee for African Area Studies, Kyoto University},
	pages = {115--136},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/9/Yasuoka - 2014 - SNARE HUNTING AMONG BAKA HUNTER-GATHERERS  IMPLIC.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/10/189625.html:text/html},
}

@article{wilfred_towards_2010,
	title = {Towards {Sustainable} {Wildlife} {Management} {Areas} in {Tanzania}},
	volume = {3},
	issn = {1940-0829},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/194008291000300102},
	doi = {10.1177/194008291000300102},
	abstract = {Within the last few years, Tanzania has witnessed mushrooming growth of ?wildlife management areas? (WMAs). These are broadly meant to halt (or reduce) loss of wildlife populations, and ensure that local people benefit from their conservation. However, human pressure is rapidly increasing and causing management problems in the WMAs. Some human land-use activities also limit wildlife dispersal, potentially destabilizing wildlife population dynamics. In addition, poor resource use diversification and lack of creativity constrain sustainable use of natural resources in the WMAs; consequently, their contribution to sustainable livelihoods is seriously undermined. A key question is how WMAs can be a sustainable and competitive land-use option that meets their predetermined objectives? Without doubt, a road map to sustainable WMAs should responsibly engage the government, non-governmental organizations, and community-based organizations in a joint effort towards realization of simple and flexible WMAs establishment process, quality wildlife habitat, and reduced human pressure on the wildlife resources, as well as successful and sustainable wildlife-based enterprises.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-06-05},
	journal = {Tropical Conservation Science},
	author = {Wilfred, Paulo},
	month = mar,
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: SAGE Publications Inc},
	pages = {103--116},
	file = {SAGE PDF Full Text:files/12/Wilfred - 2010 - Towards Sustainable Wildlife Management Areas in T.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{brink_sustainable_2011,
	title = {Sustainable {Management} through {Improved} {Governance} in the {Game} {Industry}},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {2410-7220, 2410-8200},
	url = {https://bioone.org/journals/African-Journal-of-Wildlife-Research/volume-41/issue-1/056.041.0104/Sustainable-Management-through-Improved-Governance-in-the-Game-Industry/10.3957/056.041.0104.full},
	doi = {10.3957/056.041.0104},
	abstract = {The South African game farming industry has grown exponentially since the 1960s and makes a significant contribution to South Africa's GDP. Recently, a number of challenges to the sustainability of the industry have emerged. This has led to concerns by environmental NGOs, academics and government officials about land degradation, hybridization, inbreeding, disrupted ecosystem processes, social impacts, and economic feasibility. Game farmers have raised concerns about the industry's governance, in particular the lack of consultation, inconsistent regulation, lack of capacity and leadership, and indecisiveness in government. The root of the problem lies in the incorrect and untested assumption that current science, policy and governance systems are adequate to achieve the goals of sustainability, leading to a top-down approach to regulation and the absence of adaptive management and co-learning. In this paper, we outline the ecological, social and economic benefits of sustainable game farm management. We propose an alternative approach to responsible management and better governance, based on the principles of adaptive co-management and co-regulation. We put forward a learning-and-process model starting with knowledge generation, awareness raising, knowledge sharing, learning, trust building, policy adaptation, monitoring and, ultimately, assessment and certification. The process moves from ineffective regulation to co-regulation, and the capacity to govern as well as the ecosystem's capacity to produce lasting services increases steadily as the process evolves. We suggest that the process outlined in the model should be guided by independent facilitators and culminate in a certification system for sustainably managed game farms.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2020-06-05},
	journal = {sawr},
	author = {Brink, Michal and Cameron, Mike and Coetzee, Ken and Currie, Bianca and Fabricius, Christo and Hattingh, Stefan and Schmidt, Anton and Watson, Laurence},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: Southern African Wildlife Management Association},
	pages = {110--119},
	file = {Snapshot:files/14/056.041.0104.html:text/html},
}

@article{baskin_hunting_2016,
	title = {Hunting as {Sustainable} {Wildlife} {Management}},
	volume = {41},
	issn = {1343-4152, 1348-6160},
	url = {https://bioone.org/journals/Mammal-Study/volume-41/issue-4/041.041.0402/Hunting-as-Sustainable-Wildlife-Management/10.3106/041.041.0402.full},
	doi = {10.3106/041.041.0402},
	abstract = {During 1650–2015, in the territory of the former Soviet Union, numbers and distribution of game species fluctuated from abundance to extirpation to restore. I developed an index of abundance for the ‘tsar’ year and used modern estimations of game animal's numbers for the later period. In addition, I collected data on annual harvest of fur animal's pelts. My analysis illustrates periods of famine and social turbulent times strongly influenced subsistence hunting. I observe that totalitarian regime of Soviet Union ensured restoration of game species but after socio-economic revolution of 1991 led to the new decline occurred as a result of limited game management. There are a number of potential causes for this trend, and professional hunting negatively impacted populations. My 300-year-long data set of wildlife management demonstrates the role of regulated hunting as a necessary method of sustainable wildlife management.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2020-06-05},
	journal = {jmam},
	author = {Baskin, Leonid},
	month = dec,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Mammal Society of Japan},
	pages = {173--180},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/16/Baskin - 2016 - Hunting as Sustainable Wildlife Management.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/17/041.041.0402.html:text/html},
}

@article{jiguet_unravelling_2019,
	title = {Unravelling migration connectivity reveals unsustainable hunting of the declining ortolan bunting},
	volume = {5},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.},
	issn = {2375-2548},
	url = {https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/5/eaau2642},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aau2642},
	abstract = {In France, illegal hunting of the endangered ortolan bunting Emberiza hortulana has been defended for the sake of tradition and gastronomy. Hunters argued that ortolan buntings trapped in southwest France originate from large and stable populations across the whole of Europe. Yet, the European Commission referred France to the Court of Justice of the European Union (EU) in December 2016 for infringements to legislation (IP/16/4213). To better assess the impact of hunting in France, we combined Pan-European data from archival light loggers, stable isotopes, and genetics to determine the migration strategy of the species across continents. Ortolan buntings migrating through France come from northern and western populations, which are small, fragmented and declining. Population viability modeling further revealed that harvesting in southwest France is far from sustainable and increases extinction risk. These results provide the sufficient scientific evidence for justifying the ban on ortolan harvesting in France.
Targeting bird migration connectivity adressed a pressing conservation policy question to save ortolan buntings.
Targeting bird migration connectivity adressed a pressing conservation policy question to save ortolan buntings.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2020-06-05},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	author = {Jiguet, Frédéric and Robert, Alexandre and Lorrillière, Romain and Hobson, Keith A. and Kardynal, Kevin J. and Arlettaz, Raphaël and Bairlein, Franz and Belik, Viktor and Bernardy, Petra and Copete, José Luis and Czajkowski, Michel Alexandre and Dale, Svein and Dombrovski, Valery and Ducros, Delphine and Efrat, Ron and Elts, Jaanus and Ferrand, Yves and Marja, Riho and Minkevicius, Simonas and Olsson, Peter and Pérez, Marc and Piha, Markus and Raković, Marko and Schmaljohann, Heiko and Seimola, Tuomas and Selstam, Gunnar and Siblet, Jean-Philippe and Skierczyǹski, Michał and Sokolov, Alexandr and Sondell, Jan and Moussy, Caroline},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
Section: Research Article},
	pages = {eaau2642},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/19/Jiguet et al. - 2019 - Unravelling migration connectivity reveals unsusta.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/20/eaau2642.html:text/html},
}

@article{mfunda_bushmeat_nodate,
	title = {Bushmeat hunting in {Serengeti}, {Tanzania}: {An} important economic activity to local people},
	abstract = {Unsustainable use of natural resources poses threats to conservation and livelihoods. High-levels of bushmeat hunting threaten wildlife populations and extinction of some species. This paper gives an overview of bushmeat hunting in Serengeti, Tanzania. The data on hunting was collected through interviewing 477 households in 10 villages surrounding Serengeti National Park. Our research indicates that bushmeat hunting was taking place in Serengeti and is an important economic activity in Western Serengeti. The hunting preferences differ between Western and Eastern where the latter preferred small and the former, medium-big sized wildlife. The majority depends on bushmeat as a source of protein and a few relied on it for protein and income. In Western Serengeti hunting was taking place inside the national park and game reserves and in occasions within villages. In Eastern Serengeti, hunting took place within villages. Immigration of people, ethnicity, and number of livestock were cited to influence bushmeat hunting. We suggest strengthening and widening the coverage of community based conservation outreach programs; opening doors for sustainable use; and widening the scope of benefit sharing to address household livelihoods. Strengthening law enforcement and redefining the Serengeti ecosystem are essential actions for conserving wildlife within and outside protected area networks.},
	language = {en},
	author = {Mfunda, Iddi M and Røskaft, Eivin},
	pages = {11},
	file = {Mfunda and Røskaft - Bushmeat hunting in Serengeti, Tanzania An import.pdf:files/21/Mfunda and Røskaft - Bushmeat hunting in Serengeti, Tanzania An import.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{benitez-lopez_impact_2017,
	title = {The impact of hunting on tropical mammal and bird populations},
	url = {https://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6334/180.abstract},
	abstract = {… ReportsEcology. The impact of hunting on tropical mammal and bird populations. A. Benítez-López 1 ,*,; R. Alkemade 2 , 3 ,; AM Schipper 2 ,; DJ Ingram 4 ,; PA Verweij 5 …},
	journal = {…},
	author = {Benítez-López, A. and Alkemade, R. and Schipper, A. M. and {...}},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: science.sciencemag.org},
	annote = {163 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=6198465622024926568\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{azhar_contribution_2013,
	title = {Contribution of illegal hunting, culling of pest species, road accidents and feral dogs to biodiversity loss in established oil-palm landscapes},
	url = {http://www.publish.csiro.au/wr/wr12036},
	abstract = {… wildlife authorities because carcasses would be dismembered immediately at the scene and sold illegally to poachers … to offer financial incentives to take part in wildlife monitoring or anti-poaching schemes … The impact of hunting on the mammalian fauna of tropical Asian forests …},
	journal = {Wildlife Research},
	author = {Azhar, B. and Lindenmayer, D. and Wood, J. and Fischer, J. and Manning, A. and {...}},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: CSIRO},
	annote = {40 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=12700014565301747079\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{sanches_illegal_2012,
	title = {Illegal hunting cases detected with molecular forensics in {Brazil}},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/2041-2223-3-17},
	abstract = {… therefore provide an important tool that enables local law enforcement agencies to apprehend illegal poachers … In Brazil, hunting is a criminal offense, and based on the results of our … M, Galetti PM, Galetti M: Wildlife forensic DNA and lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris) poaching …},
	journal = {Investigative …},
	author = {Sanches, A. and Tokumoto, P. M. and Peres, W. A. M. and Nunes, F. L. and {...}},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: Springer
Type: HTML},
	annote = {17 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15442520644910180582\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{sethi_poaching_2019,
	title = {Poaching, illegal wildlife trade and bush meat hunting in {India} and {South} {Asia}},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=PtmmDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA157&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=8rQPXghF1m&sig=6vrPEJUsyH34IiqRSJVq77Yrgh8},
	abstract = {… Local traditions in some states in India encourage people to poach a ti- ger to take a paw of the right leg, which is used in black magic to gain fortunes from God. Leopards (Fig … Page 188. poaching, illegal wildlife trade, and bushmeat hunting 169 systematic demand …},
	journal = {Int. Wildl. Manage. Conserv …},
	author = {Sethi, S. and Goyal, S. P. and Choudhary, A. N.},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: books.google.com},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10299520131805319457\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{velho_hunting_2012,
	title = {Hunting: {A} serious and understudied threat in {India}, a globally significant conservation region},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320712000353},
	abstract = {… For example, adult male elephants were decimated by poaching for tusks over a 20-year period in Periyar Tiger Reserve in southern … bodied species (z 1,108 = 7.68, P {\textless} 0.001; GLM with Poisson errors and log link), although quantitative studies of hunting are seriously … Birds …},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Velho, N. and Karanth, K. K. and Laurance, W. F.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {54 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=16150369863477554955\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{laurance_impacts_2006,
	title = {Impacts of roads and hunting on central {African} rainforest mammals},
	url = {https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00420.x},
	abstract = {… 2003). Of 57 mammal, bird, and reptile species hunted in the Congo Basin, 60\% are being exploited unsustainably (Fa et al. 2002) … 2005). We assessed the effects of roads and hunting on rainforest mammals in southern Gabon …},
	journal = {Conservation …},
	author = {Laurance, W. F. and Croes, B. M. and Tchignoumba, L. and {...}},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	annote = {367 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10262055957678369332\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{hitchcock_traditional_2000,
	title = {Traditional {African} wildlife utilization: subsistence hunting, poaching, and sustainable use},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-011-4012-6_18},
	abstract = {Page 1. 18. TRADITIONAL AFRICAN WILDLIFE UTILIZATION: SUBSISTENCE HUNTING, POACHING, AND SUSTAINABLE USE ROBERT K. HITCHCOCK … Key Words: subsistence hunting, poaching, hunter-gatherers, Ju/'hoansi San, sus- tainability, southern Africa …},
	journal = {Wildlife conservation by sustainable use},
	author = {Hitchcock, R. K.},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {23 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=1389385173407776742\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{harrison_emptying_2011,
	title = {Emptying the forest: hunting and the extirpation of wildlife from tropical nature reserves},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article-abstract/61/11/919/223755},
	abstract = {… In most parts of the tropics, poachers enter and leave so-called protected areas with impunity … Quite apart from a concern for the species directly affected by the hunting, studies on the … As a result, the larger frugivorous mammals and birds are usually among the first species to be …},
	journal = {BioScience},
	author = {Harrison, R. D.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: academic.oup.com},
	annote = {145 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=1113847535146733260\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{grey-ross_assessment_2010,
	title = {An assessment of illegal hunting on farmland in {KwaZulu}-{Natal}, {South} {Africa}: implications for oribi ({Ourebia} ourebi) conservation},
	url = {https://bioone.org/journals/african-journal-of-wildlife-research/volume-40/issue-1/056.040.0104/An-Assessment-of-Illegal-Hunting-on-Farmland-in-KwaZulu-Natal/10.3957/056.040.0104.short},
	abstract = {… Therefore, a third option to try and reduce poach- ing is to give hunters another activity that could replace hunting as a form of sport so alternatives need to be sought. Poaching wild animals is a notoriously cruel and normally indiscriminate pastime …},
	journal = {African Journal of Wildlife Research},
	author = {Grey-Ross, R. and Downs, C. T. and Kirkman, K.},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: BioOne},
	annote = {32 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=4125978119475163992\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{fa_impacts_2009,
	title = {Impacts of hunting on mammals in {African} tropical moist forests: a review and synthesis},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John_E_Fa/publication/227556631_Impacts_of_hunting_on_mammals_in_African_tropical_moist_forests_A_review_and_synthesis/links/59e5ca83458515250250a53e/Impacts-of-hunting-on-mammals-in-African-tropical-moist-forests-A-review-and-synthesis.pdf},
	abstract = {… Comparisons are made with the existing information available on Amazon basin mammals and hunting patterns reported there … Invertebrates, amphibians, insects, fish, rep- tiles, birds and mammals are all targeted by the 'bushmeat' trade in its broadest sense …},
	journal = {Mammal Review},
	author = {Fa, J. E. and Brown, D.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: researchgate.net
Type: PDF},
	annote = {264 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=13884251914521249687\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{bshary_diana_2001,
	title = {Diana monkeys, {Cercopithecus} diana, adjust their anti-predator response behaviour to human hunting strategies},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s002650100354},
	abstract = {… in the questionnaire, as long-term data (1975–1983) on game found with poach- ers caught … One group, how- ever, was still exposed to poaching as gun shots were regularly heard from their … H, Campbell KLI, East ML, Huish SA (1996) The impact of game meat hunting on target …},
	journal = {Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology},
	author = {Bshary, R.},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {48 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15012289460652366711\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{corlett_impact_2007,
	title = {The impact of hunting on the mammalian fauna of tropical {Asian} forests},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00271.x},
	abstract = {… Although dominated by birds, there is also a demand for baby primates, squirrels, and anything … almost all these species (“empty forests”) is a strong evidence that hunting, rather than … Taman Negara National Park in Peninsular Malaysia found no evidence of poaching and signs …},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	author = {Corlett, R. T.},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	annote = {435 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15406912003809188040\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{wilfred_status_2016,
	title = {Status of wildlife at trophy hunting sites in the {Ugalla} {Game} {Reserve} of {Western} {Tanzania}},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1940082916667336},
	abstract = {… Format, Tips on citation download. Download Citation. Download article citation data for: Status of wildlife at trophy hunting sites in the Ugalla Game Reserve of Western Tanzania. Paulo Wilfred and Andrew DC MacColl. Tropical Conservation Science 2016 9:3. Download Citation …},
	journal = {Tropical Conservation Science},
	author = {Wilfred, P. and MacColl, A. D. C.},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: journals.sagepub.com},
	annote = {7 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=789210233284064609\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{kurten_hunting_2015,
	title = {Hunting alters seedling functional trait composition in a {Neotropical} forest},
	url = {https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/14-1735.1},
	abstract = {… The intensity of poaching is much greater throughout the PNS than within the BCNM … censused 20 231 seedlings comprising 279 species in our survey of heavily poached vs … respect to seed dispersal modes and wood density associated with exclosures and hunting differed from …},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Kurten, E. L. and Wright, S. J. and Carson, W. P.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	annote = {36 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=6653792501307746910\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{wiafe_hunted_2018,
	title = {Hunted species and hunting equipment used by rainforest poachers in {Ghana}},
	url = {https://www.zoo.zooreach.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/3416},
	abstract = {… This study aimed to investigate the animal species poached at the Kakum Conservation Area … poacher was arrested by the wildlife protection rangers, data about the poaching activity was … These include the animals that had been harvested, hunting methods used and number of …},
	journal = {Journal of Threatened Taxa},
	author = {Wiafe, E. D.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: zoo.zooreach.org},
	annote = {2 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15493474293938585964\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{essen_deconstructing_2014,
	title = {Deconstructing the poaching phenomenon: {A} review of typologies for understanding illegal hunting},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/bjc/article-abstract/54/4/632/450546},
	abstract = {… Deconstructing the Poaching Phenomenon: A Review of Typologies for Understanding Illegal Hunting. Erica … 'Tjuvjakt' ('poaching' or 'theft-hunting') connotes elements of theft, dishonesty and depriving another of their share. Poaching …},
	journal = {British Journal of …},
	author = {Essen, E. Von and Hansen, H. P. and {...}},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: academic.oup.com},
	annote = {103 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=1084826903259338055\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{zedrosser_determinants_2013,
	title = {Determinants of lifetime reproduction in female brown bears: early body mass, longevity, and hunting regulations},
	url = {https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/12-0229.1},
	abstract = {… early development can have permanent effects in mammals and birds (Lindström 1999 … Human‐caused mortalities are legal hunting, poaching, roadkills, or management removals; natural … than independent yearlings, partly because they were protected from hunting, which could …},
	journal = {Ecology},
	author = {Zedrosser, A. and Pelletier, F. and Bischof, R. and Festa-Bianchet, M. and {...}},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	annote = {40 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=9733097534770370737\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{ripple_bushmeat_2016,
	title = {Bushmeat hunting and extinction risk to the world's mammals},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rsos.160498},
	abstract = {… As wildlife populations outside protected areas decline, poaching pressure is increasing in many parks … medium-sized mammals (1–10 kg) and bats for small-sized mammals (less than … Figure 1. The percentage of species threatened by hunting for human consumption and other …},
	journal = {Royal Society …},
	author = {Ripple, W. J. and Abernethy, K. and Betts, M. G. and {...}},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: royalsocietypublishing.org},
	annote = {212 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=6136198626456948932\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{hill_sustainability_2000,
	title = {Sustainability of {Aché} hunting in the {Mbaracayu} reserve, {Paraguay}},
	url = {http://s3.amazonaws.com/WCSResources/file_20110823_034530_Hill+Sustainability+Ache+Hunting+Mbaracayu+Reserve+Paraguay_dJWl.pdf},
	abstract = {… The northwest corner was sampled frequently in order to monitor the extent of poaching by peasants in that zone … The eastern hunting zone that we also hypothesize as a sink is harder to delin- eate and has been hunted only by Paraguayan poachers since 1995 …},
	journal = {Hunting for sustainability in tropical forests},
	author = {Hill, K. and Padwe, J.},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Publisher: s3.amazonaws.com
Type: PDF},
	annote = {147 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=2330909628071399900\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{hill_huntingrelated_2003,
	title = {Hunting‐related changes in game encounter rates from 1994 to 2001 in the {Mbaracayu} {Reserve}, {Paraguay}},
	url = {https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01135.x},
	abstract = {… us to examine whether Ache hunting is sustainable and whether the effects of poaching have led … gives Ache natives, who once freely roamed the Mbaracayu area, permanent hunting and collecting … is an important endemic bird center with over 400 species of birds recorded in …},
	journal = {Conservation biology},
	author = {Hill, K. and McMillan, G. and Fariña, R.},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	annote = {71 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=16609816997498762157\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{bashari_hunting_2018,
	title = {Hunting in {Afghanistan}: variation in motivations across species},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/hunting-in-afghanistan-variation-in-motivations-across-species/574404272A1FC7E75D850B44681D4471},
	abstract = {… are highly context dependent; for example, the main reason people poach in Namibia … our pre-identified keywords (eg wildlife conservation; illegal wildlife trade; poaching motivation; wildlife … analysis After recording lists of species hunted and reasons for hunting, we categorized …},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Bashari, M. and Sills, E. and Peterson, M. N. and Cubbage, F.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: cambridge.org},
	annote = {9 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=614758501371339559\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{wilfred_trophy_2012,
	title = {Trophy hunting and trophy size in {Ugalla} {Game} {Reserve}, western {Tanzania}},
	url = {https://www.ajol.info/index.php/tjs/article/view/87822},
	abstract = {… In Ugalla Game Reserve, wildlife poaching is a problem, especially because of notorious poachers from a … 1). Although wildlife poaching (particularly as illegal bushmeat hunting) has also been responsible for … Lieberberg L 2006 Persistence hunting by modern hunter-gatherers …},
	journal = {Tanzania Journal of Science},
	author = {Wilfred, P.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: ajol.info},
	annote = {14 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=3073472002057930468\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{epstein_hunting_2018,
	title = {The hunting of strictly protected species: {The} {Tapiola} case and the limits of derogation under article 16 of the habitats directive},
	url = {https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3294645},
	abstract = {… for more than 50 percent of total known mortality, and the mortality of around 15 percent of the total living population.42 The exact percentage allowable may vary by species and what is appropriate for birds may not … III. Hunting for the Purpose of Preventing Poaching …},
	journal = {… Epstein, Guillaume Chapron,'The Hunting …},
	author = {Epstein, Y. and Chapron, G.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: papers.ssrn.com},
	annote = {5 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7170304514038816757\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{wang_hunting_2007,
	title = {Hunting of {Mammals} {Reduces} {Seed} {Removal} and {Dispersal} of the {Afrotropical} {Tree} {Antrocaryon} klaineanum ({Anacardiaceae})},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00275.x},
	abstract = {… for at least 100 yr, and has traditionally been relatively well protected from poaching, due to … small‐scale slash‐and‐burn agriculture continues to be practiced, and hunting pressure is … Surveys of arboreal frugivores.— Arboreal frugivores (large‐bodied birds and primates) were …},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	author = {Wang, B. C. and Sork, V. L. and Leong, M. T. and Smith, T. B.},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	annote = {126 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=4908855410399379686\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{whytock_large_2016,
	title = {Do large birds experience previously undetected levels of hunting pressure in the forests of {Central} and {West} {Africa}?},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/do-large-birds-experience-previously-undetected-levels-of-hunting-pressure-in-the-forests-of-central-and-west-africa/D81910BC88349E50F636A9C8C438562F},
	abstract = {… We cannot categorically rule out the possibility that bird hunt- ing has increased in the past … species or the increased availability of shotguns, making it easier to kill canopy-living birds … the drill (Morgan et al., 2013), and shotguns were the most frequently used hunting method in …},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Whytock, R. C. and Buij, R. and Virani, M. Z. and Morgan, B. J.},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: cambridge.org},
	annote = {22 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=17997698980781369941\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{wright_myriad_2003,
	title = {The myriad consequences of hunting for vertebrates and plants in tropical forests},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1433831904700682},
	abstract = {… Nonetheless poachers continue to reduce the abundance of game species in all but the central … most seeds where poaching was absent, and beetles killed most seeds where poaching was most … zero to moderate hunting to less than 50\% at sites with intense hunting (Wright et al …},
	journal = {Perspectives in plant ecology, Evolution and …},
	author = {Wright, S. J.},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {312 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=11693656054299831926\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{chang_perceived_2019,
	title = {Perceived entertainment and recreational value motivate illegal hunting in {Southwest} {China}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000632071831454X},
	abstract = {… scale, the prevalence and drivers of hunting, particularly hunting targeting birds, remained unclear … women's affairs representative, etc.) also have regulatory duties to discourage poaching, gun ownership … Our surveys focused on bird hunting because in our pilot study, it was …},
	journal = {Biological …},
	author = {Chang, C. H. and Williams, S. J. and Zhang, M. and Levin, S. A. and {...}},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {5 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=12706734764770116652\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{tanalgo_wildlife_2017,
	title = {Wildlife hunting by indigenous people in a {Philippine} protected area: a perspective from {Mt}. {Apo} {National} {Park}, {Mindanao} {Island}},
	url = {https://ww.w.zooreach.org/index.php/JoTT/article/view/2967},
	abstract = {… I have also unveiled that there are locals poaching juvenile palm civets and trading this to local … Metal spears (Bangkaw) used by locals to capture larger mammals (ie, wild pigs); E - Poached juvenile civet … The impact of hunting on the mammalian fauna of tropical Asian forests …},
	journal = {Journal of Threatened Taxa},
	author = {Tanalgo, K. C.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: ww.w.zooreach.org},
	annote = {6 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14392196014829726387\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{hayward__2012,
	title = {… conservation in {Australian} forests; bushmeat hunting in {South} {Africa}; large predator reintroduction in {South} {Africa}; and large mammal conservation in {Poland}},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-0902-1_2},
	abstract = {… were employed to protect the forest and ensure the king's wildlife was not poached … that fencing might be important to conserving blue duikers by minimising risk of poaching … Conservation, 18, 765–775.CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Hayward, MW (2009b) Bushmeat hunting in the …},
	journal = {Fencing for Conservation},
	author = {Hayward, M. W.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {4 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=804788168320208706\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{ajayi_effect_2012,
	title = {Effect of hunting activities on the population of white-throated monkey ({Cercopithecus} erythrogaster) in {Okomu} {National} {Park}, {Edo} {State}, {Nigeria}},
	url = {https://www.crutech.edu.ng/pdf/Joset%20Vol.%201%20No.2/Effect%20Of%20Hunting%20Activities%20On%20The%20Population%20Of%20White-Throated%20Monkey%20(Cercopithecus%20Erythrogaster)%20In%20Okomu%20National%20Park%20,%20Edo%20State,%20Nigeria.pdf},
	abstract = {… sequel to the lack of available population data, the menacing problem of poach- ing and … monkey in Okomu National Park and also determine the ef- fect of hunting/poaching activities on … Hunting ac- tivities in and around Okomu National Park did not decimate population of white …},
	journal = {CRUTECH Journal of Science …},
	author = {Ajayi, S. and Eniang, E. A. and Bukie, J. O.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: crutech.edu.ng
Type: PDF},
	annote = {3 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=8951132289442254272\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{corcoran_shocked_1999,
	title = {Shocked, {Crushed} and {Poisoned}: {Criminal} {Enforcement} in {Non}-{Hunting} {Cases} {Under} the {Migratory} {Bird} {Treaties}},
	url = {https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/denlr77&section=21},
	abstract = {… The Supreme Court later held that MBTA prohibitions on the sale of bird parts are not … a Fifth Amendment taking, even when private lands are consequently closed to hunting.87 "Numerous … or absolute right to kill federally-protected wildlife, including migratory birds, in defense of …},
	journal = {Denv. UL Rev.},
	author = {Corcoran, L. M. and Colbourn, E.},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Publisher: HeinOnline},
	annote = {28 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=8860141035911883121\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{bragagnolo_hunting_2019,
	title = {Hunting in {Brazil}: {What} are the options?},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2530064418301299},
	abstract = {… 5197/67), wildlife hunting and trade in Brazil is criminalized. However, the current law and its subsequent revisions (Law No. 7653/88) distinguish between predatory and non-predatory hunting. The first refers to commercial hunting and poaching and is fully criminalized …},
	journal = {Perspectives in ecology …},
	author = {Bragagnolo, C. and Gama, G. M. and Vieira, F. A. S. and {...}},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier
Type: HTML},
	annote = {4 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=8221313558668060260\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{caro_impact_1998,
	title = {The impact of tourist hunting on large mammals in {Tanzania}: an initial assessment},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.00146.x},
	abstract = {… and second, how tourist hunting might be adjusted to ensure the persistence of mammal populations. As the Department of Wildlife in Tanzania has itself declared that hunting quotas 'are set by … of the paper is as follows: baseline data on population sizes of mammals in different …},
	journal = {African Journal of …},
	author = {Caro, T. M. and Pelkey, N. and Borner, M. and {...}},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	annote = {82 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=2849677835414830632\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{zahler_illegal_2004,
	title = {Illegal and unsustainable wildlife hunting and trade in {Mongolia}},
	url = {https://www.biotaxa.org/mjbs/article/view/26803},
	abstract = {… of public education programs, social development to provide alternative livelihoods for poachers, better regulation of … and 3) active and adaptive conservation and management, including anti-poaching enforcement, using … Argali sheep (Ovis ammon) trophy hunting in Mongolia …},
	journal = {Mongolian Journal of …},
	author = {Zahler, P. and Lhagvasuren, B. and Reading, R. P. and {...}},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Publisher: biotaxa.org},
	annote = {45 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=13217573353879358948\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{madhusudan_local_2002,
	title = {Local hunting and the conservation of large mammals in {India}},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/4315210},
	abstract = {… 2\% SE) resulted in the success- ful killing of at least one large vertebrate (including large birds and reptiles, but ex- cluding … We were unable to estimate rates of persecu- tion of large mammals species-wise. Our data also revealed differences in hunting intensity in the 3 enclaves …},
	journal = {Ambio},
	author = {Madhusudan, M. D. and Karanth, K. U.},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Publisher: JSTOR},
	annote = {126 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=2637399558194255153\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{poulsen_decoupling_2011,
	title = {Decoupling the effects of logging and hunting on an {Afrotropical} animal community},
	url = {https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1890/10-1083.1},
	abstract = {… made up 85.5\% of all hunted species in markets in logging towns, whereas birds and rodents … Poaching of elephants for the ivory trade does occur in KLC, but it is relatively rare … a direct result of the characteristics of the area, particularly the spatial pattern of hunting and logging …},
	journal = {Ecological Applications},
	author = {Poulsen, J. R. and Clark, C. J. and Bolker, B. M.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	annote = {91 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=1509551855108851231\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{osuri_hunting_2020,
	title = {Hunting and {Forest} {Modification} {Have} {Distinct} {Defaunation} {Impacts} on {Tropical} {Mammals} and {Birds}. {Front}. {For}. {Glob}},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anand_Osuri/publication/338503042_Hunting_and_Forest_Modification_Have_Distinct_Defaunation_Impacts_on_Tropical_Mammals_and_Birds/links/5e18549f92851c8364c07ddd/Hunting-and-Forest-Modification-Have-Distinct-Defaunation-Impacts-on-Tropical-Mammals-and-Birds.pdf},
	abstract = {… of the Anthropocene and is best documented for vertebrate species, especially mammals and birds. Defaunation is driven by several direct (eg, hunting) and indirect (eg, habitat alteration … in the nature and magnitude of their impacts on tropical mammal and bird species remains …},
	journal = {Change},
	author = {Osuri, A. M. and Mendiratta, U. and Naniwadekar, R. and Varma, V. and {...}},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: researchgate.net
Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{andrianjakarivelo_fragmentation_nodate,
	title = {Fragmentation, {Hunting}, \& {Exotic} {Species}: {The} fate of {Madagascar}'s carnivores across the {MaMaBay} {Landscape}, {Madagascar}},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Zach_Farris/publication/270582583_Fragmentation_Hunting_Exotic_Species_The_fate_of_Madagascar's_carnivores_across_the_MaMaBay_Landscape_Madagascar/links/54af2a480cf29661a3d500a7/Fragmentation-Hunting-Exotic-Species-The-fate-of-Madagascars-carnivores-across-the-MaMaBay-Landscape-Madagascar.pdf},
	abstract = {… Page 9. • Hunting – Poaching Chris Golden (Harvard, WCS-HEAL) … Co-occurring species activity - Carnivores, small mammals, birds, humans - Trap Success: \# captures / TN * 100 … (6 Endemic = 1,795; 3 Exotic = 1,760) \# Bird captures = 3,843 \# Small mammal captures = 2,463 …},
	journal = {researchgate.net},
	author = {Andrianjakarivelo, V. and Holmes, C. and Golden, C.},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{gubbi_wildlife_2012,
	title = {Wildlife hunting patterns, techniques, and profile of hunters in and around {Periyar} tiger reserve},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sanjay_Gubbi2/publication/272176976_Wildlife_hunting_patterns_techniques_and_profile_of_hunters_in_and_around_Periyar_Tiger_Reserve/links/54de21b70cf2814662ed7b30/Wildlife-hunting-patterns-techniques-and-profile-of-hunters-in-and-around-Periyar-Tiger-Reserve.pdf},
	abstract = {… of PTR, including through harvesting of non-timber forest products, wildlife poaching, timber smuggling … Hunting species preference and techniques A total of 34 species were recorded to be … 1). Most of the respondents (90\%) hunted mammals, in comparison to birds (66.7\%) and …},
	journal = {Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society},
	author = {Gubbi, S. and Linkie, M.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: researchgate.net
Type: PDF},
	annote = {10 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14570762158928144542\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{rangarajan_understanding_2016,
	title = {Understanding the motivations for illegal hunting: {Creating} typologies of hunters in {Southeast} {Asia}},
	url = {https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/83107932.pdf},
	abstract = {… education, public information, and law enforcement programs to combat poaching is to formulate an understanding of why people poach" (Muth 1998) … Search terms: "Hunting" OR "Poaching" OR "Bushmeat" OR "Trade" OR "Conflict" AND "Wildlife" AND "Southeast Asia" …},
	publisher = {core.ac.uk},
	author = {Rangarajan, R.},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{trofimov_repairing_2018,
	title = {{REPAIRING} {THE} {DAMAGE} {CAUSED} {TO} {THE} {ANIMAL} {WORLD} {BY} {PRACTICING} {ILLICIT} {HUNTING}},
	url = {http://www.fiatiustitia.ro/ojs/index.php/fi/article/view/398},
	abstract = {… common access ways with non-firearms, ready-to-use, and other hunting gear, such as hunting dogs and birds or with … of cynegetic interest species obtained by capture or shot on lands which are not included in the hunting funds as well as those obtained by poaching actions …},
	journal = {Fiat Iustitia},
	author = {Trofimov, I. and Gugulan, E.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: fiatiustitia.ro},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{hill_impact_1997,
	title = {Impact of hunting on large vertebrates in the {Mbaracayu} {Reserve}, {Paraguay}},
	url = {https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96048.x},
	abstract = {… Over 400 species of birds have been recorded in the reserve in the past 2 years (Madroño \& … of swiddens within the reserve, they have not been able to completely eliminate poaching by non … The Ache have been hunting in the Mbaracayu area for at least a century and began …},
	journal = {Conservation …},
	author = {Hill, K. and Padwe, J. and Bejyvagi, C. and Bepurangi, A. and {...}},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	annote = {184 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=13503579934336277894\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{saikim_using_2016,
	title = {Using tourism as a mechanism to reduce poaching and hunting: {A} case study of the {Tidong} {Community}, {Sabah}},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=OvuyDQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA119&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=XXs9oNSwDa&sig=_EPHa1fYT7dOFimuUl6iO2deyE8},
	abstract = {… 127 Using Tourism as a Mechanism to Reduce Poaching and Hunting Airport, Free … to wildlife utilization in the Tabin Wildlife Reserve (TWR), Sabah, and examines how the degree of success of tourism activities is related to increases and decreases in poach- ing and …},
	journal = {Advances in hospitality …},
	author = {Saikim, F. H. and Prideaux, B. and Mohamed, M. and {...}},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: books.google.com},
	annote = {3 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=3642553309222359908\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{gugulan_repairing_nodate,
	title = {{REPAIRING} {THE} {DAMAGE} {CAUSED} {TO} {THE} {ANIMAL} {WORLD} {BY} {PRACTICING} {ILLICIT} {HUNTING} {Igor} {TROFIMOV}},
	url = {https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=759762},
	abstract = {… common access ways with non-firearms, ready-to-use, and other hunting gear, such as hunting dogs and birds or with … of cynegetic interest species obtained by capture or shot on lands which are not included in the hunting funds as well as those obtained by poaching actions …},
	journal = {ceeol.com},
	author = {GUGULAN, E.},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{adams_sportsmans_2009,
	title = {Sportsman's shot, poacher's pot: hunting, local people and the history of conservation},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781444303179#page=138},
	abstract = {… The Amateur Poacher c. 1890s) and John Buchan's sporting gentlemen poaching salmon and … Poachers in colonial Africa were also sometimes regarded with paternalistic tolerance. Much more often, African subsistence hunting was judged haphazard, inefficient, wasteful and …},
	journal = {Recreational hunting, conservation and rural …},
	author = {Adams, W. M.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	annote = {18 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=12728733903425182591\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{gross_hunting_2019,
	title = {Hunting wildlife to extinction},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982219306773},
	abstract = {… the researchers were able to predict that, within the next 100 years, average body size in birds and mammals … 2016) 26, R865–R868) aren't safe from poaching and changes … In May, the new government of Botswana shocked conservationists by lifting a ban on elephant hunting …},
	publisher = {Elsevier},
	author = {Gross, M.},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Type: HTML},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=11163686498223344841\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{wilfred_reducing_2013,
	title = {Reducing {Illegal} {Bushmeat} {Hunting} in {Tanzania}: {An} {Opportunity} for {The} {Open} {University} of {Tanzania}: {A} {Review}},
	url = {https://www.ajol.info/index.php/huria/article/view/110795},
	abstract = {… James, 2006; Caro and Sherman, 2011), thus increasing the vulnerability of wildlife to illegal hunting (poaching) pressure (Redford … wildlife laws through anti-poaching patrols (conservation enforcement), where trained patrollers deter poaching or apprehend poachers and ta …},
	journal = {Huria: Journal of the Open University of Tanzania},
	author = {Wilfred, P.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: ajol.info},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{perco_how_2020,
	title = {How {Hunting} and {Wildlife} {Conservation} {Can} {Coexist}: {Review} and {Case} {Studies}},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-42335-3_8},
	abstract = {… All “primitive” populations (Martin 1984; Diamond 1999, 2006) have destroyed many species of mammals and birds who were … to attract carnivores or scavenging bird species, are useful when they are not associated with hunting, even if … Activation of anti-poaching surveillance …},
	journal = {Problematic Wildlife II},
	author = {Perco, F.},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {3 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14048153906915953100\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{gunn_environmental_2001,
	title = {Environmental ethics and trophy hunting},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/40339004},
	abstract = {… Although tuskless elephants are not a target for poachers, they are handi- capped in dry areas … Opponents of hunting (and trapping) as methods of pest control often advocate contraception … Cats, dogs, ferrets, and stoats kill birds and lizards in New Zealand, where the introduced …},
	journal = {Ethics and the Environment},
	author = {Gunn, A. S.},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Publisher: JSTOR},
	annote = {70 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=184696693456680906\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{chutia_studies_2010,
	title = {Studies on hunting and the conservation of wildlife species in {Arunachal} {Pradesh}},
	url = {https://www.academia.edu/download/31689715/P_Chutia_paper_on_sibsagar_college.pdf},
	abstract = {… Hunting and poaching is found to be a seasonal activity, maximum numbers of animals are … A large number of mammals and birds mainly Galliformes are hunted in the western … Hunting and Bushmeat utilization in the African rain forest: prospective towards a blueprint for …},
	journal = {Sibcoltejo},
	author = {Chutia, P.},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: academia.edu
Type: PDF},
	annote = {11 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=9487327666403417133\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{ansari_wildlife_2019,
	title = {Wildlife hunting and conservation in {North}-{East} {India}-a case study},
	url = {http://vital.lib.tsu.ru/vital/access/services/Download/vtls:000673852/SOURCE1},
	abstract = {… In 1984, Jared Diamond, the author of Collapse, listed over-hunting as one of the “evil … Overall, 54\% of threatened mammals, 68\% of birds and 63\% of reptiles in the … fragmentation, poaching, small original range, habitat alteration, pollution, disturbance in specialised habitat and …},
	publisher = {vital.lib.tsu.ru},
	author = {Ansari, Z. Z. and Ajay, K.},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{muchaal_impact_1999,
	title = {Impact of village hunting on wildlife populations in the western {Dja} {Reserve}, {Cameroon}},
	url = {https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.013002385.x},
	abstract = {… eaten by the inhabitants; a large portion of this meat is acquired through poaching in the … classified as being under the heaviest hunting pressure or considered indicative of hunting pressure … Elephants are poached for the high commercial value of their ivory; the meat is only an …},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	author = {Muchaal, P. K. and Ngandjui, G.},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	annote = {210 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=8632384359400060857\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{farris_hunting_2015,
	title = {Hunting, exotic carnivores, and habitat loss: anthropogenic effects on a native carnivore community, {Madagascar}},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0136456},
	abstract = {… Bird and small mammal encounter rates were … Hunting was intense across the four study sites where hunting was studied, with the highest rates for the small Indian civet ( individuals consumed/year), the ring-tailed vontsira (Galidia elegans) ( consumed/year), and the fosa …},
	journal = {PloS one},
	author = {Farris, Z. J. and Golden, C. D. and Karpanty, S. and Murphy, A. and {...}},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: journals.plos.org
Type: HTML},
	annote = {43 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=3858699141966068513\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{mbaiwa_effects_2018,
	title = {Effects of the safari hunting tourism ban on rural livelihoods and wildlife conservation in {Northern} {Botswana}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03736245.2017.1299639},
	abstract = {… The Okavango Delta is characterized by large bodies of open water and grasslands that sustain plants, mammals, birds, insects and … The NGO argued that wildlife populations in Botswana have been decimated by hunting, poaching, human encroachment, habitat fragmentation …},
	journal = {South African Geographical Journal},
	author = {Mbaiwa, J. E.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	annote = {63 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10559128333492849919\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{petroman_role_2009,
	title = {The role of hunting tourism management in the conservation of biodiversity},
	url = {http://www.spasb.ro/index.php/spasb/article/view/1021},
	abstract = {… each species: improving living conditions, vermin control and fighting against poaching for all … of the species, close monitoring of the tourists and hunting tourism to … shelter, quietness - prevention and treatment of diseases - fighting vermin and poachers - population, repopulation …},
	journal = {Scientific Papers Animal …},
	author = {Petroman, I. and BĂLAN, I. and MATIUŢI, A. and BĂLA, E.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: spasb.ro},
	annote = {7 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=9302846077874088801\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{harrison_impacts_2016,
	title = {Impacts of hunting on tropical forests in {Southeast} {Asia}},
	url = {https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cobi.12785},
	abstract = {… Although some species are captive bred, wild‐caught birds are often considered better ensuring the … Understanding these differences is important for the control of poaching and the management of … The most obvious determinant of both past and current hunting pressure at both …},
	journal = {Conservation …},
	author = {Harrison, R. D. and Sreekar, R. and Brodie, J. F. and Brook, S. and {...}},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	annote = {89 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=12646278383290736520\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{heffelfinger_role_2013,
	title = {The role of hunting in {North} {American} wildlife conservation},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207233.2013.800383},
	abstract = {… Even today, there is no conservation ethic in poachers [15,16] and generating such is difficult … in the US is available to the states for conservation of non-hunted birds and mammals … A variety of hunting related information including total number of animals harvested, sex and age …},
	journal = {International Journal of …},
	author = {Heffelfinger, J. R. and Geist, V. and Wishart, W.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	annote = {73 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=16375675513271652662\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{jackson_capture_1996,
	title = {Capture of blue-fronted amazons and hunting of vizcachas and tegu lizards in {Argentina}},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=SrdoXthz9qkC&oi=fnd&pg=PA17&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=Fh8J6L8Clz&sig=N6AIQcIBhDAqIvNYT6poppjD8IE},
	abstract = {… year period; but trade within the country continues, favoured by the bird's pest status in … The continuing market for parrots may also foster poaching birds from the approved programmes if … Vizcacha hunting John E. Jackson Present status The vizcacha (Lagostomus maximus) is a …},
	journal = {… of uses of wild species: case …},
	author = {Jackson, J. E. and Bucher, E. H. and Chani, J. M.},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Publisher: books.google.com},
	annote = {5 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=16336163698344884020\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{arizaga_quantification_2015,
	title = {A quantification of illegal hunting of birds in {Gipuzkoa} (north of {Spain})},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10344-015-0940-6},
	abstract = {… 65CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Murgui E (2014) When governments support poaching: a review … 127–137CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Newton I (2008) The migration ecology of birds … Google Scholar. Randrianandrianina FH, Racey PA, Jenkins RKB (2010) Hunting and consumption …},
	journal = {European journal of wildlife research},
	author = {Arizaga, J. and Laso, M.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {8 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=12071718639892907450\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{phoonjampa_survey_2008,
	title = {Survey of pileated gibbon {Hylobates} pileatus in {Thailand}: populations threatened by hunting and habitat degradation},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/survey-of-pileated-gibbon-hylobates-pileatus-in-thailand-populations-threatened-by-hunting-and-habitat-degradation/27643098CEBD29F500E949FE4BE12840},
	abstract = {… Sanctuary), the census areas tended to be placed in accessible valleys, which may be poached more heavily … Most hunting appears to be subsistence hunting by exploiters of minor forest products … Unless it becomes part of their responsibility, wildlife poaching will continue …},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Phoonjampa, R. and Brockelman, W. Y.},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Publisher: cambridge.org},
	annote = {32 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=8609348314104989984\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{fernandes-ferreira_researches_2017,
	title = {The researches on the hunting in {Brazil}: a brief overview},
	url = {http://www.ethnobioconservation.com/index.php/ebc/article/view/118},
	abstract = {… Biodiversity Heritage Library, Brasiliana USP and Brasiliana UFRJ, using the following keywords in both English and Portuguese: hunting, hunted, game, poaching and Brazil … Figure 3. The percentage of publications addressing hunting of mammals, birds and reptiles and …},
	journal = {Ethnobiology and …},
	author = {Fernandes-Ferreira, H. and {...}},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: ethnobioconservation.com},
	annote = {16 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=8489005956028797575\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{benitez-lopez_intact_2019,
	title = {Intact but empty forests? {Patterns} of hunting-induced mammal defaunation in the tropics},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3000247},
	abstract = {… and that this pattern is more conspicuous in the case of large mammals (57\% of … for maintaining wildlife populations [32–35], especially in the absence of anti-poaching regulations … risk assessments, conservation planning [42], the quantification of the effects of hunting on body …},
	journal = {PLoS …},
	author = {Benítez-López, A. and Santini, L. and Schipper, A. M. and {...}},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: journals.plos.org
Type: HTML},
	annote = {26 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=16455953116035803110\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{rao_hunting_2010,
	title = {Hunting, livelihoods and declining wildlife in the {Hponkanrazi} {Wildlife} {Sanctuary}, {North} {Myanmar}},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00267-010-9519-x.pdf},
	abstract = {… recorded 19 species that included two species of birds (Kalij pheasant and the Grey … Intense hunting pressure on commercially valued species such as bear, otter, musk deer, sambar … their populations unless significant measures are taken to stop illegal poaching within HWS …},
	journal = {Environmental Management},
	author = {Rao, M. and Htun, S. and Zaw, T. and Myint, T.},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {60 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7579771655509801124\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{almond_medieval_2011,
	title = {Medieval hunting},
	publisher = {The History Press},
	author = {Almond, R.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Type: CITATION},
	annote = {116 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14733675299388233081\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{urquizahaas_large_2011,
	title = {Large vertebrate responses to forest cover and hunting pressure in communal landholdings and protected areas of the {Yucatan} {Peninsula}, {Mexico}},
	url = {https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00426.x@10.1111/(ISSN)1469-1795.PROTECTEDAREAS},
	abstract = {… potential human impacts from nearby sites, and because landholding boundaries rarely inhibited poachers, the total … levels of past hunting pressure at Las Palmas and El Zapotal, current hunting pressure at these sites was classed as moderate because poaching had been …},
	journal = {Animal Conservation},
	author = {Urquiza‐Haas, T. and Peres, C. A. and Dolman, P. M.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	annote = {38 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=2128424887908891948\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{pangau-adam_wildmeat_2012,
	title = {Wildmeat or bushmeat? {Subsistence} hunting and commercial harvesting in {Papua} ({West} {New} {Guinea}), {Indonesia}},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10745-012-9492-5.pdf},
	abstract = {… 2007) there is widespread deer poaching to provide meat for the nearby township of Merauke … deer are not utilized by the local population apart from some trophy hunting (Bowe 2000 … The most fre- quently killed animals in CMWMA were small birds, cuscus and bandicoots, which …},
	journal = {Human Ecology},
	author = {Pangau-Adam, M. and Noske, R. and Muehlenberg, M.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: Springer
Type: PDF},
	annote = {41 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7849257413049163021\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{cunha_hunting_1995,
	title = {Hunting of rare and endangered fauna in the mountains of post-{Soviet} central {Asia}},
	url = {https://www.academia.edu/download/34638657/_CA_Hunt_Final.pdf},
	abstract = {… outright. Aerial hunting of snow leopard and Marco Polo sheep from both … Additional poaching pressure comes from urban dwellers and farmers. My 1992 field observations of 23 wild sheep carcass' in the Pamir-Alai support … Although Tajikistan cited 78 wildlife poachers in 1991 …},
	journal = {Proceedings of the eighth International Snow Leopard …},
	author = {Cunha, S. F.},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Publisher: academia.edu
Type: PDF},
	annote = {7 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7764964433457668281\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{amgalanbaatar_argali_2002,
	title = {Argali sheep {Ovis} ammon trophy hunting in {Mongolia}},
	url = {http://pirineos.revistas.csic.es/index.php/pirineos/article/view/67},
	abstract = {… During the course of our field survey over the past 7 years, we have encountered poachers about once per year … The growing local resentment of trophy hunting may well result in increased poaching of argali as well, especially as prices for argali horns rise with the …},
	journal = {Pirineos},
	author = {Amgalanbaatar, S. and Reading, R. P. and Lhagvasuren, B. and {...}},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Publisher: pirineos.revistas.csic.es},
	annote = {21 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=2254465540740075496\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{burton_hierarchical_2012,
	title = {Hierarchical multi-species modeling of carnivore responses to hunting, habitat and prey in a {West} {African} protected area},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0038007},
	abstract = {… for large, wide-ranging species prone to conflict with humans, most notably mammalian carnivores [9 … Besides these direct anthropogenic influences, hunting of prey populations can be an important … in and around PAs through more effective enforcement of anti-poaching laws [28 …},
	journal = {PloS one},
	author = {Burton, A. C. and Sam, M. K. and Balangtaa, C. and Brashares, J. S.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: journals.plos.org
Type: HTML},
	annote = {112 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=11696902331990888748\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{hegerl_using_2017,
	title = {Using camera trap data to assess the impact of bushmeat hunting on forest mammals in {Tanzania}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/using-camera-trap-data-to-assess-the-impact-of-bushmeat-hunting-on-forest-mammals-in-tanzania/2C87B0ECAA992EB3E3DCB7BC0821B9AE},
	abstract = {… Keywords Biodiversity conservation, bushmeat, Eastern Arc, poaching, rainforest, Tanzania, Udzungwa … We used camera trapping to collect data on the pres- ence of mammals … of hunted communities, unlike previ- ous studies on the effects of bushmeat hunting in this area …},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Hegerl, C. and Burgess, N. D. and Nielsen, M. R. and Martin, E. and Ciolli, M. and {...}},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: cambridge.org},
	annote = {28 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10249233926583526010\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{mustin_biodiversity_2011,
	title = {Biodiversity impacts of game bird hunting and associated management practices in {Europe} and {North} {America}},
	url = {https://www.chippingnortonvets.co.uk/uploads/RSPB%20Hutton%20report%20biodiversity%20impact%20of%20gamebird%20industry.pdf},
	abstract = {… in the Czech Republic and Bulgaria to carry out predator control, control poaching and ensure … quail are protected, but pen-reared birds can be released for immediate hunting on small … Number of game birds shot The data presented in Table 1.1 suggest that many more game …},
	journal = {RSPB …},
	author = {Mustin, K. and Newey, S. and Irvine, J. and Arroyo, B. and {...}},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: chippingnortonvets.co.uk
Type: PDF},
	annote = {26 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=16273389942530213421\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{challinor_letter_1997,
	title = {Letter from the {Desk} of {David} {Challinor}, {May}, 1997: {Environmental} biology: animal extinction; wanton killing, hunting},
	url = {https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/1868/Challinor_05_1997.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y},
	abstract = {… today's conscientious hunters try to save prey species by supporting conservation measures, modern poachers have the … Poaching is likely to continue as long as the profits are worth the risk, but … Cultural conflicts on the use of animals for food, beasts of burden, hunting aids and …},
	publisher = {repository.si.edu},
	author = {Challinor, D.},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{saikim_using_2016-1,
	title = {Using {Tourism} as a {Mechanism} to {Reduce} {Poaching} and {Hunting}: {A} {Case} {Study} of the {Tidong} {Community}, {Sabah}', {Advances} in {Hospitality} and {Leisure} ({Advances} in …},
	url = {https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/S1745-354220160000012010/full/html},
	abstract = {… ceremonial purposes and where there is a commercial market willing to pay for poached animal products … tourism is able to create a different form of value to that created by poaching … Illegal hunting however produces only short-term returns for once the animal is gone income …},
	publisher = {emerald.com},
	author = {Saikim, F. H. and Prideaux, B. and Mohamed, M. and Hamzah, Z.},
	year = {2016},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{sanchezmercado_using_2016,
	title = {Using spatial patterns in illegal wildlife uses to reveal connections between subsistence hunting and trade},
	url = {https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cobi.12744},
	abstract = {… Using these definitions, we compiled 4486 records of subsistence hunting, domestic trade, and … used keywords in English and Spanish related to wildlife use: Venezuela, poach, hunt, harvest … Average extraction rate was 185,354 specimens/year (Table 2). Birds were the most …},
	journal = {Conservation …},
	author = {Sánchez‐Mercado, A. and Asmüssen, M. and {...}},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	annote = {14 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=12471766275220542406\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{effiom_bushmeat_2013,
	title = {Bushmeat hunting changes regeneration of {African} rainforests},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rspb.2013.0246},
	abstract = {… Mammal communities differed between hunted and protected sites (figure 2). The best model for … Data are shown separately for four 'guilds' of mammals: large primates, smaller primates, rodents … The effect of hunting was very different between dispersal modes, ie the number of …},
	journal = {… of the Royal …},
	author = {Effiom, E. O. and Nunez-Iturri, G. and Smith, H. G. and {...}},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: royalsocietypublishing.org},
	annote = {151 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=6558029169584442248\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{mmahi_hunting_2019,
	title = {“{Hunting} {Is} {Our} {Heritage}; {We} {Commit} {No} {Offence}”: {Kainji} {National} {Park} {Wildlife} {Poachers}, {Kaiama}, {Kwara} {State} {Nigeria}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01639625.2019.1629537},
	abstract = {… Poachers remain persistent in the act due to availability of a variety of animals to poach, and corruption among the … “Bushmeat Hunting in Congo … Apparently due to the nutritional and economic benefits accruable from illegal poaching, attempts to prevent local communities from …},
	journal = {Deviant Behavior},
	author = {Mmahi, O. Paul and Usman, A.},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{hurt_hunting_2000,
	title = {Hunting and its benefits: an overview of hunting in {Africa} with special reference to {Tanzania}},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-011-4012-6_15},
	abstract = {… Community projects are funded direcdy by Robin Hurt's safari hunting company clients … This form of poaching is cruel, wasteful, deadly and totally unselective in that it kills or … snares have been recovered and destroyed and this is a serious disincentive for poach- ers because …},
	journal = {Wildlife conservation by sustainable use},
	author = {Hurt, R. and Ravn, P.},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {56 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14679269377127269829\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{wilfred_challenges_2019,
	title = {The challenges facing resident hunting in western {Tanzania}: the case of the {Ugalla} ecosystem},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10344-019-1322-2},
	abstract = {… For example, one participant described seeing poachers fearlessly carrying out their activities in the forests, '...poachers used to come … up illegal actions like the killing of unauthorized game and hunting outside specified areas; and hunting out of season (poaching) by trophy …},
	journal = {European Journal of Wildlife Research},
	author = {Wilfred, P.},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{baker_development_1997,
	title = {Development of a model system for touristic hunting revenue collection and allocation},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261517797000162},
	abstract = {… a wildlife management fund to pay local game scouts who watch for poachers, monitor wildlife … rural people who need to hunt to survive cannot get licenses, they resort to poaching. 45 Hunting fees are collected by Botswana's Department of Wildlife, which turns them over to …},
	journal = {Tourism Management},
	author = {Baker, J. E.},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {63 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=16010270025910279899\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{wilfred_legal_2014,
	title = {Legal subsistence hunting trends in the {Ugalla} ecosystem of western {Tanzania}},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10344-013-0778-8},
	abstract = {… Refugees from the nearby Katumba camps are the most problematic poachers (Ugalla Game Reserve 2006) … and Regional Commissioner's Office, Tabora, TanzaniaGoogle Scholar. Waltert M, Meyer B, Kiffner C (2009) Habitat availability, hunting or poaching: what affects …},
	journal = {European journal of wildlife research},
	author = {Wilfred, P. and MacColl, A.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {6 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=4001569849612316931\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{felsmann_ethical_2020,
	title = {Ethical and legal bird hunting duties by {Polish} veterinarians},
	url = {http://www.medycynawet.edu.pl/images/stories/pdf/pdf2019/00-artwait/2020066391.pdf},
	abstract = {… this Act, harvesting animals in violation of the conditions of admissibility of hunting is considered poaching … the code of ethics), veterinarians are not allowed to participate in this kind of hunting … worth adding that there is a directive requiring the protection of wild birds within the …},
	journal = {MEDYCYNA …},
	author = {Felsmann, M. Z. and Szarek, J. and {...}},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: medycynawet.edu.pl
Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{kenward_management_2002,
	title = {Management tools for reconciling bird hunting and biodiversity},
	url = {https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/8264},
	abstract = {… was forbidden, large mammals were lost through exclusion by fencing, or by poaching, until a … of education bring us to the issue of managing human resources available from hunting … large contributions for small bags more typically hunt mammal trophies than birds, with the …},
	publisher = {digital.csic.es},
	author = {Kenward, R.},
	year = {2002},
	annote = {6 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15972544233403337094\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{lindsey_economic_2007,
	title = {Economic and conservation significance of the trophy hunting industry in sub-{Saharan} {Africa}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320706003831},
	abstract = {… Elsevier. Biological Conservation. Volume 134, Issue 4, February 2007, Pages 455-469. Biological Conservation. Economic and conservation significance of the trophy hunting industry in sub-Saharan Africa … 3. Results and discussion. 3.1. Trophy hunting in Africa …},
	journal = {Biological conservation},
	author = {Lindsey, P. A. and Roulet, P. A. and Romanach, S. S.},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {472 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=5608661384397558319\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{lewis_safari_2005,
	title = {Safari hunting and conservation on communal land in southern {Africa}},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=6vNzRzcjntAC&oi=fnd&pg=PA239&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=j5gTAISv2h&sig=8taIQfRteTgzADTuW7kmYNfIToo},
	abstract = {… 75 resi- dents were identified by local community leaders as hunters who actively poached, on average … inputs to help start their new livelihoods if they gave up poaching for at … Poultry versus game meat Among the communities residing in the five hunting concessions mentioned …},
	journal = {CONSERVATION BIOLOGY SERIES …},
	author = {Lewis, D. and Jackson, J.},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Publisher: books.google.com},
	annote = {38 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=274278652811850847\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{lindsey_illegal_2012,
	title = {{ILLEGAL} {HUNTING} \& {THE} {BUSHMEAT} {TRADE} in {SAVANNA} {AFRICA}},
	url = {http://www.academia.edu/download/43979790/Illegal_hunting_and_the_bush-meat_trade_20160322-23875-iznbdi.pdf},
	abstract = {… Limited evidence of success with the farming of indig- enous mammals • Investments and … with clear conditions for community engagement and investment in anti-poach- ing • Make … trade; bows and arrows; dogs; firearms; gin traps; illegal hunting; poaching; snaring; trapping …},
	publisher = {academia.edu},
	author = {Lindsey, P. and Balme, G. and Becker, M. and Begg, C. and Bento, C. and {...}},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {36 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7306204578350212686\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{linder_differential_2011,
	title = {Differential impact of bushmeat hunting on monkey species and implications for primate conservation in {Korup} {National} {Park}, {Cameroon}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320710004714},
	abstract = {… The most common methods used to evaluate the impact of hunting on mammal populations each have their own limitations … Bushmeat hunting is the primary threat to large-bodied mammals in KNP. The KNP forest has never been subjected to commercial logging …},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Linder, J. M. and Oates, J. F.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {97 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=2966027613838462538\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{vanthomme_bushmeat_2010,
	title = {Bushmeat hunting alters recruitment of large‐seeded plant species in {Central} {Africa}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2010.00630.x},
	abstract = {… was situated in the Mbaéré‐Bodingué National Park, an area only rarely subjected to poaching due to … tended to be greater in HH, we can hypothesize that a major effect of hunting in the … not to be compensated for by those of smaller non‐game species like large birds and fruit …},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	author = {Vanthomme, H. and Bellé, B. and Forget, P. M.},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	annote = {107 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=8583840426240013535\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{prinz_hunting_2006,
	title = {Hunting {Food} and {Drinking} {Wine}},
	url = {https://www.academia.edu/download/30933619/2006._Hunting_food.pdf},
	abstract = {… 7 The fine imposed on poachers who hunted in the urban area and its surroundings is increased to 20 sueldos … Defensive hUnting, noble hunting, professional hunting, hunting for subsistence, poaching … Ideologically, bear hunting represented the symbolic componen …},
	publisher = {academia.edu},
	author = {Prinz, A.},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7795119472035024466\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{zalewski_potential_2006,
	title = {Potential influence of predators on the populations of the hare and ground nesting birds in the hunting areas of the {Warmia} and {Mazury} {Region}},
	url = {http://www.acta.media.pl/pl/full/10/2006/000100200600005000010013500144.pdf},
	abstract = {… Additionally, hunting pressure on the fox has been reduced, as well as poaching, which used to … selected for the experiment were representative of the hunting areas in the analysed hunting grounds … The pressure from predators on the nests of ground-nesting birds is very intense …},
	journal = {… Colendarum Ratio et …},
	author = {Zalewski, D. and Sarnowska, M. and Szypowski, S.},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Publisher: acta.media.pl
Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{blanchard_effects_2015,
	title = {The effects of hunting on a forest animal community in {Gabon}},
	url = {http://dukespace.lib.duke.edu/dspace/bitstream/handle/10161/9700/EmilyBlanchard_MastersProject.pdf?sequence=1},
	abstract = {… In addition, poachers face relatively light penalties if caught and prosecuted: first time offenders might face a … Wildlife and poaching assessment in Northeast Gabon: preliminary results … Bushmeat Hunting Alters Recruitment of Large-seeded Plant Species in Central Africa …},
	publisher = {dukespace.lib.duke.edu},
	author = {Blanchard, E.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=9047210909523345533\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{fusari_subsistence_2006,
	title = {Subsistence hunting and conservation issues in the game reserve of {Gile}, {Mozambique}},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-004-8229-1},
	abstract = {… Despite the Mozambique's wildlife was decimated during the war, poaching continues to occur throughout the country and is becoming an … the commonest hunting technique … a wire and placed along the track of an animal, to catch small to medium size mammals and game birds …},
	journal = {Biodiversity \& Conservation},
	author = {Fusari, A. and Carpaneto, G. M.},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {44 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14474069553978153559\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{landry_invention_2001,
	title = {The {Invention} of the {Countryside}: {Hunting}, {Walking} and {Ecology} in {English} {Literature}, 1671–1831},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=N_2HDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR10&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=pf67ncI96C&sig=1TKgj-14k39ryBasH4dn_d7sb8o},
	abstract = {… Whether Royalists or Levellers, qualified sportsmen or poachers, people of rank or the laboring … in Runnymeade, Tyler merits one in Smithfield.'20 Paine's inclusion of hunting among his … of the Countryside would have been particularly contentious during the poaching wars of …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {Landry, D.},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {145 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=5368316412156494032\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{caro_animal_2009,
	title = {Animal breeding systems and big game hunting: models and application},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320708004916},
	abstract = {… Tanzania has set aside 180,000 km 2 for tourist hunting and offers a large number of species for sport hunting, principally mammals, but also upland birds (Tanzania Wildlife Conservation Act, 2002); it is the most popular big game hunting country in Africa (Lindsey et al., 2006 …},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Caro, T. M. and Young, C. R. and Cauldwell, A. E. and Brown, D. D. E.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {94 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=3139901558562805392\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{dasgupta_differential_2012,
	title = {Differential effects of hunting on populations of hornbills and imperial pigeons in the rainforests of the {Eastern} {Indian} {Himalaya}},
	url = {http://www.indianforester.co.in/index.php/indianforester/article/view/27642},
	abstract = {… 2012] 907 Differential effects of hunting on populations of hornbills and imperial pigeons in the ... s l r f r t - t l , . r … 0.8 birds per km respectively (Datta and Naniwadekar, sites. This suggests that poaching has a more significant impact on hornbill populations than logging or …},
	journal = {Indian Forester},
	author = {Dasgupta, S.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: indianforester.co.in},
	annote = {5 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=4006288120095176996\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{kumar_illegal_2014,
	title = {{ILLEGAL} {HUNTING} {CASES} {DETECTE}},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ved_Kumar/publication/320386195_ILLEGAL_HUNTING_CASES_DETECTED_WITH_MOLECULAR_FORENSICS_IN_INDIA/links/59e0fd10458515393d52dbc3/ILLEGAL-HUNTING-CASES-DETECTED-WITH-MOLECULAR-FORENSICS-IN-INDIA.pdf},
	abstract = {… The genetic e to diagnose the species killed and solve these techniques can provide an important tool that illegal poachers … an investigative study of five suspected ife poaching in India … 9426 Ved P. Kumar et al. Illegal hunting cases detected with molecular forensics in India …},
	publisher = {researchgate.net},
	author = {Kumar, D.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{velho_hunting_2013,
	title = {Hunting practices of an {Indo}-{Tibetan} {Buddhist} tribe in {Arunachal} {Pradesh}, north-east {India}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/hunting-practices-of-an-indotibetan-buddhist-tribe-in-arunachal-pradesh-northeast-india/E3304014F13B5166B936DA60DA9A0E13},
	abstract = {… While poaching of high-profile species such as the tiger Panthera tigris and Asian elephant Elephas maximus are well … In addition, four respondents (8\%) listed the Himalyan serow and small passerine birds as taboo species … (2006) Impacts of roads and hunting on Central …},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Velho, N. and Laurance, W. F.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: cambridge.org},
	annote = {21 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=2519537298069509282\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{doherty_hunting_2005,
	title = {Hunting and the {Implications} for {Mammals} in {Belize}},
	url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/41e85ac23c7fadb17fd7d5e5a32dbf55/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y},
	abstract = {… simultaneously. Key Words: hunting, Neotropics, mammals, birds, forests, protected areas … hunting in the forests and opportunistically in agricultural fields in an effort to protect … immigrants, who cross the currently disputed international border and poach mahogany …},
	publisher = {search.proquest.com},
	author = {Doherty, D. A.},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=16892688988656763454\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{bi_bushmeat_2017,
	title = {Bushmeat hunting around a remnant coastal rainforest in {Côte} d'{Ivoire}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/bushmeat-hunting-around-a-remnant-coastal-rainforest-in-cote-divoire/039AA6067E154F5CF0632EE028537EFD},
	abstract = {… duikers and brush-tailed porcupines) were the primary tar- gets of poachers in the … Reserve probably reflects the cumulative effects of habitat degradation and hunting pressure on … local restaurants originated in the Reserve, where there is increased poaching pressure, persist …},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Bi, S. G. and Koné, I. and Béné, J. C. K. and Bitty, E. A. and Yao, K. A. and Kouassi, B. A. and {...}},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: cambridge.org},
	annote = {8 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=1459133280796847027\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{muboko_illegal_2016,
	title = {Illegal hunting and protected areas: {Tourist} perceptions on wild animal poisoning in {Hwange} {National} {Park}, {Zimbabwe}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0261517715001478},
	abstract = {… Research note. Illegal hunting and protected areas: Tourist perceptions on wild animal poisoning in … on felids (Garcia-Alaniz, Naranjo, \& Mallory, 2010) and in China on birds (MaMing, Zhang … In large PAs with low anti-poaching patrol coverage, detectability is a major challenge to …},
	journal = {Tourism Management},
	author = {Muboko, N. and Gandiwa, E. and Muposhi, V. and Tarakini, T.},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {19 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10537995082784480557\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{barri_effects_2012,
	title = {Effects of group size, habitat and hunting risk on vigilance and foraging behaviour in the {Lesser} {Rhea} ({Rhea} pennata pennata)},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1071/MU10090},
	abstract = {… Conversely, predation pressure exerted by poaching, which is frequent in the edge area, also appears to be a … of time allocated to vigilance and feeding behaviour (\% Æ se) in relation to habitat and hunting risk in … How does food density influence vigilance in birds and mammals …},
	journal = {Emu-Austral …},
	author = {Barri, F. R. and Roldán, N. and Navarro, J. L. and {...}},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	annote = {7 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=2847454957728945746\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{vermeulen_community_2009,
	title = {Community hunting in logging concessions: towards a management model for {Cameroon}'s dense forests},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10531-009-9614-6.pdf},
	abstract = {… Birds 1 … This includes awareness programmes, the control of poaching, supply of alternative protein sources, and recognition of the rights of the … It must be acknowledged, however, that recognising hunting rights and managing them at the community level could lead to failures, ie …},
	journal = {Biodiversity and …},
	author = {Vermeulen, C. and Julve, C. and Doucet, J. L. and {...}},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {24 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=12619667548681418059\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{hitchcock_subsistence_1996,
	title = {Subsistence hunting and resource management among the {Ju}/'hoansi of {Northwestern} {Botswana}},
	url = {https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/68150},
	abstract = {… The efforts of African governments to reduce the levels of poaching and to conserve wildlife and other natural resources have had mixed results … Subsistence Hunting and Resource Management … 166 Table 2. Common birds of the Dobe-lDulDa region, Ngamiland, Botswana …},
	publisher = {repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp},
	author = {Hitchcock, R. K. and Yellen, J. E. and Gelburd, D. J. and Osborn, A. J. and {...}},
	year = {1996},
	annote = {34 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=4600792092890876752\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{haurez_impacts_2013,
	title = {Impacts of logging and hunting on western lowland gorilla ({Gorilla} gorilla gorilla) populations and consequences for forest regeneration. {A} review},
	url = {https://orbi.uliege.be/handle/2268/152211},
	abstract = {… strict accessibility controls) are subject to an increase in hunting and poaching pressure (Walsh … et al., 2010), notably because they allow higher investment returns to poachers (Wright, 2003 … Impacts of hunting on mammals in African tropical moist forests: a review and synthesis …},
	journal = {Biotechnologie, agronomie, société …},
	author = {Haurez, B. and Petre, C. A. and Doucet, J. L.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: orbi.uliege.be},
	annote = {19 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15793083031054306950\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{robinson_having_2004,
	title = {Having your wildlife and eating it too: an analysis of hunting sustainability across tropical ecosystems},
	url = {https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1017/S1367943004001532},
	abstract = {… of forest to more open habitats potentially might increase the standing biomass of large- bodied mammals … Hunting also shifts the composition of the wildlife community, so that the biomass of large … This is driven by a shift in the large-bodied mammal community from primates to …},
	journal = {Animal Conservation},
	author = {Robinson, J. G. and Bennett, E. L.},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	annote = {219 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=12144754079489593334\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{dobson_framework_2019,
	title = {A framework for assessing impacts of wild meat hunting practices in the tropics},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10745-019-0075-6},
	abstract = {… Guns allow more practical hunting of arboreal mammals as well as birds, and the gun-hunter also has a greater degree of influence over individual targets, such that selectivity could theoretically be limited only by their identification skills, though different firearms have different …},
	journal = {Human Ecology},
	author = {Dobson, A. D. M. and Milner-Gulland, E. J. and Ingram, D. J. and Keane, A.},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Springer
Type: HTML},
	annote = {6 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7864602259548891745\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{tilker_habitat_2019,
	title = {Habitat degradation and indiscriminate hunting differentially impact faunal communities in the {Southeast} {Asian} tropical biodiversity hotspot},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-019-0640-y},
	abstract = {… degradation and intensive, indiscriminate hunting differentially impact tropical terrestrial mammals and birds … further research is needed to understand how mammal and bird communities respond to … In this respect, hunting represents a more complex phenomenon than habitat …},
	journal = {Communications …},
	author = {Tilker, A. and Abrams, J. F. and Mohamed, A. and Nguyen, A. and {...}},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: nature.com
Type: HTML},
	annote = {2 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15241652216707252830\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{gangas_attitudes_2014,
	title = {Attitudes towards large carnivores and acceptance of illegal hunting: the importance of social attitudes and scales in large carnivore management},
	url = {https://brage.inn.no/inn-xmlui/handle/11250/194991},
	abstract = {… Table 3. Spearman correlation coefficients (rsp 6 SEr) between acceptance to poach the different carnivore … 5. Damania R, Milner-Gulland EJ, Crookes DJ (2005) A bioeconomic analysis of bushmeat hunting … (2012) Shoot, shovel and shut up: cryptic poaching slows restoration …},
	publisher = {brage.inn.no},
	author = {Gangås, K. E.},
	year = {2014},
	annote = {3 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15981042915397188271\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{rosin_does_2014,
	title = {Does hunting threaten timber regeneration in selectively logged tropical forests?},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112714004666},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and Management},
	author = {Rosin, C.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {15 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14094257586643758882\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{nieswiadomy_individual_2009,
	title = {Individual {Species}‐{State} {Analysis} {Of} {Natureserve}'{S} “{At}‐{Risk}” {Categories}: {Hunting} {And} {Fishing}'{S} {Role}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1465-7287.2008.00144.x},
	abstract = {… We control for species type (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish, and turtles), population density, farming … and fishing could be avoided for the most part (except from poaching) if state … game hunting: states with larger per capita spending on big game hunting have fewer at …},
	journal = {Contemporary Economic Policy},
	author = {Nieswiadomy, M. and Laband, D. N.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{holbech_uncontrolled_2018,
	title = {Uncontrolled hunting and habitat degradation decimate and extirpate forest hornbills in {Ghana}, {West} {Africa}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320718300363},
	abstract = {… Hunting is prohibited in all wildlife reserves and FRs, but poaching is pervasive, critically decimating populations of mammals and birds (eg, Oates et al., 2000; Annorbah, 2016). We conducted all research under Forestry Commission permits, using only non-invasive bird …},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Holbech, L. H. and Annorbah, N. N. D. and Phalan, B. and Arcilla, N.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {2 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=8086745227190366517\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{loveridge_does_2007,
	title = {Does sport hunting benefit conservation},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=flEwoquwpGUC&oi=fnd&pg=PA222&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=non2NV7q7a&sig=dxoUZciIT59RVPUB5xq51LwEFhY},
	abstract = {… The tally of millions of migratory birds shot and trapped annually by Mediterranean hunt- ers has alarmed … parks services and government conservation departments have origins in agencies estab- lished to defend hunting reserves and suppress poaching (Adams \& Hulme …},
	journal = {Key topics in …},
	author = {Loveridge, A. J. and Reynolds, J. C. and {...}},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Publisher: books.google.com},
	annote = {125 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=11911670931613782312\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{fa_hunting_2016,
	title = {Hunting and primate conservation},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=qzxuDQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT236&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=-zPjwMEEm7&sig=0sRdvNGH8NXn2LQ4RR9Zkx6ofNI},
	abstract = {… In presentday use, lawful hunting is distinguished from illegal poaching … contribute the most to wild meat provision and comprise in particular mammals, but also birds, reptiles, and … on the ground; as a result, primates as a taxon are particularly vulnerable to hunting (Linder and …},
	journal = {An introduction to primate conservation},
	author = {Fa, J. E. and Tagg, N.},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: books.google.com},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=3994505700681944815\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{reimoser_changes_2014,
	title = {Changes of hunting bag and habitat in the southern {Vienna}-{Woods} since 1891.},
	url = {https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20143170435},
	abstract = {Long-term developments (1891-2009) of the hunting bag of 25 wildlife species were investigated and brought in relation with changes of habitat quality as well as changes of the hunting legislation and the attitudes of hunters. The study area of about 1.000 ha is located in the southern …},
	journal = {Allgemeine Forst-Und …},
	author = {Reimoser, S. and Smidt, S. and Reimoser, F. and {...}},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: cabdirect.org},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=3838746889673736991\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{subedi_habitat_2011,
	title = {Habitat {Status} and {Conservation} of {Red} {Panda} ({Ailurus} fulgens) in {Dhorpatan} {Hunting} {Reserve}, {Nepal}},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vijay_Kumar190/publication/264627125_BACTERIAL_ENTERITIS_IN_AN_INDIAN_PALM_CIVET_Paradoxurus_hermaphroditus_AND_ITS_SUCCESSFUL_MANAGEMENT-A_CASE_REPORT/links/53e9da760cf28f342f4153fa/BACTERIAL-ENTERITIS-IN-AN-INDIAN-PALM-CIVET-Paradoxurus-hermaphroditus-AND-ITS-SUCCESSFUL-MANAGEMENT-A-CASE-REPORT.pdf#page=17},
	abstract = {… Illegal trapping of wild animals including red pandas by the poachers is the another … red panda and perform community based conservation activities such as anti-poaching, control fuel … abundant in between the altitudinal range of 3200m–3400m in Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve …},
	journal = {… of second seminar on small mammals …},
	author = {Subedi, T. R. and Thapa, A.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: researchgate.net
Type: PDF},
	annote = {3 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=13006795924674882150\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{mohr_compounding_2015,
	title = {Compounding or paraphrase? {Sign} sequences in the hunting language of the{\textbar}{\textbar} {Ani}-{Khwe}},
	url = {http://www.academia.edu/download/53579329/28_Susanne_Mohr_ds.pdf},
	abstract = {… Mammals: [CL] horns/ears + fur pattern Birds: CL/beak + [pattern of feathers] + wings/legs … For this, spontaneous data from hunting or poaching trips would be needed in order to analyse the syntactic structure of the language …},
	journal = {Proceedings of the 8th world congress of African …},
	author = {Mohr, S.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: academia.edu
Type: PDF},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=13364075558050162304\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{fa_integrating_2014,
	title = {Integrating sustainable hunting in biodiversity protection in {Central} {Africa}: hot spots, weak spots, and strong spots},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0112367},
	abstract = {… of local wild animal populations [2], [3]. The unsustainable harvest of mammals and birds can also … models to map the distribution of favorable areas for all hunted mammals in Central … This contribution is the first to present a hunting vulnerability map for bushmeat species in a …},
	journal = {PLoS …},
	author = {Fa, J. E. and Olivero, J. and Farfán, MÁ and Márquez, A. L. and Vargas, J. M. and {...}},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: journals.plos.org
Type: HTML},
	annote = {28 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15130726713413442182\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{kachel_evaluating_2014,
	title = {Evaluating the efficacy of wild ungulate trophy hunting as a tool for snow leopard conservation in the {Pamir} {Mountains} of {Tajikistan}},
	url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/3c5b67a40bb80c7a9f912f86ad6213bb/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y},
	abstract = {… livestock grazing is the dominant land use and wild ungulate poaching is likely prevalent … laws and ibex and argali are subject to greater illegal hunting pressure … and various small mammals (eg Lepus and Ochotona spp.). Sympatric carnivores Page 20. 8 …},
	publisher = {search.proquest.com},
	author = {Kachel, S. M.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {9 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=1439081351466232064\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{ali_socio-economic_2015,
	title = {Socio-economic benefits of community based trophy hunting programs},
	url = {http://www.irbis-nbuv.gov.ua/cgi-bin/irbis_nbuv/cgiirbis_64.exe?C21COM=2&I21DBN=UJRN&P21DBN=UJRN&IMAGE_FILE_DOWNLOAD=1&Image_file_name=PDF/envirecon_2015_6_1_3.pdf},
	abstract = {… Each conservan- 1 Mehtar: The ruler of Chitral. 2 Gol: The place between the two mountains through which the stream merges. 3 Game Reserve: The area that is reserve for the trophy hunting. 4 Poaching: Illegal hunting. cy has 12 VCC's …},
	journal = {Environmental …},
	author = {Ali, H. and Shafi, M. M. and Khan, H. and Shah, M. and {...}},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: irbis-nbuv.gov.ua
Type: PDF},
	annote = {4 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=5385173352620182938\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{brainerd_european_2008,
	title = {European charter on hunting and biodiversity},
	url = {https://hunt.nina.no/Portals/HUNT/Hunting_Charter.pdf},
	abstract = {… This agreement stresses the clear commitment of both organisations to the “Birds Directive” and their recognition of sustainable hunting, and identifies … process between BirdLife and FACE has become a key element of the work towards sustainable bird hunting in Europe …},
	publisher = {hunt.nina.no},
	author = {Brainerd, S. M.},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {35 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=359101287812722948\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{abugiche_impact_2008,
	title = {Impact of hunting and bushmeat trade on biodiversity loss in {Cameroon}: a case study of the {Banyang}-{Mbo} {Wildlife} {Sanctuary}},
	url = {https://opus4.kobv.de/opus4-btu/frontdoor/index/index/docId/738},
	abstract = {… Table 2.6 Percentage of hunted species for which hunting rates are unsustainable…………… 32 Table 2.7 Number of mammals ({\textgreater} 1 kg) hunted/ km2/ year … 62 Table 4.1 Number of Species (plants, mammals, and birds) per 10.000 km2 land area ..... 67 …},
	publisher = {opus4.kobv.de},
	author = {Abugiche, S. A.},
	year = {2008},
	annote = {14 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=17011583130327455670\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{crosmary_african_2012,
	title = {African ungulates and their drinking problems: hunting and predation risks constrain access to water},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003347211004532},
	abstract = {… ca. 880 km 2 ) (Fig. 1). The hunting mode practised in these hunting areas is sport hunting, and thus harvest usually represents a small fraction of total population size, contrary to culling or uncontrolled poaching. Harvest rates …},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Crosmary, W. G. and Valeix, M. and Fritz, H. and Madzikanda, H. and {...}},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {76 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=3464863792779698091\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{wilkie_managing_1998,
	title = {Managing bushmeat hunting in {Okapi} wildlife reserve, {Democratic} {Republic} of {Congo}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/managing-bushmeat-hunting-in-okapi-wildlife-reserve-democratic-republic-of-congo/503534AF3E47592AB1660781682DFC3C},
	abstract = {… hunting for domestic consumption and for the market has the potential to deplete rapidly forest mammal, bird and reptile … turn may fuel resentment towards the OWR and may even result in re- taliatory hunting of rare and endemic species, and increased elephant poaching …},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Wilkie, D. S. and Curran, B. and Tshombe, R. and Morelli, G. A.},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Publisher: cambridge.org},
	annote = {43 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=593740217585260602\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{rao_hunting_2011,
	title = {Hunting for a living: {Wildlife} trade, rural livelihoods and declining wildlife in the {Hkakaborazi} {National} {Park}, {North} {Myanmar}},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00267-011-9662-z.pdf},
	abstract = {… of illegal wildlife trade and reduce hunting pressure on vulnerable species … Greater investment in park management to further strengthen anti-poaching patrols and increase cross … Engaging vil- lagers (including those who were previously poachers) in enforcement activities and …},
	journal = {Environmental Management},
	author = {Rao, M. and Zaw, T. and Htun, S. and Myint, T.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {30 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10658814278898977924\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{stoner_hunting_2007,
	title = {Hunting and plant community dynamics in tropical forests: a synthesis and future directions},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2007.00291.x},
	abstract = {… of species that are not hunted such as forest interior insectivorous birds (eg, Laurance et … and increased abundances of such seed predators might be a widespread indirect consequence of hunting … of palm seeds killed by rodents declines with the severity of poaching (panels A …},
	journal = {Biotropica},
	author = {Stoner, K. E. and Vulinec, K. and Wright, S. J. and Peres, C. A.},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	annote = {196 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=17021724927751793807\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{wierzbowska_predation_2016,
	title = {Predation of wildlife by free-ranging domestic dogs in {Polish} hunting grounds and potential competition with the grey wolf},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320716302403},
	abstract = {… act as predators of a variety of native fauna, primarily mammals but also birds, reptiles, amphibians … of mortality of all game species must be reported in annual reports, including poaching, road kills … The cause of death is verified and approved by hunting guards and hunting club …},
	journal = {Biological …},
	author = {Wierzbowska, I. A. and Hędrzak, M. and Popczyk, B. and Okarma, H. and {...}},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {39 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=17270272294018064504\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{akinsorotan_dynamics_2020,
	title = {Dynamics and {Socioeconomic} {Drivers} of {Illegal} {Hunting} of {Wildlife} {Animal} for {Consumption} in {Oba} {Hills} {Forest} {Reserve} in {Southwest} {Nigeria}},
	url = {https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jasem/article/view/194851},
	abstract = {… In addition, ungulates in Ivory Coast suffered a decline of over 60\% over 20 years, with poaching through hunting probably the only plausible explanation for the decline (Fisher and Linsenmair, 2001) … The impact of hunting on tropical mammal and bird populations …},
	journal = {Journal of Applied …},
	author = {Akinsorotan, O. A. and Olaniyi, O. E. and Oguntuase, B. G. and {...}},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: ajol.info},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{jones_trophy_2018,
	title = {Trophy hunting and animal welfare.},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=DchwDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA46&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=itgB0RRB9A&sig=ewnRtw3JnBeISXPTKzLxSgb06ps},
	abstract = {… of game birds by natural predators, including mammals and birds of prey … com/2015/10/151017- zimbabwe- elephant-tusker-trophy-hunting-poaching-conservation- africa-ivory-trade … Association for Shooting and Conservation (BASC) Statement on Game Bird Release Numbers …},
	journal = {Animal Welfare in a Changing World},
	author = {JONES, M. and DRAPER, C.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: books.google.com},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{falzon_birds_2020,
	title = {Birds of {Passage}: {Hunting} and {Conservation} in {Malta}},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ovjkDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=bhXeLKvekX&sig=hltqNrX5rltJ37Kf48xsvcRfzw8},
	abstract = {… by hunters and birdwatchers, in Malta. The Practice of Bird Hunting As practised today, the taking of wild migrating birds in Malta includes a number of different and sometimes overlapping types. The first is that of shooting with …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {Falzon, M. A.},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{winkler_why_2011,
	title = {Why do {ICDPs} fail?: {The} relationship between agriculture, hunting and ecotourism in wildlife conservation},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0928765510000059},
	abstract = {… While models emphasizing the nuisance argument for poaching better fit to rangeland reserves and … model is compatible with forest reserves and small mammal or bird species, which … Johannesen (2006) also studies the relationship between ICDPs, illegal hunting and wildlife …},
	journal = {Resource and Energy Economics},
	author = {Winkler, R.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {50 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=1404397344718298792\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{rosenbaum_population_1998,
	title = {Population densities of {Sulawesi} crested black macaques ({Macaca} nigra) on {Bacan} and {Sulawesi}, {Indonesia}: {Effects} of habitat disturbance and hunting},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2345(1998)44:2%3C89::AID-AJP1%3E3.0.CO;2-S},
	abstract = {… Al- though these macaques are protected by law, trapping and hunting continue … in Tangkoko we found macaques caught in snares set for forest pigs, indicating that poaching continues to be … O'Brien and Kinnaird [1996] compared changes in the density of 11 bird and mammal …},
	journal = {American Journal of …},
	author = {Rosenbaum, B. and O'Brien, T. G. and Kinnaird, M. and {...}},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	annote = {75 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=1529343793160228799\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{creel_communal_1995,
	title = {Communal hunting and pack size in {African} wild dogs, {Lycaon} pictus},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0003347295800484},
	abstract = {… Two additional kills were scavenged from un- identified carnivores, and three were scavenged from poachers' snares. Quantitative effects of pack size on hunting Hunting success significantly increased as adult pack size increased (Fig …},
	journal = {Animal Behaviour},
	author = {Creel, S. and Creel, N. M.},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {553 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=6840595045385663947\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{jiguet_unravelling_2019-1,
	title = {Unravelling migration connectivity reveals unsustainable hunting of the declining ortolan bunting},
	url = {https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/5/eaau2642?utm_source=TrendMD&utm_medium=cpc&utm_campaign=TrendMD_1},
	abstract = {… Unravelling migration connectivity reveals unsustainable hunting of the declining ortolan bunting … 9 Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive, Lynx Edicions, Montseny 8, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain … 31 Kvismare Bird Observatory, Rulleuddsvägen 10, S-178 51 Ekerö, Sweden …},
	journal = {Science …},
	author = {Jiguet, F. and Robert, A. and Lorrillière, R. and {...}},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: advances.sciencemag.org
Type: HTML},
	annote = {7 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7331552362713164830\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{agam_elephant_2018,
	title = {Elephant and mammoth hunting during the {Paleolithic}: a review of the relevant archaeological, ethnographic and ethno-historical records},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2571-550X/1/1/3},
	abstract = {… 6]. Chimpanzees have been documented hunting medium and small-sized mammals [31,32 … data are used to support our contention that elephant and mammoth hunting was within … a commercial demand for ivory emerged, contributing to increased elephant poaching [8]. Thus …},
	journal = {Quaternary},
	author = {Agam, A. and Barkai, R.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: mdpi.com},
	annote = {36 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10292415457514799991\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{chang_social_2017,
	title = {The social determinants and ecological consequences of indiscriminate hunting in tropical {Asia}},
	url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/860979a77e7227f5928d9f89db3024ec/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y},
	abstract = {… assumption that hunting is driven by economic or subsistence aims alone may be inaccurate. Using illegal hunting of mammals and birds Southwest China as a case study, I found that hunting activity was largely sustained by resilient ungulate and passerine stocks. As hunting …},
	publisher = {search.proquest.com},
	author = {Chang, C. H.},
	year = {2017},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{bartholomew_hunting_2017,
	title = {Hunting of {Threatened} {Wildlife} {Species} by {Indigenous} {People} in {Kenyir}, {Terengganu}, {Peninsular} {Malaysia}: {Prevalence}, {Predictors}, {Perceptions} and {Practices}},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Candyrilla_Bartholomew/publication/321314625_HUNTING_OF_THREATENED_WILDLIFE_SPECIES_BY_INDIGENOUS_PEOPLE_IN_KENYIR_TERENGGANU_PENINSULAR_MALAYSIA_PREVALENCE_PREDICTORS_PERCEPTIONS_AND_PRACTICES/links/5a1c11c74585155c26ae2b5a/HUNTING-OF-THREATENED-WILDLIFE-SPECIES-BY-INDIGENOUS-PEOPLE-IN-KENYIR-TERENGGANU-PENINSULAR-MALAYSIA-PREVALENCE-PREDICTORS-PERCEPTIONS-AND-PRACTICES.pdf},
	abstract = {… mammals closer to reality, with awareness material focusing on changing mindsets of the younger generation to reduce hunting of threatened species. Keywords: Indigenous people, poaching, Unmatched-Count Technique …},
	journal = {Kenyir Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia …},
	author = {Bartholomew, C. V.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: researchgate.net
Type: PDF},
	annote = {2 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=5376549227145422702\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{griffin_blood_2007,
	title = {Blood sport: hunting in {Britain} since 1066},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Tc7U15Ab8DwC&oi=fnd&pg=PP14&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=jE1NTi5Xjp&sig=HgyEyPItnHrUqWdz_X6U8IKiHt8},
	abstract = {… But whose laws have historically governed ownership of the wild animals and birds with which we … at a friend's christening party to indulge in a little post-dinner poaching and got … only tells us about Quennell's misadventure because he trespassed on another man's hunting in the …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {Griffin, E.},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {152 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7939217183679544477\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{parker_notes_nodate,
	title = {Notes on the {Wata} hunting culture},
	url = {https://www.kenyamuseumsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/kpp/1844%20KMS%20Kenya%20Past%20and%20Present%20Issue%2044.pdf#page=45},
	abstract = {… of them were employed by professional hunters and safari guides) and from selling hunting (poached) products … Not until 1980 did I learn that he was considered among the hunting greats. This was extraordinary as in the anti- poaching campaign of 1956/57 we thought we had …},
	journal = {Kenya Past and Present},
	author = {Parker, I.},
	note = {Publisher: kenyamuseumsociety.org
Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{rogan_socioeconomic_2018,
	title = {Socioeconomic drivers of illegal bushmeat hunting in a {Southern} {African} {Savanna}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320717321985},
	abstract = {… bushmeat hunting has been illegal with the exception of regulated hunting of game birds … poaching patrols throughout the region, with an emphasis on high-value poaching for ivory … for hunters travelling on horseback or spending multiple nights on hunting expeditions (Loibooki …},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Rogan, M. S. and Miller, J. R. B. and Lindsey, P. A. and McNutt, J. W.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {8 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10741256704831140447\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{djagoun_small_2009,
	title = {Small carnivorans from southern {Benin}: a preliminary assessment of diversity and hunting pressure},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Chabi_A_M_S_DJAGOUN/publication/228762921_Small_carnivorans_from_southern_Benin_A_preliminary_assessment_of_diversity_and_hunting_pressure/links/00b4951cd943549ef2000000/Small-carnivorans-from-southern-Benin-A-preliminary-assessment-of-diversity-and-hunting-pressure.pdf},
	abstract = {… tempting targets for hunt- ers, especially with the current monitoring of large game poaching which will … here, since the majority of published studies on small- to mid-game hunting in Africa … Indeed, whereas Marsh Cane Rats and Giant Poached Rats were sold at US\$ 8–10 and …},
	journal = {Small Carnivore Conservation},
	author = {Djagoun, C. and Gaubert, P.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: researchgate.net
Type: PDF},
	annote = {21 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=13335159329784749761\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{samojlik_tsars_2020,
	title = {The {Tsars}' {Private} {Hunting} {Ground} (1888–1915)},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-33479-6_7},
	abstract = {… In the period 1893–1896, there were 132 court cases with 240 suspects connected with poaching, (including not only poachers caught red … This was to include samples of soils, plants, animal and mushrooms, hunting equipment, including poachers' weapons, as well …},
	journal = {… Primeval Forest: Nature …},
	author = {Samojlik, T. and Fedotova, A. and Daszkiewicz, P. and {...}},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{burnside_dataset_2018,
	title = {Dataset on the numbers and proportion of mortality attributable to hunting, trapping, and powerlines in wild and captive-bred migratory {Asian} houbara …},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352340918313714},
	abstract = {… Therefore, estimates below were calculated both with, and without, birds hunted in the UHC … unlikely [4], were interpreted as most likely attributable to hunting/trapping, as it is known that poachers or illegal … Estimating the proportionate contribution of hunting/poaching to mortality …},
	journal = {Data in brief},
	author = {Burnside, R. J. and Collar, N. J. and Dolman, P. M.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier
Type: HTML},
	annote = {2 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=4958324314608754441\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{nieman_synergistic_2018,
	title = {A {Synergistic} {Assessment} of {Animal} {Species}' {Vulnerability} to {Three} {Major} {Hunting} {Practices} in the {Western} {Cape} {Province}},
	url = {https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/286442920.pdf#page=286},
	abstract = {… Of these, most were mammals (68.3\%), followed by reptiles (15.9\%) and birds (14.6 … eight species were highlighted that are greatly impacted by the three dominant hunting practices in the … Evaluating wire-snare poaching trends and the impacts of by-catch on elephants and large …},
	journal = {Culture, Conflict and Cuisine: A Quantitative …},
	author = {Nieman, W. A. and Leslie, A. J.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: core.ac.uk
Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{torres_landscape_2018,
	title = {Landscape correlates of bushmeat consumption and hunting in a post-frontier {Amazonian} region},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/environmental-conservation/article/landscape-correlates-of-bushmeat-consumption-and-hunting-in-a-postfrontier-amazonian-region/6A5BDDE608743E6A45482FCE9D178B8E},
	abstract = {… 2003; de Merode et al. 2004). However, hunting can threaten the population viability of game species, particularly large-bodied mammals and birds, driving widespread depletion and local and regional extinctions of the most vulnerable taxa (Peres \& Palacios 2007) …},
	journal = {Environmental …},
	author = {Torres, P. C. and Morsello, C. and Parry, L. and Barlow, J. and {...}},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: cambridge.org},
	annote = {6 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=17970423872401900327\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{gangas_attitudes_nodate,
	title = {Attitudes towards large carnivores and acceptance of illegal hunting},
	url = {https://www.slu.se/globalassets/ew/org/inst/ekol/forskning/projekt/skandulv/publikationer/doktorsavhandlingar/gangas-2014-attitudes-towards-large-carnivores-and-acceptance-of-illegal-hunting–the-importance-of-social-attitudes-and-scales-in-large-carnivore-management.pdf},
	abstract = {… Recreational Hunting and Harvesting was found to be the most commonly reported rationale for illegal hunting within all … exploited illegally in all continents, generally followed by carnivores, while the exploitation of fish, sea mammals, primates and birds differed to a …},
	journal = {slu.se},
	author = {Gangås, K. E.},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{brodie_carbon_2018,
	title = {Carbon costs and bushmeat benefits of hunting in tropical forests},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921800918303471},
	abstract = {… the most or the highest quality seed dispersal (eg the largest mammals) are driven … 414-416. Google Scholar. Brodie and Gibbs, 2009 JF Brodie, HK GibbsBushmeat hunting as climate … et al., 2009a JF Brodie, OE Helmy, WY Brockelman, JL MaronBushmeat poaching reduces the …},
	journal = {Ecological Economics},
	author = {Brodie, J. F.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {5 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=6765939179714009865\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{vagabov_development_2019,
	title = {{DEVELOPMENT} {OF} {HUNTING} {TOURISM} {IN} {DAGESTAN}: {PROBLEMS} {AND} {PROSPECTS}},
	url = {https://www.academia.edu/download/60493446/2019._Ponte_-_DEVELOPMENT_OF_HUNTING_TOURISM_IN_DAGESTAN20190905-44776-111tcmf.pdf},
	abstract = {… authorities is emphasized. Keyword: Russia, Dagestan, hunting economy, hunting tourism, birdwatching, destination, poaching. Page 2. Vol. 75 {\textbar} No … There are 92 mammals and 354 species of birds. Of this number, animals as objects of hunting include 24 …},
	journal = {International Journal},
	author = {Vagabov, M. M. and Eldarov, E. M.},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: academia.edu
Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{yasuoka_snare_2014-1,
	title = {Snare hunting among {Baka} hunter-gatherers: implications for sustainable wildlife management},
	url = {https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/189625},
	abstract = {… be hunted, captured or killed subject to the grant of a hunt- ing permit, which are comprised of 20 mammals, 89 birds … dynamics of their populations, which are comprised of species other than those of Class A and B, and birds of the … Snare Hunting among Baka Hunter-gatherers …},
	publisher = {repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp},
	author = {YASUOKA, H.},
	year = {2014},
	annote = {15 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=871063809514466014\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{kati_balkan_2020,
	title = {Balkan {Chamois} ({Rupicapra} rupicapra balcanica) {Avoids} {Roads}, {Settlements}, and {Hunting} {Grounds}: {An} {Ecological} {Overview} from {Timfi} {Mountain}, {Greece}},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/12/4/124},
	abstract = {… Keywords: climate change; conservation; demography; disturbance; ENFA; habitat selection; hunting; poaching; seasonal range; roadless areas climate change; conservation; demography; disturbance; ENFA; habitat selection; hunting; poaching; seasonal range; roadless …},
	journal = {Diversity},
	author = {Kati, V. and Kassara, C. and Vassilakis, D. and Papaioannou, H.},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: mdpi.com},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{gess_hunting_2013,
	title = {Hunting status? {Power} and buffalo shooting in the {Albany} and {Bathurst} districts of the {Cape} {Colony} c. 1892-1916},
	url = {http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/93667},
	abstract = {… was any support, the hunting of rare game species being reserved for sport hunting by landowners … to shoot the limited number, I have a little chance of keeping the poachers away … other applications but rather because he wished to make arrangements “as the early bird in this …},
	publisher = {scholar.sun.ac.za},
	author = {Gess, D. W. and Swart, S.},
	year = {2013},
	annote = {3 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=6438265846439282194\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{poulsen_logging_2009,
	title = {Logging and hunting alter patterns of seed dispersal and seedling recruitment in an afrotropical forest},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John_Poulsen/publication/265923330_LOGGING_AND_HUNTING_ALTER_PATTERNS_OF_SEED_DISPERSAL_AND_SEEDLING_RECRUITMENT_IN_AN_AFROTROPICAL_FOREST/links/57471e0808ae14040e28cc8a/LOGGING-AND-HUNTING-ALTER-PATTERNS-OF-SEED-DISPERSAL-AND-SEEDLING-RECRUITMENT-IN-AN-AFROTROPICAL-FOREST.pdf},
	abstract = {… Although we surveyed several bird species, we only present data and results for large frugivorous and insectivorous birds for which … In addition to observations of animals, we also counted signs of hunting encountered along transects, such as shotgun shells, wire …},
	publisher = {researchgate.net},
	author = {Poulsen, J. R.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {3 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=619627439530052184\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{mori_porcupines_2017,
	title = {Porcupines in the landscape of fear: effect of hunting with dogs on the behaviour of a non-target species},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13364-017-0313-5},
	abstract = {… In Italy, the species is poached for its meat and crop damage (Lovari et al … By contrast, poaching cannot affect spatio-temporal behaviour, as porcupines are directly and efficiently killed at dens … To conclude, this work showed that hunting with 20–40 dogs may also affect spatio …},
	journal = {Mammal Research},
	author = {Mori, E.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {12 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=11432128146163756465\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{chomba_lion_2014,
	title = {Lion hunting and trophy quality records in {Zambia} for the period 1967-2000: will the trends in trophy size drop as lion population declines?},
	url = {https://www.scirp.org/html/3-1380200_44343.htm},
	abstract = {… Lion poaching is not common as most local communities poach for meat … It is however, generally accepted that unregulated trophy hunting would on a longterm have negative impact on the species population through removal of pride males resulting in increased rate of …},
	journal = {Open Journal of Ecology},
	author = {Chomba, C. and Senzota, R. and Chabwela, H. and {...}},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: scirp.org
Type: HTML},
	annote = {6 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=5716977862921592280\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{desbiez_invasive_2011,
	title = {Invasive species and bushmeat hunting contributing to wildlife conservation: the case of feral pigs in a {Neotropical} wetland},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/invasive-species-and-bushmeat-hunting-contributing-to-wildlife-conservation-the-case-of-feral-pigs-in-a-neotropical-wetland/6D6CB1BEFA19509EA927E437A7829F32},
	abstract = {… of large felids by cattle ranchers (Zimmermann et al., 2005), hunting and poaching are no … al., 2008; Paes et al., 2009), predate eggs of ground nesting birds (Desbiez et … ALJ (2007) Wildlife conservation in the Pantanal: habitat alteration, invasive species and bushmeat hunting …},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Desbiez, A. L. J. and Keuroghlian, A. and Piovezan, U. and Bodmer, R. E.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: cambridge.org},
	annote = {60 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=12849752247233270131\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{telecky_big_1995,
	title = {Big {Game}, {Big} {Bucks}: {The} {Alarming} {Growth} of the {American} {Trophy} {Hunting} industry},
	url = {https://animalstudiesrepository.org/bigthun/7/},
	abstract = {… CITES-listed species of birds and reptiles each comprised between 1-2\% of trophy … biology of elephants, elephant populations that have been subjected to heavy poaching are extremely … of introduced animal populations, such as banteng in Australia, for hunting purposes …},
	publisher = {animalstudiesrepository.org},
	author = {Telecky, T. and Lin, D.},
	year = {1995},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15643892921906169801\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{uhl_insider_2018,
	title = {Insider {Tips} for {Hunting} {Varmint}},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=x95oDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=fk8VOvCZSV&sig=6g9hdIqG_kYV0OeSCVKjSQCglG4},
	abstract = {… The shooting of animals other than during the specified time of day or season is called poaching. It is illegal to poach, meaning it is a crime … Page 25. INSIDER TIPS FOR HUNTING VARMINT 24 quently but randomly. They live alone or in small family groups …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {Uhl, X. M. and Peterson, J. M.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{naro_project_2015,
	title = {Project hunt: an assessment of wildlife hunting practices by local community in {Chizami}, {Nagaland}, {India}},
	url = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.898.7327&rep=rep1&type=pdf},
	abstract = {… While most hunting and poaching in northeastern India (and India in general) was formerly done for domestic consumption, the catch is now being widely sold (Kumara \& Singh 2004; Datta et al … Weapons used in hunting Name, Description, When used Animals hunted … Birds …},
	journal = {Journal of Threatened …},
	author = {Naro, E. and Mero, E. L. and Naro, E. and Kapfo, K. and Wezah, K. and {...}},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Citeseer
Type: PDF},
	annote = {3 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=2795616501605291617\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{wang_impacts_2008,
	title = {Impacts of hunting on seed dispersal in a {Central} {African} tropical forest},
	url = {https://www.ioes.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/impacts-of-hunting-on-seed-dispersal-thesis.pdf},
	abstract = {… subsistence purposes, but generally these large birds are not commercially hunted in that region … Although hunting has been documented inside the boundaries of … relatively well protected from poaching, due to the continuous presence of researchers, and …},
	publisher = {ioes.ucla.edu},
	author = {Wang, B. C.},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {2 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=11968498151080800914\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{manosa_conflict_2002,
	title = {The conflict between gamebird hunting and raptors in {Europe}},
	url = {https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/8262},
	abstract = {… of the main gamebird in Europe, hunters are quite sensitive to the impact of bird of prey … 1997) and perceive predators, including birds of prey, as competitors … In areas where pheasant hunting is a common practice, wild pheasant populations are often complemented by released …},
	publisher = {digital.csic.es},
	author = {Mañosa, S.},
	year = {2002},
	annote = {23 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7565490613477634641\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{manik_wattled_2018,
	title = {Wattled {Brushturkey} hunting system in the {Sigim} and {Sinaitousi} communities in the buffer zone of the {Arfak} {Mountain} {Nature} {Reserve}, {West} {Papua}, {Indonesia}},
	url = {https://smujo.id/biodiv/article/view/2691},
	abstract = {… Poaching activities of Arfak tribes The indigenous people who live in the buffer zone of the Arfak Mountains Nature … Knowledge of bird hunting techniques and egg collecting using traditional tools is part of the local wisdom of the Arfak tribe people to keep the birds in the wild …},
	journal = {Biodiversitas Journal of …},
	author = {MANIK, H. and YURMIATY, H. and ASMARA, IY and {...}},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: smujo.id},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{lyngdoh_hunting_nodate,
	title = {Hunting record of an {Evolutionarily} {Distinct} and {Globally} {Endangered} {Chinese} {Pangolin} ({Manis} pentadactyla) in {Western} {Arunachal} {Pradesh}},
	url = {http://www.ajcb.in/journals/short_others_july_2016/AJCB-Vol5-No1-%20Lyngdoh%20et%20al.pdf},
	abstract = {… Indigenous communities as well as poachers in the region continue to hunt it due to its market demand as well … Wildlife hunting by indigenous tribes: a case study from Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India … Mammals, birds and reptiles of Dibru‐Saikhowa Sanctuary, Assam, India …},
	journal = {ajcb.in},
	author = {Lyngdoh, S. and Selvan, K. M. and Habib, B. and Gopi, G. V.},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{marealle_does_2010,
	title = {Does illegal hunting skew {Serengeti} wildlife sex ratios?},
	url = {https://bioone.org/journals/wildlife-biology/volume-16/issue-4/10-035/Does-illegal-hunting-skew-Serengeti-wildlife-sex-ratios/10.2981/10-035.short},
	abstract = {… Poaching might furthermore cause females to start reproducing earlier as in African elephants Loxo … the most frequent species found among poached animals (around 1-2\% of poached animals, while … birth ratio together with male biased deaths due to illegal hunting (or selective …},
	journal = {Wildlife Biology},
	author = {Marealle, W. N. and Fossøy, F. and Holmern, T. and Stokke, B. G. and {...}},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: BioOne},
	annote = {50 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15510271382032901213\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{wood_delights_1997,
	title = {The delights and dilemmas of hunting: {The} hunting versus anti-hunting debate},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=vjS6ihUnjfQC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=lKbssdKBYj&sig=zH-S61MmfUDcaYiLCUQANwOcWb0},
	abstract = {… Anti- hunters attack phony versions of hunting, poaching, government animal control and commercial slaughter … naturalistic hunters, who were the hunters whose primary purpose in hunting was to … higher socioeconom- ic status; more backpacking, camping out and bird watching …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {Wood, F.},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {26 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=12315788723462483649\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{couzens_millennium_2010,
	title = {A millennium overturned: {The} long history in {England} and {South} {Africa} of laws against hunting with dogs, and recent statutory changes in the province of …},
	url = {http://www.academia.edu/download/51872459/Dog_Lawing_Couzens___Blackmore.pdf},
	abstract = {… of a man in the New Forest who trained a sow to retrieve birds while out … 54 PB Munsche Gentlemen and Poachers: The English Game Laws 1671- 1831 (1981) at … 6.3 Africans before colonisation - philosophies of hunting/poaching/ game use Before Europeans arrived in South …},
	journal = {Stella Iuris: Celebrating},
	author = {Couzens, E. and BlACKMORE, A.},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: academia.edu
Type: PDF},
	annote = {2 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=5043651427540037613\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{farris_responses_2015,
	title = {Responses of {Madagascar}'s {Endemic} {Carnivores} to {Fragmentation}, {Hunting}, and {Exotic} {Carnivores} {Across} the {Masoala}-{Makira} {Landscape}},
	url = {https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/handle/10919/51171},
	abstract = {… camera trap, community ecology, co-occurrence, demographics, lemur biology, occupancy, poaching, temporal activity … Chapter 2: Effects of hunting, exotic carnivores, habitat, and landscape features on … and exotic (black symbols) carnivores as a function of A) bird trap success …},
	publisher = {vtechworks.lib.vt.edu},
	author = {Farris, Z. J.},
	year = {2015},
	annote = {12 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=16774012647310377971\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{rija_long-term_2009,
	title = {The long-term impacts of hunting on population viability of wild ungulates in {Tarangire}, northern {Tanzania}},
	url = {http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/handle/10063/909},
	abstract = {… However, the rate at which poaching removes wildlife is not known and often is ignored in … There is hunting of wildlife done from this area by both legal hunters (foreign and residents) as well as illegal hunters (poachers) … hunting on target and non-target species in the Serengeti …},
	publisher = {researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz},
	author = {Rija, A. A.},
	year = {2009},
	annote = {5 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10435928484278740689\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{sillitoe_always_2002,
	title = {Always been farmer-foragers? {Hunting} and gathering in the {Papua} {New} {Guinea} {Highlands}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00664670220128808},
	abstract = {… are acha, `edible fauna'.3 The most prized are large marsupials, rodents and birds, all pursued by … They also regulate hunting access to forest, of which sem members are jointly custodians and … They may be accused of poaching if they hunt elsewhere (as among the Enga and …},
	journal = {Anthropological Forum},
	author = {Sillitoe, P.},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	annote = {25 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=6843971701293941550\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{pack_effects_1999,
	title = {Effects of fall hunting on wild turkey populations in {Virginia} and {West} {Virginia}},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3802811},
	abstract = {… Extensive aerial searches ({\textgreater}3,000 km2) failed to locate 236 (26\%) radiotransmitters; lost contacts were caused by radiotransmitter or battery failure, or poachers destroying the radiotransmitter … Poaching accounted for 98 (21.6\%) of losses, and legal hunting caused 64 …},
	journal = {The Journal of wildlife …},
	author = {Pack, J. C. and Norman, G. W. and Taylor, C. I. and Steffen, D. E. and {...}},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Publisher: JSTOR},
	annote = {39 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7382160842036694415\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{rimbach_effects_2013,
	title = {Effects of logging, hunting, and forest fragment size on physiological stress levels of two sympatric ateline primates in {Colombia}},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/conphys/article-abstract/1/1/cot031/365444},
	abstract = {… Article Navigation. Effects of logging, hunting, and forest fragment size on physiological stress levels of two sympatric ateline primates in Colombia. Rebecca Rimbach. 1. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate …},
	journal = {Conservation …},
	author = {Rimbach, R. and Link, A. and Heistermann, M. and {...}},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: academic.oup.com},
	annote = {60 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14410153601961619294\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{gulca_collision_nodate,
	title = {Collision between regulations in forest laws and hunting legislation in the {Republic} of {Moldova}},
	url = {https://www.research-collection.ethz.ch/bitstream/handle/20.500.11850/151951/eth-1237-01.pdf#page=120},
	abstract = {… Pockets) and perhaps it is also that during last half century all hunting grounds (wildlife … As a result, poachers today become often gangs of highly organised, selective and effective … is a well-planned strategy with sufficient support ensuring that anti-poaching activities become …},
	journal = {Legal Aspects of European Forest Sustainable …},
	author = {Gulca, V.},
	note = {Publisher: research-collection.ethz.ch
Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{verdade_influence_1996,
	title = {The influence of hunting pressure on the social behavior of vertebrates},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Luciano_Verdade/publication/14470062_The_influence_of_hunting_pressure_on_the_social_behavior_of_vertebrates/links/0deec51d6164487d17000000.pdf},
	abstract = {… Modern weapons are now widely available to commercial poachers (Barness, 1984) … The elimination of dominant females by ivory poaching or culling may breakup the complex social … Trophy hunting and game ranching of Fter can ungulates, in special the impala (AEpyCPTUN …},
	journal = {Revista brasileira de biologia},
	author = {Verdade, L. M.},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Publisher: researchgate.net
Type: PDF},
	annote = {34 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=9672742822315191298\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{johnson_beliefs_2014,
	title = {Beliefs about ecological impacts predict deer acceptance capacity and hunting support},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08941920.2014.905887},
	abstract = {… Thus, habitat for native birds, small mammals, and invertebrates is altered or destroyed (Dolman … Hunting is banned by local ordinance, but poaching does occur, according to county officials … Hunting efficacy: single measure of whether hunting will reduce harm caused by deer (1 …},
	journal = {Society \& Natural Resources},
	author = {Johnson, B. B. and Horowitz, L. S.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	annote = {11 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=18110479107967906434\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{noss_duikers_1995,
	title = {Duikers, cables, and nets: a cultural ecology of hunting in a central {African} forest},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrew_Noss/publication/35039508_Duikers_cables_and_nets_a_cultural_ecology_of_hunting_in_a_Central_African_forest/links/5642360008ae997866c47fab/Duikers-cables-and-nets-a-cultural-ecology-of-hunting-in-a-Central-African-forest.pdf},
	abstract = {Page 1. PV ”"' ' DUIKERS, CABLES, AND NETS: A CULTURAL ECOLOGY OF HUNTING IN A CENTRAL AFRICAN FOREST By ANDREW J. NOSS … 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 CULTURAL ECOLOGY, CONSERVATION, DEVELOPMENT AND HUNTING 9 Cultural Ecology 9 …},
	publisher = {researchgate.net},
	author = {Noss, A. J.},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {73 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=3383452839345291122\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{vanderwolf_about_2007,
	title = {About hunting},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-34230-6_9},
	abstract = {… 1971). The hunting peoples, Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Although such methods as snaring game may be illegal in Western countries, they continue to be used by poachers. See, for example: Benson, R. (1985). Ragnar's …},
	journal = {The Evolving Brain: The Mind and the Neural Control of …},
	author = {Vanderwolf, C. H.},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{swenson_implications_2003,
	title = {Implications of sexually selected infanticide for the hunting of large carnivores},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=aR68BwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA171&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=0uK5KYG5Wg&sig=9MhkhQBqmjZHMH5r8HNSWswgr3E},
	abstract = {… although SSI has been well described in many other groups of animals, including birds and invertebrates … Hunting pressure has increased sev- enfold since 1995 in the southern area. In the northern area, there is evidence of considerable poaching of bears, about 2.8 times …},
	journal = {Animal behavior and wildlife conservation. Island …},
	author = {Swenson, J. E.},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Publisher: books.google.com},
	annote = {66 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15506878746251592984\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{hariohay_trophy_2018,
	title = {Trophy hunting versus ecotourism as a conservation model? {Assessing} the impacts on ungulate behaviour and demographics in the {Ruaha}-{Rungwa} {Ecosystem} …},
	url = {https://ntnuopen.ntnu.no/ntnu-xmlui/handle/11250/2603394},
	abstract = {… Thus, the Serengeti, an area with high poaching activity, had more female-skewed sex ratios as compared to areas with low poaching activity, which is similar to our results … Selective removal through trophy hunting probably affects the mammals' fitness by lowering the …},
	publisher = {ntnuopen.ntnu.no},
	author = {Hariohay, K. M. and Jackson, C. R. and Fyumagwa, R. D. and Røskaft, E.},
	year = {2018},
	annote = {7 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=16145143406018365655\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{velho_short_2013,
	title = {Short {Communication} {Hunting} practices of an {Indo}-{Tibetan} {Buddhist} tribe in {Arunachal} {Pradesh}, north-east {India}},
	url = {https://www.rufford.org/files/Fauna%20and%20Flora%20International,%20Oryx,%2047(3),%20389%E2%80%93392_0.pdf},
	abstract = {… While poaching of high-profile species such as the tiger Panthera tigris and Asian elephant Elephas maximus are well … In addition, four respondents (8\%) listed the Himalyan serow and small passerine birds as taboo species … (2006) Impacts of roads and hunting on Central …},
	publisher = {rufford.org},
	author = {Velho, N. and Laurance, W. F.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{jorge_sustainability_2012,
	title = {The sustainability of leopard panthera pardus sport hunting in {Niassa} {Reserve}, {Mozambique}.},
	url = {http://ukzn-dspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/9732},
	abstract = {… populations through sport hunting or poaching. The main objectives of my thesis were to provide an … comparing the economic gains from leopard sport hunting and poaching with the economic losses from predation of goats …},
	publisher = {ukzn-dspace.ukzn.ac.za},
	author = {Jorge, A. A.},
	year = {2012},
	annote = {3 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=12769159802647748991\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{finch_grass_2004,
	title = {'{Grass}, {Grass}, {Grass}': {Fox}-hunting and the {Creation} of the {Modern} {Landscape}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/lan.2004.5.2.41},
	abstract = {… game, it was not subject to the social tensions caused by the redefinition of poaching … Hunting, Walking and Ecology in English literature 1671–1831, Palgrave, London … Munsche, PB (1981) Gentlemen and Poachers: the English Game Laws 1671–1831, Cambridge University …},
	journal = {Landscapes},
	author = {Finch, J.},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	annote = {22 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=9997951433886118401\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{combreau_low_2003,
	title = {Low breeding success in {Houbara} {Bustard} ({Chlamydotis} [undulata] macqueenii) does not allow current hunting yield},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Christophe_Tourenq2/publication/266346961_LOW_BREEDING_SUCCESS_IN_HOUBARA_BUSTARD_CHLAMYDOTIS_UNDULATA_MACQUEENII_DOES_NOT_ALLOW_CURRENT_HUNTING_YIELD/links/5be37ef3a6fdcc3a8dc65170/LOW-BREEDING-SUCCESS-IN-HOUBARA-BUSTARD-CHLAMYDOTIS-UNDULATA-MACQUEENII-DOES-NOT-ALLOW-CURRENT-HUNTING-YIELD.pdf},
	abstract = {… With the current hunting and poaching pressures, an annual decrease of the Asian houbara population of 15\% was estimated (Combreau et al., 2001) … Ibis 144: E45- 56. Del Hoyo, J., Elliot, A., and Sargatal, J. (1996): Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol …},
	journal = {FT Scullion \& TA Bailey …},
	author = {Combreau, O. and Tourenq, C. and {...}},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Publisher: researchgate.net
Type: PDF},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=1353049331999273344\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{sukh_argali_2012,
	title = {Argali sheep ({Ovis} amnion) current population level and the issues of trophy hunting in {Mongolia}},
	url = {https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/argali-sheep-ovis-amnion-current-population-level-and-the-issues-of-trophy-hunting-in-mongolia},
	abstract = {… Ovorkhangai Aimag we found 9 dead argali over a 4 day period (some poached, some that … Successful argali conservation management requires controlling poaching … These factors are maybe hunting, habitat degradation, and competition with livestock for forage and water …},
	journal = {Вестник Бурятского государственного …},
	author = {Sukh, A. and Zayatuevish, D. T.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: cyberleninka.ru
Type: HTML},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{tichelar_history_2016,
	title = {The history of opposition to blood sports in twentieth century {England}: {Hunting} at {Bay}},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=lzIlDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=iLf8Rudw_l&sig=1WTujYC1PYEQbo7OSdLi-2psNro},
	abstract = {… why the RSPCA eventually adopted a policy of opposition to fox hunting and the shooting of birds … Rabbit and hare coursing and the right to poach game were jealously defended, especially by … The question of animal cruelty as applied to hunting did not feature to any significant …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {Tichelar, M.},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {11 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=1301856363310646410\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{aldous_tale_2015,
	title = {A tale of two occupations: hunting wildlife in {Occupied} {Japan}, 1945–1952},
	url = {https://brill.com/view/journals/jaer/22/2/article-p120_3.xml},
	abstract = {… its excessive wartime exploitation, while on the other many military personnel saw hunting wildlife as a … some of whom appealed to Allied Occupation authorities to stop the poaching, for example … Austin, its new head, quickly set about surveying populations of birds and mammals …},
	journal = {Journal of American-East Asian Relations},
	author = {Aldous, C.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: brill.com},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14976817235136514349\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{namgail_status_2009,
	title = {Status and distribution of the {Near} {Threatened} {Tibetan} argali {Ovis} ammon hodgsoni in {Ladakh}, {India}: effect of a hunting ban},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/status-and-distribution-of-the-near-threatened-tibetan-argali-ovis-ammon-hodgsoni-in-ladakh-india-effect-of-a-hunting-ban/931D71DA66024BB9AD3BDA923EAC1A57},
	abstract = {… comm.) we conclude that, although sporadic poaching for meat might have occurred, factors other than hunting … We conclude that the ban on argali hunting has not been sufficient to protect and … WARD , A. (1924) The mammals and birds of Kashmir and the adjacent hill provinces …},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Namgail, T. and Fox, J. L. and Bhatnagar, Y. V.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: cambridge.org},
	annote = {20 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=11561074249553851194\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{ramachandran_hunting_2017,
	title = {Hunting or habitat? {Drivers} of waterbird abundance and community structure in agricultural wetlands of southern {India}},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13280-017-0907-9},
	abstract = {… In Aquatic birds in the trophic web of lakes, ed. JJ Kerekes, 107–119. Dordrecht: Springer … 2002. Local hunting and the conservation of large mammals in India. Ambio 31: 49–54 … 1997. A god in distress: Threats of poaching and the ivory trade to the Asian elephant in India …},
	journal = {Ambio},
	author = {Ramachandran, R. and Kumar, A. and Sundar, K. S. G. and Bhalla, R. S.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {7 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14282670589603502639\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{thurmond_rise_2009,
	title = {The {Rise} {Of} {Sportsmanship}: {The} {Legal} {Incorporation} {Of} {The} {Hunting} {Ethic} {Into} {Montana} {Hunting} {Regulations} {Between} 1889 and 1941},
	url = {https://scholars.carroll.edu/handle/20.500.12647/2510},
	abstract = {… these massive animals. Out ofnecessity, the hunters pursued the smaller mammals that … Gore's 1854 to 1857 expedition through lands in modern-day Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, and the Dakotas used 115 horses, 20 yoke ofoxen, and 50 hunting dogs to … various birds …},
	publisher = {scholars.carroll.edu},
	author = {Thurmond, L.},
	year = {2009},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{marvin_hunting_2006,
	title = {Hunting {Law} and {Ritual} in {Medieval} {English} {Literature}},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=m9LVdzXGXBsC&oi=fnd&pg=PP13&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=qk1IX7Vwkp&sig=yeSK5344RDbyUqDnGIdPVPxs9Vg},
	abstract = {… Tellingly, King Alfred was remembered for the exemplary vigor with which he kept up his hunting during the viking wars, whereas King William acted the tyrant by uprooting church and people for the New Forest, and handing poachers over to the executioner …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {Marvin, W. P.},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {85 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=8758819762444280012\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{muller_sustainability_2015,
	title = {Sustainability in {Hunting} {Licence} {Systems} of {Japan} and {South} {Korea}},
	url = {https://content.sciendo.com/view/journals/vjeas/7/1/article-p165.xml},
	abstract = {… several forms of misuse of resources through social phenomena such as poaching, wildlife trading … population trends, and habitat losses are taken into account in the hunting concept and … with Russia since 1996 which are concerned with, for example, endangered birds such as …},
	journal = {Vienna Journal of East Asian Studies},
	author = {Müller, A.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: content.sciendo.com},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{mfunda_bushmeat_2010,
	title = {Bushmeat hunting in {Serengeti}, {Tanzania}: {An} important economic activity to local people},
	url = {https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJBC/article-abstract/CBC13FE16541},
	abstract = {… The study area contains a very high diversity and concentrations of ungulates, large carnivores, and birds (Sinclair and … in 2001 found that nearly 30\% of households were being involved in bushmeat hunting (Holmern et al … People identified as poachers are perceived as hunters …},
	journal = {International Journal of Biodiversity …},
	author = {Mfunda, I. M. and Roslash, E.},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: academicjournals.org},
	annote = {89 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=4287817510020094178\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{rodriguez-munoz_revealing_2015,
	title = {Revealing the consequences of male-biased trophy hunting on the maintenance of genetic variation},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10592-015-0747-8?email.event.1.SEM.ArticleAuthorContributingOnlineFirst},
	abstract = {… decades this tradition has been halted in many countries, because it removes birds with high … Trophy hunting became very popular in these mountains during the 1940s (Castroviejo et al … In 1979 a permanent ban was established but poaching of displaying males continued for …},
	journal = {Conservation …},
	author = {Rodríguez-Muñoz, R. and Valle, CR Del and Bañuelos, M. J. and {...}},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {9 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=12658509473575808239\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{monteverde_activity_2011,
	title = {Activity patterns of the culpeo fox ({Lycalopex} culpaeus magellanica) in a non-hunting area of northwestern {Patagonia}, {Argentina}},
	url = {https://bioone.org/journals/Mammal-Study/volume-36/issue-3/041.036.0301/Activity-Patterns-of-the-Culpeo-Fox-iLycalopex-Culpaeus-Magellanica-i/10.3106/041.036.0301.short},
	abstract = {… Culpeo fox hunting is prohibited in the park since its creation in 1937 and poaching in the park is rare since the small number of local … Since this study was con- ducted in a protected area with little human activity and no hunting, the study supports the idea that culpeo foxes … Birds …},
	journal = {Mammal study},
	author = {Monteverde, M. J. and Piudo, L.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: BioOne},
	annote = {14 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7876122567283248607\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{coutu_elephant_2015,
	title = {The elephant in the room: mapping the footsteps of historic elephants with big game hunting collections},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00438243.2015.1016184},
	abstract = {… parks across the region resulted in major land reforms, the exclusion of local populations and their criminalization as 'poachers' (Steinhart 2006 … Moreover, 'big game hunting' is once more an issue of public interest and concern in the form of illegal poaching for elephant …},
	journal = {World Archaeology},
	author = {Coutu, A. N.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	annote = {12 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=2988006511489917910\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{merson_bushmeat_2017,
	title = {Bushmeat hunting, retaliatory killing, habitat degradation and exotic species as threats to {Fosa} ({Cryptoprocta} ferox) conservation},
	url = {https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cae515e4-5b08-4228-a38e-3bb5929887af},
	abstract = {… form of greater exposure to poaching for consumption or trade (Golden 2009; Jenkins et al … (García and Goodman 2003). Most notable was the hunting of large mammals, with a … 2009). The hunting of 23 mammal species for consumption was found, with 57\% of …},
	publisher = {ora.ox.ac.uk},
	author = {Merson, S. D.},
	year = {2017},
	annote = {5 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=3589244029090733552\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{myronenko_draft_2015,
	title = {Draft model of reformation and development of hunting sector in {Ukraine}},
	url = {http://www.enpi-fleg.org/site/assets/files/1897/draft_model_of_reformation_and_development_of_hunting_sector_in_ukraine.pdf},
	abstract = {… SFRAU and the other ones that do strategic planning are to be transferred to the Department of Hunting of the … 4.2.3. The fight against poaching Given the new opportunities for poachers arising from the current country conditions, it is became necessary in effective combating …},
	publisher = {enpi-fleg.org},
	author = {Myronenko, М.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{goswami_forest_2015,
	title = {Forest cover, hunting and animal abundances across state and community forests of {Meghalaya}, {India}},
	url = {http://eprints.atree.org/655/},
	abstract = {… Page 14. vii hunted during the last 3 months across 12 families of mammals and one family of birds. The … two regimes. I also discuss the role of institutions in the context of controlling hunting pressures and conserving animals …},
	publisher = {eprints.atree.org},
	author = {Goswami, R.},
	year = {2015},
	annote = {3 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10251051030651662747\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{ibanga_patterns_2017,
	title = {Patterns, trends, and issues of illicit wildlife hunting and trade: {Analysis} based on {African} environmental ethics},
	url = {https://philpapers.org/rec/IBAPTA},
	abstract = {… that the modus operandi here is what well-organized poachers use to poach rhino in … The UNODC (2012) observes that while high profile poaching of large protected mammals in Africa … The impact of bushmeat market on illegal wildlife hunting and the declining population of …},
	publisher = {philpapers.org},
	author = {Ibanga, D. A.},
	year = {2017},
	annote = {4 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=4471360342215758977\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{coltman_undesirable_2003,
	title = {Undesirable evolutionary consequences of trophy hunting},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nature02177},
	abstract = {… of the most pervasive and potentially intrusive human activities that affect game mammal populations globally … also been suggested to have occurred in response to selective ivory poaching 16 … the evolutionary consequences of more than 30 years of selective hunting of trophy …},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Coltman, D. W. and O'Donoghue, P. and Jorgenson, J. T. and Hogg, J. T. and {...}},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Publisher: nature.com},
	annote = {766 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15185596344376974884\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{cronin_impact_2016,
	title = {Impact of gun-hunting on monkey species and implications for primate conservation on {Bioko} {Island}, {Equatorial} {Guinea}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320716300787},
	abstract = {… via road development) have led to high offtake levels and put many mammal populations at … Studies of hunter harvests and bushmeat market data, however, indicate that hunting is pervasive … greater than 1 kg found on Bioko, including duikers, rodents, large birds, and marine …},
	journal = {Biological …},
	author = {Cronin, D. T. and Riaco, C. and Linder, J. M. and Bergl, R. A. and {...}},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {15 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7392084125751208053\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{peterson_how_2014,
	title = {How wildlife management agencies and hunting organizations frame ethical hunting in the {United} {States}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10871209.2014.928762},
	abstract = {… appear to be driven solely by economics, but wolf (Canis lupis) poaching in wealthy … Hunting ethics could address how decisions to harvest animals might relate to overpopulated … assemblages, and ultimately reduce habitat quality for small mammals and birds (Horsley, Stout, \& …},
	journal = {Human Dimensions of Wildlife},
	author = {Peterson, M. N.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	annote = {10 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=9033059934972000025\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{baker_modeling_2011,
	title = {Modeling risk of hunting pressure on large mammals in northwestern {Argentina}},
	url = {https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/671/},
	abstract = {… Special funds are needed to improve managers' ability to control poaching throughout this region and … almost all hunting of native wildlife is prohibited according to provincial law in Salta and … few exceptions that allow the seasonal take of small mammals and select bird species …},
	publisher = {scholarworks.umt.edu},
	author = {Baker, L. K.},
	year = {2011},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7447865715637266474\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{willerslev_soul_2007,
	title = {Soul hunters: hunting, animism, and personhood among the {Siberian} {Yukaghirs}},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4acwDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=eES6Xd_uWX&sig=B3pIbrzxLrD9_MHVmHsm-LyQoV8},
	abstract = {… houses, it sent the police to Nelemnoye to arrest me on charges of “illegal” trade and poaching … for permission to use part of my article “Not Animal, Not Not-Animal: Hunting, Imitation, and … in the shape of rivers, trees, souls, and spirits, but above all it is mammals that Yukaghirs …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {Willerslev, R.},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {728 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10226896566722893290\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{wright_hunting_2010,
	title = {Hunting and trapping in {Lebialem} {Division}, {Cameroon}: bushmeat harvesting practices and human reliance},
	url = {https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/esr/v11/n1/p1-12/},
	abstract = {… A decrease in mammalian abundance was reported by 88\%, motivating hunters to trek to pro- tected … descending order of frequency (Table 2). All the prey species listed are mammals, with rodents … were reported to be scarce and could only be located by those hunting with dogs …},
	journal = {Endangered species research},
	author = {Wright, J. H. and Priston, N. E. C.},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: int-res.com},
	annote = {80 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=18088271827966477063\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{alves_importance_2018,
	title = {The importance of hunting in human societies},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128099131000077},
	abstract = {… Mammals and birds have been the animals most hunted in the world (Figure 7.13, Figure 7.14 … the late Pleistocene and early Holocene (between 12,000 and 7000 years ago), hunting was one of … by hunter in Colombia (above) and an exotic bird killed by poachers in Cameroon …},
	journal = {Ethnozoology},
	author = {Alves, R. R. N. and Souto, W. M. S. and Fernandes-Ferreira, H. and {...}},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {9 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=17582345609341536133\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{caro_exploring_2017,
	title = {Exploring the views on hunting of {Spanish} hunters: effect of age and public vs. anonymous opinions},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10344-017-1146-x},
	abstract = {… Around a half million ungulates, over 14 million birds, and nearly 7.5 million small mammals … of their own sector, often disapproving of some hunting practices, like poaching, artificial hunting … DJ, Verweij PA, Eikelboom JAJ, Huijbregts MAJ (2017) The impact of hunting on tropical …},
	journal = {European Journal of …},
	author = {Caro, J. and Delibes-Mateos, M. and {...}},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {3 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=6713501581420513823\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{petriello_campesino_2020,
	title = {Campesino hunting and conservation in {Latin} {America}},
	url = {https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cobi.13396},
	abstract = {… 2017). From this wide range, campesinos mostly preferred mammals, birds, and reptiles of least conservation concern, which complement other … 2017. The impact of hunting on tropical mammal and bird populations. Science 356:180– 183. Bennett EL, Robinson JG. 2000 …},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	author = {Petriello, M. A. and Stronza, A. L.},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{aryal_final_2009,
	title = {Final {Report} on {Demography} and {Causes} of {Mortality} of {Blue} {Sheep} ({Pseudois} nayaur) in {Dhorpatan} {Hunting} {Reserve} in {Nepal}},
	url = {https://snowleopardnetwork.org/bibliography/AryalFinal08.pdf},
	abstract = {… In several such instances, the identity of the poached animal has been established on … Study Area Study was carried out in Phagune and Barse blocks of Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve of Nepal … blue sheep population drastically even there was very high pressure of poaching …},
	journal = {Snow Leopard Conservation Grants Program …},
	author = {Aryal, A.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: snowleopardnetwork.org
Type: PDF},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=2013081889844654103\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{baldus_tourist_2004,
	title = {Tourist hunting and it's role in development of wildlife management areas in {Tanzania}},
	url = {http://wildlife-baldus.com/download/Tourist%20Hunting%20in%20TZ%20-%20PART%20I.pdf},
	abstract = {… As a result of this action, and the coincident ivory trade ban, poaching in Tanzania, particularly in … Resident hunting permits are issued by District Game Officers for their own district … for a variety of common game species such as impala, hartebeest, topi, buffalo and game birds …},
	journal = {Dar es Salam},
	author = {Baldus, R. D. and Cauldwell, A. E.},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Publisher: wildlife-baldus.com
Type: PDF},
	annote = {132 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=6837360521856019357\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{dounias_subsistence_2016,
	title = {From subsistence to commercial hunting: technical shift in cynegetic practices among southern {Cameroon} forest dwellers during the 20th century},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270329},
	abstract = {… Refugees, soldiers, miners, traders, poachers, and migrants have generated a sprawling market that … number of tree species are fruiting, thus massively attracting frugivorous birds and monkeys … for the trivialized use of firearms in the context of increasing commercial hunting …},
	journal = {Ecology and Society},
	author = {Dounias, E.},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: JSTOR},
	annote = {20 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=8712538526743114117\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{fletcher_impact_2015,
	title = {The impact of hunting on {European} woodland from medieval to modern times},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=TMwcCgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA116&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=8MSQRwHFs9&sig=Fe6I81hE6sE8veOeWF0yGEsXXZc},
	abstract = {… However, poaching was not restricted to peasants with snares … Gangs of poachers are described from the 15th into the 18th and even 19th cen- turies, and these … However, while fox hunting increasingly demanded a good sup- ply of foxes, elsewhere, gamekeepers strug- gled to …},
	journal = {Kirby, KJ, Watkins, C.(eds.)},
	author = {Fletcher, J.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: books.google.com},
	annote = {4 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10050757080888848847\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{waithman_guide_2001,
	title = {Guide to hunting wild pigs in {California}},
	url = {http://vafbgunclub.com/files/ca-pig-hunting-guide.pdf},
	abstract = {… Their food includes acorns, grasses, forbs, berries, bulbs, tubers, invertebrates, reptiles, birds, eggs, and … Every time the news media reports hunters damaging property, poaching, trespassing, hunting while … The legal requirements for hunting wild pigs can be found in the annual …},
	publisher = {vafbgunclub.com},
	author = {Waithman, J. and Bernard, L. and Kenward, A. J. and Longmore, K. and {...}},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {11 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=5019306091756939543\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{atuo_effects_2014,
	title = {Effects of hunting camps on breeding grey-necked picathartes {Picathartes} oreas in south-east {Nigeria}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/effects-of-hunting-camps-on-breeding-greynecked-picathartes-picathartes-oreas-in-southeast-nigeria/2719E2FB3E6BC9BB98E646291162BC70},
	abstract = {… During anti-poaching patrols in legally designated protected areas camping equipment found under overhanging rocks should be destroyed to … COLLAR, NJ \& STUART, SN (1985) Threatened Birds of Africa and Related Islands … (2006) Impacts of roads and hunting on central …},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Atuo, F. A. and Ivande, S. T. and Wala, Z. and O'Connell, T. J.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: cambridge.org},
	annote = {8 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=2517314226944912085\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{jayeoba_traditional_2018,
	title = {Traditional {Hunting} of {Wild} {Animals} in {Kamuku} {National} {Park}, {Kaduna}},
	url = {https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f422/6d85da289698a21b6463d55ce34445ef823d.pdf},
	abstract = {… It is important to ensure that the era community's perception of wild animals as “free resources” hence leading to poaching and indiscriminate … Hunting and wildlife management in Sarawak … Indicators for wild animal offtake: methods and case study for African mammals and birds …},
	journal = {Proceedings of 6th …},
	author = {Jayeoba, W. A. and Ojo, O. and Usman, S.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: pdfs.semanticscholar.org
Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{tarakini_flight_2014,
	title = {Flight behavioural responses to sport hunting by two {African} herbivores},
	url = {https://bioone.org/journals/African-Journal-of-Wildlife-Research/volume-44/issue-1/056.044.0110/Flight-Behavioural-Responses-to-Sport-Hunting-by-Two-African-Herbivores/10.3957/056.044.0110.short},
	abstract = {… The distance to cover or safe refuge has been shown to influence FID in fish (eg Dill 1990), birds (eg Rodriguez-Prieto … Poaching activities are very low in the Main Camp block in comparison to Gwaai where surrounding villagers sometimes encroach into the hunting area for …},
	journal = {African Journal of Wildlife …},
	author = {Tarakini, T. and Crosmary, W. G. and Fritz, H. and Mundy, P.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: BioOne},
	annote = {18 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=2573715589152887068\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{goncalves_rapid_2019,
	title = {A rapid assessment of hunting and bushmeat trade along the roadside between five {Angolan} major towns},
	url = {https://natureconservation.pensoft.net/article/37590/download/pdf/},
	abstract = {… to an acceleration in the loss of wildlife in Angola as mentioned above, with illegal poaching leading to … D, Roche C, Shaw J, van der Westhuizen H, Van Vliet N, Zisadza P (2015) Illegal hunting and the … Mills MSL (2018) The Special Birds of Angola/As Aves Especiais de Angola …},
	journal = {Nature …},
	author = {Gonçalves, F. M. P. and Luís, J. C. and {...}},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: natureconservation.pensoft.net
Type: PDF},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14992268715079719743\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{bauer_hunting_2004,
	title = {Hunting and fishing tourism},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Chaminda_Kumara/post/What_are_advantages_and_disadvantages_of_provisionning_of_primates_by_toursits_in_tourist_sites/attachment/59d645bb79197b80779a0ce4/AS:454463929491459@1485364052893/download/3.pdf#page=80},
	abstract = {… Game Ranching Group Safari Big Game Indigenous Big Game Spear Charter boat Coastal/estuarine Freshwater Marine Big Game-Trophy Falconry Small Game Game birds Duck Adventure Fly … Illegal practices, hunting code violations and poaching Illegal hunting …},
	journal = {Wildlife tourism: impacts, management and …},
	author = {Bauer, J. and Herr, A.},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Publisher: researchgate.net
Type: PDF},
	annote = {74 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15352209472532637520\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{opay_hunting_1998,
	title = {Hunting green turtles at {Trotuguero}, {Costa} {Rica}},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-3008.1998.00008.x},
	abstract = {… The survival of many species of mammals–in- cluding orang-utan, listed by IUCN as Vulnerable … as Critically Endangered, and the Sumatran tiger, also Critically Endangered– as well as birds and plants … Orang-utans may be further threatened by increased poaching since the fires …},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Opay, P.},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library
Type: CITATION},
	annote = {3 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=16994099275605054858\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{bhattarai_illegal_2016,
	title = {Illegal hunting of prey species in the northern section of {Bardia} {National} {Park}, {Nepal}: implications for carnivore conservation},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3298/3/4/32},
	abstract = {… More than four hundred species of birds can be found in the park, including some globally threatened species such as great … the buffer zone is now illegal, no questions about the participants' own current hunting practices were asked; and the hunting or poaching of protected …},
	journal = {Environments},
	author = {Bhattarai, B. R. and Wright, W. and Khatiwada, A. P.},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: mdpi.com},
	annote = {5 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=4137947675971435902\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{manqele_drivers_2018,
	title = {Drivers of the illegal hunting of serval ({Leptailurus} serval) and oribi ({Ourebia} ourebi) in the {KwaZulu}-{Natal} {Midlands}, {South} {Africa}},
	url = {https://bioone.org/journals/African-Journal-of-Wildlife-Research/volume-48/issue-2/056.048.023004/Drivers-of-the-Illegal-Hunting-of-Serval-iLeptailurus-serval-i/10.3957/056.048.023004.short},
	abstract = {… Large mammals followed by large birds are often targeted, as these are highly … a consequence of habitat loss, fragmentation, poor veld management and illegal hunting, particularly on … well-watered grasslands where small mammals occur in abundance (Bowland \& Perrin, 1993 …},
	journal = {African Journal of Wildlife …},
	author = {Manqele, N. S. and Selier, J. A. and Hill, T. R. and Downs, C. T.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: BioOne},
	annote = {3 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14327463847203406376\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{chase-grey_leopard_2011,
	title = {Leopard population dynamics, trophy hunting and conservation in the {Soutpansberg} {Mountains}, {South} {Africa}},
	url = {http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/823/1/Julia_Chase_Grey_Leopard_Thesis_2010.pdf},
	abstract = {… years due to increasing human population expansion, large scale habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting for trade, poaching, and retaliation over real or perceived human … Red Data Book of the Mammals of South Africa (Friedmann and Daly 2004). A taxon …},
	publisher = {etheses.dur.ac.uk},
	author = {CHASE-GREY, J.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {23 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14240514554524214192\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{frison_survival_2004,
	title = {Survival by hunting: prehistoric human predators and animal prey},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=aH29yqgiHA0C&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=Dt0WtI1trQ&sig=D8n162HMkSB8Sn5dJE06mDXzzkA},
	abstract = {… MAMMALS PAST AND PRESENT The area described provided ecological conditions favorable for large grazers and browsers; as a result, it became the main focus of prehistoric large land mammal hunting in North America. The complete list of Page 28 …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {Frison, G.},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {135 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=17952254021164767236\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{samwel_local_2017,
	title = {Local people knowledge on bushmeat hunting in the {Serengeti} ecosystem: {A} case study of {Topi} ({Damaliscus} lunatus)},
	url = {https://ntnuopen.ntnu.no/ntnu-xmlui/handle/11250/2445483},
	abstract = {… and Bowe Jr 1998). Understanding why people poach, prefer or consume bushmeat is critical in … due to seasonal migration of wildebeest, which increases poaching pressures to other species … However, topi is threatened by hunting for meat and grazing competition with cattle …},
	publisher = {ntnuopen.ntnu.no},
	author = {SAMWEL, D.},
	year = {2017},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=5818205426486987098\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{tichelar_putting_2006,
	title = {'{Putting} animals into politics': {The} {Labour} {Party} and hunting in the first half of the twentieth century},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Michael_Tichelar/publication/232031329_'Putting_Animals_into_Politics'_The_Labour_Party_and_Hunting_in_the_First_Half_of_the_Twentieth_Century/links/5e84a73192851c2f52714de0/Putting-Animals-into-Politics-The-Labour-Party-and-Hunting-in-the-First-Half-of-the-Twentieth-Century.pdf},
	abstract = {… But to Connell, who spent his childhood in rural Ireland learning to poach, and had … seasonal means of supplementing diets or incomes.56 Support for hunting and poaching animals for … While the social parameters of fox hunting had always embraced a range of social classes …},
	journal = {Rural history},
	author = {Tichelar, M.},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Publisher: researchgate.net
Type: PDF},
	annote = {19 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=12196001049901586272\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{tappen_savanna_1995,
	title = {Savanna ecology and natural bone deposition: implications for early hominid site formation, hunting, and scavenging},
	url = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/204353},
	abstract = {… Schaller also documents a substantial increase in lion hunting success when grass is taller (over 0.4 m [Schaller I972: table 56]) … A test of the frequency of obvious indications of poaching was con- ducted by examining patches of known poached bones …},
	journal = {Current Anthropology},
	author = {Tappen, M.},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Publisher: journals.uchicago.edu},
	annote = {106 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=6520457950652084579\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{duda_ethnoecology_2017,
	title = {Ethnoecology of hunting in an empty forest: practices, local perceptions and social change among the {Baka} ({Cameroon})},
	url = {https://ddd.uab.cat/record/187289},
	abstract = {… STRUCTURES: FROM INJUSTICE TO DISTRUST 201 3. 1. WILDLIFE CONSERVATION AND POACHING 201 … a critical symbolic and social practice, although the context of hunting seems to … Nowadays, the Baka hunt and consume mostly small mammals, notably rodents, in a …},
	publisher = {ddd.uab.cat},
	author = {Duda, R.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {5 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7987725568385732511\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{chang_should_2018,
	title = {Should {I} shoot or should {I} go? {Simple} rules for prey selection in multi‐species hunting systems},
	url = {https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/eap.1796},
	abstract = {… In our bag data, hunters captured both birds (ranging in size from 25 g to 1.25 kg) and mammals (boar and … Because the hunting bag data were collected anonymously to protect respondents, we could not identify the opportunity cost associated with each recorded trip …},
	journal = {Ecological Applications},
	author = {Chang, C. H. and Drohan, S. E.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=16507785274886488916\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{vucetich_value_2019,
	title = {The value of argument analysis for understanding ethical considerations pertaining to trophy hunting and lion conservation},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320718307262},
	abstract = {… At the same time, some people are concerned that trophy hunting of lions (and other large mammals, especially predators) is inappropriate for reasons pertaining broadly to … One may think trophy hunting should be permitted even if other threats to lions (eg, poaching) are not …},
	journal = {Biological …},
	author = {Vucetich, J. A. and Burnham, D. and Johnson, P. J. and {...}},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {6 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=16041146118394969898\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{center_subsistence_nodate,
	title = {{SUBSISTENCE} {HUNTING} {AND} {RESOURCE} {MANAGEMENT} {AMONG} {THE} {JU}/'{HOANSI} {OF} {NORTHWESTERN} {BOTSWANA}},
	url = {https://jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp/kiroku/asm_normal/abstracts/pdf/ASM%20%20Vol.17%20No.4%201996/WWW%20%20obert%20K.%20HITCHCOCK%20%20John%20E.%20YELLEN%20%20Diane%20J.%20GELBURD%20%20A.pdf},
	abstract = {… The efforts of African governments to reduce the levels of poaching and to conserve wildlife and other natural resources have had mixed results … Page 13. Subsistence Hunting and Resource Ianagement 165 … Table 2. Common birds of the Dobe-/Du/Da region, Ngarniland …},
	journal = {jambo.africa.kyoto-u.ac.jp},
	author = {Center, S. A. S.},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{myronenko_analysis_2015,
	title = {Analysis of legislation and practice of hunting in some {EU} countries},
	url = {http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/analysis_of_legislation_and_practice_of_hunting_in_some_eu_countries.pdf},
	abstract = {… into such difficulties, as lobbying the interests of rich people, inadequate legislation, poor law enforcement, and as a result widespread poaching … In the introduction it is explained the need and scope of the guidelines for general requirements of the hunting on birds, the bird …},
	publisher = {awsassets.panda.org},
	author = {Myronenko, M.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{leader-williams_conservation_2009,
	title = {Conservation and hunting: friends or foes},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781444303179#page=22},
	abstract = {… The indiscriminate slaughter of these migratory birds also flouts many of the ethical values … remained unclear how this principle can be applied to recreational hunting, particularly when it … serious impacts than limited trophy off take, for example through poaching, competition with …},
	journal = {… Hunting, Conservation and Rural …},
	author = {Leader-Williams, N.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	annote = {36 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14218432915622650273\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{castilho_attitudes_2018,
	title = {Attitudes and behaviors of rural residents toward different motivations for hunting and deforestation in protected areas of the {Northeastern} {Atlantic} {Forest}, {Brazil}},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1940082917753507},
	abstract = {… Copy to clipboard. Format, Tips on citation download. Download Citation. Download article citation data for: Attitudes and Behaviors of Rural Residents Toward Different Motivations for Hunting and Deforestation in Protected Areas of the Northeastern Atlantic Forest, Brazil …},
	journal = {Tropical …},
	author = {Castilho, L. C. and Vleeschouwer, KM De and {...}},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: journals.sagepub.com},
	annote = {20 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10218597409473374930\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{peterson_varmint_2011,
	title = {Varmint {Hunting}},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=cCVW72oz2O8C&oi=fnd&pg=PA4&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=szgfOoxJB1&sig=6FdS2ExHNrTJLVtzanbWMY7FPNI},
	abstract = {… Shooting animals other than during a specified time of day or sea- son is called poaching. It is illegal to poach, meaning it is a crime … Page 21. VARMINT HUNTING Opossums are excellent tree climbers because of their sharp claws, which dig into bark …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {Peterson, J. M.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{geleta_indirect_2014,
	title = {The indirect socioeconomic impact of illegal hunting of {African} buffalo ({Syncerus} caffer) for trophy in {East} {Wollega}, {Ethiopia}},
	url = {http://www.asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/755},
	abstract = {… The social acceptance of individuals who hadn't gone to poach African buffalo at least for one trip is very low … [13] JM Milner, EB Nilsen and HP Andreassen. “Demographic side effects of selective hunting in ungulates and carnivores” … typology of the motivations for poaching” …},
	journal = {… Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and …},
	author = {Geleta, M.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: asrjetsjournal.org},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=3113696176981752715\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{keiluhu_impact_2013,
	title = {The impact of hunting on {Victoria} crowned pigeon ({Goura} victoria: {Columbidae}) in the rainforests of northern {Papua}, {Indonesia}},
	url = {https://d-nb.info/1044871423/34},
	abstract = {… the indigenous people in Papua. These birds are among the target animals of wildlife hunting. There is still very little published data on the hunting activity … The only reports on Goura population are those from King and Nijboer (1994) and Bird Life International (2012) …},
	publisher = {d-nb.info},
	author = {Keiluhu, H. J.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {2 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=535631449447789462\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{ogunjemite_hunting_2010,
	title = {Hunting and {Trading} in the {Nigerian} {Chimpanzee} ({Pan} troglodytes vellerosus) in {Gashaka}- {Mambilla} {Region}, {Nigeria}},
	url = {https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ejesm/article/view/54402},
	abstract = {… All these occurrences point to the fact that poaching has assumed very serious and dangerous dimension in … poachers are ready to do all they can to satisfy their desire. Conclusion Hunting and trading in chimpanzees appear to be an organized enterprise and constitute one of …},
	journal = {Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies …},
	author = {Ogunjemite, B. G. and Ashimi, T. A.},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: ajol.info},
	annote = {5 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=17274023391521415757\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{mitra_hunt_2019,
	title = {To {Hunt} or not to {Hunt}: {Tiger} {Hunting}, {Conservation} and {Collaboration} in {Colonial} {India}},
	url = {https://history-culture-modernity.org/articles/10.18352/hcm.587/},
	abstract = {… Africans, who, nonetheless, to the chagrin of the European settlers, continued to 'poach' animals … 55 But as game became scarce, native shikaris were grossly blamed for indiscriminate poaching. Tiger hunting, in its colonial form, always made an effort to promote goodwill and …},
	journal = {International Journal for History, Culture and …},
	author = {Mitra, R.},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: history-culture-modernity.org
Type: HTML},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{lindsey_trophy_2008,
	title = {Trophy hunting in sub-{Saharan} {Africa}: economic scale and conservation significance},
	url = {http://www.fao.org/tempref/docrep/fao/010/aj114e/aj114e09.pdf},
	abstract = {… West Africa is best known among hunters for bird shooting, though some big game hunting occurs, primarily in Benin and … reduce illegal hunting Lease agreements in some countries (eg Zambia and Tanzania) require assistance with anti-poaching from hunting operators in …},
	journal = {Best practices in sustainable hunting},
	author = {Lindsey, P. A.},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Publisher: fao.org
Type: PDF},
	annote = {59 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=6977986827239628794\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{dobson_ethical_2012,
	title = {Ethical issues in trophy hunting},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=KTj6m77VU-8C&oi=fnd&pg=PA86&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=P70FUC3CYo&sig=DX-UxiO5L8Fj3kDFqi5NTEgVqa8},
	abstract = {… is also credited with helping to conserve wildlife as animals were protected from poachers by local … are con- sidered to be endangered throughout their range due to habitat loss and also poaching. As with the white rhino, trophy hunting was seen as a method of ensuring the long …},
	journal = {Controversies in tourism},
	author = {Dobson, J.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: books.google.com},
	annote = {9 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=11128917705813385654\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{rice_illegal_2017,
	title = {Illegal {Wildlife} {Hunting} and {Trade} in {Southern} {Belize}: {An} {Assessment} of {Impacts} and {Drivers}},
	url = {http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4101&context=capstones},
	abstract = {… decision to not use the word “poaching' or “poacher” when talking about illegal wildlife hunting … 7 some hunters have become “poachers” simply because of unjust laws and/or during colonial rule (Duffy et al … In the Belize Wildlife Protection Act (2000), hunting is defined as …},
	publisher = {digitalcollections.sit.edu},
	author = {Rice, B.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{muposhi_trophy_2016,
	title = {Trophy hunting, conservation, and rural development in {Zimbabwe}: issues, options, and implications},
	url = {https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ijbd/2016/8763980/abs/},
	abstract = {… Volume 2016 {\textbar}Article ID 8763980 {\textbar} 16 pages {\textbar} https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8763980. Trophy Hunting, Conservation, and Rural Development in Zimbabwe: Issues, Options, and Implications … 3.1. Evolution of Policy and Legal Instruments Governing Trophy Hunting in Zimbabwe …},
	journal = {International Journal of …},
	author = {Muposhi, V. K. and Gandiwa, E. and Bartels, P. and {...}},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: hindawi.com
Type: HTML},
	annote = {19 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10429118894392005330\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{velden_bushmeat_2020,
	title = {Bushmeat hunting and consumption is a pervasive issue in {African} savannahs: insights from four protected areas in {Malawi}},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-020-01944-4},
	abstract = {… The practice of harvesting non-domesticated terrestrial mammals, birds and reptiles for food (Nasi et al … Specifically, wild meat poaching is considered the most frequent and severe threat to wildlife … There is therefore a need to understanding drivers of hunting within a wide socio …},
	journal = {Biodiversity and …},
	author = {Velden, JL Van and Wilson, K. and Lindsey, P. A. and {...}},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=16156981543025837585\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{sillitoe_maggots_2002,
	title = {'{MAGGOTS} {IN} {THEIR} {EARS}': {HUNTING} {INCANTATIONS} {AND} {INDIGENOUS} {KNOWLEDGE} {IN} {DEVELOPMENT}},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/44368626},
	abstract = {… are acha 'edible fauna'(3) The most prized are large marsupials, rodents and birds, all pursued … They also regulate hunting access to forest, of which sem members are jointly custodians and … If they hunt elsewhere they may be accused of poaching, as reported in other Highlands …},
	journal = {Journal of Ritual Studies},
	author = {Sillitoe, P.},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Publisher: JSTOR},
	annote = {7 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=3999409845571850614\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{maguire_hunting_2017,
	title = {Hunting and {Wildlife} {Trade} in the {Alexander} {Skutch} {Biological} {Corridor}, {Costa} {Rica}: {Species}, {Motivations}, and {Governance}},
	url = {https://yorkspace.library.yorku.ca/xmlui/handle/10315/34819},
	abstract = {… 15\% (Butchart et al., 2010). The extinction risk for wild mammals, birds, and amphibian species … Isla, 2015). 1.5.2 – Terms used I use the term hunting as it is defined in Costa Rica's Wildlife Conservation Law (N° … I avoid using the term poaching unless I am …},
	publisher = {yorkspace.library.yorku.ca},
	author = {Maguire, B. G.},
	year = {2017},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{arroyo_international_2015,
	title = {International conference on hunting for sustainability: ecology, economics and society},
	url = {https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/114856},
	abstract = {… P.14 Poaching in Serbia: factor analysis Aleksandar Radosavljevic, Vukan Lavadinovic, Nenad Rankovic … P.30 Hunting and raptor conservation in eastern Spain: a review of shot birds in the last decade (2000-2010 … Potential evolutionary consequences of hunting brown bears …},
	publisher = {digital.csic.es},
	author = {Arroyo, B.},
	year = {2015},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{watson_wildlife_nodate,
	title = {Wildlife, {Habitat} and {Hunting}: {New} {Mexico}'s {Roadless} {Areas}},
	url = {http://wg.convio.net/site/DocServer/NM_Game_Fish_Roadless_Report_May-06.pdf},
	abstract = {Page 1. Page 2. WILDLIFE, HABITAT AND HUNTING: New Mexico's Roadless Areas WIL Wildlife, Habitat and Hunting: New Mexico's Roadless Areas Photo credits: NMDG\&F, M. Gruber, M. Watson, D. Williams, M. Frentzel …},
	journal = {wg.convio.net},
	author = {Watson, M. L. and Gruber, C. W. M.},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{winterhalder_tracking_1995,
	title = {Tracking the {Hunting} {Hypothesis}},
	publisher = {JSTOR},
	author = {Winterhalder, B.},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Type: CITATION},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=3480435570529198675\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{gayo_will_2020,
	title = {Will the sustainability of lion tourist hunting be certain amidst non compliance to conservation legal frameworks? {A} case of {Selous} {Game} {Reserve}, {Tanzania}},
	url = {https://journals.udsm.ac.tz/index.php/tjsociology/article/view/3437},
	abstract = {… The reserve is similarly rich in birds and reptile species (Zafra-Calvo et al., 2018) … 22 18 3 4 Poaching of prey base 13 11 4 … indicates that some components emphasized in the principles could have been compromised during trophy hunting hence unsustainable practices …},
	journal = {Tanzania Journal of …},
	author = {Gayo, L. and Nahonyo, C. L. and Masao, C. A.},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: journals.udsm.ac.tz},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{huanca-nunez_variation_2017,
	title = {Variation in {Density} {Dependent} {Seedling} {Survival} {Across} {Forests} of {Different} {Successional} {Age} and {Hunting} {Protection} {Status}},
	url = {https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/bioscidiss/93/},
	abstract = {… 2013). Because of trophic cascades, forest fragmentation and poaching of top predators can increase populations of … varying in successional age and hunting protection (Table 2) to parameterize … bird and 113 mammal species (McDade \& Hartshorn 1994), including seed and …},
	publisher = {digitalcommons.unl.edu},
	author = {Huanca-Nunez, N.},
	year = {2017},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{kelly_hunt_2013,
	title = {The hunt as love and kill: hunter-prey relations in the discourse of contemporary hunting magazines},
	url = {https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/nature-and-culture/8/2/nc080204.xml},
	abstract = {… portrayed in the articles was deer, but the 23 articles included a wide array of mammal species, such as … The article is an indict- ment of African poachers, who kill by inefficient means and even abandon … The narrator is hunting for injured animals so he can end their suffering …},
	journal = {Nature and Culture},
	author = {Kelly, J. R. and Rule, S.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: berghahnjournals.com},
	annote = {15 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=1716065552508156986\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{petersen_heartsblood_2003,
	title = {Heartsblood: {Hunting}, spirituality, and wildness in {America}},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=-vDrRxUd6TIC&oi=fnd&pg=PR11&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=DUD3FDLgjw&sig=msb2lNUILIGltbcWMTzOZH3i3sw},
	abstract = {… a family thing, not a peer thing, not a cultural thing, but a self-powered passion—like a bird's urge to … As a Missouri country boy, in company with friends, young Paul hunted small game and birds and ran a trapline … As a young adult, he trained and flew hunting hawks and falcons …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {Petersen, D.},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {36 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=2393557240634310535\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{duda_hunting_2017,
	title = {Hunting techniques, wildlife offtake and market integration. {A} perspective from individual variations among the {Baka} ({Cameroon})},
	url = {https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/handle/2433/225259},
	abstract = {… 7\% of the catches), rather, shotguns are mostly used to target medium-size mammals (80\% of … other” techniques mainly belong to the categories of small and medium species (birds, rodents, small … Hunting trips using shotguns result in an average of 2.6 catches per trip whereas …},
	publisher = {repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp},
	author = {DUDA, R. and GALLOIS, S. and REYES-GARCIA, V.},
	year = {2017},
	annote = {7 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=17258568087211884156\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{gebauer_historic_2018,
	title = {Historic and {Current} {Shorebird} {Hunting} and {Management} {Structure} in {Trinidad} and {Tobago}},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Martin_Gebauer2/publication/343180101_Historic_and_Current_Shorebird_Hunting_and_Management_Structure_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago/links/5f1a854ba6fdcc9626ad360c/Historic-and-Current-Shorebird-Hunting-and-Management-Structure-in-Trinidad-and-Tobago.pdf},
	abstract = {… as this will serve as a useful measure for curbing commercial poaching until the … A ban on commercial sales would help to alleviate the pressure from commercial hunters and poachers … The Minister would be well advised to implement an indefinite moratorium on hunting of all …},
	publisher = {researchgate.net},
	author = {Gebauer, M. and Roy, C.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{tepavac_suffering_2013,
	title = {{SUFFERING} {OF} {WILD} {ANIMALS} {IN} {HUNTING}-{GROUNDS} {FROM} {APPLICATION} {OF} {AGRICULTURAL} {MECHANIZATION} {AND} {PESTICIDES}},
	url = {https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/52472/1/:%20http:/www.rmgc.ro/news-feed/cat-aur-este-la-rosia-montana.html#page=560},
	abstract = {… Key words: game, insurance, damage, compensation, management, poaching … Wild animals suffer also from hunters, poachers, attacks of stray dogs, massive poisoning by pesticides … a number and quality of game, according to natural and other opportunities of hunting-grounds …},
	journal = {… in terms of the republic of …},
	author = {Tepavac, R. and Brzaković, T.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de
Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{ullah_model_2020,
	title = {A {Model} of {Collaborative} {Governance} for {Community}-based {Trophy}-{Hunting} {Programs} in {Developing} {Countries}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2530064420300389},
	abstract = {… various non-state actors such as International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), in formal and collective decision-making processes where participants deliberate and negotiate for joint agreement to conserve endangered mammals through trophy hunting mechanism …},
	journal = {Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation},
	author = {Ullah, I. and Kim, D. Y.},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier
Type: HTML},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{cioc_hunting_2009,
	title = {Hunting, {Agriculture}, and the {Quest} for {International} {Wildlife} {Conservation} during the {Early} {Twentieth} {Century}},
	url = {http://agrarianstudies.macmillan.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/colloqpapers/04cioc.pdf},
	abstract = {… possible, salt, for preserving birds or other wild animals, and for affording them the necessary … reserves began to dissipate. There was, moreover, resistance to the new hunting regime within … run-of-the-mill poachers relied on …},
	journal = {Cioc, The Game of Conservation},
	author = {Cioc, M.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: agrarianstudies.macmillan.yale.edu
Type: PDF},
	annote = {3 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=2001930092352932950\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{nurse_criminalising_2017,
	title = {Criminalising the right to hunt: {European} law perspectives on anti-hunting legislation},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10611-016-9669-8.pdf},
	abstract = {… Where this is done unlawfully (ie in contravention of regulations) it amounts to poaching [20], the … and Countryside Act 1981 which creates offences in relation to 'disturbing' wild birds at or … The hunting bans only prevent a hunt from gathering for the particular purpose of killing a …},
	journal = {Crime, Law and Social Change},
	author = {Nurse, A.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {9 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10297299600477052696\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{njau_contribution_2013,
	title = {Contribution of hunting tourism on socio economic development for local communities: a case of {Ugalla} ecosystem},
	url = {http://scholar.mzumbe.ac.tz/handle/11192/547},
	abstract = {… to villagers, poachers, staff working with the industry in this ecosystem, district natural … parties are willing to pay as incentives to stop the local communities from poaching … would help the industry better itself towards sustainable tourist hunting business. 1.3 Research questions …},
	publisher = {scholar.mzumbe.ac.tz},
	author = {Njau, O. T.},
	year = {2013},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=9198040753775093299\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{mclellan_divergent_2019,
	title = {Divergent population trends following the cessation of legal grizzly bear hunting in southwestern {British} {Columbia}, {Canada}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320718301538},
	abstract = {… McLellan, 2015; Schwartz et al., 2006). As with many other large carnivores, HCM for grizzly bears includes legal hunting, defence of human life or property, road and rail kills, and poaching. Reducing HCM has been the dominant …},
	journal = {Biological …},
	author = {McLellan, M. L. and McLellan, B. N. and Sollmann, R. and Lamb, C. T. and {...}},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {2 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=5411337080204864376\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{jacob_survey_2020,
	title = {A {Survey} of {Hunting} {Practices} in {Ikot} {Ubo}, {Nigeria}},
	url = {https://sriopenjournals.com/index.php/forestry_agricultural_review/article/view/24},
	abstract = {… In Nsit Ubium as other forest ecosystems prolonged poaching, deforestation, and wildlife habitat loss have … for Hunting More than 67\% of the respondents were engaged in hunting practices in the … are from animals which are not hunted for its meat eg hornbills, birds of paradise …},
	journal = {Forestry \& Agriculture …},
	author = {Jacob, D. E. and Eniang, E. E. A. and Ubo, M. O. and {...}},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: sriopenjournals.com},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{huber_antelope_2005,
	title = {Antelope hunting in northern {Tibet}: cultural adaptations to wildlife behaviour},
	url = {https://case.edu/affil/tibet/booksAndPapers/Antilope.hunting.in.northern.Tibet.pdf},
	abstract = {… The construction and use of dzaekha as a specifically Tibetan hunting technique appears to be … to ensue between the two species in the calving grounds, since the birds consume the ante- lope's afterbirth (phru-ma) and the birthing females consume the bird's nutritious dung …},
	journal = {Memorie della SocietaItaliana di Scienze Naturali e del …},
	author = {Huber, T.},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Publisher: case.edu
Type: PDF},
	annote = {30 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=12376446985304034293\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{broz_when_2012,
	title = {When good luck is bad fortune: between too little and too much hunting success in {Siberia}},
	url = {https://www.berghahnjournals.com/view/journals/social-analysis/56/2/sa560206.xml},
	abstract = {… in Siberia, far from being intuitive ecologists, overkilled reindeer and other mammals whenever possible … The first term (aŋ) refers exclusively to wild animals and birds, while the second (mal … spirits, since it is possible to differentiate with regard to the hunting-poaching distinc- tion …},
	journal = {Social Analysis},
	author = {Broz, L. and Willerslev, R.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: berghahnjournals.com},
	annote = {18 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=11699591069417569811\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{boule_local_2019,
	title = {Local {Perspectives} on {Sport} {Hunting} and {Tourism} {Economies}: {Stereotypes}, {Sustainability}, and {Inclusion} in {British} {Columbia}'s {Hunting} {Industries}.},
	url = {https://journals.humankinetics.com/downloadpdf/journals/shr/50/1/article-p93.pdf?pdfJsInlineViewToken=827492687&inlineView=true},
	abstract = {… sport was being described as immoral and disgraceful.55 Regionally, BC has had its own controversial incidents when a professional ice hockey athlete poached a grizzly … So being in a large population base where hunting is not common I think hunting and poaching is the …},
	journal = {Sport History Review},
	author = {Boulé, K. L. and Mason, C. W.},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: journals.humankinetics.com},
	annote = {2 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=16508184620021143658\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{kalashnikov_state_2019,
	title = {The state of populations of hunting species of waterfowl in {The} {North} {Kazakhstan} province under conditions of anthropogenic activity},
	url = {https://vdu.lt/cris/handle/20.500.12259/93002},
	abstract = {… of the former USSR including Kazakhstan, poaching on migration, high demands of birds to … necessary to immediately and permanently implement, at all levels – from individual hunting farms to … feeding, protection from predators and poachers, it is necessary to create a network …},
	publisher = {vdu.lt},
	author = {Kalashnikov, M.},
	year = {2019},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{lands_guide_2007,
	title = {Guide to {Hunting}},
	url = {https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1003&context=nebgamepubs},
	abstract = {… All game meat must be utilized to its fullest potential. If you shoot it, eat it. • Possess more than one daily bag limit of migratory game birds while in the field or when returning from the field to one's car, hunting camp, etc. • Sell or trade the meat of any game bird or game animal …},
	journal = {Albion},
	author = {Lands, P.},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Publisher: digitalcommons.unl.edu
Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{liordos_sociodemographic_2014,
	title = {Sociodemographic analysis of hunters' preferences: a {Greek} {Hunting} {Club} perspective},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/21658005.2014.972043},
	abstract = {… Poaching is controlled by both Forest Service and Hunting Club wardens, usually with … Hunters liked to pursue both birds and brown hares, although specialists of either … Elementary education hunters preferred brown hare hunting (62\%), those with secondary education were …},
	journal = {Zoology and Ecology},
	author = {Liordos, V.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{singh_hunting_2014,
	title = {{HUNTING} {TO} {CONSERVATION}: {A} {STUDY} {OF} {BRITISH} {POLICIES} {TOWARDS} {WILDLIFE} {IN} {ASSAM} (1826-1947)},
	url = {http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/155/1559464154.pdf},
	abstract = {… 6.2 Poaching, Conviction and Protection 160 … reserves were established in the twentieth century where hunting and settlement were … Planning And Resource Conservation, Columbia, MDI National Institute For Urban Wildlife., CC Gibson, Politician and Poachers: The Political …},
	publisher = {rhinoresourcecenter.com},
	author = {Singh, G.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{bouche_embargo_2016,
	title = {Embargo on lion hunting trophies from {West} {Africa}: {An} effective measure or a threat to lion conservation?},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0155763},
	abstract = {… the decline of wild prey due to unsustainable hunting [6] and/or the disappearance of perennial water points during the dry season [7,8], poaching for local … Bird hunting activities depend strongly on the large game hunting clients, who often spend a day hunting birds at the …},
	journal = {PloS one},
	author = {Bouché, P. and Crosmary, W. and Kafando, P. and Doamba, B. and {...}},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: journals.plos.org
Type: HTML},
	annote = {14 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=1032081023768190036\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{barbosa_hunting_nodate,
	title = {{HUNTING} {PRACTICES} {AND} {ENVIRONMENTAL} {INFLUENCE}: {A} {BRIEF} {OVERVIEW} {WITH} {AN} {ETHNOZOOLOGICAL} {APPROACH}},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jose_Barbosa44/publication/330667103_Hunting_practices_and_environmental_influence_A_brief_overview_with_an_ethnozoological_approach/links/5c4df55592851c22a3950066/Hunting-practices-and-environmental-influence-A-brief-overview-with-an-ethnozoological-approach.pdf},
	abstract = {… Seeking to comprehend how hunting acted upon a bird migration corridor between Norway and Denmark, Clausen … (2017) analyzed the impact of the killing of birds based on … The authors documented a considerable raise in the ratio of slaughtered individuals in hunting over the …},
	journal = {researchgate.net},
	author = {BARBOSA, JOSAA and AGUIAR, JOSO and ROMEU, R. and {...}},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{adams_conservation_2009,
	title = {Conservation, livelihoods and recreational hunting: issues and strategies},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781444303179#page=367},
	abstract = {… roan antelope 291 Roosevelt Doctrine 272–3 Roosevelt, Theodore 128, 130 Royal Society for the Protection of Birds 205 rural … 220, 222, 222 Lake Mburo National Park see Lake Mburo National Park Nshara Ranches 216–17, 217 poaching 212–13 sport hunting 213–15 …},
	journal = {Recreational Hunting …},
	author = {Adams, W. M. and Dickson, B. and Dublin, H. T. and {...}},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	annote = {4 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14699141359258429778\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{lavadinovic_analysis_2016,
	title = {Analysis of the {Hunting} {Sector} in {Republic} of {Serbia}},
	url = {https://d-nb.info/1134881908/34},
	abstract = {… At the same time, game species cause crop damage to agriculture lands, poach livestock, strip … began to expand beyond game management and started to deal with hunting methods, firearm … in XIX centuries, led to regulations for the protection of game and bird species (Lovački …},
	publisher = {d-nb.info},
	author = {Lavadinović, V.},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=946002037614358522\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{ahmadi_hunting_2018,
	title = {Hunting, sale, and consumption of bushmeat killed by lead-based ammunition in {Benin}},
	url = {https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/6/1140},
	abstract = {… The term bushmeat applies to meat derived from wild or forest animals including mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and birds hunted for food … and the possibility of quick income generation from selling bushmeat is a common incentive for bushmeat hunting [4]. Hunters …},
	journal = {International journal of …},
	author = {Ahmadi, S. and Maman, S. and Zoumenou, R. and {...}},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: mdpi.com},
	annote = {5 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14199842444314054407\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{festus_bushmeat_2014,
	title = {Bushmeat hunting: a challenge to sustainable ecotourism},
	url = {http://www.academia.edu/download/34227886/Bushmeat_Hunting-A_Challenge_To_Sustainable_Ecotourism.pdf},
	abstract = {… livelihood, which puts their survival at the mercy of hunters and poachers [Lawal, 1995:44 … Poaching combined with inadequate field protection has also decimated many animals in the … poverty eradication, establishment of protected areas, as well as restriction of wildlife hunting …},
	journal = {Research on Humanities and Social …},
	author = {Festus, I. A. and Omoboye, I. F.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: academia.edu
Type: PDF},
	annote = {7 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=11325721005539173314\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{gess_hunting_2014,
	title = {Hunting and power: class, race and privilege in the {Eastern} {Cape} and the {Transvaal} {Lowveld}, c. 1880-1905},
	url = {http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/86262},
	abstract = {… The Convention for the Preservation of Wild Animals, Birds and Fish in Africa, concluded during … one of the key revisionists, argued in Poachers, Proletarians and Gentry in the Early … Century Transvaal for what he described as “the political economy of hunting” that required to be …},
	publisher = {scholar.sun.ac.za},
	author = {Gess, D. W.},
	year = {2014},
	annote = {3 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=2946160967337916604\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{sillitoe_hunting_2001,
	title = {Hunting for conservation in the {Papua} {New} {Guinea} highlands},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00141840120095140},
	abstract = {… They may be accused of poaching if they hunt in other places (as among the Enga, Maring and … cassowary, for example, has not been hunted to extinction, after similar vulnerable large flightless birds else- where … (See Healey 1990a for an authoritative study of hunting and trade …},
	journal = {Ethnos},
	author = {Sillitoe, P.},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	annote = {22 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=13899492802022252382\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{vorlaufer_selous_1999,
	title = {The {Selous} {Game} {Reserve} in {Tanzania}-{Nature} {Conservation}, {Hunting} {Tourism} and {Sustainable} {Development} in {Africa}'s {Largest} {Wildlife} {Reserve}},
	journal = {Applied Geography and Development},
	author = {Vorlaufer, K.},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Type: CITATION},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7007513242719633264\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{enuoh_rural_2014,
	title = {Rural livelihoods vulnerabilities and commercial bushmeat hunting challenges in {Cross} {River} {National} {Park}, {Nigeria}},
	url = {https://www.scirp.org/html/4-2000435_50662.htm},
	abstract = {… 9] reported that within two-month duration (in the middle of 1990), 9600 poachers were arrested … Generally, hunting practices are said to be highly unsustainable [10] -[13] … Many plants with large seeds depend upon large mammals such as monkeys, big birds (toucans, agamis …},
	journal = {Natural Resources},
	author = {Enuoh, O. O. O. and Bisong, F. E.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: scirp.org
Type: HTML},
	annote = {4 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=13916935315513629948\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{silva_assessing_2014,
	title = {Assessing the impact of hunting pressure on population structure of {Guinea} baboons ({Papio} papio) in {Guinea}-{Bissau}},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10592-014-0621-0.pdf},
	abstract = {RESEARCH ARTICLE Assessing the impact of hunting pressure on population structure of Guinea baboons (Papio papio) in Guinea-Bissau … We investigated whether hunting-driven mortality has affected population structure in this generalist primate using two genetic mark- ers …},
	journal = {Conservation …},
	author = {Silva, MJF Da and Godinho, R. and Casanova, C. and Minhós, T. and {...}},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {16 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10948828221099880110\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{dellinger_trophy_2016,
	title = {Trophy {Hunting} {Contracts}: {Unenforceable} for {Reasons} of {Public} {Policy}},
	url = {https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/cjel41&section=13},
	abstract = {… ADVANCES, June 19, 2015, at 1, 3-4. 406 [Vol. 41:3 Page 13. Trophy Hunting Contracts Another recognized cause of the increased extinction rate is poaching, which is contributing to the killing of thousands of rare animals each year." Poachers are, for example, considered …},
	journal = {Colum. J. Envtl. L.},
	author = {Dellinger, M.},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: HeinOnline},
	annote = {7 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=12028567582362731961\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{eklund_possibilities_2017,
	title = {Possibilities, challenges and international demand for commercial hunting services in {Finland}: new economic growth from the {Finnish} bioeconomy},
	url = {https://www.theseus.fi/bitstream/handle/10024/132914/Eklund_Tiina.pdf?sequence=1},
	abstract = {… moose hirvi (Alces alces) poaching salametsästys point sarven piikki, esim. peuran tai hirven … forest reindeer (Rangifer tarandus fennicus), forest birds and moose (Alces alces) … season for protection also for the unprotected species is written in the Hunting Decree (666/1993) …},
	publisher = {theseus.fi},
	author = {Eklund, T.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{forssman_landscapes_2018,
	title = {Landscapes of {Anticipation} of the {Other}: {Ethno}-{Ethology} in a {Deer} {Hunting} {Landscape}},
	url = {https://bioone.org/journals/journal-of-ethnobiology/volume-38/issue-1/0278-0771-38.1.071/Landscapes-of-Anticipation-of-the-Other–Ethno-Ethology-in/10.2993/0278-0771-38.1.071.short},
	abstract = {… We ask how weedy species, such as deer, co-create not only the structure of a hunting landscape, but even the … resistant or anti-herbivory phenotypes, alter nitrogen and carbon cycling rates, and alter habitat and resource availability for small mammals, birds, and invertebrates …},
	journal = {Journal of Ethnobiology},
	author = {Forssman, N. and Root-Bernstein, M.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: BioOne},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10474132459835842660\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{moatar_action_2015,
	title = {Action on achieving a balance of wildlife with activities in agriculture, forestry and animal science in the hunting fund {No}. 3 {Cenad}},
	url = {http://spasb.ro/index.php/spasb/article/view/1887},
	abstract = {… in the diet, causing premature abortions declining birth rate in mammals and birds litter size at … that game can be done through a rigorous protection plan against poaching, specific and … Knowing that most hunting in the plains are predominantly deficient in woodland and river …},
	journal = {Scientific Papers Animal Science and …},
	author = {Moatar, M. and Mariș, C. and Stanciu, S.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: spasb.ro},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{bronner_killing_2008,
	title = {Killing tradition: {Inside} hunting and animal rights controversies},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=hlybTwfOcB4C&oi=fnd&pg=PP2&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=qVIsS2-TYp&sig=iMMZjCtOYuiJe_aQB2xJNyB1bLA},
	abstract = {… shoot supporter with sign and rat 116 Trapper boys collecting shot birds 117 T … are negatively stereotyped as “slob hunters” associated with beer-guzzling killers and unscrupulous poachers … image of vexatious rocker Ted Nugent, who an- nounces his libertarian hunting credo as …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {Bronner, S.},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {51 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=8846886268418549717\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{iturri_effects_2007,
	title = {The effects of hunting on the regeneration of trees in mature floodplain forests in southeastern {Peru}},
	url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/8f4ac52531c53fe3ab2e32c4c5915481/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y},
	abstract = {… 35 IX. LIST OF FRUIT-EATING MAMMALS CENSUSED IN THREE HUNTED AND THREE PROTECTED SITES IN MATURE FLOODPLAIN FORESTS IN … Cocha Cashu and Pakitza are effectively protected from poaching … concentrate most of their hunting near their village …},
	publisher = {search.proquest.com},
	author = {Iturri, G. E. N.},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{mokgalo_sustainable_2020,
	title = {A sustainable strategy to mitigate the ban of hunting on local communities in {Botswana}},
	url = {http://repository.nwu.ac.za/handle/10394/34910},
	abstract = {… CONTEXTUALIZATION OF HUNTING TOURISM IN BOTSWANA ..... 26 … 2.2.1.1.1 Mammals ..... 30 2.2.1.1.2 Birds ..... 31 …},
	publisher = {repository.nwu.ac.za},
	author = {Mokgalo, L.},
	year = {2020},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{rentsch_nature_2011,
	title = {The nature of bushmeat hunting in the {Serengeti} {Ecosystem}, {Tanzania}: socio-economic drivers of consumption of migratory wildlife},
	url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/3b286fc36a1c615302a28a9ebdc57e14/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y},
	abstract = {… found by anti-poaching patrols (Campbell and Hofer 1995). Other studies have suggested there are 36,000 poachers living within the ecosystem responsible for the illegal hunting of as many as 135,000 migratory ungulates annually (Campbell, Nelson, and Loibooki …},
	publisher = {search.proquest.com},
	author = {Rentsch, D.},
	year = {2011},
	annote = {7 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=9051913715902908993\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{katuwal_money_2016,
	title = {Money overweighted the traditional beliefs for hunting of {Chinese} pangolins in {Nepal}},
	url = {https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/e990/d01ff2c391ce9206b621625e7dc365d2cb61.pdf},
	abstract = {… Now pangolin is considered as one of the most highly traded mammals in Nepal and Asia in broad manner … uses while remaining opined of not having any idea (Figure 3). However, we believe that hunting for meat is mostly in the areas where there is low poachers influx …},
	journal = {Journal of Biodiversity …},
	author = {Katuwal, H. B. and Parajuli, K. and {...}},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: pdfs.semanticscholar.org
Type: PDF},
	annote = {3 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15295368935960734714\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{velden_using_2020,
	title = {Using scenarios to understand community-based interventions for bushmeat hunting and consumption in {African} savannas},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320720307345},
	abstract = {… Wild meat. Poaching. CBNRM. Alternative livelihoods. Wildlife crime. Malawi. 1. Introduction. Bushmeat hunting, or the harvesting of any non-domesticated mammal, bird or reptile for food (Nasi et al., 2008) is recognised as one of the world's major conservation challenges …},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Velden, JL van and Travers, H. and Moyo, B. H. Z. and Biggs, D.},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{naqash_impact_2012,
	title = {Impact of {Hunting} on {Population} of {Pheasants} in the {Western} {Indian} {Himalayas}},
	url = {http://www.indianforester.co.in/index.php/indianforester/article/view/27645},
	abstract = {… predominated by Barberry (Berberis sp.) and hybrid since poaching happens anyway, why not legalise it … (2004). State of the world's Birds: Indicators of our Changing World … Hunting of large mammals and pheasants in the Western Indian Himalaya, Oryx,9:426-431 …},
	journal = {Indian Forester},
	author = {Naqash, R. Y. and Akthar, N.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: indianforester.co.in},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{lovelock_maximizing_2005,
	title = {Maximizing economic returns from consumptive wildlife tourism in peripheral areas: {White}-tailed deer hunting on {Stewart} {Island}/{Rakiura}, {New} {Zealand}},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Igf45Y6QoAYC&oi=fnd&pg=PT155&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=sdXOTfNXsb&sig=uq4aRxl8FH61cquu2fKR9GSqn74},
	abstract = {… if or when feasible on Stewart Island (Department of Conservation, 1997a; Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society, 1999 … This programme enables rural communities to make money, through the hunting-tourists, from animals that would otherwise be poached because they …},
	journal = {Nature-based tourism in peripheral …},
	author = {Lovelock, B. and Robinson, K.},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Publisher: books.google.com},
	annote = {14 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10134769204707890439\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{covey_conservation_2009,
	title = {Conservation assessment of {Taï} monkey fauna from two survey {Methods} and a bushmeat market study: {How} hunting impacts {Taï} {National} {Park}},
	url = {http://www.psgb.org/pdfs/Ryan_Covey_CWPFinal_small.pdf},
	abstract = {… conclusions of primates under extreme poaching pressure and for immediate protection to … analyze the relationship between primate densities and commercial hunting (Walsh et al … number of animal species including birds (Robbins et al., 1989; Dorazio \& Royle, 2005) …},
	publisher = {psgb.org},
	author = {Covey, R.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {2 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=8384259358862377014\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{falk_as_2015,
	title = {As {Easy} as {Shooting} {Fish} in a {Barrel}-{Why} {Private} {Game} {Reserves} {Offer} a {Chance} to {Save} the {Sport} of {Hunting} and {Conservation} {Practices}},
	url = {https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/unilllr2015&section=45},
	abstract = {… See, eg, Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 16 USC §§ 703-12 (2006); Endangered Species Act … recreation- al hunting until the government banned all forms of hunting in 1977 … improve wildlife populations; rather, wildlife populations drastically decreased due to poaching and alternative …},
	journal = {U. Ill. L. Rev.},
	author = {Falk, A.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: HeinOnline},
	annote = {3 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=5728581949912551964\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{blanco_shot_2019,
	title = {A shot in the dark: {Sport} hunting of declining corvids promotes the inadvertent shooting of threatened red-billed choughs},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S161713811930202X},
	abstract = {… Sutherland, 2001; Williams, Nichols, \& Conroy, 2002), overlooking the impact of poaching and other … These and other hunting side-effects have been shown to affect several species of … Corvids (Corvidae) are among the most persecuted birds worldwide (Marzluff \& Angell, 2005) …},
	journal = {Journal for Nature …},
	author = {Blanco, G. and Cuevas, J. A. and Frías, Ó and Barrio, JLG del},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{macaulay_hunting_2013,
	title = {Hunting in managed oak woodlands: contrasts among similarities},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-6707-2_11},
	abstract = {… gentry, who hunted socially with friends, and the rural village residents and poachers who hunted … game animals and exclude rural hunters who once regarded taking game by poaching as an … The practice of walking lines is less productive in California quail hunting, given the …},
	journal = {Mediterranean Oak Woodland …},
	author = {Macaulay, L. T. and Starrs, P. F. and Carranza, J.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {14 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=3554555776487931379\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{luz_role_2012,
	title = {The {Role} of acculturation in indigenous peoples' hunting patterns and wildlife availability the case of the {Tsimane}'in the {Bolivian} {Amazon}},
	url = {https://ddd.uab.cat/record/112965},
	abstract = {… Wildlife hunting In tropical forests across the globe, the meat of wild animals has long been a crucial part of the diet of forest-dwelling peoples (Wilkie et al. 2011). Invertebrates, amphibians, insects, reptiles, birds and mammals are hunted for local consumption …},
	publisher = {ddd.uab.cat},
	author = {Luz, A. C.},
	year = {2012},
	annote = {7 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=17860992550252114071\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{paudel_challenges_2012,
	title = {Challenges to wildlife conservation posed by hunting in non-protected areas north of the {Bardia} {National} {Park}},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-1802-9_8},
	abstract = {… mammals, 54 species of reptiles, 125 species of fish and 470 species of birds (BPP 1995 … Google Scholar. Heltberg R (2000) Impact of the ivory trade ban on poaching incentives: a … Diego, pp 208–217Google Scholar. Madhusudan MD, Karantha KU (2002) Local hunting and the …},
	journal = {Himalayan biodiversity in the changing world},
	author = {Paudel, P. K.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {11 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10363595164190114070\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{fa_integrating_2014-1,
	title = {Integrating {Sustainable} {Hunting} in {Biodiversity} {Protection} in {Central} {Africa}: {Hot} {Spots}},
	url = {https://www.academia.edu/download/36665188/Fa_et_al_2014_Sustainable_hunting_hotspots_weakspots_PlosONE_withS1.pdf},
	abstract = {… animal populations [2,3]. The unsustainable harvest of mammals and birds can also … disturbance affecting many mammal species, hunting, and especially commercial hunting [64– 67 … are considered completely irreplaceable for the conservation of African mammals are positively …},
	publisher = {academia.edu},
	author = {Fa, J. E. and Olivero, J. and Farfán, MÁ and Márquez, A. L. and Vargas, J. M.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{namgail_short_2009,
	title = {Short {Communication} {Status} and distribution of the {Near} {Threatened} {Tibetan} argali {Ovis} ammon hodgsoni in {Ladakh}, {India}: effect of a hunting ban},
	url = {https://www.rufford.org/files/Oryx,%2043(2),%20288%E2%80%93291.pdf},
	abstract = {… comm.) we conclude that, although sporadic poaching for meat might have occurred, factors other than hunting … We conclude that the ban on argali hunting has not been sufficient to protect and … WARD , A. (1924) The mammals and birds of Kashmir and the adjacent hill provinces …},
	publisher = {rufford.org},
	author = {Namgail, T. and Fox, J. L. and Bhatnagar, Y. V.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{merwe_game_2014,
	title = {Game farm and hunting tourism},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=NN6HDgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP6&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=JSaa_GnajK&sig=tHcN_PDMEh_ogAenIvlnxNryYmM},
	abstract = {… Ŷ Feathered game: Any bird, excluding ostriches. Ŷ Furred game: Any wild mammal with fur. Ŷ Game: Non-domestic animals which are mostly hunted for food as well as sport purposes. Ŷ Game birds: Birds declared open for hunting in terms of provincial hunting proclamations …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {Merwe, P. Van der and Plessis, L. Du},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {5 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=6569273147568238129\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{gibson_more_2014,
	title = {More than murder: {Ethics} and hunting in {New} {Zealand}},
	url = {https://journals.humankinetics.com/view/journals/ssj/31/4/article-p455.xml},
	abstract = {… based mammals in New Zealand (humans included) are relative newcomers; the only 'nonmarine' mammals endemic to … cially possums, are a far bigger threat to native birds because they kill birds and not … Hunting, no matter what way you look at it, has a positive impact for the …},
	journal = {Sociology of Sport Journal},
	author = {Gibson, K.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: journals.humankinetics.com},
	annote = {21 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15105971279616140473\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{hellinx_international_2020,
	title = {An {International} {Lawyer}'s {Field} {Guide} to {Trophy} {Hunting}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13880292.2020.1768688},
	abstract = {… 8 In contrast to poaching, which is the illegal killing of wild animals, 9 trophy hunting … In fact, the first international wildlife treaties were drafted with trophy hunting expressly in mind … Resources, 22 ie., the 1900 Convention for the Preservation of Wild Animals, Birds, and Fish in …},
	journal = {Journal of International Wildlife Law \& Policy},
	author = {Hellinx, E. and Wouters, J.},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{lazhentsev_procurement_2019,
	title = {Procurement of {Hunting} {Resources} in the {System} of {Fiscal} {Relations} ({Case} {Study} of the {Northern} {Regions} of {Russia})},
	url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/62fcb124f449dc9c2384778e05cdecb4/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2029687},
	abstract = {… Poaching is punished very harshly; as a result, it is extremely rare [27]. Page 9 … the funds from which are directed to the financing of programs for nature protection, reproduction of wild animals and birds … Fees for the use of wildlife objects Compensation payments for hunting …},
	journal = {Ekonomicheskie i …},
	author = {Lazhentsev, V. N. and Chuzhmarova, S. I. and {...}},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: search.proquest.com},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=13981601181626434597\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{hickey_modeling_2012,
	title = {Modeling bonobo ({Pan} paniscus) occurrence in relation to bushmeat hunting, slash-and-burn agriculture, and timber harvest: harmonizing bonobo conservation …},
	url = {https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/hickey_jena_r_201205_phd.pdf},
	abstract = {… Very likely, it is the poaching associated with these metrics that is the single common threat influencing bonobo occurrence. Our results indicate that forest fragmentation and hunting both negatively influence bonobo occupancy and both landscape- and local-level variables are …},
	publisher = {getd.libs.uga.edu},
	author = {Hickey, J. R.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {3 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=568364779593856391\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{manqele_assessing_2017,
	title = {Assessing the drivers and impact of illegal hunting for bushmeat and trade on serval ({Leptailurus} serval, {Schreber} 1776) and oribi ({Ourebia} ourebi …},
	url = {http://opus.sanbi.org/bitstream/20.500.12143/6313/1/Manqele%20_2017_MSc_UKZN.pdf},
	abstract = {… 1.1 Introduction Meat derived from wild animals is referred to as bushmeat, it is harvested from a diverse range of species including insects, reptiles, birds and most commonly, mammals, particularly ungulates (Fa et al … 1998), over-hunting for human consumption is one of …},
	publisher = {opus.sanbi.org},
	author = {Manqele, N. S.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{jetson_hunting_1998,
	title = {Hunting and snaring: from furs to fashions.[{Paper} presented at the {Tasmanian} {History} {Societies}' {Conference} (1997: {Devonport}, {Tas})]},
	url = {https://search.informit.com.au/fullText;res=IELAPA;dn=981111885},
	abstract = {… Poaching had a long tradition in Great Britain and many, such as the poet, Charles … Many poachers made the government-assisted passage to the Antipodes where some no doubt … Oxford, CIarendon Press, 1991, hunting 797 (498-99), snaring 1808 (4320) and trapping 2101 …},
	journal = {Papers and Proceedings: Tasmanian Historical …},
	author = {Jetson, T.},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Publisher: search.informit.com.au},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14935911513896866416\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{hall_does_2012,
	title = {Does recreational hunting have a role in conservation?},
	url = {https://ssaa.org.au/assets/news-resources/hunting/does-recreational-hunting-have-a-role-in-conservation.pdf},
	abstract = {… For example, the very large number of migrating birds shot by southern European hunters each year … But it is difficult to see how this applies to recreational hunting when it is used as a … Issues such as poaching and habitat loss probably have more impact than the harvest of a …},
	publisher = {ssaa.org.au},
	author = {Hall, G.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {2 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=8835397517190916357\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{vliet_frameworks_2019,
	title = {Frameworks {Regulating} {Hunting} for {Meat} in {Tropical} {Countries} {Leave} the {Sector} in the {Limbo}},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2019.00280/full},
	abstract = {… Poaching is more than an enforcement problem … Designing indigenous lands in Amazonia: securing indigenous rights and wildlife conservation through hunting management … (2017). From poachers to protectors: engaging local communities in solutions to illegal wildlife trade …},
	journal = {Frontiers in Ecology …},
	author = {Vliet, N. van and Antunes, A. P. and Constantino, P. A. L. and {...}},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: frontiersin.org
Type: HTML},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=18416311652744788785\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{carpio_factors_2015,
	title = {Factors {Affecting} {Red}-{Legged} {Partridge} {Alectoris} rufa {Abundance} on {Big}-{Game} {Hunting} {Estates}: {Implications} for {Management} and {Conservation}},
	url = {https://bioone.org/journals/Ardeola/volume-62/issue-2/arla.62.2.2015.283/Factors-Affecting-Red-Legged-Partridge-iAlectoris-rufa-i-Abundance-on/10.13157/arla.62.2.2015.283.short},
	abstract = {… red-legged partridge Alectoris rufa is not only the most important bird game species … factors, including the regulation of exploitation and the control of poaching (Gortázar et … have been anthropogenic expansion, which has primarily been carried out for hunting purposes (Gortázar …},
	journal = {Ardeola},
	author = {Carpio, A. J. and Oteros, J. and Vicente, J. and Tortosa, F. S. and {...}},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: BioOne},
	annote = {2 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15032519950517475203\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{cornelio_implications_nodate,
	title = {Implications of traditional hunting on the megapodes and bats of {Melanesia}},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Cornelio2/publication/340271736_Implications_of_traditional_hunting_on_the_megapodes_and_bats_of_Melanesia/links/5e817442458515efa0b89113/Implications-of-traditional-hunting-on-the-megapodes-and-bats-of-Melanesia.pdf},
	abstract = {… high mortality of the young, lack of training, high production costs and poaching [8]; it also … Globally the group is highly threatened by hunting and eggs recollection; the number of extinct … Distance that measures the perpendicular distance of the bird (or clusters of birds) from the …},
	journal = {researchgate.net},
	author = {Cornelio, D. L.},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{bikoo_adventure_nodate,
	title = {{ADVENTURE} {WITH} {SELF}-{GUIDED} {HUNTING} {IN} {CAMEROON}},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Degeorges_Andre/publication/262425417_ADVENTURE_WITH_SELF-GUIDED_HUNTING_CAMEROON_2nd_SA_JAGTERS/links/0deec537b669bc60e8000000.pdf},
	abstract = {… is to have a future, these traditional hunters, rather than being turned into poachers by current … 7, 850 (R 77,000) per hunter including airfare, temporary import permit for rifle/ammo, hunting license, trophy … In addition to these species, there is a list of birds, reptiles and many other …},
	journal = {researchgate.net},
	author = {Biko'o, A. and Wardjomto, M. and DeGeorges, A.},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{brooking_hunting_2010,
	title = {Hunting: {A} {New} {Zealand} {History} [{Book} {Review}]},
	url = {https://ojs.victoria.ac.nz/jnzs/article/view/126},
	abstract = {… relished the freedom to hunt and fish without fear of being gaoled or deported for poaching … to this topic by academics apart from Hunter, is a PhD thesis on game hunting by Claire … of large game such as deer, familiar fish, particularly trout and salmon, and familiar birds such as …},
	journal = {The Journal of New Zealand Studies},
	author = {Brooking, T.},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: ojs.victoria.ac.nz},
	annote = {2 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=3441518248596558653\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{enescu_overlapping_2019,
	title = {Overlapping between the hunting seasons of the main game species and the picking intervals of truffles in {Romania}.},
	url = {http://managementjournal.usamv.ro/pdf/vol.19_3/Art28.pdf},
	abstract = {… of the main game species and harvesting seasons of the truffles in Romania Game, birds and truffles … In general, there is a high level of overlapping between the hunting periods of the … Poaching is another important threat for both, either hunters or truffle pickers and, therefore, a …},
	journal = {… in Agriculture and …},
	author = {ENESCU, CM and DRĂGOI, M.},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: managementjournal.usamv.ro
Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{nielsen_improving_2011,
	title = {Improving the conservation status of the {Udzungwa} {Mountains}, {Tanzania}? {The} effect of joint forest management on bushmeat hunting in the {Kilombero} nature reserve},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/26393035},
	abstract = {… for the rural poor that depend on hunting for protein and income (Eves \& Ruggiero 2000; Noss 2000; Fa et al. 2003; de Merode et al. 2004), and may also negatively affect forest regeneration and development by disrupting interactions with plants that rely on mammals for seed …},
	journal = {Conservation and Society},
	author = {Nielsen, M. R.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: JSTOR},
	annote = {26 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=16471468048664374628\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{johanisova_reported_2020,
	title = {Reported \& {Reported}: differences among local and international game hunting data and potential reasons on the example of {South} {Africa}},
	url = {https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:1442803},
	abstract = {… Appendix I. II. III. Mammals 7 18 5 Birds 0 1 0 Reptiles 0 1 0 TOTAL 7 20 5 Page 19. 12 … Page 27. 20 Reference list Bauer, J., Herr, A., \& Higginbottom, K. (2004). Hunting and fishing tourism. Wildlife … Brennan, AJ, \& Kalsi, JK (2015). Elephant poaching \& ivory trafficking problems in …},
	publisher = {diva-portal.org},
	author = {Johanisová, L.},
	year = {2020},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{gugulan_legal_2016,
	title = {Legal {Regulation} {Of} {The} {Rules}, {Terms} {And} {Methods} {Of} {Hunting} {In} {Moldova}},
	url = {http://www.fiatiustitia.ro/ojs/index.php/fi/article/view/267},
	abstract = {… harvest under any kind is equivalent to hunting unlawful and qualifies as poaching.5 - Hunting … In Moldova are set following deadlines hunting: 1) mammals - stag and mouflon from 1 … 2) birds: - pigeons from August 15 to 15 January - geese, ducks, coots, snipes, curlew from …},
	journal = {Fiat Iustitia},
	author = {Gugulan, E.},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: fiatiustitia.ro},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{hojberg_fear_2017,
	title = {Fear, economic consequences, hunting competition, and distrust of authorities determine preferences for illegal lethal actions against gray wolves ({Canis} lupus): a …},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10611-016-9670-2.pdf},
	abstract = {… such as the Randomized Response Technique [37, 38], and the Unmatched Count Technique [37], developed specifically for working with sensitive questions, such as poaching … As a part of hunting practices in Denmark it is legal to shoot and trap certain animals at certain times …},
	journal = {Crime, Law and Social Change},
	author = {Højberg, P. L. and Nielsen, M. R. and Jacobsen, J. B.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {8 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=18065621082020675202\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{delibes-mateos_game_2015,
	title = {Game managers' views on the release of farm-reared red-legged partridges in hunting estates within central {Spain}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1617138115000394},
	abstract = {… references cited therein), and much higher than that of any other game bird released in … Fernández 2012), probably trying to ensure that partridges are available when hunting starts, because … There is compelling evidence indicating that selling released birds as if they were wild …},
	journal = {Journal for nature conservation},
	author = {Delibes-Mateos, M. and Viñuela, J. and Arroyo, B.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {11 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=11102601977689651175\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{lovelock_hunting_2005,
	title = {Hunting on {Stewart} {Island}/{Rakiura}, {New} {Zealand}},
	journal = {Nature-based tourism in …},
	author = {LOVELOCK, B. and ROBINSON, K.},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Publisher: Channel View Books
Type: CITATION},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{milan_principles_nodate,
	title = {{PRINCIPLES} {OF} {SUSTAINABLE} {DEVELOPMENT} {OF} {HUNTING} {TOURISM} {IN} {VOJVODINA} {REGION}},
	author = {Milan, M.},
	note = {Type: CITATION},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{watts_hunting_2017,
	title = {Hunting cultures and the 'northern periphery': {Exploring} their relationship in {Scotland} and {Finland}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0743016716303722},
	abstract = {… lowland areas. Few opportunities were identified for expanding the hunting of game birds (either individuals or species), though a few suggested that there may be an opportunity to increase the amount of walked-up shooting …},
	journal = {Journal of rural …},
	author = {Watts, D. and Matilainen, A. and Kurki, S. P. and Keskinarkaus, S. and {...}},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {7 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7932922163855020996\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{schutte_exploration_2018,
	title = {An exploration of factors contributing to the illegal hunting of antelope in {Maloti}-{Drakensberg} {Park}, {KwaZulu}-{Natal}.},
	url = {http://ukzn-dspace.ukzn.ac.za/handle/10413/18557},
	abstract = {… and according to Cowlishaw, Mendelson, and Rowcliffe (2005:460), “overexploitation by human hunters is responsible for the decline of one-third of all mammal and bird species threatened with extinction” … Illegal hunting is also known as poaching …},
	publisher = {ukzn-dspace.ukzn.ac.za},
	author = {Schutte, L. M.},
	year = {2018},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{blackie_impact_2019,
	title = {The impact of wildlife hunting prohibition on the rural livelihoods of local communities in {Ngamiland} and {Chobe} {District} {Areas}, {Botswana}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/23311886.2018.1558716},
	abstract = {… overcrowding and traffic congestion as well as increases in crime (including wildlife poaching) are the … The impact of wildlife hunting prohibition on the rural livelihoods of local communities in … 1,061 plant types, 89 fish species, 64 reptile species, 482 species of birds and 130 …},
	journal = {Cogent Social Sciences},
	author = {Blackie, I. and Casadevall, S. Ricart},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	annote = {5 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=18019258445627640109\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{collins_assessing_2016,
	title = {{ASSESSING} {THE} {IMPLEMENTATION} {OF} {HUNTING} {POLICIES} {AND} {ETHICS} {ON} {TWO} {HUNTING} {FARMS} {IN} {SOUTH} {AFRICA}},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Roxanne_Collins/project/Assesing-the-Implementation-of-Hunting-Policies-and-Ethics-on-Two-Hunting-Farms-in-South-Africa/attachment/58469ff108aef5af88031032/AS:436258221629441@1481023473807/download/Assesing+the+Implementation+of+Hunting+Policie+and+Ethics+on+Two+Hunting+Farms+in+South+Africa.pdf?context=ProjectUpdatesLog},
	abstract = {… No hunting permits have been allowed to be issued, expect to game bird hunters under … additional problems arising, like the trading of illegal meat and poaching … Page {\textbar} 14 Hunting is a very sensitive and controversial subject in many countries. It has caused …},
	publisher = {researchgate.net},
	author = {COLLINS, RN},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{wijngaarden_lion_2012,
	title = {'{The} lion has become a cow': {The} {Maasai} hunting paradox},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=nhGqgIyfKfcC&oi=fnd&pg=PA176&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=6WU11KPeka&sig=k12tfqN05IKBE8L_3BfwU88cab8},
	abstract = {… to the Mara area to see Kenya's charismatic mega-fauna, which are large mammals that attract … Lions, colobus monkeys, crocodiles, ostrich and other birds provide men with traditional ornaments53 which are still … Now I come back to the hunting paradox I referred to at the start of …},
	journal = {African hosts \& their guests: Cultural dynamics of …},
	author = {Wijngaarden, V.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: books.google.com},
	annote = {5 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=18036390222907682293\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{sapignoli_hunting_2018,
	title = {Hunting justice: {Displacement}, law, and activism in the {Kalahari}},
	publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
	author = {Sapignoli, M.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Type: CITATION},
	annote = {22 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=3259674276662990398\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{markovic_principles_2012,
	title = {Principles of sustainable development of hunting tourism in {Vojvodina} {Region}},
	url = {http://geografie.uvt.ro/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/ARTICOL_5_MARCOVIC.pdf},
	abstract = {… is defined by law, and it includes certain species of mammals and birds (Ministry of … of hunting in preserving the ecological balance is reflected in the protection of hunting spaces, improvement … Poaching may react as a destabilizing factor, which is caused by the uncontrolled and …},
	journal = {Geographica …},
	author = {Marković, V. and Davidović, N. and Armenski, T. and {...}},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: geografie.uvt.ro
Type: PDF},
	annote = {4 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=5122780146998859626\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{ling_spatial_2004,
	title = {Spatial bioeconomics of subsistence hunting},
	url = {https://www.iccs.org.uk/wp-content/thesis/LingPreliminaries.pdf},
	abstract = {… known costs of vehicles and salaries, and similar estimates given by Kyrgyz anti-poaching officers (Pala … 2-7. AC curve for hunting (solid line) with four possible demand curves, representing high … PAs; by taxonomic group (a), M-mammals, R-reptiles, F-fish, B-birds, and classified …},
	publisher = {iccs.org.uk},
	author = {Ling, S. D.},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {5 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=4919887230053241981\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{reis_hunting_2014,
	title = {Hunting the exotic: practices, discourses, and narratives of hunting in {New} {Zealand}},
	url = {https://brill.com/view/journals/soan/22/3/article-p289_5.xml},
	abstract = {… Before human occupation, New Zealand was devoid of land-dwelling mammals, apart from two … Without grazing animals, some species of birds evolved into large flightless browsers, and … animals were purposely introduced either for farming or for providing hunting opportunities …},
	journal = {Society \& Animals},
	author = {Reis, A. C.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: brill.com},
	annote = {6 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14120687024407720314\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{hayman_can_2016,
	title = {Can survival analyses detect hunting pressure in a highly connected species? {Lessons} from straw-coloured fruit bats},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320716302270},
	abstract = {… Recent research has shown that fruit bats are a group of mammals that are … K-selected' species), such as bats, primates, larger ungulates, and long-lived birds, are expected … Location, Estimated hunting pressure, Number of bats caught, Proportion male, Estimated population size …},
	journal = {Biological conservation},
	author = {Hayman, D. T. S. and Peel, A. J.},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier
Type: HTML},
	annote = {8 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=17902977589844400957\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{ayanda_annual_2018,
	title = {The annual hunting expedition: {A} hindrance to economic and social development of famers in {Kwara} {State}, {Nigeria}},
	url = {https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bita/41/0/41_85/_article/-char/ja/},
	abstract = {… Animals may also hunt other animal species, but this is usually called predation. Lawful hunting is not synonymous with poaching, which is the … The species that are hunted are referred to as game and are usually mammals, migratory or non-migratory game birds …},
	journal = {Bulletin of the Institute of Tropical Agriculture …},
	author = {Ayanda, L. F. and OL, S.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: jstage.jst.go.jp},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{boule_stakeholder_2018,
	title = {{STAKEHOLDER} {PERSPECTIVES} {ON} {SPORT} {HUNTING}, {CONSERVATION}, {AND} {ECOSYSTEM} {SUSTAINABILITY} {IN} {BRITISH} {COLUMBIA}, {CANADA}},
	url = {https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/236992483.pdf},
	abstract = {… predation, and poaching (Kaltenborn et al., 2013). While many of the hunters felt they had a … One of the key debates around the economic sustainability of hunting, centres on whether or not it is a viable way of using mammals for economic benefit, especially in …},
	publisher = {core.ac.uk},
	author = {BOULÉ, KL},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{ganger__2019,
	title = {… {Global} {Trade} of {Affect} for {WildlifeThe} {World} as {Garden}, {Laid} in {Value} {ChainsExtending} {Perspectivism} to {India}'s “{Last} {Wild} {Place}”: {Hunting}, {Conservation}, and {Wildlife} …},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/envhis/article-abstract/24/4/665/5571066},
	abstract = {… 2014 alone, for instance, or the extinction of certain rhino subspecies and other charismatic megafauna at the hands of poachers and trophy … The wild has long been a source and measure of physical health and a place for trophy hunting, musealization, and tourism—namely, for …},
	journal = {Environmental …},
	author = {Gänger, S. and Bollig, M. and LeCain, T. James and {...}},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: academic.oup.com},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{sarno_association_2017,
	title = {The association between continual, year-round hunting and bellowing rate of bison bulls during the rut},
	url = {https://peerj.com/articles/3153/?utm_source=TrendMD&utm_campaign=PeerJ_TrendMD_0&utm_medium=TrendMD},
	abstract = {… Abstract. The impact of hunting (selective harvest, trophy hunting) on the demography of mammals is well documented … Human hunting, either prescribed or poaching, is considered a form of predation risk that can divert time/energy from fitness-enhancing activities …},
	journal = {PeerJ},
	author = {Sarno, R. J. and Grigione, M. M. and Higa, A. and Childers, E. and Ecoffey, T.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: peerj.com
Type: HTML},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15387985797246196798\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{markovic_sustainable_2012,
	title = {Sustainable {Development} of {Hunting} {Tourism}},
	url = {https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=38065},
	abstract = {… game is determined by law, and includes certain species of mammals and birds (Ministry of … in preserving the ecological balance, is reflected in the protection of hunting spaces, improvement … In a negative sense, poaching may react as a destabilizing factor, which is caused by …},
	journal = {Europa, revistă de literatură, artă, cultură şi tranziţie},
	author = {Marković, V.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: ceeol.com},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{kadiri_6_2006,
	title = {6. {The} challenge of building effective co-management arrangements: the case of hunting zones in the {North} {Province} of {Cameroon}},
	journal = {Community-Based Conservation of Natural Resources …},
	author = {Kadiri, S. B. and Ngoufo, R.},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Type: CITATION},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{brown_preliminary_1995,
	title = {Preliminary insights about the sociocultural importance of hunting and trapping},
	url = {https://ecommons.cornell.edu/bitstream/handle/1813/41442/HDRUReport95-2.pdf?sequence=1},
	abstract = {Page 1. PRELIMINARY INSIGHTS ABOUT THE SOCIOCULTURAL IMPORTANCE OF HUNTING AND TRAPPING by Tommy L. Brown, Daniel J. Decker, and Jody W. Enck HDRU Series No … 5 Justiﬁcation for Studying the Hunting Culture …},
	publisher = {ecommons.cornell.edu},
	author = {Brown, T. L. and Decker, D. J. and Enck, J. W.},
	year = {1995},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {12 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=16433501055714371239\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{evans_bushmeat_2020,
	title = {Bushmeat hunting and trade in {Myanmar}'s central teak forests: {Threats} to biodiversity and human livelihoods},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pyae_Phyo_Aung4/publication/338085933_Bushmeat_hunting_and_trade_in_Myanmar's_central_teak_forests_Threats_to_biodiversity_and_human_livelihoods/links/5e6a17c192851c20f3227aaf/Bushmeat-hunting-and-trade-in-Myanmars-central-teak-forests-Threats-to-biodiversity-and-human-livelihoods.pdf},
	abstract = {… The distinctions between subsistence and commercial hunting practices are also critical for conservation and public health practitioners to … eight unique biodiversity corridors that contain key biodiversity areas (KBAs) with unusually high numbers of mammalian species (Tordoff …},
	journal = {Global Ecology and …},
	author = {Evans, T. S. and Myat, T. W. and Aung, P. and Oo, Z. M. and {...}},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: researchgate.net
Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{rosser_regulation_2009,
	title = {Regulation and recreational hunting},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/9781444303179#page=325},
	abstract = {… from which subsis- tence hunters were excluded on sentence of death for poaching (Tubbs, 1986 … These hunter returns for water-birds are processed as part of the Hunter Inventory … II species several Parties have chosen to establish voluntary export quotas for hunting trophies for …},
	journal = {Recreational hunting, conservation and rural …},
	author = {Rosser, A.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley Online Library},
	annote = {2 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=13439016573758076219\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{vig_hunters_2018,
	title = {Hunters and {After} {Riders}: {A} {History} of {Hunting} and the {Making} of {Race} in the {Waterberg}, 1840s-{Present}},
	url = {https://conservancy.umn.edu/handle/11299/209202},
	abstract = {… This angle of analysis is prompted by the difficulty of getting people to talk about hunting, particularly poaching … humankind.”35 The 'projection' of ideology and myth in hunting is done through its … these are the 'after riders,' 'occupiers,' 'poachers,' and 'game guards' that I discuss …},
	publisher = {conservancy.umn.edu},
	author = {Vig, P.},
	year = {2018},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{subedi_status_2005,
	title = {Status and distribution of {Cheer} pheasant in {Dhorpatan} {Hunting} {Reserve}, {Nepal}},
	url = {https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/BANKO/article/download/17038/13845},
	abstract = {… disturbed from some sorts of human pressure such as livestock grazing, fuelwood collection and hunting or trapping … Extreme shyness and amazing ability O conceal, make Cheer difficult for shikaris (poachers) to find and … Threatened Birds of : BirdLife International, Cambridge …},
	journal = {Banko Janakari},
	author = {Subedi, P. and Shrestha, S. K. and Baral, H. S. and Garson, P. J. and {...}},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Publisher: nepjol.info
Type: PDF},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=16455798808631123925\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{miniter_politically_2007,
	title = {The {Politically} {Incorrect} {Guide} to {Hunting}},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=SstUBAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=VltRUQqhp3&sig=iQYsC30LLYVaY73XhzfnftT7RAk},
	abstract = {Page 1. “Deadly accurate against the anti-hunting agenda.” —G. Gordon Liddy A part of the bestselling PIG series You think you know about hunting. But … magazine Page 2. The Politically Incorrect Guide™ to HUNTING Page 3. Page 4 …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {Miniter, F.},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {3 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7913498305580505332\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{alam_trophy_2008,
	title = {Trophy {Hunting}: {An} {Age} and {Sex} {Structured} {Model}},
	url = {https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/11147},
	abstract = {… it has the potential to ease pressure on wildlife by reducing poaching and prevent … tries do not depend significantly on hunting and if it was banned, recreational … This was done without regard to the needs of local people who were regarded as poachers …},
	publisher = {ecommons.cornell.edu},
	author = {Alam, G.},
	year = {2008},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{thompsell_hunting_2015,
	title = {Hunting {Africa}: {British} sport, {African} knowledge and the nature of empire},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=-x7eCgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=n-gqCNr_sK&sig=-QWQ3nJOF-7ZmsMCxWIAhwwslFQ},
	abstract = {Page 1. BRITAIN AND THE WORLD HUNTING AFRICA British Sport, African Knowledge und the Nuture of Empire Page 2. Hunting Africa Page 3. BRITAIN AND THE WORLD Edited by The British Scholar Society Editors …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {Thompsell, A.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {20 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=1903605710629830364\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{evans_scoping_2011,
	title = {Scoping the feasibility of potential alternatives to bushmeat hunting in {Equatorial} {Guinea}: a literature review and key informant perspectives},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Noelle_Kuempel/publication/303446770_Scoping_the_feasibility_of_potential_alternatives_to_bushmeat_hunting_in_Equatorial_Guinea_a_literature_review_and_key_informant_perspectives/links/57437e8608ae9f741b3a1a75.pdf},
	abstract = {… There is also a risk that rural communities would see such enforcement as a “national infringement on traditional resources” which could lead to increased hunting and poaching through retaliation (Wilkie \& Carpenter, 1999) …},
	journal = {Zoological Society of London …},
	author = {Evans, V. and Gill, D. and Kümpel, N.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: researchgate.net
Type: PDF},
	annote = {4 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7343495191090901653\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{martinez-padilla__2002,
	title = {… hunting, hunting bags, and assessment of the status of gamebird populations in {REGHAB} countries. {Part} 1: {Socio}-economic and cultural aspects of gamebird hunting},
	url = {https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/8259},
	abstract = {… people were not happy with this situation, and poaching became a commonplace in … hunting methods where massive numbers of birds are killed (such as driven shooting … Figure 3. Relative importance of gamebirds hunting bags as compared to mammalian small game species …},
	publisher = {digital.csic.es},
	author = {Martínez-Padilla, J. and Viñuela, J. and Villafuerte, R.},
	year = {2002},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{trouwborst_spotty_2020,
	title = {Spotty {Data}: {Managing} {International} {Leopard} ({Panthera} pardus) {Trophy} {Hunting} {Quotas} {Amidst} {Uncertainty}},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/jel/article-abstract/32/2/253/5673585},
	abstract = {… Spotty Data: Managing International Leopard (Panthera pardus) Trophy Hunting Quotas Amidst Uncertainty … Hunting trophy export quotas established for African range states under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) are a case in point …},
	journal = {… of Environmental Law},
	author = {Trouwborst, A. and Loveridge, A. J. and {...}},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: academic.oup.com},
	annote = {4 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=16282481171058404401\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{plummer_tales_2000,
	title = {Tales of a {Rat}-hunting {Man}},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=aqevZC225YYC&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=pGyPSSWATG&sig=aMgkKx25Q0SUblihvt7QRaBLwoI},
	abstract = {Page 1. Tales of a Rat-Hunting Man D. Brian Plummer Page 2. With Tales of a Rat-Hunting Man Brian Plummer scores again with a lively book on an unexpected subject. This is a view of rats by someone who has spent …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {Plummer, D. B.},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {6 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=3616938700456533384\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{betz-heinemann_hunting_2018,
	title = {Hunting, a technology of belonging in {Northern} {Cyprus}},
	url = {https://kar.kent.ac.uk/72786/1/198BetzHeinemann2018_HuntingTechnologyBelonging.pdf},
	abstract = {… making adaptations within historical margins embedded in spatialized infrastructure. Including law, mapping, bird breeding, committee meetings and punishment of pests. I … hunting of birds and hare, on the northern sliver of this island. Hunting has emerged as an …},
	publisher = {kar.kent.ac.uk},
	author = {Betz-Heinemann, KAAV},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{alekhina_hunting_2015,
	title = {Hunting tourism in {Finland}: {Service} {Product} {Development} for {Russian} market},
	url = {https://www.theseus.fi/handle/10024/91096},
	abstract = {… from poaching, which the illegal is killing, trapping or capture of the hunted species. The … There are shooting hunting and hunting with the hounds or birds of prey. In addition the trap … ing. The specific of the stand method of hunting is that the hunter should find the place where …},
	publisher = {theseus.fi},
	author = {Alekhina, M.},
	year = {2015},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{mcknight_rural_2011,
	title = {Rural {Sports}: {The} {Poetry} of {Fishing}, {Fowling}, and {Hunting}, 1650-1800},
	url = {https://ruor.uottawa.ca/handle/10393/19804},
	abstract = {Page 1. Rural Sports: The Poetry of Fishing, Fowling, and Hunting, 1650-1800 Philip McKnight … Part 2. Hunting and Fowling……………110 Chapter 4. Hunting Poetry in the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century……………111 …},
	publisher = {ruor.uottawa.ca},
	author = {McKnight, P. D.},
	year = {2011},
	annote = {2 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15046740993233361664\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{anschuetz_plant_2007,
	title = {Plant gathering, game hunting, fishing, mineral collecting, and agriculture},
	url = {https://www.fs.usda.gov/treesearch/pubs/28342},
	abstract = {… a multilayered ethno- graphic landscape, for insights into the social and ideational importance of native plant gathering, game hunting, fishing, and obsidian … Archaeological sites within the study area do not occur only in areas of the greatest diversity of mammals and birds …},
	journal = {In: Anschuetz, Kurt F.; Merlan, Thomas. More than a …},
	author = {Anschuetz, K. F.},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Publisher: fs.usda.gov},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{cronin_impact_2013,
	title = {The {Impact} of {Bushmeat} {Hunting} on the {Primates} of {Bioko} {Island}, {Equatorial} {Guinea}},
	url = {https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/190322337.pdf},
	abstract = {… bodied mammals. In the African forest zone, hunting and consumption of “bushmeat” is … presents results on primate abundance, hunting, and habitat structure in southwest Bioko … primates (Oates 2011), amphibians (Lawson 1993; Schiotz 1999), birds (Stattersfield et al …},
	publisher = {core.ac.uk},
	author = {Cronin, D. T.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {5 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=16811271061364491555\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{thompsell_real_2009,
	title = {Real men/savage nature: {British} big game hunting in {Africa}, 1880–1914},
	url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/504bbe28f21e7d68630714d7c1fe9cea/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y},
	abstract = {… officials recognized that they did not have the funds or manpower to prevent poaching. Officials were more likely to pursue and prosecute black or coloured "poachers" and forgive … In sum, the hunting of Africa's animal resources supported and catalyzed British expansion, and …},
	publisher = {search.proquest.com},
	author = {Thompsell, A. D.},
	year = {2009},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{feldpausch-parker_north_2013,
	title = {The {North} {American} {Model} of {Wildlife} {Conservation}: {Can} {It} {Move} {Beyond} {Just} {Hunting}?},
	url = {https://www.academia.edu/download/49426185/Communication_for_the_Commons.pdf#page=124},
	abstract = {… Bird Treaty (1916), a treaty between the US and Canada (via Great Britain) to protect migratory birds from unregulated use … Geist (2006) mentioned how efforts to" combat poaching have led to development of programs designed to direct economic returns on … Goodwill hunting …},
	journal = {Communication for the …},
	author = {Feldpausch-Parker, A. M. and Parker, I. D.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: academia.edu
Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{tregidgo_fishing_2017,
	title = {Fishing and hunting in the {Amazon} floodplain: linkages among biodiversity conservation, rural livelihoods and food security},
	url = {https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/86323/},
	abstract = {Page 1. Fishing and hunting in the Amazon floodplain: linkages among biodiversity conservation, rural livelihoods and food security … 2 Daniel J. Tregidgo Fishing and hunting in the Amazon floodplain: linkages among biodiversity conservation, rural livelihoods and food security …},
	publisher = {eprints.lancs.ac.uk},
	author = {Tregidgo, D.},
	year = {2017},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{tanalgo_wildlife_nodate,
	title = {Wildlife {Hunting}, {Use}, and {Beliefs} of {Indigenous} {People} in {Mt}. {Apo} {National} {Park}, {Mindanao} {Island} {Philippines}},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Krizler_Tanalgo/publication/286927627_Wildlife_Hunting_Use_and_Beliefs_of_Indigenous_People_in_Mt_Apo_National_Park_Mindanao_Island_Philippines/links/56703abd08ae5252e6f1d6d9/Wildlife-Hunting-Use-and-Beliefs-of-Indigenous-People-in-Mt-Apo-National-Park-Mindanao-Island-Philippines.pdf},
	abstract = {… Preferred species for hunting and trade … Most of the species hunted were large mammal species (ie wild boars, deer, bats, and wildcats), reptiles (monitor lizards, python) and birds. ▪ There were species hunted, domesticated and further sold to identified traders and poachers …},
	journal = {researchgate.net},
	author = {Tanalgo, K. C. and Baleva, R. E.},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{gess_stag_2014,
	title = {The stag of the {Eastern} {Cape}: power, status and {Kudu} {Hunting} in the {Albany} and {Fort} {Beaufort} {Districts}, 1890 to 1905},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17532523.2014.943926},
	abstract = {… 2001), 147, points out in the context of Zululand that the animals and birds that were … to delineate the boundaries of private land and would have assisted in combatting trespass and poaching … took an interest in the preservation of game and wished to engage in sports hunting …},
	journal = {African Historical Review},
	author = {Gess, D. and Swart, S.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{jose_conservation_2017,
	title = {Conservation history, hunting policies and practices in the {South} {Western} {Mozambique} borderland in the 20th century},
	url = {http://wiredspace.wits.ac.za/handle/10539/24451},
	abstract = {Page 1. CONSERVATION HISTORY, HUNTING POLICIES AND PRACTICES IN THE SOUTH WESTERN MOZAMBIQUE BORDERLAND IN THE 20th CENTURY … Page 6. vi ABSTRACT Conservation history, hunting policies and practices in the south western Mozambique …},
	publisher = {wiredspace.wits.ac.za},
	author = {Jose, P. L.},
	year = {2017},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{schulp_13_2017,
	title = {13 {Landscape} {Stewardship} and {Hunting}, {Angling} and {Gathering} {Wild} {Products}},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=GdUlDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA242&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=tiQbj-MXVz&sig=DQXb4Tyri9cxTCYAYZylKLAZ1lc},
	abstract = {… is a 'threatened'Red List species in the Netherlands) and disturbance of breeding birds and resting … Landscape Stewardship and Hunting, Angling and Gathering Wild Products 259 activities focused on learning … The political culture of poaching: A case study from northern Greece …},
	journal = {The science and practice of landscape stewardship},
	author = {Schulp, N.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: books.google.com},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{ijas_fragments_2017,
	title = {Fragments of the {Hunt}. {Persistence} {Hunting}, {Tracking} and {Prehistoric} {Art}},
	url = {https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/handle/123456789/26894},
	abstract = {Page 1. Fragments of the Hunt Persistence Hunting, Tracking and Prehistoric Art Mikko Ijäs Page 2. Page 3. Fragments of the Hunt Persistence Hunting, Tracking and Prehistoric Art Page 4. Page 5. Doctoral thesis By Mikko Ijäs …},
	publisher = {aaltodoc.aalto.fi},
	author = {Ijäs, M.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {9 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=9652611445515647351\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{mackenzie_nineteenth-century_2017,
	title = {The nineteenth-century hunting world},
	url = {https://www.manchesterhive.com/view/9781526119582/9781526119582.00009.xml},
	abstract = {… with the creation of the battue, the large-scale slaughter of carefully reared birds, the renewal … 9 On his return to Britain Cumming continued to turn his hunting feats into sensational showmanship … New species of large mammals continued to be 'discovered' up to at least the First …},
	journal = {The Empire of Nature},
	author = {MacKenzie, J. M.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: manchesterhive.com},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=4218157385439748250\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{miniter_hunting_nodate,
	title = {{HUNTING}},
	url = {http://ogwlresources.s3.amazonaws.com/Files/thepoliticallyincorrectguidetohunting.pdf},
	abstract = {… He's the author of a dozen books on deer and makes his living as a public speaker at hunting clubs … non-hunters understand ducks and geese, but waterfowl hunters know why they call as they do and with a glance into the sky can tell you what species the birds flying through …},
	journal = {ogwlresources.s3.amazonaws.com},
	author = {Miniter, F.},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{mackenzie_hunting_2017,
	title = {Hunting and {African} societies},
	url = {https://www.manchesterhive.com/view/9781526119582/9781526119582.00010.xml},
	abstract = {… twentieth century. Another is the obsession with trade which has marked much historical scholarship. Hunting involved not only the spectacular pursuit of large game but also the taking of rodents, rabbits and birds as a food source …},
	journal = {The Empire of Nature},
	author = {MacKenzie, J. M.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: manchesterhive.com},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{he_eview_nodate,
	title = {{EVIEW} 1945 {HUNTING} {AND} {FISHING}},
	url = {http://publications.iowa.gov/id/eprint/28568},
	abstract = {… j the beginning of the new year were considered good and most officers believe that poaching of hen pheas- ants was not extensive … Only two officers reported better quail hunting in '44 than in '45, and all … birds, heavy cover, poor marks- manship, lack of dogs, and few birds …},
	journal = {publications.iowa.gov},
	author = {HE, T.},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{king_hunting_2014,
	title = {Hunting for the problem: an investigation into bushmeat use around {North} {Luangwa} {National} {Park}, {Zambia}},
	url = {https://www.iccs.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Emily-King-Thesis-Amended-for-Website.pdf},
	abstract = {… has also been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International (Fishpool \& … Authority (ZAWA) and North Luangwa Conservation Programme (NLCP) report that poaching … national parks, as areas where licensed hunting and trading of wildlife would be allowed and …},
	publisher = {iccs.org.uk},
	author = {King, E. C. P.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {2 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=3379531449284234357\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{evangelista_demographic_2015,
	title = {Demographic observations of mountain nyala {Tragelaphus} buxtoni in a controlled hunting area, {Ethiopia}},
	url = {https://mountainscholar.org/handle/10217/179314},
	abstract = {… safari company to help protect the concession from unlawful activities (eg, poaching) and maintain … of the Abasheba-Demaro population is likely due to the intensive hunting policies and … Large mammal conservation over large spatial extents is becoming more and more difficult …},
	publisher = {mountainscholar.org},
	author = {Evangelista, P. and Young, N. and Swift, D. and Wolde, A.},
	year = {2015},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=5346601924637781849\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{reeg_deer_2013,
	title = {Deer and {Animal} {Breeding}, {Preserve} {Hunting}, and {Governmental} {Interference}: {The} {Dilution} and {Unconstitutional} {Taking} of {Private} {Property} by the {State}},
	url = {https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/dragl18&section=26},
	abstract = {… and of all wild game, animals, and birds … 7, 2011), http://www.outdoomews.com/January-201 I /IA-DNR-Tis-the-season-for-poaching-cases … complete or partial bans on hunting preserves ranging from bans on hunting native or exotic animals to bans on hunting all mammals …},
	journal = {Drake J. Agric. L.},
	author = {Reeg, K. B.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: HeinOnline},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{bakarr_hunting_nodate,
	title = {{HUNTING} {AND} {BUSHMEAT} {UTILIZATION} {IN} {THE} {AFRICAN} {RAIN} {FOREST}},
	url = {http://www-personal.umich.edu/ rdhardin/publications/2001%20bushmeat.pdf},
	abstract = {… Children in a bushmeat market displaying bird … that the game species most exploited by local people are classified “non-protected” under the new categories of the hunting law … In protected areas throughout West Africa, however, poaching remains the primary threat to wildlife …},
	journal = {www-personal.umich.edu},
	author = {Bakarr, M. I. and Fonseca, GAB da and Mittermeier, R. and Rylands, A. B. and {...}},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{pailler_bushmeat_2007,
	title = {Bushmeat hunting among the {Malinke} tribe of {Guinea}, {West} {Africa}},
	url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/9ba6251387bd6db14352f45dd81b1965/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y},
	abstract = {… ecosystems, hosting 55 threatened mammals, 35 of which are endemic (Figure 1) (Bakaar et al. Page 8. 7 … knowledge of the culture that surrounds hunting within the Malinké tribe, and their use of … sociocultural, political, and economic systems (Bird \& Kendall 1987) …},
	publisher = {search.proquest.com},
	author = {Pailler, S.},
	year = {2007},
	annote = {4 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=17808606880447033138\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{abanto_shaping_2010,
	title = {The shaping of indigenous environmental behavior: {Accounting} for the variation in hunting intensity among the {Wachiperi} of the {Peruvian} rainforest},
	url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/e52cd278fa0efa4e9777a1d22a006c15/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y},
	abstract = {… hunted are small- and middle-sized terrestrial mammals like armadillos, peccaries, tapirs, pacas, deer and capybaras. Birds are also hunted on a regular basis, including spix's guan, white-throated tinamou and common pipingguan. In addition to hunting, other production …},
	publisher = {search.proquest.com},
	author = {Abanto, R. T.},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{girard_rococo_2014,
	title = {Rococo {Massacres}: {Hunting} in {Eighteenth}-{Century} {French} {Painting}},
	url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/9c72f04e40ec595e3d1e867d0ebdc9a9/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y},
	abstract = {… 2.3.1 Knowing Birds and Avian … It should be noted that bodily punishments were also administered to poachers … Vnerie, ie, hunting with dogs, was the noblest form of hunting, and its practice by the royal equipages in Paris surrounding forests became an emblem of the misuse of …},
	publisher = {search.proquest.com},
	author = {Girard, C.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=6499595816183066853\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{linklater_tag_2013,
	title = {Tag {Archives}: hunting},
	url = {https://perissodactyla.wordpress.com/tag/hunting/},
	abstract = {… It is not difficult to shoot a rhinoceros – thousands of successful poachers and the near extinction of the … first got to within 23m of the black rhino (59m if there are oxpecker birds on the … But, here – in the following posts of this series – I will defend rhino hunting as an appropriate …},
	journal = {People},
	author = {Linklater, W.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: perissodactyla.wordpress.com
Type: HTML},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{reynolds__2002,
	title = {… primarily on animals, although the and political structures have removed most traditional controls on how these resources are harvested. {Hunting}, chapters by {Charles} …},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/guide-to-the-birds-of-fiji-and-western-polynesia-including-american-samoa-niue-samoa-tokelau-tonga-tuvalu-and-wallis-futuna-by-dick-watling-2001-272-pp-environmental-consultants-fiji-suva-fiji-isbn-982-9047-01-06-hbk-3000-contact-email-watlingiscomfj/12546B8644C487D0BEC51B8063D43C2C},
	abstract = {… Mughal period, early British rulers and their wildlife eradication campaigns, hunting and sport and their … under princely and imperial rule, the con- flict between elitist 'sportsmen' and 'poachers' from … tables of both the global and national Red List status of threatened birds …},
	publisher = {cambridge.org},
	author = {Reynolds, D. and Mace, G. M. and Redford, K. H.},
	year = {2002},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{buhler_capturing_2011,
	title = {Capturing the game: the artist-sportsman and early animal conservation in {American} hunting imagery, 1830s-1890s},
	url = {https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2447/},
	abstract = {… Figure A101. William L. Sheppard, Rail Hunting in Virginia, in Harper's Weekly, August 15, 1868, 524 … John George Brown. Bird Nesting, 1878, oil on canvas, 30 x 20 in., Samuel T. Freeman Auction, December 3, 2006, lot 49 …},
	publisher = {ir.uiowa.edu},
	author = {Buhler, D. L.},
	year = {2011},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15713762998753065355\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{edgington_safari_2009,
	title = {The safari of the {Southwest}: hunting, science, and the {African} oryx on {White} {Sands} {Missile} {Range}, {New} {Mexico}, 1969–2006},
	url = {https://academic.oup.com/whq/article-abstract/40/4/469/1922708},
	abstract = {… the nascent population from poachers and prying eyes … of the basin and it being a staple of the New Mexico Department of Game and Fish hunting agenda … He argued the introduction of exotic animals would enhance local environments by bringing new birds and mammals to an …},
	journal = {Western Historical Quarterly},
	author = {Edgington, R.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: academic.oup.com},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10015618079600167537\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{recum_hunting_2002,
	title = {Hunting with {Hounds} in {North} {America}},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=hhV3EUHRY_kC&oi=fnd&pg=PA7&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=_QG-MhXZgS&sig=nbt6d1PKwj2izQamcKTxzqK-QcA},
	abstract = {… It seemed anachronistic to see him team up with a gun dog and a bird of prey to hunt quail in … more so for his ability to breed, hatch, raise, and train falcons out of his home when birds of prey … He had adapted his hunting style to the urban environment and even to the iron curtain …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {Recum, AF Von},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {3 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=134291891645105181\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{knoss_grey_2013,
	title = {The grey harvest: hunting wolves in {America}'s {Heartland}},
	url = {https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/83838},
	abstract = {… He just stopped and squinted up through the lattice of branches, listening to the calls of the circling birds … For the first time in state history, Minnesota was hunting wolves … northern hemisphere, a range thought to be the largest territorial distribution of any single mammal in history …},
	publisher = {dspace.mit.edu},
	author = {Knoss, T.},
	year = {2013},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{tiplady_animal_2013,
	title = {Animal abuse in hunting, sport, entertainment and art.},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=8eDP4tBUmWMC&oi=fnd&pg=PA51&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=ivOsnZ3k2f&sig=xBDfRJog0d266rIeslR14M4CBog},
	abstract = {… considered feral include foxes, dogs, pigs, donkeys, camels, some species of birds, fish and … Abuse in Hunting, Sport, Entertainment and Art 55 severe allergic reactions and die of … following steps (WSPA, nd (a)): educating the public; • preventing cubs being poached; • striving to …},
	journal = {Animal Abuse: Helping Animals and People},
	author = {Tiplady, C.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: books.google.com},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{badenhorst_stalking_2003,
	title = {Stalking the hunting debate: trophy hunting, integrity and ideology},
	url = {http://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/2436},
	abstract = {… is used to justify hunting on the basis of beneﬁcial side effects: namely of increased numbers of game farms and animals, economic beneﬁts to game parks and reserves, and economic empowerment of local communities thereby reducing the impact of poaching on wildlife …},
	publisher = {scholar.sun.ac.za},
	author = {Badenhorst, C. F.},
	year = {2003},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14430185775080311805\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{commito_our_2015,
	title = {'{Our} society lacks consistently defined attitudes towards the black bear': {The} {History} of {Black} {Bear} {Hunting} and {Management} in {Ontario}, 1912-1987},
	url = {https://macsphere.mcmaster.ca/handle/11375/18055},
	abstract = {… argued this in his book, Hunters at the Margin, suggesting that the federal government's hunting regulations in … For Ingram, “poaching became for rural inhabitants both a … 36 Karl Jacoby, Crimes Against Nature: Squatters, Poachers, Thieves, and the Hidden History of American …},
	publisher = {macsphere.mcmaster.ca},
	author = {Commito, M.},
	year = {2015},
	annote = {3 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=18030556779921015942\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{soler_hunting_2018,
	title = {Hunting {Chefs}},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-70923-9_4},
	abstract = {… Poaching a pigeon inside an antelope bladder, preparing swallow's nest soup and whisking up a beautiful … In the case of Shaw, it is a fatherly figure, the hunting and fishing writer for … healthy anymore, and meat is, for the most part, just pre-fried, braised, poached, roasted, baked …},
	journal = {Food and Masculinity in Contemporary …},
	author = {Soler, N. P.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{giesbrecht_killing_2012,
	title = {Killing the beast: {Animal} death in {Canadian} literature, hunting, photography, taxidermy, and slaughterhouses, 1865–1920},
	url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/28591572a0d4db3611d4477b866a15cd/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y},
	abstract = {… For instance, while big game hunting defined sportsmen as virile … and masterful conquerors, it also defined First Nations and rural settlers as poachers, though these hunters likely … The wearing of bird hats located women as frivolous wasters of natureor, as fashionable modern …},
	publisher = {search.proquest.com},
	author = {Giesbrecht, J.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {2 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=18236562184932711615\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{gagnon_hunting_2017,
	title = {Hunting for (dis) connections in {Northern} {Ontario}:" nature," wild meat, and community in {Hearst}},
	url = {https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/5054/},
	abstract = {… 11-16-2017 9:00 AM Hunting for (dis)connections in Northern Ontario: "nature," wild meat, and community in Hearst … Page 18. 12 1.1 « Hunting and place-based identity » The Hearst Tourism Information Guide states that Hearst, often referred to as “the village …},
	publisher = {ir.lib.uwo.ca},
	author = {Gagnon, D.},
	year = {2017},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{houser_pre-release_2011,
	title = {Pre-release hunting training and post-release monitoring are key components in the rehabilitation of orphaned large felids},
	url = {https://bioone.org/journals/African-Journal-of-Wildlife-Research/volume-41/issue-1/056.041.0111/Pre-Release-Hunting-Training-and-Post-Release-Monitoring-are-Key/10.3957/056.041.0111.short},
	abstract = {… Analyses of prey remains in scats revealed that they also fed on smaller birds, lagomorphs, rodents and … the pre-release enclosure and prey for the chee- tahs to learn hunting skills … the legal system by continuing to seek justice and build cases on illegal poaching of endangered …},
	journal = {African Journal of …},
	author = {Houser, A. M. and Gusset, M. and Bragg, C. J. and Boast, L. K. and {...}},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: BioOne},
	annote = {32 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=18079277250883117810\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{pruetz_new_2015,
	title = {New evidence on the tool-assisted hunting exhibited by chimpanzees ({Pan} troglodytes verus) in a savannah habitat at {Fongoli}, {Sénégal}},
	url = {https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rsos.140507},
	abstract = {… Not all adult females were identified until early 2006. Owing to the rare but real risk of poaching females for infants for the pet trade, only adult males are focal subjects [22]. When females were in mixed-sex groups, data on their hunting behaviour were collected …},
	journal = {Royal Society …},
	author = {Pruetz, J. D. and Bertolani, P. and Ontl, K. B. and {...}},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: royalsocietypublishing.org},
	annote = {70 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=4204601921027160548\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{nunez-iturri_hunting_2008,
	title = {Hunting reduces recruitment of primate-dispersed trees in {Amazonian} {Peru}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320708001250},
	abstract = {… with seeds {\textless}15 mm long dispersed by ants, bats, small primates and birds), and 3 … expanses of continuous forest that were previously inaccessible increasingly threatened by poachers (Peres and … with Wright et al., 2000, Wright et al., 2007 that persistent hunting in Neotropical …},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Nunez-Iturri, G. and Olsson, O. and Howe, H. F.},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {143 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=18103592046544687332\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{nogueira_wildlife_2011,
	title = {Wildlife farming: an alternative to unsustainable hunting and deforestation in {Neotropical} forests?},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-011-0047-7},
	abstract = {… the ban on trading hides from unmanaged populations have also discouraged poachers (Thorbjarnarson 1999 … tends to negatively affect the populations of mammals and large wild birds, whose role … Jerozolimski A (1998) Effect of subsistence hunting on the structure of mammal …},
	journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
	author = {Nogueira, S. S. C. and Nogueira-Filho, S. L. G.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {84 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10232860129861329824\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{baker_trophy_1997,
	title = {Trophy hunting as a sustainable use of wildlife resources in southern and eastern {Africa}},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09669589708667294},
	abstract = {… utilisation contend that the presence of legal hunters in the bush serves as a deterrent to poachers (Coogan, 1995 … since 1990 because of severe ecological degradation caused by uncontrolled livestock grazing, indis- criminate trophy hunting, and poaching (Jackman, 1994 …},
	journal = {Journal of sustainable tourism},
	author = {Baker, J. E.},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	annote = {116 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=12503862920639297780\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{acevedo_wild_2009,
	title = {Wild boar abundance and hunting effectiveness in {Atlantic} {Spain}: environmental constraints},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Christian_Gortazar/publication/228716730_Wild_boar_abundance_and_hunting_effectiveness_in_Atlantic_Spain_Environmental_constraints/links/0fcfd50f92ce2b5057000000.pdf},
	abstract = {… by several factors, including, among others, regulation of exploitation and control of poaching (Gortázar et al … The effectiveness of hunting dog for removing feral pig (Sus scrofa) … Importance of area and habitat heterogeneity to bird assemblages in temperate forest fragments …},
	journal = {Galemys},
	author = {Acevedo, P. and Vicente, J. and Alzaga, V. and Gortázar, C.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: researchgate.net
Type: PDF},
	annote = {13 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=11155032581693397351\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{williams_green_2015,
	title = {Green voters, gun voters: {Hunting} and politics in modern {America}},
	url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/77656da5b15cc770f4e69c229b6da1c2/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y},
	abstract = {… Haven: Yale University Press, 1999); Karl Jacoby, Crimes Against Nature: Squatters, Poachers Thieves, and … Significantly, these wealthy and politically-connected urbanites embraced sport hunting … Market hunters killed birds, deer, and any number of creatures in vast numbers …},
	publisher = {search.proquest.com},
	author = {Williams, R. M. M.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{newth_lead_2019,
	title = {Lead {Poisoning} and {Illegal} {Hunting} of {Migratory} {Swans}: from biological effects to conservation conflict},
	url = {https://ore.exeter.ac.uk/repository/handle/10871/121774},
	abstract = {Page 1. 1 Lead Poisoning and Illegal Hunting of Migratory Swans: from biological effects to conservation conflict … I first examine the lesser known impacts of blood lead levels on the physiology of wild birds. I determine that sub-lethal impacts of lead on the body condition of …},
	publisher = {ore.exeter.ac.uk},
	author = {Newth, J.},
	year = {2019},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{vance_detailed_2011,
	title = {Detailed {Critical} {Review} of: {The} {Hunting} {Apes} {Meat} {Eating} and the {Origins} of {Human} {Behavior}, by {Professor} {Craig} {Stanford}, {U} {South}. {Calif}. and, {Catching} {Fire} …},
	url = {https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/18586161.pdf},
	abstract = {… Had observation of the increasingly present human hunters' and poachers' (who look more like chimpanzees than other perhaps more natural predators like leopards do) hunting activities induced any increase in chimpanzee hunting behavior at any time up to the present …},
	publisher = {core.ac.uk},
	author = {Vance, D. J.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{paulson_sustainable_2009,
	title = {Sustainable hunting: {The} production of governable space through global civil society},
	url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/2f8af18ccd1f1274b783485ffcfe2fd3/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y},
	abstract = {… parallel systems in Eastern and Southern Africa may protect some larger mammals due to … of Zambia, they found that local hunters disregard new laws on poaching as they … no Strong economic, social, or resource benefits to following sustainable hunting management systems …},
	publisher = {search.proquest.com},
	author = {Paulson, N. R.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{elephtherios_hunting_2005,
	title = {The hunting in the {Province} of {Elassona}.},
	url = {https://econwpa.ub.uni-muenchen.de/econ-wp/em/papers/0501/0501012.pdf},
	abstract = {… has lost the 61\% of wetlands certain from which they were irreplaceable for the wild birds … the hunter declares as reason of reduction of partridge the existence of many poachers is roughly … This sure justifies the supremacy of carbine, for the hunting of wild boar, against the other …},
	publisher = {econwpa.ub.uni-muenchen.de},
	author = {Elephtherios, G.},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{prado_hunting_2012,
	title = {Hunting practices among the {Awá}-{Guajá}: towards a long-term analysis of sustainability in an {Amazonian} indigenous community},
	url = {https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1981-81222012000200010&script=sci_arttext},
	abstract = {… Table 2). On the other hand, in the rainy season, there was a higher consumption of peccaries, birds, primates, agoutis … HISTORICAL FACTORS RELATED TO HUNTING … the vicinity of Post Awá is the one most susceptible to invasion by landgrabbers and poachers, largely due to …},
	journal = {Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio …},
	author = {Prado, H. M. and Forline, L. C. and Kipnis, R.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: SciELO Brasil
Type: HTML},
	annote = {22 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=17949323619006091463\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{gillespie_hunting_2011,
	title = {Hunting for {Empire}: {Narratives} of {Sport} in {Rupert}'s {Land}, 1840-70},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4dRNymUaaXwC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=TCvYGQ2IRn&sig=l3Fy9W6Xfw5UI8Wjt1JvhM14ZAc},
	abstract = {… Page 2. 'r L\_ Ii GG GILLESPIE Page 3. Hunting for Empire Page 4 … Page 5. Hunting for Empire Narratives of Sport in Rupert's Land, 1840-7o GREG GILLESPIE FOREWORD BY GRAEME WYNN {\textless}{\textbackslash}/4 UBC Press ° Vancouver ' Toronto Page 6. © UBC Press 2007 All rights reserved …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {Gillespie, G.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {46 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=9451358613768318505\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{gamelon_hunting_2019,
	title = {Hunting, predation and senescence in boars},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marlene_Gamelon/publication/333597397_Hunting_Predation_and_Senescence_in_Boars/links/5deb97f7a6fdcc28370d8fb4/Hunting-Predation-and-Senescence-in-Boars.pdf},
	abstract = {… generation time characterizing wild boar life history is typically observed in passerine birds or rodents … aThis value corresponds to the sum of legal hunting (32\%) and poaching (13.6\%) rates … Disturbance effects of hunting activity in a willow ptarmigan Lagopus lagopus population …},
	journal = {Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences},
	author = {Gamelon, M.},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: researchgate.net
Type: PDF},
	annote = {2 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=9733504598732008255\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{bird_stolen_2018,
	title = {Stolen {Trophies}: {Hunting} in {Africa} {Perpetuates} {Neo}-{Colonial} {Attitudes} and is an {Ineffective} {Conservation} {Tool}},
	url = {https://openjournals.uwaterloo.ca/index.php/jirr/article/download/1872/2116},
	abstract = {… 62), yet the practice is widely misunderstood. Few trophy hunters recognize the deeply en- trenched connection between hunting and poach- ing … Scho`INingh, 1956. Hubschle, Annette. “The Social Economy of Rhino Poaching: Of Economic … “Lions, trophy hunting and beyond …},
	journal = {Journal of Integrative Research \& Reflection},
	author = {Bird, M.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: openjournals.uwaterloo.ca
Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{forstner_criteria_2003,
	title = {Criteria and {Indicators} of sustainable {Hunting}},
	url = {https://www.fundacioncazasostenible.org/app/download/5795752914/Criteria+and+indicators+of+sustainable+hunting.pdf},
	abstract = {… good under the socio-cultural aspects. It could be argued that the value of hunting ought to be docu- mented also by means of the option for an individual hunter to hunt on his or her own. “Poaching” was another issue raised …},
	publisher = {fundacioncazasostenible.org},
	author = {Forstner, M. and Jakl-Dresel, B.},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {4 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14479789625447934202\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{constantino_disentangling_2010,
	title = {Disentangling the effects of deforestation and indigenous hunting on wildlife in the {Amazon}},
	url = {http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0041686/constantino_p.pdf},
	abstract = {… 2008). Large bodied mammals provide most of the wildmeat consumed in the tropics (Jerozolimski and … longer present in the hunter's prey assemblage. Certain large primates, birds and ungulates in the Amazon are less resilient to habitat disturbance and hunting pressure …},
	publisher = {etd.fcla.edu},
	author = {Constantino, PDAL},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=1867303861740121249\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{freeman_conservation_2005,
	title = {Conservation hunting: {People} and wildlife in {Canada}'s {North}},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Milton_Freeman/publication/313196426_Conservation_Hunting_People_and_Wildlife_in_Canada's_North/links/5a01e6694585155c96ca0323/Conservation-Hunting-People-and-Wildlife-in-Canadas-North.pdf},
	abstract = {… the population to be productive, and with control over such negative impacts as poaching; … or co-management arrangements and otherwise derive benefit from conservation-hunting programs … officials (and in some regions, the danger of confronting armed poachers) may detract …},
	publisher = {researchgate.net},
	author = {Freeman, M. M. R. and Hudson, R. J. and Foote, L.},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {11 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=16965780703632883493\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{ivanova_energy_2017,
	title = {Energy consumption and expenditure of {Panthera} pardus in the {Southern} {African} region: {How} much hunting success is enough?},
	url = {https://academicjournals.org/journal/IJBC/article-abstract/B1F118166708},
	abstract = {… However, where threats such as poaching and legal hunting outside the habitat pose a life … http://www.birdlife.org.za/conservation/important-bird- areas/iba-directory/item/546-sa128- isimangaliso … Prey preference and hunting efficiency of the Kalahari Desert leopard' In: Cats of …},
	journal = {International Journal of Biodiversity and …},
	author = {Ivanova, I. M.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: academicjournals.org},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{loveridge_conservation_2016,
	title = {Conservation of large predator populations: {Demographic} and spatial responses of {African} lions to the intensity of trophy hunting},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320716306504},
	abstract = {… trophy hunting, human lion conflict (problem animal control and retaliatory killing), poaching and other … The sex ratio increased in favour of females as hunting off-takes increased … Large mammalian predators are in decline globally and their management and conservation have …},
	journal = {Biological …},
	author = {Loveridge, A. J. and Valeix, M. and Chapron, G. and Davidson, Z. and {...}},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {46 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=9807693707981511521\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{peres_effects_1999,
	title = {Effects of subsistence hunting and forest types on the structure of {Amazonian} primate communities},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=dcD5HgBMgA0C&oi=fnd&pg=PA268&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=fZ4wyv0XH5&sig=jQjuirWNI8HTATRaOehBhPP-eB4},
	abstract = {… of alternative prey items that could be killed subsequently during a given hunting foray … Ateles) usually rank within the top four most frequently killed species of birds and mam … who once routinely shot this increasingly rarer species (Lane, 1990), as contemporary poachers still occa …},
	journal = {Primate communities},
	author = {Peres, C. A.},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Publisher: books.google.com},
	annote = {76 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=2780985319459577497\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{ryan_hunting_2000,
	title = {Hunting with the camera},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=B1eFAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA205&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=wdFAZAGxxc&sig=3O_0w1sP81aEuXVVBLmHBZLmuGU},
	abstract = {… rhinoceroses, antelopes, zebras, and many other harmless, beautiful, or rare beasts and birds … laws and administrative policies and game reserves transformed indigenous African hunters into 'poachers' … concern here has been with the role of camera hunting in constructing …},
	journal = {Animal spaces, beastly places},
	author = {Ryan, J. R.},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Publisher: books.google.com},
	annote = {8 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=13233653659343697806\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{loke_hunting_2020,
	title = {Hunting practices of the {Jahai} indigenous community in northern peninsular {Malaysia}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989419306602},
	abstract = {… inhabitants, but the area is also patrolled by the armed forces and foreign poachers occasionally enter … Although all hunting was carried out by the men in the Jahai communities we studied … Batek women hunt only small species such as squirrels and birds and most of the time for …},
	journal = {Global Ecology and Conservation},
	author = {Loke, V. P. W. and Lim, T. and Campos-Arceiz, A.},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier
Type: HTML},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{stone_hunting_2005,
	title = {Hunting marine mammals for profit and sport: {HJ} {Snow} in the {Kuril} {Islands} and the north {Pacific}, 1873-96},
	url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/2b2dc332946200effaa873ce06dd62bd/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=31231},
	abstract = {… became the most notorious and efficient poachers ever known' (Austin and Wilke 1950: 16 … tide rips in particular were hazardous and Snow observed that 'Several hunting boats have … He made comprehensive records of the birds of the islands, including their occurrence, nesting …},
	journal = {The Polar Record},
	author = {Stone, I. R.},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Publisher: search.proquest.com},
	annote = {5 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=6546821053689492431\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{kemnitz_hunting_1997,
	title = {Hunting {Moves} to {Suburbia}'s {Backyard}: {The} {Animals}, the {Agencies}, and the {Passionate} {Conflict} over {Kills}},
	url = {https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/ubenv6&section=17},
	abstract = {… The industry's own periodicals address the problem of sports hunting as compared with subsistence hunting: Missouri conservation officers say the 406 deer carcasses they found stripped of antlers during last year's gun season is just a fraction of the number poachers Kill for …},
	journal = {U. Balt. J. Envtl. L.},
	author = {Kemnitz, D. A.},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Publisher: HeinOnline},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{campbell_game_2000,
	title = {Game meat hunting in the {Serengeti}: a problem of sustainable livelihoods},
	url = {https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/4f41/42864c42c59c91104300d04337e4f762ff1c.pdf},
	abstract = {… People and poaching: the interactions between people and wildlife in and around Serengeti National Park, Tanzania … Loibooki, MT, Hofer, H., Campbell, KLI and East, ML (in preparation) Game meat hunting by communities adjacent to the Serengeti … Birds (live) 1 0.16 0.18 0 1 0 …},
	journal = {Conference on African Wildlife …},
	author = {Campbell, K. L. I. and Loibooki, M.},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Publisher: pdfs.semanticscholar.org
Type: PDF},
	annote = {4 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=11823459956929715786\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{fa_commercial_2001,
	title = {Commercial bushmeat hunting in the {Monte} {Mitra} forests, {Equatorial} {Guinea}: extent and impact},
	url = {https://www.raco.cat/index.php/abc/article/view/57572},
	abstract = {… (1995) for the same region, it was possible to evaluate sustainability of hunting for 14 … Pangolins (2 species) were represented by 224 carcasses (7\%), birds by 142 (5\%, 8 species … 2 species each of rodents, ungulates, and primates, and one species of reptile, bird and pangolin …},
	journal = {Animal Biodiversity and Conservation},
	author = {Fa, J. E. and Yuste, J. E. G.},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Publisher: raco.cat},
	annote = {103 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=1658374031312314790\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{espinosa_road_2014,
	title = {Road development and the geography of hunting by an {Amazonian} indigenous group: consequences for wildlife conservation},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0114916},
	abstract = {… We estimated harvest area based on probability of hunting by categorizing all pixels that had {\textgreater}20\% probability of being hunted during our one-year study period as “hunted” … A total of 3,101 animals (53,700 kg) representing at least 51 species (24 birds, 23 mammals and four …},
	journal = {PloS one},
	author = {Espinosa, S. and Branch, L. C. and Cueva, R.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: journals.plos.org
Type: HTML},
	annote = {58 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=6374419446830355344\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{hart_human_2008,
	title = {Human hunting and its impact on bonobos in the {Salonga} {National} {Park}, {Democratic} {Republic} of {Congo}},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-74787-3_13},
	abstract = {… Hunting type Class Subclass Note Threat to Bonobos … injury to hands or feet possible Barrier Designed for Low: Visible small animals and avoided Arboreal Designed for Negligible squirrels, pangolins, birds Pitfall Large … Large mammals occur widely in the park and buffer zone …},
	journal = {The Bonobos},
	author = {Hart, J. A. and Grossmann, F. and Vosper, A. and Ilanga, J.},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {33 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=5267026584130438221\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{hicks__nodate,
	title = {… ({Pan} troglodytes schweinfurthii) in the {Northern} {Democratic} {Republic} of the {Congo} {Adapt} their {Long}-{Distance} {Communication} {Behavior} to {Human} {Hunting} …},
	url = {https://dare.uva.nl/document/2/83522},
	abstract = {… and huts and high negative loadings for forest-related activities such as bird-hunting and mining … that cannot be ruled out is that chimpanzees in areas with heavy human hunting pressure may … make it unlikely that even they will long survive the new poaching onslaught (Chapter …},
	journal = {dare.uva.nl},
	author = {Hicks, T. C. and Roessingh, P.},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{bailey_colonization_2009,
	title = {Colonization of the {Crown}: {Hunting}, {Class}, and the {Creation} of {Glacier} {National} {Park}, 1885-1915},
	url = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.466.8214&rep=rep1&type=pdf},
	abstract = {… churchgoers. As Muir exclaims, “Song birds for food … National Park to control the subsistence hunting practices of the area's lower-class residents … poorer residents.” 18 In his book, Crimes against Nature: Squatters, Poachers, Thieves, and the Hidden …},
	publisher = {Citeseer},
	author = {Bailey, S. P.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{baur_multiple_2012,
	title = {Multiple forest use through commercial sport hunting: {Lessons} from a community-based model from the {Petén}, {Guatemala}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378112711003574},
	abstract = {… than half of turkey populations entering the breeding season are 1-year old birds hatched the … and unit) and harvest effort (eg, the cumulative number of days spent hunting by all … During the project's experimental phase surveys included the four other bird species most hunted for …},
	journal = {Forest Ecology and …},
	author = {Baur, E. H. and McNab, R. B. and Jr, LE Williams and Ramos, V. H. and {...}},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier},
	annote = {19 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=255262513777521794\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{beinart_hunting_2002,
	title = {Hunting and animals: from game to wildlife},
	journal = {Environment and History},
	author = {Beinart, W. and Coates, P.},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
Type: CITATION},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=8520850737006335656\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{topp-jorgensen_relative_2009,
	title = {Relative densities of mammals in response to different levels of bushmeat hunting in the {Udzungwa} {Mountains}, {Tanzania}},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/194008290900200108},
	abstract = {… Download Citation. Download article citation data for: Relative Densities of Mammals in Response to Different Levels of Bushmeat Hunting in the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. Elmer Topp-Jørgensen, Martin Reinhardt Nielsen, Andrew R. Marshall, and Ulrik Pedersen …},
	journal = {Tropical …},
	author = {Topp-Jørgensen, E. and Nielsen, M. R. and {...}},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: journals.sagepub.com},
	annote = {38 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=18437556627154792228\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{turner_effects_2015,
	title = {Effects of a colour variant on hunting ability: the white lion in {South} {Africa}},
	url = {http://www.open-science-repository.com/biology-45011830.html},
	abstract = {… under managed free-roaming conditions to enable the lions to roam freely whilst being protected from poachers, conspecifics and … To conclusively investigate this postulation, we recommend that the hunting behaviour and ecology of white lions be … Goldsmith TH: What birds see …},
	journal = {Open Science …},
	author = {Turner, J. A. and Vasicek, C. A. and {...}},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: open-science-repository.com
Type: HTML},
	annote = {4 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=13481112869737494304\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{lutts_view_1996,
	title = {A {View} to a {Death} in the {Morning}: {Hunting} and {Nature} {Through} {History}. {Matt} {Cartmill}.},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.2752/089279396787001608},
	abstract = {… on hunting and severe penalties, including death, that were levied on poachers turned sport … Is this not the fundamental issue underlying present discussions and debates over hunting and our … automatically with so- called 'sentience.' It is not the birthright of mammals or warm …},
	publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
	author = {Lutts, R. H. and Bekoff, M. and Blaisdell, J. D. and MacLean, L.},
	year = {1996},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{gressier_elephant_2014,
	title = {An elephant in the room: {Okavango} safari hunting as ecotourism?},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00141844.2012.723016},
	abstract = {… This is common behaviour for buffalo, and one hunter writes, 'harried by hunters and poachers by day … says the first time he saw this it nearly led him to quit hunting altogether … Thus, bird shooting and fishing is taken less seriously than shooting large mammals by anti-hunters and …},
	journal = {Ethnos},
	author = {Gressier, C.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Taylor \& Francis},
	annote = {17 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=17040788964008596457\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{thoisy_impacts_2009,
	title = {Impacts of subsistence game hunting on {Amazonian} primates},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-78705-3_15},
	abstract = {… isolated non-tribal village of central French Guiana, ungulates, terrestrial frugivorous birds and rodents … the largest remaining populations can be protected in reserves that are effectively protected from poachers … 15 Impacts of Subsistence Game Hunting on Amazonian Primates …},
	journal = {South American Primates},
	author = {Thoisy, B. De and Richard-Hansen, C. and Peres, C. A.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {45 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=6972814460996526777\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{anderson_animal_2019,
	title = {Animal domestication in the high {Arctic}: {Hunting} and holding reindeer on the {I}͡{Amal} peninsula, northwest {Siberia}},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0278416518302368},
	abstract = {… 4). It has also yielded one of the largest collections worldwide of Rangifer faunal remains and artefacts linked to Rangifer hunting and domestication … 3). Finally, there are fewer but significant faunal remains of dogs, Arctic fox, fish, and birds which may form part of the …},
	journal = {Journal of …},
	author = {Anderson, D. G. and Harrault, L. and Milek, K. B. and Forbes, B. C. and {...}},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Elsevier
Type: HTML},
	annote = {4 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14826704464071918622\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{ramirez-barajas_subsistence_2015,
	title = {Subsistence hunting and conservation},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-06529-8_13},
	abstract = {… medicinal, and as pets, among other purposes) of 28 mammal species, 38 bird species and 15 … also through interviews, reported up to 26 wildlife species (9 mammals, 10 birds, 2 turtles, and 5 fishes) extracted solely for food consumption in subsistence hunting and fishing …},
	journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation of the …},
	author = {Ramírez-Barajas, P. J. and Calmé, S.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {5 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7038767329237001952\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{ryan_10hunting_2004,
	title = {10'{Hunting} with the camera'},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=a9uFAgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA203&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=UpRvljje-o&sig=WgcsMa9yMfCLB73gLgQZ2TxUhzI},
	abstract = {… rhinoceroses, antelopes, zebras, and many other harmless, beautiful, or rare beasts and birds … laws and administrative policies and game reserves transformed indigenous African hunters into 'poachers' … concern here has been with the role of camera hunting in constructing …},
	journal = {Animal Spaces, Beastly Places},
	author = {Ryan, J. R.},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Publisher: books.google.com},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{muposhi_ecological_2017,
	title = {Ecological, {Physiological}, {Genetic} {Trade}-{Offs} and {Socio}-economic implications of trophy hunting as a conservation tool: {A} narrative review},
	url = {https://www.academia.edu/download/53084007/Muposhi_et_al_2017_Ecological_physiological_genetic_tradeoffs_and_socio-economic_implications_of_trophy_hunting.pdf},
	abstract = {… Most of the research related to trophy hunting in mammals and its associated trade-offs is conducted in isolation … but not limited to: (1) prioritizing funds for habitat management and protection, water provision, anti-poaching operations, (2 … Does hunting regulate cougar populations …},
	journal = {J. Anim. Plant Sci},
	author = {Muposhi, V. K. and Gandiwa, E. and Makuza, S. M. and Bartels, P.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: academia.edu
Type: PDF},
	annote = {5 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7090901546740210454\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{thursby_ritual_2004,
	title = {Ritual {Identity}: {Hunting} and {Feasting} in {Utah} and {Southeastern} {Idaho}},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/25474669},
	abstract = {… At fourteen, when I could legally hunt game birds, I became a serious hunter … From trophy hunters to illegal poachers, male or female, young or old, hale and hardy or physically disabled, some trails and … J. T, who grew up in Payson, Utah, thoroughly enjoys hunting big game …},
	journal = {Western Folklore},
	author = {Thursby, J.},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Publisher: JSTOR},
	annote = {3 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=855122966420256456\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{daele_management_2010,
	title = {Management of brown bear hunting on {Kodiak} {Island}, {Alaska}},
	url = {https://www.cf.adfg.state.ak.us/static/home/library/pdfs/wildlife/propubs/harvest_management_of_kodiak_bears.pdf},
	abstract = {… since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, because of a dramatic increase in natural resource extraction and a surge in bear poaching by financially … Van Daele- Management of Brown Bear Hunting on Kodiak Island, Alaska 16 … Marked individuals in the study of bird populations …},
	journal = {Proceedings of the Scandinavian …},
	author = {Daele, LJ Van and Jr, VG Barnes},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: cf.adfg.state.ak.us
Type: PDF},
	annote = {2 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7985645131726893517\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{mcnamara_trophy_nodate,
	title = {Trophy {Hunting} in {Namibia}: {Controversial} but {Sustainable}? {A} {Case} {Study} of “{Hunters} {Namibia} {Safaris}”},
	url = {https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tom_Mcnamara2/publication/283910663_Trophy_Hunting_in_Namibia_Controversial_but_Sustainable_A_Case_Study_of_Hunters_Namibia_Safaris/links/564a12ae08ae295f644fb0ca/Trophy-Hunting-in-Namibia-Controversial-but-Sustainable-A-Case-Study-of-Hunters-Namibia-Safaris.pdf},
	abstract = {… is now the risk that unemployed professional hunting guides will use their skills to poach endangered species … news/articles/2015-07-09/namibian-minister-says-41- arrested-for-rhino- poaching-this-year … An Overview of Hunting in Namibia, African Sporting Gazette, October issue …},
	journal = {researchgate.net},
	author = {McNamara, T. and Claasen, C. and Descubes, I.},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {2 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=9283355216376719503\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{dcruze_socio-economic_2018,
	title = {A socio-economic survey of pangolin hunting in {Assam}, {Northeast} {India}},
	url = {https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:19aa64a2-85dd-479e-9362-eb874372d435},
	abstract = {… all respond- ents gave them low ranks significantly more often than either bear, bird, porcupine or … Our study represents the first socio-economic review of pangolin poaching being car- ried out by … and Karbi tribes in Dima Hasao district, are carrying out pangolin hunting, both for …},
	journal = {Nature …},
	author = {D'Cruze, N. and Singh, B. and Mookerjee, A. and Harrington, L. A. and {...}},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: ora.ox.ac.uk},
	annote = {5 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=17320993063593199926\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{yasuoka_changes_2015,
	title = {Changes in the composition of hunting catches in southeastern {Cameroon}: a promising approach for collaborative wildlife management between ecologists and local …},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270289},
	abstract = {… The logging road network was rapidly expanded and facilitated access for poachers and bushmeat traders … First, we examine changes in the composition of hunting catches, focusing on the ratio of … of large- and medium-sized mammals, 120 fish species, and 305 bird species, as …},
	journal = {Ecology and …},
	author = {Yasuoka, H. and Hirai, M. and Kamgaing, T. O. W. and Dzefack, Z. C. B. and {...}},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: JSTOR},
	annote = {16 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=1064279360566170387\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{matilainen_social_2010,
	title = {The social sustainability of hunting tourism in {Northern} {Europe}},
	url = {https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/24722/Reports59.pdf?sequence=1},
	abstract = {… Page 18. 16 “Some don't even bother to pick up the dead birds … “Hunting in Iceland is characterised by two things, bird hunting and hunting to survive and this usually is the fishermen's way of thinking, that is, to hunt as much as possible in the easiest possible way …},
	publisher = {helda.helsinki.fi},
	author = {Matilainen, A. and Keskinarkaus, S.},
	year = {2010},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {13 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=17671483886486403233\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{tagg_long-term_2020,
	title = {Long-term trends in wildlife community structure and functional diversity in a village hunting zone in southeast {Cameroon}},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10531-019-01899-1.pdf},
	abstract = {… More than 5 million tons of wild meat, including primates, birds, rodents, carnivores, ungulates … wildlife abundances and species compositions are changing over time because of hunting pressures, can … Most studies to date on functional diversity have focussed on bird (Dehling et …},
	journal = {Biodiversity and …},
	author = {Tagg, N. and Kuenbou, J. K. and Laméris, D. W. and {...}},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {2 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=5038665299142720498\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{batumike_bushmeat_nodate,
	title = {Bushmeat hunting around {Lomami} {National} {Park}, {Democratic} {Republic} of the {Congo}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/bushmeat-hunting-around-lomami-national-park-democratic-republic-of-the-congo/1EDAF3EEDD8E44D1EB881246888BC939},
	abstract = {… population growth and increased affluence, has led to a dramatic increase in bushmeat commercialization and hunting rates, threatening … not targeted for bushmeat (eg large carnivores) and altering forest structure and composition because large mammals and birds are im …},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Batumike, R. and Imani, G. and Urom, C. and Cuni-Sanchez, A.},
	note = {Publisher: cambridge.org},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{esselstyn_impact_2006,
	title = {Impact of {Post}-typhoon {Hunting} on {Mariana} {Fruit} {Bats} ({Pteropus} mariannus) 1},
	url = {https://bioone.org/journals/Pacific-Science/volume-60/issue-4/psc.2006.0027/Impact-of-Post-typhoon-Hunting-on-Mariana-Fruit-Bats-span/10.1353/psc.2006.0027.short},
	abstract = {… 4 Current address: Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, SG19 … Seventeen of 25 (68\%) admitted poachers believed that P. mariannus on Rota was de … hit Rota; bats reportedly foraged on the ground shortly afterward and hunting was again …},
	journal = {Pacific science},
	author = {Esselstyn, J. A. and Amar, A. and Janeke, D.},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Publisher: BioOne},
	annote = {26 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15357443256684659274\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{smith_strength_2013,
	title = {Strength {From} {Weakness}: {How} {Legalizing} {Sport} {Hunting} of {Endangered} {Species} {Could} {Provide} the {Conservation} {Effort} {Its} {Greatest} {Weapon}},
	url = {http://scholarship.shu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1306&context=student_scholarship},
	abstract = {… vast numbers of species have become extinct. From dinosaurs to the dodo bird?, the earth has … Page 4. 3 Hunting for one's food predates the advent of man … dinosaurs hunted the jungles of Pangaea for their meals. 11 Paleogenic mammals evolved into packs of hunters …},
	publisher = {scholarship.shu.edu},
	author = {Smith, P. T.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{rich_tata_2009,
	title = {'{Tata} otangani, oga njali, mbiambiè!': {Hunting} and {Colonialism} in {Southern} {Gabon}, ca. 1890–1940},
	url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/368536/summary},
	abstract = {… On commercial hunting of birds, gorillas, manatees, and monkeys in the nineteenth and early … 11 (2005), 269–291; Joseph Sramek, “' Face Him Like a Briton': Tiger Hunting, Imperialism, and … India, 1800–1875,” Victorian Studies 2006 48(4): 659–680; Steinhart, Black Poachers …},
	journal = {Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History},
	author = {Rich, J.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: muse.jhu.edu},
	annote = {6 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=1489241942155976918\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{belotti_influence_2012,
	title = {Influence of tourism and traffic on the {Eurasian} lynx hunting activity and daily movements},
	url = {https://www.raco.cat/index.php/ABC/article/view/259208},
	abstract = {… For example, hunting, poaching (Jędrzejewska et al., 1996; Andrén et al., 2006) and road intensive … we hypothesized that at night, when human activity is low, lynx hunting behavior may not … the mentioned species, the red fox is probably the most common mammal scavenger on …},
	journal = {Animal Biodiversity and …},
	author = {Belotti, E. and Heurich, M. and Kreisinger, J. and Šustr, P. and {...}},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: raco.cat},
	annote = {25 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=11786027972412264272\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{mangan_militarism_2013,
	title = {Militarism, {Hunting}, {Imperialism}:'{Blooding}'the {Martial} {Male}},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=9TmPAQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=9X-94ChMHh&sig=lTMals_tdgrw05RHLFf6RqbSMnw},
	abstract = {… How many of its readers would have known, for example, the extent to which boys attending public schools hunted and poached during the nineteenth … seen years of military service in India and Africa, like many of his peers, was a proponent of big-game hunting and considered …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {Mangan, J. A. and McKenzie, C.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {32 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=598733020794185776\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{andrade_road_2014,
	title = {Road {Development} and the {Geography} of hunting by an {Amazonian} {Indigenous} {Group}: {Consequences} for {Wildlife} conservation.},
	url = {http://investigaciones.puce.edu.ec/handle/23000/439},
	abstract = {… Results A total of 3,101 animals (53,700 kg) representing at least 51 species (24 birds, 23 mammals and four reptiles) were harvested between … Roads and Spatial Extent of Wildlife Harvest Maxus Road led to a significant increase in spatial extent of hunting in Yasunı …},
	publisher = {investigaciones.puce.edu.ec},
	author = {Andrade, SR Espinosa},
	year = {2014},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{olson_landscape_2015,
	title = {Landscape predictors of wolf attacks on bear-hunting dogs in {Wisconsin}, {USA}},
	url = {http://www.publish.csiro.au/wr/wr14043},
	abstract = {… range. We first compared variables differentiating between hound depredations and depredations on non-hounds (eg pets, bird-hunting dogs) to identify possible differences between the two types of dogs attacked. Second, to …},
	journal = {Wildlife Research},
	author = {Olson, E. R. and Treves, A. and Wydeven, A. P. and Ventura, S. J.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: CSIRO},
	annote = {7 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=593606637196817594\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{belyakova_conflict_2009,
	title = {The {Conflict} over {Seal} {Hunting} in {Russia}},
	url = {https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/32712/1/MasterxsxThesisxSUMx4091.pdf},
	abstract = {… In Canada (seals), Japan (whales), Norway (seals and whales) the conflict over the hunting of marine mammals lasts several decades … Page 18. 10 conduct coastal hunting of marine mammals, salmon fishing, animal husbandry and seaweed farming …},
	publisher = {duo.uio.no},
	author = {Belyakova, E.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{negeri_diversity_2015,
	title = {The diversity, distribution and relative abundance of medium and large-sized mammals in {Baroye} {Controlled} {Hunting} {Area}, {Illubabor} {Zone}, {Southwest} {Ethiopia}},
	url = {http://ecoevopublisher.com/index.php/ijmeb/article/view/1828},
	abstract = {… Wildlife Reserves, 3 Sanctuaries, 22 Controlled Hunting Areas and 69 Important Bird Areas) (Young … 13 families and 7 orders were recorded from Baroye Controlled Hunting Area (Table 1 … 1.3 Relative abundance of mammals Among the 23 species of mammals recorded, African …},
	journal = {International Journal of …},
	author = {Negeri, D. and Gadisa, T. and Habtamu, T.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: ecoevopublisher.com},
	annote = {5 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=9717599485217316041\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{jones_poison_2007,
	title = {Poison arrows: {North} {American} {Indian} hunting and warfare},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=W4noDAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=Hiwo6B9YBi&sig=qzZbSx3j3UTPCua4xQgK_Fd6Qy4},
	abstract = {… poison arrows North American Indian Hunting and Warfare By David E. Jones university of texas press austin … Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Jones, David E. Poison arrows : North American Indian hunting and warfare / by David E. Jones — 1st ed. p. cm …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {Jones, D. E.},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {53 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=9772796718360794560\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{macdonald_global_2005,
	title = {Global hunting grounds: power, scale and ecology in the negotiation of conservation},
	url = {https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1191/1474474005eu330oa},
	abstract = {… project, we can identify a strategic environmental initiative in which development assumes the forefront, for 'in preparing this project, it is expected that they [VOs] will develop biodiversity management plans for purposes like sport hunting, game bird hunting, management and …},
	journal = {cultural geographies},
	author = {MacDonald, K. I.},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Publisher: journals.sagepub.com},
	annote = {84 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=11356189081193028306\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{egan_sustained_2006,
	title = {Sustained {Yield}: {How} the {Dynamics} of {Subsistence} and {Sport} {Hunting} {Have} {Affected} {Enforcement} and {Disposition} of {Game} {Violations} and {Wounded} {Alaskan} {Culture}},
	url = {https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/hplp28&section=22},
	abstract = {… following antidote from a federal court in North Dakota concerning a migratory bird hunting violation certainly does not typify the general attitude towards game violations in the contiguous United States, but when considered in tandem with the two principal Alaskan cases …},
	journal = {Hamline J. Pub. L. \& Pol'y},
	author = {Egan, G.},
	year = {2006},
	note = {Publisher: HeinOnline},
	annote = {3 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15371997456908892208\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{pradoi_hunting_nodate,
	title = {Hunting practices among the {Awá}-{Guajá}: towards a long-term analysis of sustainability in an {Amazonian} indigenous community {As} práticas de caça entre os …},
	url = {https://www.scielo.br/pdf/bgoeldi/v7n2/v7n2a10},
	abstract = {… hand, in the rainy season, there was a higher consumption of peccaries, birds, primates, agoutis … HIstoRICAl fACtoRs RElAtEd to HuntInG Among the Awá-Guajá communities, the vicinity of Post … is the one most susceptible to invasion by land- grabbers and poachers, largely due …},
	journal = {SciELO Brasil},
	author = {PradoI, H. M. and ForlineII, L. C. and KipnisI, R.},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{esselstyn_janeke_2006,
	title = {Janeke {D}. {Impact} of {Post}-typhoon {Hunting} on {Mariana} {Fruit} {Bats} ({Pteropus} mariannus).},
	url = {http://128.171.57.22/handle/10125/22586},
	abstract = {… 4 Current address: Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, SG19 … Seventeen of 25 (68\%) admitted poachers believed that P. mariannus on Rota was de … hit Rota; bats reportedly foraged on the ground shortly afterward and hunting was again …},
	publisher = {128.171.57.22},
	author = {Esselstyn, J. A. and Amar, A. and Janeke, D.},
	year = {2006},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{wicander_can_2018,
	title = {Can the provision of alternative livelihoods reduce the impact of wild meat hunting in {West} and {Central} {Africa}?},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/26500658},
	abstract = {… 6 Participatory action against poaching and over-exploitation in the Ituri-Aru landscape … 10 Alternatives to hunting in the Ibolo-Koudoumou community PA and surrounding … production, shea butter production, baking, and business development; 'Small mammal rearing' includes …},
	journal = {Conservation and Society},
	author = {Wicander, S. and Coad, L.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: JSTOR},
	annote = {17 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=11078812342003434298\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{uhl_insider_2018-1,
	title = {Insider {Tips} for {Hunting} {Big} {Game}},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=6dloDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=o1o-x0h8hv&sig=mW7IgoRJ3Su6HRNmQA8WUr7XT8w},
	abstract = {… This illegal hunting is called poaching … They may also lose their hunting weapon, boats, and any motorized vehicle that was used when they poached. skiers … When hunting big game, it's necessary to study the animal's behavior and habitat …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {Uhl, X. M. and Peterson, J. M.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{bender_hunting_1995,
	title = {The hunting motif in the literature of the {United} {States}: 1782-1992.},
	url = {http://dspace.stir.ac.uk/handle/1893/30810},
	abstract = {… Jack Schwartz a "maniac", an expression frequently used in primary and secondary hunting … It was not uncommon for a party of three guns to end with a bag of over 5,000 birds, as evidence of a … This emotionless and indiscriminate bird slaughtering by people whom Vemey …},
	publisher = {dspace.stir.ac.uk},
	author = {Bender, J.},
	year = {1995},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{kumpel_impact_2008,
	title = {Impact of gun-hunting on diurnal primates in continental {Equatorial} {Guinea}},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10764-008-9254-9.pdf},
	abstract = {… 1068 NF Kümpel et al. Page 5. same name, ca. 35 km from Sendje and within the national park, with limited but increasing gun-hunting pressure (only 2 gun-hunters were active at the start of mammal surveys, and had been there only for a few months). The Village site is ca …},
	journal = {International journal of …},
	author = {Kümpel, N. F. and Milner-Gulland, E. J. and Rowcliffe, J. M. and {...}},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {85 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7298537231887376769\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{anderson_hunters_2003,
	title = {Hunters of the {Shining} {Mountains}{\textbar} {The} history of hunting on the {Western} {Slope} of the {Colorado} {Front} {Range}},
	url = {https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3635&context=etd},
	abstract = {… them in their statutes concerning hunting regulations … 2002, while driving east into Rocky Mountain National Park from the Western Slope at six AM, I sighted four moose entering the woods at a distance of approximately fifty yards, Armstrong, Distribution of Mammals in Colorado …},
	publisher = {scholarworks.umt.edu},
	author = {Anderson, M. S.},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=4332460254299761474\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{coss_drawings_2017,
	title = {Drawings of {Representational} {Images} by {Upper} {Paleolithic} {Humans} and their {Absence} in {Neanderthals} {Reflect} {Historical} {Differences} in {Hunting} {Wary} {Game}},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.26613/esic.1.2.46},
	abstract = {… than fearful when approached on foot, a level of boldness that has led to its endangerment by poachers … And the long period of the Middle Paleolithic technology in Europe suggests relative stability in Neanderthal hunting practices constrained … About the same age, a bird bone …},
	journal = {Evolutionary Studies in Imaginative Culture},
	author = {Coss, R. G.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: JSTOR},
	annote = {4 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7598083510274475147\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{flack_state_2011,
	title = {The state of hunting in {Ethiopia}–my impressions},
	url = {http://bigfivehq.com/indaba/no9-4.pdf},
	abstract = {… They are all currently being poached and eaten by the locals or dying from old age and … other hunting in the country combined, provide much needed funds for conservation and anti-poaching efforts and … Continued from Page 5 The State Of Hunting In Ethiopia – My Impressions …},
	journal = {African Indaba},
	author = {Flack, P.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: bigfivehq.com
Type: PDF},
	annote = {4 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=5916749228569526216\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{chacon_conservation_2012,
	title = {Conservation or resource maximization? {Analyzing} subsistence hunting among the {Achuar} ({Shiwiar}) of {Ecuador}},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4614-1065-2_13},
	abstract = {… resources that would make maintaining a perimeter (territoriality), to keep out poachers, a worthwhile … The hunting technologies employed included the traditional blowgun made from what is known locally as … in the prey, so they are only effective against small birds and small …},
	journal = {The ethics of anthropology and Amerindian research},
	author = {Chacon, R. J.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: Springer},
	annote = {20 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=7862524388113548955\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{macdonald_global_2005-1,
	title = {Global hunting grounds: power, scale and ecology in the negotiation},
	url = {https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/9913/1/Iain%20Macdonald-Global%20Hunting%20Grounds.pdf},
	abstract = {… project, we can identify a strategic environmental initiative in which development assumes the forefront, for 'in preparing this project, it is expected that they [VOs] will develop biodiversity management plans for purposes like sport hunting, game bird hunting, management and …},
	publisher = {tspace.library.utoronto.ca},
	author = {MacDonald, I.},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{allhoff_hunting-philosophy_2011,
	title = {Hunting-{Philosophy} for {Everyone}: {In} {Search} of the {Wild} {Life}},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=6iPRfC1jIZcC&oi=fnd&pg=PR12&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=GnRo-3pShR&sig=Z1q00_2nDr71x2gyd9Fzo7k6-4Y},
	abstract = {… by Michael Bruce and Robert M. Stewart Cycling – Philosophy for Everyone: A Philosophical Tour de Force Edited by Jesús Ilundáin-Agurruza and Michael W. Austin Climbing – Philosophy for Everyone: Because It's There Edited by Stephen E. Schmid Hunting – Philosophy for …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {Allhoff, F. and Petersen, D.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{lieberman_running_2020,
	title = {Running in {Tarahumara} ({Rarámuri}) {Culture}: {Persistence} {Hunting}, {Footracing}, {Dancing}, {Work}, and the {Fallacy} of the {Athletic} {Savage}},
	url = {https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/708810},
	abstract = {… Liebenberg 1990, 2006; Schapera 1930), Asia (Shah 1900), Australia (Bliege-Bird and Bird 2008; McCarthy … we first review briefly the three key factors that make persistence hunting effective … do not allow humans to sprint as fast as most quadrupedal mammals, they enable …},
	journal = {Current …},
	author = {Lieberman, D. E. and Mahaffey, M. and {...}},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: journals.uchicago.edu},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{shackleton_review_2001,
	title = {A review of community-based trophy hunting programs in {Pakistan}},
	url = {https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/import/downloads/pk_macp_trophyhunting_review.pdf},
	abstract = {… for 8 years until the GoP banned the export of trophies along with all big game hunting throughout Pakistan … of trophy hunts, local people were hired as wildlife guards if they agreed to stop poaching … In this way, it is not only the game guard that patrols against poachers, but so do …},
	publisher = {iucn.org},
	author = {Shackleton, D. M.},
	year = {2001},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {39 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=12080288763559880520\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{malembeka_trend_2013,
	title = {Trend of trophy hunting in {Tanzania}: case study of six species in selous game reserve},
	url = {http://suaire.suanet.ac.tz:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/520},
	abstract = {… (vii) What were the most liked species by poachers? (viii) Were some of the liked species the study species … (Whitman et al., 2004). Setting and sticking to sustainable quotas is better because stopping trophy hunting may reduce funds available for anti-poaching and the loss of …},
	publisher = {suaire.suanet.ac.tz},
	author = {Malembeka, F. J.},
	year = {2013},
	annote = {1 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=17713163160533474889\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{coad_bushmeat_2008,
	title = {Bushmeat hunting in {Gabon}: socio-economics and hunter behaviour},
	url = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.711.1905&rep=rep1&type=pdf},
	abstract = {Page 1. Bushmeat hunting in Gabon: Socio-economics and hunter behaviour Lauren Coad … Table of contents - II - Abstract. Bushmeat hunting is a major issue in conservation, with numerous studies indicating the broad-scale unsustainability of the trade in West/Central Africa …},
	publisher = {Citeseer},
	author = {Coad, L. M.},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {70 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=510562477927310504\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{mccorquodale_habitat_2000,
	title = {Habitat ecology and vulnerability to hunting mortality of elk in the southcentral {Washington} {Cascades}},
	url = {https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=11631&context=etd},
	abstract = {… 2000 Habitat ecology and vulnerability to hunting mortality of elk in the southcentral Washington Cascades … Recommended Citation McCorquodale, Scott M., "Habitat ecology and vulnerability to hunting mortality of elk in the southcentral Washington Cascades" (2000) …},
	publisher = {scholarworks.umt.edu},
	author = {McCorquodale, S. M.},
	year = {2000},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {3 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=9233736862128112013\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{keylock_importance_2002,
	title = {The importance of hunting for bushmeat to a rural community in {Equatorial} {Guinea}},
	url = {https://www.iccs.org.uk/wp-content/thesis/Keylock%20MSc%20Thesis.pdf},
	abstract = {… Basin, the annual production rate of mammals would have to be equivalent to 93\% of … 8/1998 regarding Wildlife, Hunting and Protected Areas, WCMC 2002) … birds, 65 species of reptile, 57 species of amphibian, 62 species of fish and 109 species …},
	publisher = {iccs.org.uk},
	author = {Keylock, N.},
	year = {2002},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {23 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=3380449613953556627\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{hann_calibers_2015,
	title = {From {Calibers} to {Cameras}: {Botswana}'s ban on trophy hunting and consequences for the socioecological landscape of {Ngamiland} district},
	url = {https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/25033},
	abstract = {… of Botswana. The ban was motivated by a 2011 aerial survey of wildlife populations which found statistically significant declines in eleven large mammal species. The decision to eliminate hunting marked a pronounced change from previous decades of wildlife management …},
	publisher = {etda.libraries.psu.edu},
	author = {Hann, E. C.},
	year = {2015},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{mackenzie_hunting_2011,
	title = {Hunting the big bad wolf: {A} material-semiotic analysis of community discourse},
	url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/97ccc76c3599681ca3b1e14d69bc17ee/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y},
	abstract = {Page 1. Hunting the Big Bad Wolf … 15 Roosevelt, Outdoor Pastimes of an American Hunter, 129. A collection of stories he wrote for the Boone and Crockett Club of his hunting trips in the American West for bear, cougars, wolves, antelope, sheep, deer, and elk …},
	publisher = {search.proquest.com},
	author = {MacKenzie, E.},
	year = {2011},
	annote = {4 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=12879588264871870092\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{verbeek_system_2016,
	title = {The {System} of {Animals}: {Imperial} {Hunting}, {Trophies}, {Photography} and the {Logic} of {Collecting}},
	url = {https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/338939},
	abstract = {… of the 1900 International Convention for the Preservation of Wild Animals, Birds and Fish in … state enforced game preservation more strongly and deemed African hunters poachers, thereby reinforcing … it is not a matter of simple arithmetic accumulation nor hunting only dangerous …},
	publisher = {dspace.library.uu.nl},
	author = {Verbeek, A. M.},
	year = {2016},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{klein_indigenous_2017,
	title = {Indigenous rights in environmental justice: examining decolonization and human security in the context of {Inuit} seal hunting},
	url = {https://vps5.cloudfarm.it/handle/20.500.11825/523},
	abstract = {… January 21 2016. www.greenpeace.org/usa/where- does-greenpeace-stand-on-seal-hunting 14Arnaquq-Baril, Alethea Angry Inuk Unikkaat Studios Inc. 2017, Film Trailer. Web … 18 Ibid. 19 Wilson, Angela Cavender, and Michael Yellow Bird, eds …},
	publisher = {vps5.cloudfarm.it},
	author = {Klein, J.},
	year = {2017},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{beer_trophy_2009,
	title = {The trophy hunting industry of {South} {Africa}: {A} proposed model to},
	url = {https://mugabasafaris.com/wp-content/Final%20v_1.pdf},
	abstract = {… South Africa has been a popular destination for hunters for many years (Patterson \& Khosa, 2005). With a rich biodiversity, South Africa boasts 60 mammalian species available for hunting, which is by far the highest number worldwide. That, coupled with the fact that only …},
	publisher = {mugabasafaris.com},
	author = {Beer, PJ de},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{landers_eating_2012,
	title = {Eating aliens: {One} man's adventures hunting invasive animal species},
	publisher = {Storey Publishing, LLC},
	author = {Landers, J.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Type: CITATION},
	annote = {12 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=8771853765205493366\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{hemingway_hemingway_2012,
	title = {Hemingway on hunting},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=ba-rtj9FTe4C&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=fMKajcqhSz&sig=WASOXkhLcsMZfA_uRlIP9j1MNcg},
	abstract = {… “Duck Hunting on the Venetian Lagoon” 145 II … Shoots quail in the prairies of Thrace while covering the Greco- Turkish war. March. Begins A Farewellto Arms (1929), which includes EH's recollections of bird shooting in the woods of the Abruzzi, Italy. August–September …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {Hemingway, E.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {11 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=15412727600100889353\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{jones_epiphany_2015,
	title = {Epiphany in the {Wilderness}: {Hunting}, {Nature}, and {Performance} in the {Nineteenth}-{Century} {American} {West}},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=R6HnCwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=bVgXjYoOtb&sig=KgmD6JjV6XCa-lJUVxPuxas466M},
	abstract = {… For British traveler Isabella Bird, the West was, quite simply, “the world of big game.” Hunting … deer, 375 elk, 227 bison, and 43 grizzly bears (as well as game birds, horses, and … supplies of flour, coffee, sugar, salt, and bacon expressly for the purpose of hunting (what Hastings …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {Jones, K. R.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {17 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=8923739117868604523\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{shresth_sahibs_2009,
	title = {Sahibs and {Shikar}: colonial hunting and wildlife in {British} {India}, 1800–1935},
	url = {http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/147/1478862983.pdf},
	abstract = {… Thompson, English Landed Society in the Nineteenth Century, Routledge and Kegan, London, 1963; Raymond Carr, English fox hunting : A History … Rural Society 1600-1830.” Journal of British Studies 20(2) ( 1981): 82-105 ; PB Munsche, Gentlemen and poachers : the English …},
	journal = {PhD diss., Duke University},
	author = {Shresth, S.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: rhinoresourcecenter.com
Type: PDF},
	annote = {16 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=4928707815889947307\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{decak_ministry_nodate,
	title = {Ministry of {Agriculture}, {Forestry} and {Water} {Management}, {Department} for {Hunting}},
	url = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.118.1596&rep=rep1&type=pdf},
	abstract = {… Hunting of mammal game females is prohibited in late gravidity and during the nursing of … bear by law and game species only where viability is proven and hunting is used to … 4.1.5. Intensification of law enforcement and appropriate penalties in populations where poaching is a …},
	journal = {Citeseer},
	author = {Dečak, Đ and Frković, A. and Grubešić, M. and Huber, Đ and Iviček, B. and {...}},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{may_fox-hunting_2016,
	title = {The {Fox}-hunting {Controversy}, 1781-2004: {Class} and {Cruelty}},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=xBjACwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=JgkkBGQD2X&sig=FlERSK4QNO2dfi08aGeYz7agxu8},
	abstract = {… to 'create friction and sometimes violent hostility between gentry and farmers', but 'something of an alliance between farmers and labourers, who poached together and … The grand hunting meets of the season at the coverside are in some measure a 27 Hay, 'Poaching', p. 246 …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {May, A. N.},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {21 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=11938640127097611043\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{dryden_6_2004,
	title = {6. {The} {Australian} {Hunting} {Industry}},
	url = {http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.198.6461&rep=rep1&type=pdf#page=82},
	abstract = {… by removing food reserves which would otherwise be available to native birds (eg Benshemesh … enter land and take animals (especially deer or other big game) without permission constitutes poaching. This is one of the worst forms of misbehaviour found in hunting, because it …},
	journal = {Safari Hunting of Australian Exotic Wild Game},
	author = {Dryden, G. M. L.},
	year = {2004},
	note = {Publisher: Citeseer
Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{morris_ethics_2003,
	title = {Ethics and ecology{\textbar} {An} environmental history of bear hunting in western {Montana}},
	url = {https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3259&context=etd},
	abstract = {… The trap made me wonder about the persistent rumors I had heard about bear poachers in the Swan. In either … experience with people and their hunting ways, and did not learn quickly enough to avoid … just as they had other mammalian species …},
	publisher = {scholarworks.umt.edu},
	author = {Morris, D. S.},
	year = {2003},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{dray_fair_2018,
	title = {The fair chase: {The} epic story of hunting in {America}},
	publisher = {Basic Books},
	author = {Dray, P.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Type: CITATION},
	annote = {4 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=10452225761177472516\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{masculinity_whom_2013,
	title = {of whom shared his fascination with hunting and his concerns about},
	journal = {… Masculinities and the …},
	author = {MASCULINITY, E. and DECLINE, R.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Yale University Press
Type: CITATION},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{sorensen_trophy_2015,
	title = {Trophy {Hunting} in the {US} {Media}: {A} macro-and micro-level frame analysis},
	url = {http://www.etd.ceu.hu/2015/sorensen_caroline.pdf},
	abstract = {… et al. 2006; CIC 2008). In addition, trophy hunting and poaching are often confused in the public eye which only deepens the skepticism and misrepresentations of hunting in the media. A well-established, legal trophy hunt is …},
	journal = {Central European University, Budapest},
	author = {Sorensen, C. A. E.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: etd.ceu.hu
Type: PDF},
	annote = {2 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=16306752061439375046\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{vue_hmong_2018,
	title = {Hmong {Livelihood} {Strategies}: {Factors} {Affecting} {Hunting}, {Agriculture}, and {Non}-timber {Forest} {Product} {Collection} in {Central} {Laos}},
	url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/cf74fa67f0ff47afd9aff5663576141c/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=18750&diss=y},
	abstract = {Page 1. Hmong Livelihood Strategies: Factors Affecting Hunting, Agriculture, and Non-timber Forest Product Collection in Central Laos By Pao Vue (Xeempov Vwj) … 1.5. Hunting and NTFPs in Laos .....25 …},
	publisher = {search.proquest.com},
	author = {Vue, P. X. V.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{manning_air_2014,
	title = {Air {Rifle} {Hunting} {Through} the {Seasons}: {A} {Guide} to {Fieldcraft}},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=bcwcAwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PT7&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=47XtQczWxe&sig=-NPn4qmna6yiSi8SX1JjwzM-ysk},
	abstract = {… I usually give it a few quick rattles and then wait until I hear a bird in the distance … It's worth easing off with the rattling when the birds get close, though, because it can draw attention to your … Having a rattle in your pocket isa distinct disadvantage when you're hunting on the move …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {Manning, M.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{senn_most_2013,
	title = {The {Most} {Dangerous} {Cinema}: {People} {Hunting} {People} on {Film}},
	url = {https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=HeKvAQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=hunting+poaching+birds+mammals&ots=ctapNPMa4f&sig=ONWHCmd3eAB7qInuU3rgWzkYrs4},
	abstract = {… Page 4. The Most Dangerous Cinema People Hunting People on Film BRYAN SENN McFarland \& Company, Inc., Publishers Jefferson, North Carolina, and London Page 5 … People hunting people for sport—it's an idea both shocking and fascinating …},
	publisher = {books.google.com},
	author = {Senn, B.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {2 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=14948106651437451539\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{demott_hunting_2018,
	title = {Hunting and the {Ivory} {Tower}: {Essays} by {Scholars} who {Hunt}},
	publisher = {Univ of South Carolina Press},
	author = {DeMott, R.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Type: CITATION},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{mccullough_evangelism_2007,
	title = {Evangelism on {Target}: {A} {Proposal} to {Use} {Hunting} and {Fishing} as {Means} to {Evangelism} and {Discipleship}},
	url = {http://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1049&context=doctoral},
	abstract = {… valued. Upland bird hunting which focuses on pheasant hunting runs closely on the heels … Opening day of pheasant hunting season in Iowa was a shared and greatly anticipated event … of dogs and birds became firmly entrenched, and those times with Dad will always be …},
	publisher = {digitalcommons.liberty.edu},
	author = {McCullough, J. A.},
	year = {2007},
	note = {Type: PDF},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@book{hurn_clan_2008,
	title = {Clan of the fox?:'{Hunting}'subculture in a rural {Welsh} farming community},
	url = {http://search.proquest.com/openview/9b6797d5cd22183c426321b00cf293f2/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y},
	abstract = {… ' Since (he 2004 Hunting Act, some hunts have employed the services of birds of prey … often defined as hunting and gathering, little attention has been paid to other hunting practices in … It transpired that Betty had been involved in conducting a survey for the Mammal Society a few …},
	publisher = {search.proquest.com},
	author = {Hurn, S.},
	year = {2008},
	note = {Type: BOOK},
	annote = {4 cites: https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cites=300275226128134365\&as\_sdt=2005\&sciodt=0,5\&hl=en},
	annote = {Query date: 2020-08-13 18:08:36},
}

@article{ripple_collapse_2015,
	title = {Collapse of the world’s largest herbivores},
	volume = {1},
	url = {http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/4/e1400103.abstract},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1400103},
	abstract = {Large wild herbivores are crucial to ecosystems and human societies. We highlight the 74 largest terrestrial herbivore species on Earth (body mass ≥100 kg), the threats they face, their important and often overlooked ecosystem effects, and the conservation efforts needed to save them and their predators from extinction. Large herbivores are generally facing dramatic population declines and range contractions, such that {\textasciitilde}60\% are threatened with extinction. Nearly all threatened species are in developing countries, where major threats include hunting, land-use change, and resource depression by livestock. Loss of large herbivores can have cascading effects on other species including large carnivores, scavengers, mesoherbivores, small mammals, and ecological processes involving vegetation, hydrology, nutrient cycling, and fire regimes. The rate of large herbivore decline suggests that ever-larger swaths of the world will soon lack many of the vital ecological services these animals provide, resulting in enormous ecological and social costs.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Sci Adv},
	author = {Ripple, William J. and Newsome, Thomas M. and Wolf, Christopher and Dirzo, Rodolfo and Everatt, Kristoffer T. and Galetti, Mauro and Hayward, Matt W. and Kerley, Graham I. H. and Levi, Taal and Lindsey, Peter A. and Macdonald, David W. and Malhi, Yadvinder and Painter, Luke E. and Sandom, Christopher J. and Terborgh, John and Van Valkenburgh, Blaire},
	month = may,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {e1400103},
}

@article{scheffers_global_2019,
	title = {Global wildlife trade across the tree of life},
	volume = {366},
	url = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/366/6461/71.abstract},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aav5327},
	abstract = {Trade in wildlife, and their parts, is well recognized for a few key species, such as elephants and rhinos, but it occurs globally, across a wide array of species. Scheffers et al. looked across tens of thousands of vertebrate species and found that one in every five species is affected by trade of some sort. The impacts of trade tend to be concentrated in certain phylogenetic groups, thus the potential for long-term impact on certain lineages is substantial. This analysis allows for prediction of potential for trade where it does not yet occur, facilitating proactive prevention.Science, this issue p. 71Wildlife trade is a multibillion dollar industry that is driving species toward extinction. Of \&gt;31,500 terrestrial bird, mammal, amphibian, and squamate reptile species, {\textasciitilde}24\% (N = 7638) are traded globally. Trade is strongly phylogenetically conserved, and the hotspots of this trade are concentrated in the biologically diverse tropics. Using different assessment approaches, we predict that, owing to their phylogenetic replacement and trait similarity to currently traded species, future trade will affect up to 4064 additional species—totaling 11,702 species at risk of extinction from trade. Our assessment underscores the need for a strategic plan to combat trade with policies that are proactive rather than reactive, which is especially important because species can quickly transition from being safe to being endangered as humans continue to harvest and trade across the tree of life.},
	number = {6461},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Scheffers, Brett R. and Oliveira, Brunno F. and Lamb, Ieuan and Edwards, David P.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {71},
}

@article{antunes_empty_2016,
	title = {Empty forest or empty rivers? {A} century of commercial hunting in {Amazonia}},
	volume = {2},
	url = {http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/10/e1600936.abstract},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1600936},
	abstract = {The Amazon basin is the largest and most species-rich tropical forest and river system in the world, playing a pivotal role in global climate regulation and harboring hundreds of traditional and indigenous cultures. It is a matter of intense debate whether the ecosystem is threatened by hunting practices, whereby an “empty forest” loses critical ecological functions. Strikingly, no previous study has examined Amazonian ecosystem resilience through the perspective of the massive 20th century international trade in furs and skins. We present the first historical account of the scale and impacts of this trade and show that whereas aquatic species suffered basin-wide population collapse, terrestrial species did not. We link this differential resilience to the persistence of adequate spatial refuges for terrestrial species, enabling populations to be sustained through source-sink dynamics, contrasting with unremitting hunting pressure on more accessible aquatic habitats. Our findings attest the high vulnerability of aquatic fauna to unregulated hunting, particularly during years of severe drought. We propose that the relative resilience of terrestrial species suggests a marked opportunity for managing, rather than criminalizing, contemporary traditional subsistence hunting in Amazonia, through both the engagement of local people in community-based comanagement programs and science-led conservation governance.},
	number = {10},
	journal = {Sci Adv},
	author = {Antunes, André P. and Fewster, Rachel M. and Venticinque, Eduardo M. and Peres, Carlos A. and Levi, Taal and Rohe, Fabio and Shepard, Glenn H.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {e1600936},
}

@article{artelle_hallmarks_2018,
	title = {Hallmarks of science missing from {North} {American} wildlife management},
	volume = {4},
	url = {http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/3/eaao0167.abstract},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aao0167},
	abstract = {Resource management agencies commonly defend controversial policy by claiming adherence to science-based approaches. For example, proponents and practitioners of the “North American Model of Wildlife Conservation,” which guides hunting policy across much of the United States and Canada, assert that science plays a central role in shaping policy. However, what that means is rarely defined. We propose a framework that identifies four fundamental hallmarks of science relevant to natural resource management (measurable objectives, evidence, transparency, and independent review) and test for their presence in hunt management plans created by 62 U.S. state and Canadian provincial and territorial agencies across 667 management systems (species-jurisdictions). We found that most (60\%) systems contained fewer than half of the indicator criteria assessed, with more criteria detected in systems that were peer-reviewed, that pertained to “big game,” and in jurisdictions at increasing latitudes. These results raise doubt about the purported scientific basis of hunt management across the United States and Canada. Our framework provides guidance for adopting a science-based approach to safeguard not only wildlife but also agencies from potential social, legal, and political conflict.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Sci Adv},
	author = {Artelle, Kyle A. and Reynolds, John D. and Treves, Adrian and Walsh, Jessica C. and Paquet, Paul C. and Darimont, Chris T.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {eaao0167},
}

@article{strindberg_guns_2018,
	title = {Guns, germs, and trees determine density and distribution of gorillas and chimpanzees in {Western} {Equatorial} {Africa}},
	volume = {4},
	url = {http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/4/eaar2964.abstract},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aar2964},
	abstract = {We present a range-wide assessment of sympatric western lowland gorillas Gorilla gorilla gorilla and central chimpanzees Pan troglodytes troglodytes using the largest survey data set ever assembled for these taxa: 59 sites in five countries surveyed between 2003 and 2013, totaling 61,000 person-days of fieldwork. We used spatial modeling to investigate major drivers of great ape distribution and population trends. We predicted density across each taxon’s geographic range, allowing us to estimate overall abundance: 361,900 gorillas and 128,700 chimpanzees in Western Equatorial Africa—substantially higher than previous estimates. These two subspecies represent close to 99\% of all gorillas and one-third of all chimpanzees. Annual population decline of gorillas was estimated at 2.7\%, maintaining them as Critically Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List. We quantified the threats to each taxon, of which the three greatest were poaching, disease, and habitat degradation. Gorillas and chimpanzees are found at higher densities where forest is intact, wildlife laws are enforced, human influence is low, and disease impacts have been low. Strategic use of the results of these analyses could conserve the majority of gorillas and chimpanzees. With around 80\% of both subspecies occurring outside protected areas, their conservation requires reinforcement of anti-poaching efforts both inside and outside protected areas (particularly where habitat quality is high and human impact is low), diligent disease control measures (including training, advocacy, and research into Ebola virus disease), and the preservation of high-quality habitat through integrated land-use planning and implementation of best practices by the extractive and agricultural industries.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Sci Adv},
	author = {Strindberg, Samantha and Maisels, Fiona and Williamson, Elizabeth A. and Blake, Stephen and Stokes, Emma J. and Aba’a, Rostand and Abitsi, Gaspard and Agbor, Anthony and Ambahe, Ruffin D. and Bakabana, Parfait C. and Bechem, Martha and Berlemont, Antoine and Bokoto de Semboli, Bruno and Boundja, Patrick R. and Bout, Nicolas and Breuer, Thomas and Campbell, Genevieve and De Wachter, Pauwel and Ella Akou, Marc and Esono Mba, Fidel and Feistner, Anna T. C. and Fosso, Bernard and Fotso, Roger and Greer, David and Inkamba-Nkulu, Clement and Iyenguet, Calixte F. and Jeffery, Kathryn J. and Kokangoye, Max and Kühl, Hjalmar S. and Latour, Stephanie and Madzoke, Bola and Makoumbou, Calixte and Malanda, Guy-Aimé F. and Malonga, Richard and Mbolo, Victor and Morgan, David B. and Motsaba, Prosper and Moukala, Gabin and Mowawa, Brice S. and Murai, Mizuki and Ndzai, Christian and Nishihara, Tomoaki and Nzooh, Zacharie and Pintea, Lilian and Pokempner, Amy and Rainey, Hugo J. and Rayden, Tim and Ruffler, Heidi and Sanz, Crickette M. and Todd, Angelique and Vanleeuwe, Hilde and Vosper, Ashley and Warren, Ymke and Wilkie, David S.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {eaar2964},
}

@article{spehar_orangutans_2018,
	title = {Orangutans venture out of the rainforest and into the {Anthropocene}},
	volume = {4},
	url = {http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/6/e1701422.abstract},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1701422},
	abstract = {Conservation benefits from understanding how adaptability and threat interact to determine a taxon’s vulnerability. Recognizing how interactions with humans have shaped taxa such as the critically endangered orangutan (Pongo spp.) offers insights into this relationship. Orangutans are viewed as icons of wild nature, and most efforts to prevent their extinction have focused on protecting minimally disturbed habitat, with limited success. We synthesize fossil, archeological, genetic, and behavioral evidence to demonstrate that at least 70,000 years of human influence have shaped orangutan distribution, abundance, and ecology and will likely continue to do so in the future. Our findings indicate that orangutans are vulnerable to hunting but appear flexible in response to some other human activities. This highlights the need for a multifaceted, landscape-level approach to orangutan conservation that leverages sound policy and cooperation among government, private sector, and community stakeholders to prevent hunting, mitigate human-orangutan conflict, and preserve and reconnect remaining natural forests. Broad cooperation can be encouraged through incentives and strategies that focus on the common interests and concerns of different stakeholders. Orangutans provide an illustrative example of how acknowledging the long and pervasive influence of humans can improve strategies to preserve biodiversity in the Anthropocene.},
	number = {6},
	journal = {Sci Adv},
	author = {Spehar, Stephanie N. and Sheil, Douglas and Harrison, Terry and Louys, Julien and Ancrenaz, Marc and Marshall, Andrew J. and Wich, Serge A. and Bruford, Michael W. and Meijaard, Erik},
	month = jun,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {e1701422},
}

@article{estrada_impending_2017,
	title = {Impending extinction crisis of the world’s primates: {Why} primates matter},
	volume = {3},
	url = {http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/1/e1600946.abstract},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1600946},
	abstract = {Nonhuman primates, our closest biological relatives, play important roles in the livelihoods, cultures, and religions of many societies and offer unique insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and the threat of emerging diseases. They are an essential component of tropical biodiversity, contributing to forest regeneration and ecosystem health. Current information shows the existence of 504 species in 79 genera distributed in the Neotropics, mainland Africa, Madagascar, and Asia. Alarmingly, {\textasciitilde}60\% of primate species are now threatened with extinction and {\textasciitilde}75\% have declining populations. This situation is the result of escalating anthropogenic pressures on primates and their habitats—mainly global and local market demands, leading to extensive habitat loss through the expansion of industrial agriculture, large-scale cattle ranching, logging, oil and gas drilling, mining, dam building, and the construction of new road networks in primate range regions. Other important drivers are increased bushmeat hunting and the illegal trade of primates as pets and primate body parts, along with emerging threats, such as climate change and anthroponotic diseases. Often, these pressures act in synergy, exacerbating primate population declines. Given that primate range regions overlap extensively with a large, and rapidly growing, human population characterized by high levels of poverty, global attention is needed immediately to reverse the looming risk of primate extinctions and to attend to local human needs in sustainable ways. Raising global scientific and public awareness of the plight of the world’s primates and the costs of their loss to ecosystem health and human society is imperative.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Sci Adv},
	author = {Estrada, Alejandro and Garber, Paul A. and Rylands, Anthony B. and Roos, Christian and Fernandez-Duque, Eduardo and Di Fiore, Anthony and Nekaris, K. Anne-Isola and Nijman, Vincent and Heymann, Eckhard W. and Lambert, Joanna E. and Rovero, Francesco and Barelli, Claudia and Setchell, Joanna M. and Gillespie, Thomas R. and Mittermeier, Russell A. and Arregoitia, Luis Verde and de Guinea, Miguel and Gouveia, Sidney and Dobrovolski, Ricardo and Shanee, Sam and Shanee, Noga and Boyle, Sarah A. and Fuentes, Agustin and MacKinnon, Katherine C. and Amato, Katherine R. and Meyer, Andreas L. S. and Wich, Serge and Sussman, Robert W. and Pan, Ruliang and Kone, Inza and Li, Baoguo},
	month = jan,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {e1600946},
}

@article{parlee_undermining_2018,
	title = {Undermining subsistence: {Barren}-ground caribou in a “tragedy of open access”},
	volume = {4},
	url = {http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/2/e1701611.abstract},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1701611},
	abstract = {Sustaining arctic/subarctic ecosystems and the livelihoods of northern Indigenous peoples is an immense challenge amid increasing resource development. The paper describes a “tragedy of open access” occurring in Canada’s north as governments open up new areas of sensitive barren-ground caribou habitat to mineral resource development. Once numbering in the millions, barren-ground caribou populations (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus/Rangifer tarandus granti) have declined over 70\% in northern Canada over the last two decades in a cycle well understood by northern Indigenous peoples and scientists. However, as some herds reach critically low population levels, the impacts of human disturbance have become a major focus of debate in the north and elsewhere. A growing body of science and traditional knowledge research points to the adverse impacts of resource development; however, management efforts have been almost exclusively focused on controlling the subsistence harvest of northern Indigenous peoples. These efforts to control Indigenous harvesting parallel management practices during previous periods of caribou population decline (for example, 1950s) during which time governments also lacked evidence and appeared motivated by other values and interests in northern lands and resources. As mineral resource development advances in northern Canada and elsewhere, addressing this “science-policy gap” problem is critical to the sustainability of both caribou and people.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Sci Adv},
	author = {Parlee, Brenda L. and Sandlos, John and Natcher, David C.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {e1701611},
}

@article{jiguet_unravelling_2019-2,
	title = {Unravelling migration connectivity reveals unsustainable hunting of the declining ortolan bunting},
	volume = {5},
	url = {http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/5/eaau2642.abstract},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aau2642},
	abstract = {In France, illegal hunting of the endangered ortolan bunting Emberiza hortulana has been defended for the sake of tradition and gastronomy. Hunters argued that ortolan buntings trapped in southwest France originate from large and stable populations across the whole of Europe. Yet, the European Commission referred France to the Court of Justice of the European Union (EU) in December 2016 for infringements to legislation (IP/16/4213). To better assess the impact of hunting in France, we combined Pan-European data from archival light loggers, stable isotopes, and genetics to determine the migration strategy of the species across continents. Ortolan buntings migrating through France come from northern and western populations, which are small, fragmented and declining. Population viability modeling further revealed that harvesting in southwest France is far from sustainable and increases extinction risk. These results provide the sufficient scientific evidence for justifying the ban on ortolan harvesting in France.},
	number = {5},
	journal = {Sci Adv},
	author = {Jiguet, Frédéric and Robert, Alexandre and Lorrillière, Romain and Hobson, Keith A. and Kardynal, Kevin J. and Arlettaz, Raphaël and Bairlein, Franz and Belik, Viktor and Bernardy, Petra and Copete, José Luis and Czajkowski, Michel Alexandre and Dale, Svein and Dombrovski, Valery and Ducros, Delphine and Efrat, Ron and Elts, Jaanus and Ferrand, Yves and Marja, Riho and Minkevicius, Simonas and Olsson, Peter and Pérez, Marc and Piha, Markus and Raković, Marko and Schmaljohann, Heiko and Seimola, Tuomas and Selstam, Gunnar and Siblet, Jean-Philippe and Skierczyǹski, Michał and Sokolov, Alexandr and Sondell, Jan and Moussy, Caroline},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {eaau2642},
}

@article{di_minin_identifying_2019,
	title = {Identifying global centers of unsustainable commercial harvesting of species},
	volume = {5},
	url = {http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/4/eaau2879.abstract},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aau2879},
	abstract = {Overexploitation is one of the main threats to biodiversity, but the intensity of this threat varies geographically. We identified global concentrations, on land and at sea, of 4543 species threatened by unsustainable commercial harvesting. Regions under high-intensity threat (based on accessibility on land and on fishing catch at sea) cover 4.3\% of the land and 6.1\% of the seas and contain 82\% of all species threatened by unsustainable harvesting and \&gt;80\% of the ranges of Critically Endangered species threatened by unsustainable harvesting. Currently, only 16\% of these regions are covered by protected areas on land and just 6\% at sea. Urgent actions are needed in these centers of unsustainable harvesting to ensure that use of species is sustainable and to prevent further species’ extinctions.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Sci Adv},
	author = {Di Minin, Enrico and Brooks, Thomas M. and Toivonen, Tuuli and Butchart, Stuart H. M. and Heikinheimo, Vuokko and Watson, James E. M. and Burgess, Neil D. and Challender, Daniel W. S. and Goettsch, Bárbara and Jenkins, Richard and Moilanen, Atte},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {eaau2879},
}

@article{benitez-lopez_impact_2017-1,
	title = {The impact of hunting on tropical mammal and bird populations},
	volume = {356},
	url = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6334/180.abstract},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aaj1891},
	abstract = {As the human population grows and increasingly encroaches on remaining wildlife habitat, hunting threatens many species. Benítez-López et al. conducted a large-scale meta-analysis of hunting trends and impacts across the tropics (see the Perspective by Brashares and Gaynor). Bird and mammal populations were considerably lower in areas where hunting occurred. Although commercial hunting and proximity to roads and urban centers were the most damaging factors, all hunting had worrying impacts, even in protected areas. Protection and alternative approaches for sustainable subsistence hunting must be implemented soon if we are to prevent further, rapid defaunation.Science, this issue p. 180; see also p. 136Hunting is a major driver of biodiversity loss, but a systematic large-scale estimate of hunting-induced defaunation is lacking. We synthesized 176 studies to quantify hunting-induced declines of mammal and bird populations across the tropics. Bird and mammal abundances declined by 58\% (25 to 76\%) and by 83\% (72 to 90\%) in hunted compared with unhunted areas. Bird and mammal populations were depleted within 7 and 40 kilometers from hunters’ access points (roads and settlements). Additionally, hunting pressure was higher in areas with better accessibility to major towns where wild meat could be traded. Mammal population densities were lower outside protected areas, particularly because of commercial hunting. Strategies to sustainably manage wild meat hunting in both protected and unprotected tropical ecosystems are urgently needed to avoid further defaunation.},
	number = {6334},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Benítez-López, A. and Alkemade, R. and Schipper, A. M. and Ingram, D. J. and Verweij, P. A. and Eikelboom, J. A. J. and Huijbregts, M. A. J.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {180},
}

@article{edwards_data-poor_2014,
	title = {Data-poor management of {African} lion hunting using a relative index of abundance},
	volume = {111},
	url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/111/1/539.abstract},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1219615110},
	abstract = {Trophy hunting is a useful source of income for conservation. However, it remains contentious, not least because quotas for charismatic species in less-developed countries are often too high, contributing to population decline. The decline of lion populations across Africa continues and is not helped by the unsustainable management of hunting concessions. Best practice rests on the enforcement of a minimum age rule for hunting of males, which allows them to breed before they are killed. However, there is still no reliable method for setting quotas at a sustainable level. In this paper, we present such a method, which makes use of readily available data on the time needed to find and kill a lion, and demonstrate its efficacy through simulation.Sustainable management of terrestrial hunting requires managers to set quotas restricting offtake. This often takes place in the absence of reliable information on the population size, and as a consequence, quotas are set in an arbitrary fashion, leading to population decline and revenue loss. In this investigation, we show how an indirect measure of abundance can be used to set quotas in a sustainable manner, even in the absence of information on population size. Focusing on lion hunting in Africa, we developed a simple algorithm to convert changes in the number of safari days required to kill a lion into a quota for the following year. This was tested against a simulation model of population dynamics, accounting for uncertainties in demography, observation, and implementation. Results showed it to reliably set sustainable quotas despite these uncertainties, providing a robust foundation for the conservation of hunted species.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci USA},
	author = {Edwards, Charles T. T. and Bunnefeld, Nils and Balme, Guy A. and Milner-Gulland, E. J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {539},
}

@article{allendorf_human-induced_2009,
	title = {Human-induced evolution caused by unnatural selection through harvest of wild animals},
	volume = {106},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/106/Supplement_1/9987},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0901069106},
	abstract = {Human harvest of phenotypically desirable animals from wild populations imposes selection that can reduce the frequencies of those desirable phenotypes. Hunting and fishing contrast with agricultural and aquacultural practices in which the most desirable animals are typically bred with the specific goal of increasing the frequency of desirable phenotypes. We consider the potential effects of harvest on the genetics and sustainability of wild populations. We also consider how harvesting could affect the mating system and thereby modify sexual selection in a way that might affect recruitment. Determining whether phenotypic changes in harvested populations are due to evolution, rather than phenotypic plasticity or environmental variation, has been problematic. Nevertheless, it is likely that some undesirable changes observed over time in exploited populations (e.g., reduced body size, earlier sexual maturity, reduced antler size, etc.) are due to selection against desirable phenotypes—a process we call “unnatural” selection. Evolution brought about by human harvest might greatly increase the time required for over-harvested populations to recover once harvest is curtailed because harvesting often creates strong selection differentials, whereas curtailing harvest will often result in less intense selection in the opposing direction. We strongly encourage those responsible for managing harvested wild populations to take into account possible selective effects of harvest management and to implement monitoring programs to detect exploitation-induced selection before it seriously impacts viability.},
	number = {Supplement 1},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Allendorf, Fred W. and Hard, Jeffrey J.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
\_eprint: https://www.pnas.org/content/106/Supplement\_1/9987.full.pdf},
	pages = {9987--9994},
}

@article{alvard_michael_shotguns_1995,
	title = {Shotguns and sustainable hunting in the {Neotropics}},
	volume = {29},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300020883},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Alvard, Michael},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {58--66},
}

@article{andersen_applying_2014,
	title = {Applying typology analyses to management issues: {Deer} harvest and declining hunter numbers},
	volume = {78},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.770},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.770},
	abstract = {ABSTRACT In both North America and Europe, deer populations are increasing and hunter participation is decreasing. This generates concern for our future ability to control deer populations. Information on hunter typologies can help ascertain which licensing regulations are the most useful for either deer population control or activating currently non-active hunters. We used latent class analyses to identify typologies among 1,820 active and non-active red deer hunters in Norway. We found that active hunters could be grouped into mixed visitors (77\%), deer enthusiasts (13\%), and solitary locals (10\%) in regard to their motivation and approach to hunting and landowner acquaintances (47\%), less involved locals (40\%), and long-term visitors (13\%) when considering access to hunting grounds. We found 2 typologies of non-active hunters: likely recruits (79\%) and permanently gone (29\%). Managers in areas with undesirably dense deer populations should be more flexible in the way hunting is organized and promoted to motivate a diverse group of hunters. We recommend a zone-based management plan based on key factors determining hunter participation, which in our study included location of residence, interest in trophies, willingness to pay, willingness to travel, sociality, landowner relations, and leasing agreements. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Andersen, Oddgeir and Wam, Hilde K. and Mysterud, Atle and Kaltenborn, Bjørn P.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.770},
	keywords = {Cervus elaphus, human dimensions, hunting, latent class analysis (LCA), ungulate, wildlife},
	pages = {1282--1292},
}

@article{arroyo_reconciling_2016,
	title = {Reconciling economic and ecological sustainability: can non-intensive hunting of red-legged partridges be economically profitable?},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {1439-0574},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-016-1073-2},
	doi = {10.1007/s10344-016-1073-2},
	abstract = {The red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) is the most important gamebird in Spain. Due to population declines in recent decades, management approaches increasingly include the release of farm-reared partridges and the establishment of so-called intensive estates, where hunting is based on put-and-take partridges. The release of farm-reared partridges is controversial because these birds negatively affect wild populations. However, according to managers, releases are necessary to maintain commercial hunting. We analysed economic parameters using data provided by 20 red-legged partridge hunting estates with different management and economic aims in central Spain. We calculated total revenues, total expenses, benefits and profitability of these estates and simulated results under two different scenarios (prices for buying farm-reared partridges being 15 \% higher and prices for hunting in estates not using releases being 15 \% higher) attempting to mimic the internalization of some ecological costs of farm-reared birds or possible rewards from using wild populations sustainably. Non-commercial estates (n = 5), as expected, just broke even, with almost no benefits. Benefits of intensive estates, where massive releases throughout the hunting season allow a much higher harvest, were on average an order of magnitude higher (20,404 ± 24,413 €/km2, n = 8) than those of other commercial estates (1713 ± 1280 €/km2, n = 7). Benefits of non-intensive commercial estates using releases were on average lower than those of commercial estates without releases. In fact, profitability of non-intensive commercial estates not using releases was similar to that of intensive estates. Any of the two price scenarios considered led to non-intensive commercial estates not using releases being the most profitable on average. Thus, efforts should be made to identify ways of improving economic profitability of non-intensive estates, which may be important for promoting hunting management styles that are ecologically more beneficial.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {European Journal of Wildlife Research},
	author = {Arroyo, Beatriz and Caro, Jesús and Muñoz-Adalia, E. Jordán and Díaz-Fernández, Silvia and Delibes-Mateos, Miguel and Díaz-Fernández, Miguel and Viñuela, Javier},
	month = dec,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {14},
}

@article{austin_identifying_2010,
	title = {Identifying conflicts and opportunities for collaboration in the management of a wildlife resource: a mixed-methods approach},
	volume = {37},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1071/WR10057},
	abstract = {Context: The sustainable management of many common-pool ecological resources can be strengthened through collaboration among stakeholder groups. However, the benefits of collaborative management are often not realised because of conflicts of interest among stakeholders. Effective strategies for enhancing collaborative management require an understanding of the trade-offs that managers make between different management outcomes and an understanding of the socioeconomic and location-specific differences that drive these preferences. Approaches based on quantitative or qualitative methods alone often fail to reveal some of the underlying factors inhibiting collaboration.Aims: Our aim was to understand the relative importance that private-sector deer managers attach to changes in the following three outcomes of deer management: deer numbers, deer-related road-traffic accidents (RTAs) and deer impacts on conservation woodlands.Methods: We used a mixed-methods approach, combining choice-experiment methodology with qualitative analysis of focus-group discussions from 10 study regions throughout Britain.Key results: Our results showed that most of the private-sector stakeholders responsible for deer-management decisions at the local level would prefer to see a future with fewer deer-related RTAs but do not want to see a future with lower deer population levels. This is especially the case for those stakeholders managing for sporting purposes and those that rely on deer as a financial resource.Conclusions: The preferences of many private-sector stakeholders responsible for deer management are at odds with those of private landowners currently experiencing economic and conservation damage from deer, and with the aims of government and non-government bodies seeking to reduce grazing and browsing damage through lower deer densities. Similar barriers to collaborative management are likely to exist in any situations where ecological resources deliver an unequal distribution of benefits and costs among stakeholders.Implications: Overcoming barriers to collaboration requires enhanced understanding of how different collaborative mechanisms are viewed amongst the stakeholder community and how collaborative management can be promoted. More holistic approaches to deer management, which include greater public awareness, additional road-traffic speed restrictions and appropriate fencing, or perhaps include deer-population reduction as only one of a suite of mechanisms for delivering multiple benefits from the land, are likely to gain more support from private-sector stakeholders. Mixed-methods approaches can provide an important first step in terms of both quantifying preferences in relation to the management of ecological resources and enabling detailed insights into the motivations and behaviours underlying them.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Wildl. Res.},
	author = {Austin, Zoë and Smart, James C. R. and Yearley, Steven and Irvine, R. Justin and White, Piran C. L.},
	year = {2010},
	keywords = {choice experiment, conditional logit models, deer, environmental decision-making, latent-class analysis, stakeholder participation.},
	pages = {647--657},
}

@article{barnes_bushmeat_2002,
	title = {The bushmeat boom and bust in {West} and {Central} {Africa}},
	volume = {36},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605302000443},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Barnes, Richard},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {236--242},
}

@article{noauthor_notitle_nodate,
}

@techreport{booth_guidelines_2015,
	title = {Guidelines for improving the administration of sustainable hunting in sub-{Saharan} {Africa}},
	url = {http://www.fao.org/3/bo583e/bo583e.pdf},
	institution = {FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations},
	author = {Booth, Vernon and Chardonnet, Phillipe},
	year = {2015},
}

@misc{noauthor_european_2008,
	title = {European  {Charter} on {Hunting}   and   {Biodiversity}},
	publisher = {Council of Europe Publishing},
	year = {2008},
}

@article{brashares_bushmeat_2004,
	title = {Bushmeat {Hunting}, {Wildlife} {Declines}, and {Fish} {Supply} in {West} {Africa}},
	volume = {306},
	url = {http://science.sciencemag.org/content/306/5699/1180.abstract},
	doi = {10.1126/science.1102425},
	abstract = {The multibillion-dollar trade in bushmeat is among the most immediate threats to the persistence of tropical vertebrates, but our understanding of its underlying drivers and effects on human welfare is limited by a lack of empirical data. We used 30 years of data from Ghana to link mammal declines to the bushmeat trade and to spatial and temporal changes in the availability of fish. We show that years of poor fish supply coincided with increased hunting in nature reserves and sharp declines in biomass of 41 wildlife species. Local market data provide evidence of a direct link between fish supply and subsequent bushmeat demand in villages and show bushmeat's role as a dietary staple in the region. Our results emphasize the urgent need to develop cheap protein alternatives to bushmeat and to improve fisheries management by foreign and domestic fleets to avert extinctions of tropical wildlife.},
	number = {5699},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Brashares, Justin S. and Arcese, Peter and Sam, Moses K. and Coppolillo, Peter B. and Sinclair, A. R. E. and Balmford, Andrew},
	month = nov,
	year = {2004},
	pages = {1180},
}

@article{breisjoberget_ptarmigan_2017,
	title = {Ptarmigan hunting restrictions: {Effects} on hunters’ opinions and harvest},
	volume = {81},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21302},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21302},
	abstract = {ABSTRACT In Norway, willow (Lagopus lagopus) and rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) populations and harvests have declined during the last few decades, and the 2 species are considered as near threatened on the Norwegian Red List. The Norwegian State-Owned Land and Forest Enterprise (Statskog) is a main provider of ptarmigan hunting on public lands, and has recently introduced harvest restrictions in Nordland County. We investigated the relationship between hunters’ opinions and the effects of restrictions on hunters and ptarmigan harvest using online structured questionnaires (2012, n = 570) and bag reports (2009–2011, n = 8,795). A majority of hunters (66\%) supported harvest restrictions, and 89\% were willing to shoot fewer birds to increase population size. However, opinions towards specific management alternatives were more negative and disparate. Residency of the hunters (local or non-resident) was the most influential factor on hunter opinions, and this reflected a tendency to approve of restrictions with the smallest effect on their own hunting practice. Our study indicates that access and the opportunity to hunt are more important to hunters than bag size. Daily and annual hunting bags were small, averaging 1.7 and 5.8 ptarmigan, respectively, and the daily bag limit of 4 birds was reached during 5.8\% of hunting days. A harvest reduction of 50\% implied a daily bag limit of 1 bird and a seasonal bag of 4, which were lower than what hunters found as acceptable. Hence, although hunter opinions may provide useful guidelines for the development of management practices, their opinions need to be evaluated for the actual effects they may have on the game populations. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Wildlife Management Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	number = {7},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Breisjøberget, Jo Inge and Storaas, Torstein and Odden, Morten},
	year = {2017},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21302},
	keywords = {bag limits, harvest restrictions, Lagopus lagopus, Lagopus muta, Nordland County, rock ptarmigan, willow ptarmigan},
	pages = {1179--1186},
}

@article{brink_sustainability_2016,
	title = {Sustainability and {Long} {Term}-{Tenure}: {Lion} {Trophy} {Hunting} in {Tanzania}},
	volume = {11},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162610},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0162610},
	abstract = {It is argued that trophy hunting of large, charismatic mammal species can have considerable conservation benefits but only if undertaken sustainably. Social-ecological theory suggests such sustainability only results from developing governance systems that balance financial and biological requirements. Here we use lion (Panthera leo) trophy hunting data from Tanzania to investigate how resource ownership patterns influence hunting revenue and offtake levels. Tanzania contains up to half of the global population of free-ranging lions and is also the main location for lion trophy hunting in Africa. However, there are concerns that current hunting levels are unsustainable. The lion hunting industry in Tanzania is run by the private sector, although the government leases each hunting block to companies, enforces hunting regulation, and allocates them a species-specific annual quota per block. The length of these leases varies and theories surrounding property rights and tenure suggest hunting levels would be less sustainable in blocks experiencing a high turnover of short-term leases. We explored this issue using lion data collected from 1996 to 2008 in the Selous Game Reserve (SGR), the most important trophy hunting destination in Tanzania. We found that blocks in SGR with the highest lion hunting offtake were also those that experienced the steepest declines in trophy offtake. In addition, we found this high hunting offtake and the resultant offtake decline tended to be in blocks under short-term tenure. In contrast, lion hunting levels in blocks under long-term tenure matched more closely the recommended sustainable offtake of 0.92 lions per 1000 km2. However, annual financial returns were higher from blocks under short-term tenure, providing \$133 per km2 of government revenue as compared to \$62 per km2 from long-term tenure blocks. Our results provide evidence for the importance of property rights in conservation, and support calls for an overhaul of the system in Tanzania by developing competitive market-based approaches for block allocation based on long-term tenure of ten years.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Brink, Henry and Smith, Robert J. and Skinner, Kirsten and Leader-Williams, Nigel},
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
	pages = {1--15},
}

@article{buckley_hunting_2015,
	title = {Hunting tourism and animal conservation},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1367-9430},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12204},
	doi = {10.1111/acv.12204},
	abstract = {Read the Feature Paper: Does trophy hunting matter to long-term population trends in African herbivores of different dietary guilds?; other Commentaries on this paper: Monitoring required for effective sustainable use of wildlife and the Response from the authors: The assessment of the role of trophy hunting in wildlife conservation},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Animal Conservation},
	author = {Buckley, R. and Mossaz, A.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd},
	pages = {133--135},
	annote = {https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12204},
}

@article{burnham_estimating_1984,
	title = {Estimating the {Effect} of {Hunting} on {Annual} {Survival} {Rates} of {Adult} {Mallards}},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0022541X, 19372817},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3801166},
	doi = {10.2307/3801166},
	abstract = {[Management programs for waterfowl populations include rationale for, and establishment of, hunting regulations. These programs rest partially on the results of scientific studies on the effect of harvest rates on annual survival rates. The evidence of this relationship has changed markedly since the mid-1970's, and it is now widely believed that a largely compensatory relationship exists between hunting mortality and other forms of mortality for the mallard (Anas platyrhynchos). This paper employs a general probabilistic model formulated to include a parameter (b) representing a continuum between complete compensation (b = 0) and total additivity (b = 1). Maximum likelihood estimates of this parameter were computed for 47 data sets of adult mallards banded throughout North America before hunting commenced. We found additional evidence of a highly compensatory mortality process for adult male mallards, while the evidence for adult female mallards remains inconclusive. Effective harvest, land acquisition, and land management programs depend upon additional information on the chronology and mechanisms underlying a compensatory mortality process.]},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Burnham, Kenneth P. and White, Gary C. and Anderson, David R.},
	year = {1984},
	note = {Publisher: [Wiley, Wildlife Society]},
	pages = {350--361},
}

@article{cartro-sabate_anthropogenic_2019,
	title = {Anthropogenic lead in {Amazonian} wildlife},
	volume = {2},
	issn = {2398-9629},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0338-7},
	doi = {10.1038/s41893-019-0338-7},
	abstract = {Lead levels and isotopic fingerprints in 315 free-ranging animals belonging to 18 wild game species in four remote areas of the Peruvian Amazon provide a comprehensive picture of anthropogenic lead pollution in tropical rainforests. The high average concentration of lead (0.49 mg kg−1 wet weight) in livers from Amazonian wild game is comparable to the levels of lead in industrialized countries and mining areas. Although hunting ammunition is probably the main source of lead in wildlife, oil-related pollution is also a major source of contaminant lead in areas in which oil is extracted. Owing to the extended use of lead shot in subsistence hunting worldwide and the ever-encroaching oil-extraction industry in tropical rainforests, these results uncover important health risks to tropical wildlife and local communities that rely on subsistence hunting.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Nature Sustainability},
	author = {Cartró-Sabaté, Mar and Mayor, Pedro and Orta-Martínez, Martí and Rosell-Melé, Antoni},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {702--709},
}

@article{cannon_steps_2009,
	title = {Steps towards sustainable harvest of {Ophiocordyceps} sinensis in {Bhutan}},
	volume = {18},
	issn = {1572-9710},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-009-9587-5},
	doi = {10.1007/s10531-009-9587-5},
	abstract = {The insect-pathogenic fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis (better known as Cordyceps sinensis) is harvested over much of the Himalayan plateau as a highly prized remedy in traditional Oriental medicine. Over the past 10 years its financial value has increased dramatically, with collectors paid as much as US \$12,500 kg−1 for top-quality material. This is causing significant distortion to local economies, and there is widespread concern that the current rate of collection is unsustainable. This paper introduces the fungus and its insect hosts, documents some of the biological and social constraints to achieving sustainability, describes the socioeconomic climate within which harvest and sale occurs in Bhutan, and details the measures put in place by the Royal Government of Bhutan to promote wise management of this valuable natural resource.},
	number = {9},
	journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
	author = {Cannon, Paul F. and Hywel-Jones, Nigel L. and Maczey, Norbert and Norbu, Lungten and {Tshitila} and Samdup, Tashi and Lhendup, Phurba},
	month = aug,
	year = {2009},
	pages = {2263--2281},
}

@article{casas_effects_2009,
	title = {Effects of hunting on the behaviour and spatial distribution of farmland birds: importance of hunting-free refuges in agricultural areas},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1367-9430},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00259.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00259.x},
	abstract = {Abstract Hunting is one of the human activities that directly affect wildlife and has received increasing attention given its socioeconomic dimensions. Most studies have been conducted on coastal and wetland areas and showed that hunting activity can greatly affect bird behaviour and distribution. Hunting-free reserves for game species are zones where birds find an area of reduced disturbance. We evaluated the effect of hunting activities on the behaviour and use of hunting-free areas of lapwings Vanellus vanellus, golden plovers Pluvialis apricaria and little bustards Tetrax tetrax in agricultural areas. We compared the habitat use and behaviour of birds on days before, during and after hunting took place. All three studied species showed strong behavioural responses to hunting activities. Hunting activity increased flight probability and time spent vigilant (higher on hunting days than just before and after a hunting day), to the detriment of resting. We also found distributional (use of hunting-free reserve) responses to hunting activities, with hunting-free reserves being used more frequently during hunting days. Thus, reserves can mitigate the disturbance caused by hunting activities, benefiting threatened species in agricultural areas. Increasing the size or number of hunting-free areas might be an important management and conservation tool to reduce the impacts of hunting activities.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Animal Conservation},
	author = {Casas, F. and Mougeot, F. and Viñuela, J. and Bretagnolle, V.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd},
	keywords = {hunting, disturbance, Pluvialis apricaria, reserves, Tetrax tetrax, Vanellus vanellus},
	pages = {346--354},
	annote = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00259.x},
}

@article{chamberlain_effects_2012,
	title = {Effects of variable spring harvest regimes on annual survival and recovery rates of male wild turkeys in {Southeast} {Louisiana}},
	volume = {76},
	issn = {0022-541X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.341},
	doi = {10.1002/jwmg.341},
	abstract = {Abstract Spring harvest is a primary mortality factor for male eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris), but the relationship between spring harvest regimes and annual survival is not well understood. We banded 462 male wild turkeys from 1989 to 2007 in southeastern Louisiana to estimate annual survival and band recovery rates relative to spring harvest. We evaluated these parameters under a liberal harvest season (3-bird limit; 1989?1997) and a reduced conservative harvest season (2-bird limit; 2000?2007). Estimated recovery rates during the liberal season were 0.75 (SE?=?0.05) for adults and 0.63 (SE?=?0.04) for juveniles, and recovery rates during the conservative season were 0.61 (SE?=?0.04) and 0.48 (SE?=?0.05) for adults and juveniles, respectively. Annual survival averaged 0.16 (SE?=?0.05) and 0.43 (SE?=?0.05) for adults and juveniles, respectively, during the liberal season. Conversely, during the conservative season, annual survival averaged 0.31 (SE?=?0.05) and 0.56 (SE?=?0.05) for adults and juveniles, respectively. Our findings suggest that bag limit reductions combined with a reduction in season length contributed to a 2-fold increase in annual survival for male wild turkeys. We contend that male wild turkeys were likely over harvested on our study area during the liberal harvest season, which contributed to exceptionally low annual survival rates. Managers should attempt to assess survival rates of male wild turkeys in harvested populations to properly manage spring harvest and develop appropriate harvest limits. ? 2012 The Wildlife Society.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Chamberlain, Michael J. and Grisham, Blake A. and Norris, Jennifer L. and Stafford III, Norman J. and Kimmel, Frederick G. and Olinde, Michael W.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd},
	keywords = {harvest regimes, Louisiana, Meleagris gallopavo, program MARK, survival, wild turkey},
	pages = {907--910},
	annote = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.341},
}

@article{ciuti_predicting_2015,
	title = {Predicting mule deer recruitment from climate oscillations for harvest management on the northern {Great} {Plains}},
	volume = {79},
	issn = {0022-541X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.956},
	doi = {10.1002/jwmg.956},
	abstract = {ABSTRACT We analyzed a unique 51-year time series for a population of mule deer in the North Dakota badlands, USA to examine the effects of seasonal weather on autumn recruitment. Winter weather recorded prior to birth of fawns and weather conditions recorded during spring the previous year (lagged effect), but not during spring or summer after birth, were related to observed patterns in autumn recruitment. When deer density was low (approx. 1?deer/km2) during the 1960s, fawn/female ratios were high ranging from 1.1 to 1.4 when minimum temperatures during the prior winter averaged ?16°?C and ?8°?C, respectively. Likewise, during the 2000s, when deer density was high (approx. 3?deer/km2), fawn/female ratios ranged from 0.6 to 0.9 when minimum daily temperatures during the previous winter were ?16°?C and ?8°?C, respectively. Large-scale Pacific-based climatic indices ({\textgreater}2,000?km to the Pacific coast) were correlated with local weather and helped explain variability in autumn recruitment. Higher values of the multivariate el niño southern oscillation and Pacific decadal oscillation were correlated with warmer and drier winters in the North Dakota badlands, whereas the North Pacific Index was correlated with colder and snowy winters. The ability to predict recruitment from local weather or from broad-scale climate indices (oscillations) provides greater opportunities for conservation and management, such as adjusting harvest quotas prior to autumn harvest. ? 2015 The Wildlife Society.},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Ciuti, Simone and Jensen, William F. and Nielsen, Scott E. and Boyce, Mark S.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd},
	keywords = {survival, aerial survey, harvest management, mule deer, multivariate el niño southern oscillation, North Pacific index, Pacific decadal oscillation, Pacific-based climate, recruitment, weather},
	pages = {1226--1238},
	annote = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.956},
}

@article{coulson_predicting_2018,
	title = {Predicting the evolutionary consequences of trophy hunting on a quantitative trait},
	volume = {82},
	issn = {0022-541X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21261},
	doi = {10.1002/jwmg.21261},
	abstract = {ABSTRACT Some ecologists suggest that trophy hunting (e.g., harvesting males with a desirable trait above a certain size) can lead to rapid phenotypic change, which has led to an ongoing discussion about evolutionary consequences of trophy hunting. Claims of rapid evolution come from the statistical analyses of data, with no examination of whether these results are theoretically plausible. We constructed simple quantitative genetic models to explore how a range of hunting scenarios affects the evolution of a trophy such as horn length. We show that trophy hunting does lead to trophy evolution defined as change in the mean breeding value of the trait. However, the fastest rates of phenotypic change attributable to trophy hunting via evolution that are theoretically possible under standard assumptions of quantitative genetics are 1?2 orders of magnitude slower than the fastest rates of phenotypic change reported from statistical analyses. Our work suggests a re-evaluation of the likely evolutionary consequences of trophy hunting would be appropriate when setting policy. Our work does not consider the ethical or ecological consequences of trophy hunting. ? 2017 The Wildlife Society.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Coulson, Tim and Schindler, Susanne and Traill, Lochran and Kendall, Bruce E.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd},
	keywords = {hunting, integral projection models, quantitative genetics, selection},
	pages = {46--56},
	annote = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21261},
}

@article{crum_estimating_2017,
	title = {Estimating occupancy probability of moose using hunter survey data},
	volume = {81},
	issn = {0022-541X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21207},
	doi = {10.1002/jwmg.21207},
	abstract = {ABSTRACT Monitoring rare species can be difficult, especially across large spatial extents, making conventional methods of population monitoring costly and logistically challenging. Citizen science has the potential to produce observational data across large areas that can be used to monitor wildlife distributions using occupancy models. We used citizen science (i.e., hunter surveys) to facilitate monitoring of moose (Alces alces) populations, an especially important endeavor because of their recent apparent declines in the northeastern and upper midwestern regions of the United States. To better understand patterns of occurrence of moose in New York, we used data collected through an annual survey of approximately 11,000 hunters between 2012 and 2014 that recorded detection?non-detection data of moose and other species. We estimated patterns of occurrence of moose in relation to land cover characteristics, climate effects, and interspecific interactions using occupancy models to analyze spatially referenced moose observations. Coniferous and deciduous forest with low prevalence of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) had the highest probability of moose occurrence. This study highlights the potential of data collected using citizen science for understanding the spatial distribution of low-density species across large spatial extents and providing key information regarding where and when future research and management activities should be focused. ? 2016 The Wildlife Society.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Crum, Nathan J. and Fuller, Angela K. and Sutherland, Christopher S. and Cooch, Evan G. and Hurst, Jeremy},
	month = apr,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd},
	keywords = {Alces alces, citizen science, distribution, moose, New York, occupancy},
	pages = {521--534},
	annote = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21207},
}

@article{da_nobrega_alves_reptiles_2008,
	title = {Reptiles used in traditional folk medicine: conservation implications},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {1572-9710},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-007-9305-0},
	doi = {10.1007/s10531-007-9305-0},
	abstract = {The present work provides an overview of the global use of reptiles in traditional folk medicine and the implications for conservation. The results demonstrate that at least 165 reptile species belonging to 104 genera and 30 families are used in traditional folk medicine around the world. Some species are used as sources of drugs for modern medical science. Of the reptiles recorded, 53\% are included on lists of endangered species, demonstrating the importance of understanding such medicinal uses in the context of reptile conservation as well as the need for considering socio-cultural factors when establishing management plans directed towards the sustainable use of these reptiles.},
	number = {8},
	journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
	author = {da Nóbrega Alves, Rômulo Romeu and da Silva Vieira, Washington Luiz and Santana, Gindomar Gomes},
	month = jul,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {2037--2049},
}

@article{darimont_human_2009,
	title = {Human predators outpace other agents of trait change in the wild},
	volume = {106},
	issn = {0027-8424},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/106/3/952},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0809235106},
	abstract = {The observable traits of wild populations are continually shaped and reshaped by the environment and numerous agents of natural selection, including predators. In stark contrast with most predators, humans now typically exploit high proportions of prey populations and target large, reproductive-aged adults. Consequently, organisms subject to consistent and strong ‘harvest selection’ by fishers, hunters, and plant harvesters may be expected to show particularly rapid and dramatic changes in phenotype. However, a comparison of the rate at which phenotypic changes in exploited taxa occurs relative to other systems has never been undertaken. Here, we show that average phenotypic changes in 40 human-harvested systems are much more rapid than changes reported in studies examining not only natural (n = 20 systems) but also other human-driven (n = 25 systems) perturbations in the wild, outpacing them by \&gt;300\% and 50\%, respectively. Accordingly, harvested organisms show some of the most abrupt trait changes ever observed in wild populations, providing a new appreciation for how fast phenotypes are capable of changing. These changes, which include average declines of almost 20\% in size-related traits and shifts in life history traits of nearly 25\%, are most rapid in commercially exploited systems and, thus, have profound conservation and economic implications. Specifically, the widespread potential for transitively rapid and large effects on size- or life history-mediated ecological dynamics might imperil populations, industries, and ecosystems.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
	author = {Darimont, Chris T. and Carlson, Stephanie M. and Kinnison, Michael T. and Paquet, Paul C. and Reimchen, Thomas E. and Wilmers, Christopher C.},
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
\_eprint: https://www.pnas.org/content/106/3/952.full.pdf},
	pages = {952--954},
}

@article{deere_exploitation_2011,
	title = {Exploitation or {Conservation}? {Can} {The} {Hunting} tourism {Industry} in {Africa} {Be} {Sustainable}?},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0013-9157},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.2011.588550},
	doi = {10.1080/00139157.2011.588550},
	number = {4},
	journal = {null},
	author = {Deere, Nicolas   Jordan},
	month = jun,
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge},
	pages = {20--32},
	annote = {doi: 10.1080/00139157.2011.588550},
}

@article{eltringham_can_1994,
	title = {Can wildlife pay its way},
	volume = {28},
	url = {https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/48e3/20d550f3e09dd0a74aa4d3e040ebfc6c8dea.pdf},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300028519},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Eltringham, S.K.},
	year = {1994},
	pages = {163--168},
}

@article{festa-bianchet_decrease_2014,
	title = {Decrease in horn size and increase in age of trophy sheep in {Alberta} over 37 years},
	volume = {78},
	issn = {0022-541X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.644},
	doi = {10.1002/jwmg.644},
	abstract = {ABSTRACT Long-term data (1974?2011) from harvested bighorn rams (Ovis canadensis) in Alberta, Canada, suggested a reduction in horn size and in the proportion of trophy rams in the provincial population over time. Age at harvest increased over time, suggesting slower horn growth. Rams that experienced favorable environmental conditions early in life had rapid horn growth and were harvested at a younger age than rams with slower horn growth. Guided nonresident hunters did not harvest larger rams than residents, suggesting that few large rams were available. Resident hunter success declined in recent years. Despite an apparently stable population, successive cohorts produced a decreasing harvest of trophy rams. We suggest that unrestricted harvest based on a threshold horn size led to a decline in the availability of trophy rams. That decline is partly an inevitable consequence of selective hunting that removes larger rams. Although our analysis does not establish that evolution of smaller horns caused the observed decline in both horn size and harvest of trophy rams, we suggest that intensive trophy hunting may have artificially selected for a decrease in horn growth rate. ? 2013 The Wildlife Society.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Festa-Bianchet, Marco and Pelletier, Fanie and Jorgenson, Jon T. and Feder, Chiarastella and Hubbs, Anne},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd},
	keywords = {artificial selection, bighorn sheep, horn size, sampling bias, time series, trophy hunting, ungulates},
	pages = {133--141},
	annote = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.644},
}

@article{fischer_population_1974,
	title = {Population {Responses} of {Central} {Alberta} {Ruffed} {Grouse} to {Hunting}},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {0022541X, 19372817},
	url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3800025},
	doi = {10.2307/3800025},
	abstract = {[During 1966-72, 1,132 ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) were banded near Rochester, Alberta. Fifty-five (5 percent) were subsequently reported shot in the year of banding. Hunting along roads accounted for 96 percent of these shot birds. Loss of territorial adult males to hunters decreased significantly with increasing distance from banding location to the nearest road: 48, 13, 5, and 1 percent of those banded {\textless} 101, 101-200, 201-301, and ≥ 302 m, respectively, from the nearest road and surviving to 1 October were reported shot. Rates of hunting mortality also tended to decline among other adult cohorts and among juveniles with increased banding distance from roads. Mean annual survival of territorial adult males with drumming logs {\textless} 201 m from roads (0.23) was lower than that of males with logs at ≥ 201 m (0.36), suggesting that fall hunting increased total annual mortality in this cohort. There was no correlation, however, between ratios of population change from October to May and annual rates of total hunting mortality; it was therefore concluded that fall hunting had no measurable effect on spring population levels. Rates of hunting mortality were not significantly correlated with fall population densities. Forty-one of 67 (61 percent) territorial adult males were experimentally removed from two study areas near Rochester in spring 1971 and 1972 by shooting with a .22 caliber rifle. Midmating and postmating removals were conducted on different study areas. Such removals constituted additive mortality in one year but not in the next. Replacement of removed territorial males averaged 20 percent and was unrelated to population densities. Opportunities for shooting females and disturbing nesting hens were negligible. There was also little apparent effect on brood production.]},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Fischer, Charles A. and Keith, Lloyd B.},
	year = {1974},
	note = {Publisher: [Wiley, Wildlife Society]},
	pages = {585--600},
}

@article{flint_long-term_2010,
	title = {Long-{Term} {Persistence} of {Spent} {Lead} {Shot} in {Tundra} {Wetlands}},
	volume = {74},
	issn = {0022-541X},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.2193/2008-494},
	doi = {10.2193/2008-494},
	abstract = {ABSTRACT? We seeded experimental plots with number 4 lead pellets and sampled these plots for 10 years to assess the settlement rate of pellets in tundra wetland types commonly used by foraging waterfowl. After 10 years, about 10\% of pellets remained within 6 cm of the surface, but {\textgreater}50\% remained within 10 cm. We predict that spent lead pellets will eventually become unavailable to waterfowl; however, it will likely require {\textgreater}25 years for all pellets to exceed depths at which waterfowl species may forage.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {FLINT, PAUL L. and SCHAMBER, JASON L.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd},
	keywords = {Alaska, lead poisoning, lead shot, settlement rate, Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta},
	pages = {148--151},
	annote = {https://doi.org/10.2193/2008-494},
}

@inproceedings{forti_sustainable_2017,
	address = {Salzburg, Austria},
	title = {Sustainable hunting plan as a tool of wildlife management: the {Italian} case},
	url = {http://www.parcs.at/npa/pdf_public/2018/36316_20180524_083241_044_Forti_FINAL_6p_pag.pdf},
	author = {Forti, Lucrezia and Notaro, Sandra and Paletto, Alessandro},
	month = nov,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {151--156},
}

@article{geisser_efficacy_2004,
	title = {{EFFICACY} {OF} {HUNTING}, {FEEDING}, {AND} {FENCING} {TO} {REDUCE} {CROP} {DAMAGE} {BY} {WILD} {BOARS}},
	volume = {68},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2193/0022-541X%282004%29068%5B0939%3AEOHFAF%5D2.0.CO%3B2},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/0022-541X(2004)068[0939:EOHFAF]2.0.CO;2},
	abstract = {Abstract: Since 1980, populations of wild boar (Sus scrofa) have increased over the species' entire European range. This increase has led to conflicts because wild boars cause crop damage amounting to several million U.S. dollars every year. Wildlife management agencies promote and financially support 3 major methods to reduce the loss: (1) intensive harvest, (2) supplemental feeding in forests to bait animals for easier shooting and to distract them from agricultural fields, and (3) building electrical fences around crops at risk. Our objective was to investigate how effective these methods were in reducing field damage by wild boars. Based on data from 44 hunting territories in the Canton Thurgau, Switzerland, we related damage frequency to harvest success, supplemental feeding, and fencing effort by means of 2 multiple regression analyses. The analysis of mean damage frequency among territories (averaged over 3 years) and changes in damage frequency within territories from 1994 to 1996 showed that only hunting reduced damage by wild boars. Because our results question the effectiveness of wild boar management practices and wild boar populations and damage are increasing throughout Europe, we suggest that control efforts and funds be reconsidered. Because only hunting seems to clearly reduce wild boar damage, we suggest more emphasis be put on the development and introduction of new harvest models among local hunting teams.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {GEISSER, HANNES and REYER, HEINZ-ULRICH},
	year = {2004},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2193/0022-541X\%282004\%29068\%5B0939\%3AEOHFAF\%5D2.0.CO\%3B2},
	keywords = {hunting, agriculture, Canton Thurgau, damage, electrical fence, management, population increase, Sus scrofa, Switzerland},
	pages = {939--946},
}

@article{hiller_demography_2015,
	title = {Demography, prey abundance, and management affect number of cougar mortalities associated with livestock conflicts},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.913},
	abstract = {Balancing the ecological importance of large carnivores with human tolerances across multiple‐use landscapes presents a complex and often controversial management scenario. Increasing cougar (Puma concolor) populations in the western United States, coupled with an increasing human population and distribution, may contribute to increased numbers of interactions and conflicts (e.g., livestock depredation) with cougars. We assessed county‐level factors associated with mortalities of cougars of different sexes and ages resulting from livestock conflicts in Oregon during 1990–2009. Factors included cougar population density, human population density, proportion of the cougar population that were juvenile males, cougar harvest, prey availability, habitat conditions, and climate measured at the county level. We used generalized linear mixed models and quasi‐likelihood Akaike's Information Criterion (QAIC) to rank models. Two of 26 models were competitive (ΔQAIC {\textless} 4, ∑w = 0.72) and both contained cougar population density and cougar harvest density; the second‐best model also included proportion of juvenile males in the population. From model‐averaging, we determined cougar mortalities associated with livestock conflicts increased with increasing cougar population density (95\% CL = 0.48–1.37) and decreased with increasing cougar harvest density (95\% CL = −0.58 to −0.02). An exploratory model including cougar population density, cougar harvest density, proportion of juvenile male cougars, beef cattle density, relative deer density, and all pairwise interactions was equal to the QAIC‐top model from the previous set of 26 models. Under a scenario of a high proportion (0.40) of juvenile males, number of cougar mortalities related to livestock conflicts increased 219\% when cougar population density increased from 300/10,000 km2 to 400/10,000 km2. In contrast, the number of cougar mortalities decreased with increasing harvest when cougar population densities were high (500/10,000 km2), but we found no relationship at lower cougar population densities. As beef cattle densities increased, the number of cougar mortalities increased substantially (low deer populations), remained relatively low and constant (average deer population), and decreased (high deer populations). Where landowner tolerance to cougar‐livestock conflicts is an issue, wildlife managers may provide expertise to reduce conflicts by increasing density of wild ungulate prey, increasing hunter‐harvest, and reducing vulnerability of livestock, depending on factors that may be contributing to conflicts. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Hiller, Tim L. and Mcfadden‐Hiller, Jamie E. and Jenkins, Stephanie R. and Belant, Jerrold L. and Tyre, Andrew J.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2015},
	note = {ISSN: 1937-2817
Issue: 6
Pages: 978-988
Publisher: John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd
Volume: 79},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1378/showCitFormats.html:text/html},
}

@article{gude_deer_2012,
	title = {Deer and elk hunter recruitment, retention, and participation trends in {Montana}},
	volume = {76},
	copyright = {Copyright © The Wildlife Society, 2011},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.272},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.272},
	abstract = {Big game hunting is the most popular type of hunting in the United States, and deer and elk hunting are the most popular type of hunting in Montana. Similar to other states, deer and elk hunting also generates most of the revenue spent on wildlife conservation by the state of Montana. Although nationwide trends indicate a concerning decline in hunter participation, the trends in license sales and hunter participation within most states have not received as much attention. We investigated trends in resident deer and elk license sales in Montana using existing licensing databases. We then estimated hunter recruitment, hunter participation, and license purchasing probabilities using hunter education and licensing databases. We employed a multi-state mark–recapture model and 248,819 records of deer and elk license purchasing habits for individual Montana residents during 2002–2007. We used matrix population models to examine the relative influence of these parameters on trends in license sales and hunter participation. Resident deer and elk license sales increased 4\% in Montana during 2002–2007. We found that males had greater recruitment rates, retention rates, and license purchasing probabilities than females, and that young adults had lesser license purchasing probabilities than other age classes. Based on analyses of matrix population models, trends in license sales in Montana are most influenced by middle-aged and baby boomer male license purchase probabilities. Trends in hunter participation are positively influenced by recruitment and retention in all male age classes, with the smallest predicted effects arising from recruitment of young adult males. Our results suggest that a focus on older age class males with programs designed to increase hunter recruitment, retention, and license purchase probabilities may have similar or larger effects on trends in license sales and hunter participation in Montana than programs directed at youth. Our analyses also provide a framework by which trends in hunter recruitment, retention, and license purchasing habits can be objectively quantified in order to inform and evaluate hunter recruitment, retention, and license purchase habit programs. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Gude, Justin A. and Cunningham, Julie A. and Herbert, Jeffrey T. and Baumeister, Thomas},
	year = {2012},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.272},
	keywords = {deer, elk, hunter participation, hunter recruitment, hunter retention, hunters, license purchase probability, mark–recapture, Montana},
	pages = {471--479},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1380/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{holmern_uneconomical_2002,
	title = {Uneconomical game cropping in a community-based conservation project outside the {Serengeti} {National} {Park}, {Tanzania}},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {1365-3008, 0030-6053},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/uneconomical-game-cropping-in-a-communitybased-conservation-project-outside-the-serengeti-national-park-tanzania/B970DAE419EE0CD939CC4B1CFBBE0947},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605302000716},
	abstract = {Since 1993 the Serengeti Regional Conservation Project (SRCP) in Tanzania has conducted a game cropping operation (the commercial utilization of wild animal populations in natural habitats) in areas immediately outside the Serengeti National Park in order to provide adjacent villages with incentives to abstain from illegal hunting. In this study we carry out a comparative economic analysis of the SRCP cropping operation and illegal hunting. The extent of illegal hunting was mapped by utilising questionnaires distributed to Village Game Scouts employed in five of the Project villages. Our research indicates that the cropping operation is not economically sustainable and makes only a minor economic contribution to the Project villages compared to illegal hunting. Furthermore, cropping quotas are small, utilization of quotas low, and the level of community involvement limited. Illegal hunting was extensive around both Project and other villages. We suggest that SRCP discard the inefficient cropping operation and instead concentrate on diversifying income opportunities for the Project villages.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Holmern, Tomas and Røskaft, Eivin and Mbaruka, Job and Mkama, Samson Y. and Muya, John},
	month = oct,
	year = {2002},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {hunting, Community-based conservation, game cropping, Serengeti, Tanzania, undefined},
	pages = {364--372},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1382/Holmern et al. - 2002 - Uneconomical game cropping in a community-based co.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1383/B970DAE419EE0CD939CC4B1CFBBE0947.html:text/html},
}

@article{homewood_long-term_2001,
	title = {Long-term changes in {Serengeti}-{Mara} wildebeest and land cover: {Pastoralism}, population, or policies? {\textbar} {PNAS}},
	volume = {98},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/98/22/12544.short},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.221053998},
	abstract = {Declines in habitat and wildlife in semiarid African savannas are widely reported and commonly attributed to agropastoral population growth, livestock impacts, and subsistence cultivation. However, extreme annual and shorter-term variability of rainfall, primary production, vegetation, and populations of grazers make directional trends and causal chains hard to establish in these ecosystems. Here two decades of changes in land cover and wildebeest in the Serengeti-Mara region of East Africa are analyzed in terms of potential drivers (rainfall, human and livestock population growth, socio-economic trends, land tenure, agricultural policies, and markets). The natural experiment research design controls for confounding variables, and our conceptual model and statistical approach integrate natural and social sciences data. The Kenyan part of the ecosystem shows rapid land-cover change and drastic decline for a wide range of wildlife species, but these changes are absent on the Tanzanian side. Temporal climate trends, human population density and growth rates, uptake of small-holder agriculture, and livestock population trends do not differ between the Kenyan and Tanzanian parts of the ecosystem and cannot account for observed changes. Differences in private versus state/communal land tenure, agricultural policy, and market conditions suggest, and spatial correlations confirm, that the major changes in land cover and dominant grazer species numbers are driven primarily by private landowners responding to market opportunities for mechanized agriculture, less by agropastoral population growth, cattle numbers, or small-holder land use.},
	number = {22},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
	author = {Homewood, K and Lambin, E.F. and Coast, E. and Kariuki, A. and Kikula, I. and Kivelia, J. and Said, M. and Serneels, S. and Thompson, M.},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {12544--12549},
	file = {Long-term changes in Serengeti-Mara wildebeest and land cover\: Pastoralism, population, or policies? | PNAS:files/1385/12544.html:text/html},
}

@article{hutton_sustainable_2003,
	title = {Sustainable use and incentive-driven conservation: realigning human and conservation interests},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1365-3008, 0030-6053},
	shorttitle = {Sustainable use and incentive-driven conservation},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/sustainable-use-and-incentivedriven-conservation-realigning-human-and-conservation-interests/5C8B0923D18E8FFBB39FA7DFA70F0B72},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605303000395},
	abstract = {Discussions of sustainable use have become polarized. Welfarists oppose all use that involves killing animals. Among conservationists polarization arises in part from failure to distinguish between different ideas nestled under the umbrella term of ‘sustainable use’. These include direct use as an imperative or choice, the ideal of keeping any use within biologically sustainable limits, and use as a possible conservation strategy that can create positive incentives, which are key where land could otherwise be converted to biodiversity-unfriendly practices. People will continue to use wild living resources, which increasing human populations could further deplete. In response the conservation community can follow one of two approaches. On the one hand, it can try to stop use through the establishment of strictly protected areas and by enforcing legislation, although many would question the ethical position of imposing such an approach. On the other hand, it can work to introduce the wider management systems needed to deliver sustainable use and, if possible, incentive-driven conservation. Because most rural populations will continue using wild living resources in human-dominated landscapes, sustainable use and incentive-driven conservation should both be at the centre of the conservation agenda this century. Both species- and ecosystem-based management are likely to have a role in sustainable use. However, current enthusiasm for the ecosystem approach may throw up unexpected consequences, making the search for sustainability even more polarized. Nevertheless, direct use of species cannot provide sufficient incentives to ensure the continued delivery of ecosystem services, which need to be fully incorporated in the global accounting system.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Hutton, Jon M. and Leader-Williams, Nigel},
	month = apr,
	year = {2003},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {Adaptive management, ecosystem services, incentive-driven conservation, incentives, sustainable use},
	pages = {215--226},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1387/Hutton and Leader-Williams - 2003 - Sustainable use and incentive-driven conservation.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1388/5C8B0923D18E8FFBB39FA7DFA70F0B72.html:text/html},
}

@article{jacques_evaluating_2011,
	title = {Evaluating how hunters see and react to telemetry collars on white‐tailed deer - {Jacques} - 2011 - {The} {Journal} of {Wildlife} {Management} - {Wiley} {Online} {Library}},
	volume = {75},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.23},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.23},
	abstract = {Fates of individuals outfitted with radiotransmitters commonly are used for estimating survival rates in populations of large animals that are hunted. Despite precautions, this practice may be subject to complex biases associated with hunter reaction to presence of radiotransmitters. To assess this potential bias we conducted an experiment using artificial deer (i.e., decoys) to measure hunters' abilities to see deer and determine if deer seen were wearing radiocollars. We used logistic regression to quantify probabilities that seeing deer and subsequently seeing radiocollars might be influenced by distance, percent visual obstruction, body orientation, hunter experience, and antler characteristics of deer. Additionally, we evaluated how experience and antler characteristics of deer might influence a hunter's decision to harvest a radiocollared deer. We found that 25.8\% of the potentially observable collared deer (n = 663) were subsequently observed by hunters. Odds of observing deer and radiocollars increased 95\% and 230\%, respectively, for each additional log(yr) of hunting experience. Willingness to harvest radiocollared deer increased 89\% for each additional log(yr) of hunting experience and 144\% for large‐antlered deer relative to antlerless deer. When hunting is an important source of mortality, analysts need to understand how potential biases associated with observing deer are associated with hunters' reactions to and subsequent decisions to harvest radiocollared animals. Our study suggested that presence of radiocollars may influence a deer's potential risk of being harvested and in turn bias telemetry‐based estimates of survival, given that hunting mortality is the largest component of total mortality in hunted deer populations. Collar‐based telemetry is used nearly universally by wildlife managers and researchers throughout North America and elsewhere to estimate and monitor the survival of big game populations that are managed through hunting. Our findings demonstrate that these estimates are likely subject to complex and systematic biases that managers should consider when evaluating future population‐level effects of managed hunting.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Jacques, Christopher N. and van Deelon, Timothy R. and Hall, Wayne H. Jr. and Martin, Karl J. and Vercauteren, Kurt C.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {221--231},
	file = {Evaluating how hunters see and react to telemetry collars on white‐tailed deer - Jacques - 2011 - The Journal of Wildlife Management - Wiley Online Library:files/1390/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{johnson_uncertainty_1997,
	title = {Uncertainty and the {Management} of {Mallard} {Harvests}},
	volume = {61},
	issn = {0022-541X},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3802429},
	doi = {10.2307/3802429},
	abstract = {Those charged with regulating waterfowl harvests must cope with random environmental variations, incomplete control over harvest rates, and uncertainty about biological mechanisms operative in the population. Stochastic dynamic programming can be used effectively to account for these uncertainties if the probabilities associated with uncertain outcomes can be estimated. To use this approach managers must have clearly-stated objectives, a set of regulatory options, and a mathematical description of the managed system. We used dynamic programming to derive optimal harvest strategies for mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) in which we balanced the competing objectives of maximizing long-term cumulative harvest and achieving a specified population goal. Model-specific harvest strategies, which account for random variation in wetland conditions on the breeding grounds and for uncertainty about the relation between hunting regulations and harvest rates, are provided and compared. We also account for uncertainty in population dynamics with model probabilities, which express the relative confidence that alternative models adequately describe population responses to harvest and environmental conditions. Finally, we demonstrate how the harvest strategy thus derived can "evolve" as model probabilities are updated periodically using comparisons of model predictions and estimates of population size.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Johnson, Fred A. and Moore, Clinton T. and Kendall, William L. and Dubovsky, James A. and Caithamer, David F. and Kelley, James R. and Williams, Byron K.},
	year = {1997},
	note = {Publisher: [Wiley, Wildlife Society]},
	pages = {202--216},
	file = {Submitted Version:files/1392/Johnson et al. - 1997 - Uncertainty and the Management of Mallard Harvests.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{kaltenborn_nature_2005,
	title = {The nature of hunting around the {Western} {Corridor} of {Serengeti} {National} {Park}, {Tanzania} {\textbar} {SpringerLink}},
	volume = {51},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10344-005-0109-9},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {European Journal of Wildlife Research},
	author = {Kaltenborn, Bjørn P. and Nyahongo, Julius W. and Tingstad, Margrethe K.},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {213--222},
	file = {The nature of hunting around the Western Corridor of Serengeti National Park, Tanzania | SpringerLink:files/1394/s10344-005-0109-9.html:text/html},
}

@article{casaer_guidelines_2006,
	title = {Guidelines on {Sustainable} {Hunting} in {Europe}},
	journal = {IUCN-ESUSG WISPER},
	author = {Casaer, J and Kenward, R and Lecocq, Y and Reimoser, F and Sharp, R},
	year = {2006},
}

@article{kaul_hunting_2004,
	title = {Hunting of large mammals and pheasants in the {Indian} western {Himalaya}},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {1365-3008, 0030-6053},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/hunting-of-large-mammals-and-pheasants-in-the-indian-western-himalaya/3419874E2A6ECBB3DBDA1EBB36B7B99B},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605304000808},
	abstract = {We conducted a survey in the western Himalaya of India to assess animal extraction patterns. Data on animal species and their extraction patterns, their importance to the respondents, and reasons and methods of hunting were collected using structured questionnaires. Twenty-three species of large mammals and Galliformes were present in the area, 18 of which were hunted around at least one village. Of special concern were several threatened species that were hunted around most villages were they occurred, although the impact of removal on wild populations is not clear. The main reason for hunting was to supplement animal protein, although some animals were also killed for sale of meat and their parts. The establishment of community-managed forests has not had an impact on extraction rates. Assessment of the impact of hunting on the threatened species in particular is urgently required.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Kaul, Rahul and Hilaluddin and Jandrotia, J. S. and McGowan, Philip J. K.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2004},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {hunting, Bushmeat, Galliformes, India, mammals, pheasants, western Himalaya, wildmeat},
	pages = {426--431},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1397/Kaul et al. - 2004 - Hunting of large mammals and pheasants in the Indi.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1398/3419874E2A6ECBB3DBDA1EBB36B7B99B.html:text/html},
}

@article{kamgaing_declining_2019,
	title = {Declining {Ungulate} {Populations} in an {African} {Rainforest}: {Evidence} {From} {Local} {Knowledge}, {Ecological} {Surveys}, and {Bushmeat} {Records}},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2296-701X},
	shorttitle = {Declining {Ungulate} {Populations} in an {African} {Rainforest}},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2019.00249/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fevo.2019.00249},
	abstract = {Human activities alter the composition and abundance of wildlife populations. A common awareness of these changes by stakeholders, including local people is essential for sustainable management. Hunters (n= 255) from two adjacent community hunting zones (CHZs) in Southeast Cameroon were interviewed about the species composition of the animals caught in snare traps during their beginnings in hunting and in 2015- 2016. The comparison of the trends in game composition to those from transect surveys and bushmeat records conducted in the area since the nineties revealed the followings: (1) hunters are aware of the coarse changes in prey abundance, even for the species for which population density is difficult to estimate using classic survey methods; (2) in southeast Cameroon and in forests regions with similar fauna, the bay duiker and the Peter’s duiker are clearly more abundant than the white-bellied and black fronted duiker; (3) the two sites surveyed are under different stages of prey depletion trajectory, and (4) the ranking of prey abundance by local hunters is consistent with village-based bushmeat records and is likely to reflect more the species compositions in anthropogenic forest mosaics, where hunting pressure is higher. Hunters’ interviews constitute a valuable means to rapidly assess the trends in animal populations. However, the discrepancies between perceptions and prey composition in remote forest areas draw attention to the need of caution when using local knowledge to generalize trends in fauna assemblages over large geographical scales.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Front. Ecol. Evol.},
	author = {Kamgaing, Towa Olivier William and Dzefack, Zeun's Célestin Brice and Yasuoka, Hirokazu},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Frontiers},
	keywords = {hunting, Bushmeat, Duiker, Local perception, Snare trapping, species composition},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1400/Kamgaing et al. - 2019 - Declining Ungulate Populations in an African Rainf.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{kanstrup_hunting_2018,
	title = {Hunting with lead ammunition is not sustainable: {European} perspectives},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {1654-7209},
	shorttitle = {Hunting with lead ammunition is not sustainable},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-018-1042-y},
	doi = {10.1007/s13280-018-1042-y},
	abstract = {Much evidence demonstrates the adverse effects of lead ammunition on wildlife, their habitats and human health, and confirms that the use of such ammunition has no place within sustainable hunting. We identify the provisions that define sustainable hunting according to European law and international treaties, together with their guidance documents. We accept the substantial evidence for lead’s actual and potential effects on wildlife, habitats and health as persuasive and assess how these effects relate to stated provisions for sustainability and hunting. We evaluate how continued use of lead ammunition negatively affects international efforts to halt loss of biodiversity, sustain wildlife populations and conserve their habitats. We highlight the indiscriminate and avoidable health and welfare impacts for large numbers of exposed wild animals as ethically unsustainable. In societal terms, continued use of lead ammunition undermines public perceptions of hunting. Given the existence of acceptable, non-toxic alternatives for lead ammunition, we conclude that hunting with lead ammunition cannot be justified under established principles of public/international policy and is not sustainable. Changing from lead ammunition to non-toxic alternatives will bring significant nature conservation and human health gains, and from the hunter’s perspective will enhance societal acceptance of hunting. Change will create opportunities for improved constructive dialogue between hunting stakeholders and others engaged with enhancing biodiversity and nature conservation objectives.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Ambio},
	author = {Kanstrup, Niels and Swift, John and Stroud, David A. and Lewis, Melissa},
	month = dec,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {846--857},
	file = {Full Text:files/1402/Kanstrup et al. - 2018 - Hunting with lead ammunition is not sustainable E.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{kouassi_bushmeat_2019,
	title = {Bushmeat consumption and environmental awareness in rural households: a case study around {Taï} {National} {Park}, {Côte} d'{Ivoire}},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	shorttitle = {Bushmeat consumption and environmental awareness in rural households},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0030605317000333/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605317000333},
	abstract = {Consumption of bushmeat, a staple food of people living in the vicinity of protected areas, is a challenge for the conservation of wildlife. The underlying factors driving this consumption are, however, relatively understudied, particularly among rural households, and improved understanding would facilitate the development of conservation strategies. We therefore aimed to identify the factors that influence bushmeat consumption in rural households to the west of Taï National Park, in Côte d’Ivoire. We carried out enquiries in a total of  rural households in  localities during July–December . Bushmeat, the majority of which comprised rodents and bovids, accounted for \% of the animal protein consumed in these households. This consumption was significantly higher in households in which poverty was more acute (low annual income and more dependent children). We found that repeated awareness campaigns involving theatre performances and/or film screenings (multimedia campaigns) contributed to a decrease in bushmeat consumption. This decrease exceeded \% after exposure to four multimedia campaigns. We highlight the importance of awareness campaigns for reducing consumption of wild animals, and demonstrate the importance of recurring multimedia campaigns to maximize the impact of such conservation activities in rural communities.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Kouassi, Joseph A. K. and Normand, Emmanuelle and Koné, Inza and Boesch, Christophe},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {293--299},
	file = {Kouassi et al. - 2019 - Bushmeat consumption and environmental awareness i.pdf:files/1403/Kouassi et al. - 2019 - Bushmeat consumption and environmental awareness i.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{kumpel_trapper_2009,
	title = {Trapper profiles and strategies: insights into sustainability from hunter behaviour - {Kümpel} - 2009 - {Animal} {Conservation} - {Wiley} {Online} {Library}},
	url = {https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00279.x},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00279.x},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Animal Conservation},
	author = {Kumpel, N.F. and Rowcliffe, J. M. and Cowlishaw, G. and Milner-Gulland, E. J.},
	year = {2009},
	file = {Trapper profiles and strategies\: insights into sustainability from hunter behaviour - Kümpel - 2009 - Animal Conservation - Wiley Online Library:files/1406/j.1469-1795.2009.00279.html:text/html},
}

@article{kuzmin_threatened_1996,
	title = {Threatened amphibians in the former {Soviet} {Union}: the current situation and the main threats},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {1365-3008, 0030-6053},
	shorttitle = {Threatened amphibians in the former {Soviet} {Union}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/threatened-amphibians-in-the-former-soviet-union-the-current-situation-and-the-main-threats/CBAF664FFBE7905C6430FCE7332C6612},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605300021359},
	abstract = {Before the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, research and conservation of the region's amphibian fauna was co-ordsinated by a network of scientists. The use of similar survey methods made it possible to obtain comparable estimates of amphibian populations in different parts of the territory. Since 1991 the system of research and conservation has broken down as a result of political changes and economic crisis. The scientific community has become fragmented and there is a scarcity of funds available for essential research and conservation. There is an urgent need for the adoption and implementation of conservation measures, both within the territory of the former USSR and elsewhere, in order to prevent further declines in threatened amphibian populations. This paper presents a summary of the status of amphibians in the former USSR, the threats they face and recommended measures to protect them.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Kuzmin, Sergius L.},
	month = jan,
	year = {1996},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	pages = {24--30},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1408/Kuzmin - 1996 - Threatened amphibians in the former Soviet Union .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1409/CBAF664FFBE7905C6430FCE7332C6612.html:text/html},
}

@article{lebreton_patterns_2006,
	title = {Patterns of bushmeat hunting and perceptions of disease risk among central {African} communities - {LeBreton} - 2006 - {Animal} {Conservation} - {Wiley} {Online} {Library}},
	volume = {9},
	url = {https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00030.x},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00030.x},
	abstract = {There is a great need to determine the factors that influence the hunting, butchering and eating of bushmeat to better manage the important social, public health and conservation consequences of these activities. In particular, the hunting and butchering of wild animals can lead to the transmission of diseases that have potentially serious consequences for exposed people and their communities. Comprehension of these risks may lead to decreased levels of these activities. To investigate these issues, 3971 questionnaires were completed to examine the determinants of the hunting, butchering and eating of wild animals and perceptions of disease risk in 17 rural central African villages. A high proportion of individuals reported perceiving a risk of disease infection with bushmeat contact. Individuals who perceived risk were significantly less likely to butcher wild animals than those who perceived no risk. However, perception of risk was not associated with hunting and eating bushmeat (activities that, compared with butchering, involve less contact with raw blood and body fluids). This suggests that some individuals may act on perceived risk to avoid higher risk activity. These findings reinforce the notion that conservation programs in rural villages in central Africa should include health‐risk education. This has the potential to reduce the levels of use of wild animals, particularly of certain endangered species (e.g. many non‐human primates) that pose a particular risk to human health. However, as the use of wild game is likely to continue, people should be encouraged to undertake hunting and butchering more safely for their own and their community's health.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	author = {LeBreton, M. and Prosser, A.T. and Tamoufe, U. and Sateren, W. and Mpoudi-Ngole, E. and Diffo, J.L.D. and Burke, D.S and Wolfe, N.D.},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {357--363},
	file = {Patterns of bushmeat hunting and perceptions of disease risk among central African communities - LeBreton - 2006 - Animal Conservation - Wiley Online Library:files/1411/j.1469-1795.2006.00030.html:text/html},
}

@article{lindsey_potential_2006,
	title = {Potential of trophy hunting to create incentives for wildlife conservation in {Africa} where alternative wildlife-based land uses may not be viable},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1469-1795},
	url = {https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00034.x},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00034.x},
	abstract = {There is a lack of consensus among conservationists as to whether trophy hunting represents a legitimate conservation tool in Africa. Hunting advocates stress that trophy hunting can create incentives for conservation where ecotourism is not possible. We assessed the hunting preferences of hunting clients who have hunted or plan to hunt in Africa (n=150), and the perception among African hunting operators (n=127) of client preferences at two US hunting conventions to determine whether this assertion is justified. Clients are most interested in hunting in well-known East and southern African hunting destinations, but some trophy species attract hunters to remote and unstable countries that might not otherwise derive revenues from hunting. Clients are willing to hunt in areas lacking high densities of wildlife or attractive scenery, and where people and livestock occur, stressing the potential for trophy hunting to generate revenues where ecotourism may not be viable. Hunting clients are more averse to hunting under conditions whereby conservation objectives are compromised than operators realize, suggesting that client preferences could potentially drive positive change in the hunting industry, to the benefit of conservation. However, the preferences and attitudes of some clients likely form the basis of some of the problems currently associated with the hunting industry in Africa, stressing the need for an effective regulatory framework.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Animal Conservation},
	author = {Lindsey, P. A. and Alexander, R. and Frank, L. G. and Mathieson, A. and Romañach, S. S.},
	year = {2006},
	note = {\_eprint: https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00034.x},
	keywords = {African wild dogs, cheetah, community conservation, game ranching, sport hunting},
	pages = {283--291},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1413/j.1469-1795.2006.00034.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:files/1414/Lindsey et al. - 2006 - Potential of trophy hunting to create incentives f.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{magige_does_2009,
	title = {Does illegal hunting affect density and behaviour of {African} grassland birds? {A} case study on ostrich ( {Struthio} camelus ) {\textbar} {SpringerLink}},
	volume = {18},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-008-9481-6},
	abstract = {Widespread bushmeat hunting represents one of the major threats to many mammals and birds in Africa. We studied the influence of illegal bushmeat hunting on large grassland birds in the Serengeti National Park (SNP) and adjoining protected areas, by using the ostrich (Struthio camelus) as a case study. First, we documented illegal hunting of both small and large birds by using a questionnaire in the villages on the western and eastern side of the SNP. Second, we studied the effect of illegal hunting on density by driving 4,659 km of transects inside SNP and on the adjacent protected areas, where the data were analysed by DISTANCE sampling. Last, we used flight initiation distance (FID, i.e. the distance between an approaching predator (human) and prey when flight is started), to assess possible impacts on behaviour from illegal hunting. We found that people from the western side of the SNP admitted to hunting both small and large grassland birds, and collect ostrich feathers and eggs. Although the Maasai also hunted small birds, only ostrich feathers and eggs of the large grassland birds were used. Surprisingly, we found no significant differences in densities between the SNP and adjoining partially protected areas, but ostriches had longer FID to an approaching human outside the SNP. Currently illegal hunting does not appear to affect the ostrich population, but given the extensive use of birds for consumption more awareness educational programs accompanied by provision of agricultural incentives within the protected areas are needed.},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
	author = {Magige, Flora John and Holmern, Tomas and Stokke, Sigbjørn and Mlingwa, Charles and Røskaft, Eivin},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {1361--1373},
	file = {Does illegal hunting affect density and behaviour of African grassland birds? A case study on ostrich ( Struthio camelus ) | SpringerLink:files/1416/s10531-008-9481-6.html:text/html},
}

@article{mateo-tomas_when_2010,
	title = {When hunting benefits raptors: a case study of game species and vultures {\textbar} {SpringerLink}},
	volume = {56},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10344-009-0341-9},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {European Journal of Wildlife Research},
	author = {Mateo-Tomas, Patricia and Olea, Pedro P.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {519--528},
	file = {When hunting benefits raptors\: a case study of game species and vultures | SpringerLink:files/1418/s10344-009-0341-9.html:text/html},
}

@article{miller_aging_2016,
	title = {Aging traits and sustainable trophy hunting of {African} lions},
	volume = {201},
	issn = {0006-3207},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320716302671},
	doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2016.07.003},
	abstract = {Trophy hunting plays a significant role in wildlife conservation in some contexts in various parts of the world. Yet excessive hunting is contributing to species declines, especially for large carnivores. Simulation models suggest that sustainable hunting of African lions may be achieved by restricting offtakes to males old enough to have reared a cohort of offspring. We tested and expanded criteria for an age-based approach for sustainably regulating lion hunting. Using photos of 228 known-age males from ten sites across Africa, we measured change in ten phenotypic traits with age and found four age classes with distinct characteristics: 1–2.9years, 3–4.9years, 5–6.9years, and ≥7years. We tested the aging accuracy of professional hunters and inexperienced observers before and after training on aging. Before training, hunters accurately aged more lion photos (63\%) than inexperienced observers (48\%); after training, both groups improved (67–69\%). Hunters overestimated 22\% of lions {\textless}5years as 5–6.9years (unsustainable) but only 4\% of lions {\textless}5years as ≥7years (sustainable). Due to the lower aging error for males ≥7years, we recommend 7years as a practical minimum age for hunting male lions. Results indicate that age-based hunting is feasible for sustainably managing threatened and economically significant species such as the lion, but must be guided by rigorous training, strict monitoring of compliance and error, and conservative quotas. Our study furthermore demonstrates methods for identifying traits to age individuals, information that is critical for estimating demographic parameters underlying management and conservation of age-structured species.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Miller, Jennifer R. B. and Balme, Guy and Lindsey, Peter A. and Loveridge, Andrew J. and Becker, Matthew S. and Begg, Colleen and Brink, Henry and Dolrenry, Stephanie and Hunt, Jane E. and Jansson, Ingela and Macdonald, David W. and Mandisodza-Chikerema, Roseline L. and Cotterill, Alayne Oriol and Packer, Craig and Rosengren, Daniel and Stratford, Ken and Trinkel, Martina and White, Paula A. and Winterbach, Christiaan and Winterbach, Hanlie E. K. and Funston, Paul J.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Age determination, Age-based hunting quota, aging, Minimum age threshold, Sustainable harvest},
	pages = {160--168},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1420/S0006320716302671.html:text/html;Submitted Version:files/1421/Miller et al. - 2016 - Aging traits and sustainable trophy hunting of Afr.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{moe_sex_2008,
	title = {Sex ratio variation in harvested moose ({Alces} alces) calves: does it reflect population calf sex ratio or selective hunting?},
	volume = {55},
	issn = {1439-0574},
	shorttitle = {Sex ratio variation in harvested moose ({Alces} alces) calves},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-008-0223-6},
	doi = {10.1007/s10344-008-0223-6},
	abstract = {During the last 30 years, the proportion of males in the calf harvest of moose (Alces alces) in Norway has decreased, indicating a decline in proportions of males recruited to the autumn populations. At the same time, the percentages of exclusive calf hunting permits and of calves shot have increased. The change in calf sex ratio may thus simply be the result of hunter preferences for slightly larger (6.2\% higher body mass) male calves combined with fewer opportunities for selective hunting due to increasing hunting quotas of calves. We examined this hypothesis by analyzing the variation in sex, number of siblings, carcass mass, date, and location of kill of 16,330 moose calves harvested during 1970–2004. In the presence of hunting selection for larger calves, we predicted larger proportions of male calves to be harvested in populations with large sexual size dimorphism among calves. Similarly, we expected more males to be harvested from twin than single litters because hunters then can more easily compare twins and select the larger calf, which is more often a male. Increasing proportions of single female calves were also expected to occur in the daily harvest as the accumulated number of harvested calves increased and the proportion of calves left in the population decreased. We found no positive relationship between the proportion of male calves and the level of sexual size dimorphism, no clear difference in sex ratio between harvested single and twin calves, and no increase in the proportion of single female calves as the accumulated number of calves in the harvest increased. This suggests that the spatiotemporal variation in the harvest calf sex ratio in Norway most likely reflects differences in population calf sex ratios prior to the hunting season and not varying degrees of hunting selectivity.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Eur J Wildl Res},
	author = {Moe, Torunn and Solberg, Erling J. and Herfindal, Ivar and Sæther, Bernt-Erik and Bjørneraas, Kari and Heim, Morten},
	month = nov,
	year = {2008},
	pages = {217},
}

@article{monroe_could_2006,
	title = {Could risk of disease change bushmeat-butchering behavior?},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1367-9430, 1469-1795},
	url = {http://doi.wiley.com/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00071.x},
	doi = {10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00071.x},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Animal Conservation},
	author = {Monroe, M. C. and Willcox, A. S.},
	month = nov,
	year = {2006},
	pages = {368--369},
	file = {Monroe and Willcox - 2006 - Could risk of disease change bushmeat-butchering b.pdf:files/1423/Monroe and Willcox - 2006 - Could risk of disease change bushmeat-butchering b.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{msoffe_comparing_2007,
	title = {Comparing data of different survey methods for sustainable wildlife management in hunting areas: the case of {Tarangire}–{Manyara} ecosystem, northern {Tanzania}},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {1439-0574},
	shorttitle = {Comparing data of different survey methods for sustainable wildlife management in hunting areas},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-006-0078-7},
	doi = {10.1007/s10344-006-0078-7},
	abstract = {Cost–benefit considerations of wildlife monitoring are essential, particularly, in areas outside national park boundaries, where resources for conducting wildlife censuses are scarce, but that, at the same time, are subject to high pressure for wildlife utilization, such as hunting. Large mammal survey data from various sources were collated and analyzed to investigate which methods are best suited for monitoring purposes at low cost in the Tarangire–Manyara ecosystem, northern Tanzania. Our results indicate that primary data (from aerial and road transects counts) that involve direct species observations, although sometimes very expensive, are required for establishing the status of the target species in terms of density or population size. Concomitantly, secondary data from various sources, such as interviews, hunting quota, and damage reports, obtained over wide areas and over longer periods of time, can provide important information on presence/absence and distribution of species within an area. In addition, the study revealed that hunting quotas set did not correlate with species abundance/numbers from the primary data surveys for most of the large mammals hunted within the ecosystem. For a better conservation and management of wildlife, in particular with respect to the forthcoming formation of Wildlife Management Areas, we propose an integrated approach to wildlife monitoring using primary and secondary data sources through the involvement of local people’s knowledge.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Eur J Wildl Res},
	author = {Msoffe, Fortunata and Mturi, Fatina A. and Galanti, Valeria and Tosi, Wilma and Wauters, Lucas A. and Tosi, Guido},
	month = may,
	year = {2007},
	pages = {112--124},
}

@article{nijman_overview_2010,
	title = {An overview of international wildlife trade from {Southeast} {Asia} {\textbar} {SpringerLink}},
	volume = {19},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-009-9758-4},
	abstract = {Wildlife trade is the very heart of biodiversity conservation and sustainable development providing an income for some of the least economically affluent people and it generates considerable revenue nationally. In Asia the unsustainable trade in wildlife has been identified as one of the main conservation challenges. Internationally, wildlife trade is regulated through the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora (CITES) to which all Southeast Asian nations are signatory. I obtained data on international trade in CITES-listed animals in the period 1998–2007. In all {\textgreater}35 million animals (0.3 million butterflies; 16.0 million seahorses; 0.1 million other fish; 17.4 million reptiles; 0.4 million mammals; 1.0 million birds) were exported in this period, 30 million ({\textasciitilde}300 species) of them being wild-caught. In addition 18 million pieces and 2 million kg of live corals were exported. Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia and China are the major exporters of wild-caught animals and the European Union and Japan are the most significant importers. Over this period exports in birds significantly decreased, trade in the other taxa either increased or remained stable. For all taxa but butterflies the vast majority of individuals represent wild-caught individuals. Records of illegal or undeclared international trade are scant but can be significantly larger than levels of official exports. It is concluded that there is an urgent need for better assessments of what levels of exploitation are sustainable (including exploring appropriate proxies for Non Detriment Findings), for initiatives to make regulatory mechanisms more effective (including the introduction of minimum mandatory standards and monitoring selected wildlife trade hubs), and for better licensing and registration. Funding for at least some of these initiatives can be obtained by imposing small levies on exports of CITES-listed wildlife.},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
	author = {Nijman, Vincent},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {1101--1114},
	file = {An overview of international wildlife trade from Southeast Asia | SpringerLink:files/1427/s10531-009-9758-4.html:text/html},
}

@article{nilsen_patterns_2006,
	title = {Patterns of hunting mortality in {Norwegian} moose ( {Alces} alces ) populations {\textbar} {SpringerLink}},
	volume = {52},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10344-005-0023-1},
	abstract = {We used a simple life table approach to examine the age-specific patterns of harvest mortality in eight Norwegian moose populations during the last 15 years and tried to determine if the observed patterns were caused by hunter selectivity. The general opinion among local managers is that hunters prefer to shoot female moose not in company with calves to keep a high number of reproductive females in the population (and because of the emotional stress involved in leaving the calf/calves without a mother), and relatively large males because of the higher return with respect to meat and trophy. In support of the former view, we found the harvest mortality of adult females to be higher among pre-prime (1–3 years old) than prime-aged age classes (4–7 years old). This is probably because prime-aged females are more fecund and, therefore, more likely to be in company with one or two calves during the hunting season. As the season progressed, however, the selection pressure on barren females decreased, probably due to more productive females becoming ‘legal’ prey as their calf/calves were harvested. In males, we did not find any evidence of strong age-specific hunter selectivity, despite strong age-dependent variation in body mass and antler size. We suggest that this was due to the current strongly female-biased sex ratio in most Norwegian moose populations, which leaves the hunters with few opportunities to be selective within a relatively short and intensive hunting season. The management implications of these findings and to what extent the results are likely to affect the future evolution of life histories in Norwegian moose populations are discussed.},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {European Journal of Wildlife Research},
	author = {Nilsen, Erlend B. and Solberg, Erling J.},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {153--163},
	file = {Patterns of hunting mortality in Norwegian moose ( Alces alces ) populations | SpringerLink:files/1429/s10344-005-0023-1.html:text/html},
}

@article{nixon_effects_1975,
	title = {Effects of {Hunting} and {Mast} {Crops} on a {Squirrel} {Population} on {JSTOR}},
	volume = {39},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3800460?seq=1},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3800460},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Nixon, Charles M. and McClain, Milford W. and Donohoe, Robert W.},
	year = {1975},
	pages = {1--25},
	file = {Effects of Hunting and Mast Crops on a Squirrel Population on JSTOR:files/1431/3800460.html:text/html},
}

@article{nogueira_wildlife_2011-1,
	title = {Wildlife farming: an alternative to unsustainable hunting and deforestation in {Neotropical} forests?},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1572-9710},
	shorttitle = {Wildlife farming},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-0047-7},
	doi = {10.1007/s10531-011-0047-7},
	abstract = {Wild animals have been a source of food and income through subsistence hunting by forest-dwelling people in Neotropical countries in spite of the fact that hunting appears to be unsustainable as it leads to the depletion of wild fauna. Laws in Brazil and other Latin American countries forbid hunting but allow the commercial use of captive-bred animals. Notwithstanding the fact that this is a controversial topic among conservationists, in this paper we propose that wildlife farming in the Neotropics can be an alternative to the over-hunting and deforestation that are carried out for the production of traditional food and pastures for livestock. This review sets out this proposal, and discusses the implications for tropical forest integrity and rural population dependency on forest resources. We discuss the ecological and economical advantages of wildlife farming and its constraints as a conservation tool, using collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) farming in the Amazon region as a model. Productivity levels may reach 19,000 times higher than those obtained from the management of peccaries from forests in the Amazon region. This can be achieved with an easily obtainable diet composed of forest fruits and locally available agricultural by-products. Therefore, establishing captive management programs for peccaries is an effective way of avoiding wild stock depletion, deforestation, and guaranteeing the livelihood of forest dwellers in the Neotropics. However, it is essential that governmental and/or non-governmental agencies be involved in providing subsides to establish peccary farms, provide technical assistance, and introducing peccary captive breeding centers to supply founder stock.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Biodivers Conserv},
	author = {Nogueira, Selene S. C. and Nogueira-Filho, Sérgio L. G.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1385--1397},
}

@article{nogueira_wildlife_2011-2,
	title = {Wildlife farming: an alternative to unsustainable hunting and deforestation in {Neotropical} forests? {\textbar} {SpringerLink}},
	volume = {20},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-011-0047-7},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
	author = {Nogueira, Selene S. C. and Nogueira-Filho, Sergio L.G.},
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1385--1397},
	file = {Wildlife farming\: an alternative to unsustainable hunting and deforestation in Neotropical forests? | SpringerLink:files/1434/s10531-011-0047-7.html:text/html},
}

@article{novaro_sustainability_1995,
	title = {Sustainability of harvest of culpeo foxes in {Patagonia} {\textbar} {Oryx} {\textbar} {Cambridge} {Core}},
	volume = {29},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/sustainability-of-harvest-of-culpeo-foxes-in-patagonia/66435B1E61BC749F5ED948DBEF117D4A},
	doi = {DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605300020822},
	abstract = {Wildlife hunting, for meat and skins, is an important component of the rural economy in Argentinian Patagonia. Every year thousands of fur-bearing mammals are killed and the impact of this on their populations is unknown. This paper reports on the results of a preliminary investigation into the sustainability of the harvest of culpeo foxes Dusicyon culpaeus in a 1000-sq-km area of Neuquen Province. Monitoring of fox densities and harvest rates over 5 years on six ranches revealed that, despite intense hunting, the numbers of foxes remained little changed. On the other hand, life-table analysis suggested that the levels of hunting pressure on four ranches were too high to allow fox populations to persist unless they were boosted by immigration. The findings have applications for wildlife managers in establishing sustainable harvest rates and optimal spatial distribution of those rates.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Novaro, Andres J.},
	year = {1995},
	pages = {18--22},
	file = {Sustainability of harvest of culpeo foxes in Patagonia | Oryx | Cambridge Core:files/1436/66435B1E61BC749F5ED948DBEF117D4A.html:text/html},
}

@article{pack_effects_1999-1,
	title = {Effects of {Fall} {Hunting} on {Wild} {Turkey} {Populations} in {Virginia} and {West} {Virginia}},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {0022-541X},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3802811},
	doi = {10.2307/3802811},
	abstract = {The effect of fall either-sex hunting on eastern wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris) populations is a common concern of wildlife agencies. We examined the effect of fall either-sex hunting on survival of radiotagged female wild turkeys from 1989 to 1994 in Virginia and West Virginia. We tested the hypothesis that survival of female wild turkeys did not differ among areas closed to fall hunting, open to a 4-week fall season, or open to an 8- or 9-week fall hunting season. Mean annual survival rates were higher in the area closed to fall hunting than in regions where fall hunting occurred (P = 0.05). Mean annual survival rates varied within years (P ≤ 0.05). Differences in annual survival rate among areas were attributed to legal hunting (P ≤ 0.01). Poaching was a major mortality factor. Juvenile, yearling, and adult hens had similar survival rates in the areas closed to fall hunting and with 4 weeks of fall hunting (P = 0.39), but survival rates of juveniles were lower (P = 0.03) than those of yearling and adult females in the area with an 8-9-week fall hunting season. Harvest rates of female turkeys averaged 4.3\% in the 4-week fall hunted area and 12.3\% on the 8-9-week fall hunted area. Higher harvests were achieved on the study area opened only to spring hunting than the combined fall-spring harvests on the other study areas. Total harvest was negatively associated with survival (rs = - 0.90, P = 0.04) on the 8-9-week fall hunted area and positively associated with survival (rs = 0.90, P = 0.04) in the area closed to fall hunting. Spring gobbler-only hunting is suggested for maximum growth in a wild turkey population. Guidelines are presented for fall harvest programs.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Pack, James C. and Norman, Gary W. and Taylor, Curtis I. and Steffen, David E. and Swanson, David A. and Pollock, Kenneth H. and Alpizar-Jara, Russell},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Publisher: [Wiley, Wildlife Society]},
	pages = {964--975},
}

@article{pangau-adam_wildmeat_2012-1,
	title = {Wildmeat or {Bushmeat}? {Subsistence} {Hunting} and {Commercial} {Harvesting} in {Papua} ({West} {New} {Guinea}), {Indonesia}},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0300-7839, 1572-9915},
	shorttitle = {Wildmeat or {Bushmeat}?},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10745-012-9492-5},
	doi = {10.1007/s10745-012-9492-5},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Hum Ecol},
	author = {Pangau-Adam, Margaretha and Noske, Richard and Muehlenberg, Michael},
	month = aug,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {611--621},
	file = {Pangau-Adam et al. - 2012 - Wildmeat or Bushmeat Subsistence Hunting and Comm.pdf:files/1438/Pangau-Adam et al. - 2012 - Wildmeat or Bushmeat Subsistence Hunting and Comm.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{paulson_place_2012,
	title = {The {Place} of {Hunters} in {Global} {Conservation} {Advocacy}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {0972-4923},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/26393063},
	abstract = {Hunters consider themselves conservationists, but they also think of themselves as hunters first. Some environmentalists perceive this as a paradox. This hunting-conservation paradox is typically reconciled in very similar ways across the hunting world, and for many they do so through associational life. Specifi cally, the sustainable hunting model of governance is promoted by hunters; proponents argue that revenue from hunting increases the funding, and therefore efficacy, of conservation efforts at various scales. While conservation worldwide has benefitted tremendously by this governance, there have been variations in the levels of success of different expected social and economic outcomes. Such variation could be explored through greater incorporation of sustainable hunting in global conservation dialogue, while simultaneously broadening conservation advocacy worldwide. However, this does not typically occur due to low levels of trust, stemming from divides in values and styles of reasoning among various environmentalists and hunting advocates. This paper provides insight into such limitations and, hopefully, informs and encourages further dialogue to improve sustainable hunting governance worldwide and expand the breadth of global conservation advocacy},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Conservation and Society},
	author = {Paulson, Nels},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: [Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Wolters Kluwer India Pvt. Ltd.]},
	pages = {53--62},
}

@article{powell_amphibians_2000,
	title = {Amphibians and reptiles of the {Dominican} {Republic}: species of special concern},
	volume = {34},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2000.00103.x},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3008.2000.00103.x},
	abstract = {The Dominican Republic faces multiple threats to biodiversity. A list of native species of amphibians and reptiles (excluding sea turtles) is presented. Some may have become extinct recently, substantial populations of others have been extirpated, some have greatly reduced numbers, and others appear to be rare or have restricted ranges. Most of the 13 taxa listed are relatively large, vulnerable to human exploitation or introduced predators, and/or have limited distributions and specific habitat requirements. To be listed, evidence must exist that: (1) populations are dwindling, (2) the range is shrinking, or (3) a species must be vulnerable to exploitation and historically rare. Two iguanas (Cyclura cornuta, C. ricordii), two turtles (Trachemys decorata, T. stejnegeri vicina), and one crocodilian (Crocodylus acutus) have been exploited extensively and have long been recognized as threatened or endangered. The ranges of Cyclura ricordii and T. decorata are very localized and the previously widespread ranges of the others have shrunk or become fragmented. A toad (Bufo fluviaticus), a large galliwasp (Celestus anelpistus), and a snake (Alsophis melanichnus) have not been collected recently. Only a few specimens of another galliwasp (C. carraui) and a dwarf gecko (Sphaerodactylus cochranae) have been taken recently. In addition, extensive portions of the habitats of these species have been severely altered. Three other snakes (Alsophis anomalus, Ialtris agyrtes, I. dorsalis) are rare and may never have been common. Their size and habits render them vulnerable to predation by the introduced mongoose and to decimation by humans who fear and dislike them.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Powell, Robert and Ottenwalder, José A. and Incháustegui, Sixto J. and Henderson, Robert W. and Glor, Richard E.},
	year = {2000},
	pages = {118--128},
	file = {Amphibians and reptiles of the Dominican Republic\: species of special concern - Powell - 2000 - Oryx - Wiley Online Library:files/1442/j.1365-3008.2000.00103.html:text/html},
}

@article{proffitt_changes_2010,
	title = {Changes in {Elk} {Resource} {Selection} and {Distributions} {Associated} {With} a {Late}-{Season} {Elk} {Hunt}},
	volume = {74},
	copyright = {2010 The Wildlife Society},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2193/2008-593},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/2008-593},
	abstract = {Changes in resource selection associated with human predation risk may alter elk distributions and availability for harvest. We used Global Positioning System data collected from telemetered female elk (Cervus elaphus) to evaluate effects of refuges (areas where hunting was prohibited), spatial variation in hunting risk, and landscape attributes on resource selection within an established Greater Yellowstone Area, USA, winter range. We also evaluated elk distributions during and outside of a late-season hunting period. Refuge areas and landscape attributes such as habitat type and snow water equivalents (SWE) affected resource selection. Elk selection for flat grasslands increased as SWE increased, likely because these areas were windswept, leaving grasses exposed for foraging. Elk distributions differed during hunting and no-hunting periods. During the hunting period, elk shifted to privately owned refuge areas and the estimated odds of elk occupying refuge areas more than doubled. Risk-driven changes in resource selection resulted in reduced availability of elk for harvest. Elk selection for areas where hunting is prohibited presents a challenge for resource managers that use hunting as a tool for managing populations and influences grazing patterns on private ranchlands.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Proffitt, Kelly M. and Grigg, Jamin L. and Garrott, Robert A. and Hamlin, Kenneth L. and Cunningham, Julie and Gude, Justin A. and Jourdonnais, Craig},
	year = {2010},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2193/2008-593},
	keywords = {Cervus elaphus, elk, Greater Yellowstone Area, human impacts, hunting effects, predator-prey, resource selection, winter range},
	pages = {210--218},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1444/2008-593.html:text/html},
}

@article{ramos_age_2016,
	title = {Age structure of the {Vulnerable} white-lipped peccary {Tayassu} pecari in areas under different levels of hunting pressure in the {Amazon} {Forest}},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/age-structure-of-the-vulnerable-whitelipped-peccary-tayassu-pecari-in-areas-under-different-levels-of-hunting-pressure-in-the-amazon-forest/AC0811B91FEB4E96B2E1983953447CD7},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605314000350},
	abstract = {Subsistence hunting can change the demographic structure of wild mammal populations, increasing the proportion of young animals, inducing females to reproduce early and increasing litter sizes. We examined the relationship between hunting pressure and age structure in the Vulnerable white-lipped peccary Tayassu pecari, analysing the distribution of age classes at seven sites in the region Terra do Meio in the Brazilian Amazon. These sites differ in the number of human inhabitants and hence were subject to differing hunting pressures. We completed semi-structured interviews with local people to assess the importance of hunting and of the white-lipped peccary as food. We also estimated the age of hunted white-lipped peccaries by assessing tooth eruption and tooth wear in skulls of hunted individuals. Our results indicated that the white-lipped peccary was the most frequently hunted terrestrial animal in the region. Fishing, followed by hunting, provided the main sources of animal protein. Our data suggest there is no relationship between age structure and hunting at the study sites. The social structure and mobility of white-lipped peccaries seem to minimize the effects of hunting on age structure. Our results, similar to previous studies, show that the age structure of the white-lipped peccary is robust to hunting impacts. Other factors may have stronger effects on age structure than subsistence hunting. We suggest that deforestation may explain the prevalence of older individuals in peccary populations to the north of our study sites.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Ramos, Rossano Marchetti and Pezzuti, Juarez C. B. and Vieira, Emerson M.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {hunting, Age structure, Amazon Forest, Brazil, Tayassu pecari, Terra do Meio, white-lipped peccary},
	pages = {56--62},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1446/Ramos et al. - 2016 - Age structure of the Vulnerable white-lipped pecca.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1447/AC0811B91FEB4E96B2E1983953447CD7.html:text/html},
}

@article{rao_hunting_2005,
	title = {Hunting patterns in tropical forests adjoining the {Hkakaborazi} {National} {Park}, north {Myanmar}},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {1365-3008, 0030-6053},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/hunting-patterns-in-tropical-forests-adjoining-the-hkakaborazi-national-park-north-myanmar/75273DD11078A830F525F4BB09C8B8CC#},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605305000724},
	abstract = {Hunting for subsistence and trade constitute a major threat to wildlife populations within and outside protected areas in Myanmar. We examined hunting patterns in a forested landscape adjoining the Hkakaborazi National Park in north Myanmar with the aim of generating recommendations to manage hunting. The results described here focus on two issues: the significance of proximity to settlements and markets for prey abundance, and the influence of relative abundance and intrinsic preference on prey offtake. We used strip transect and camera trap surveys to generate relative abundance indices and overall encounter/capture rates for commonly hunted species at four sites that differed in their proximity to settlements and large trading towns. Questionnaires were used to obtain meal records and information on hunting. Encounter and capture rates for hunted species appear to be inversely related to proximity to villages as well as to large, commercial towns. Hunting is indiscriminate, with offtake determined largely by relative abundance rather than intrinsic preference or legislation. Specific management and policy recommendations include the need to monitor the impacts of hunting on vulnerable species, the demarcation of no-take areas, and modification of the legal framework for wildlife conservation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Rao, Madhu and Myint, Than and Zaw, Than and Htun, Saw},
	month = jul,
	year = {2005},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {hunting, Bushmeat, Myanmar, wild meat, wildlife trade},
	pages = {292--300},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1449/Rao et al. - 2005 - Hunting patterns in tropical forests adjoining the.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1450/75273DD11078A830F525F4BB09C8B8CC.html:text/html},
}

@book{reimoser_integrative_2013,
	title = {Integrative {Sustainable} {Wildlife} {Management}: {Principles}, {Criteria} and {Indicators} for {Hunting}, {Forestry}, {Agriculture}, {Recreation}},
	isbn = {ISBN\_Online: 978-3-7001-7216-1},
	abstract = {Wild animals and their habitats are exposed to multiple impacts caused by hunting and many other often overlapping and competing land-use activities within the wildlife habitat. In particular in multiple-use cultural landscapes the interaction between the habitat requirements of wild animals, hunting interests and other land-uses often leads to conflicts that can negatively affect the sustainable conservation of native wild animal species and their habitats, the sustainability of some types of land use and of wider regional development. Stand-alone sectoral approaches to sustainable use are insufficient and often result in unintended adverse effects on other land use sectors and the relevant ecosystems. In contrast, sustainable wildlife management requires that all land-user groups in the wildlife habitat are aware of and consider the effects of their activities on both wildlife resources and other user groups.},
	language = {en},
	publisher = {Austrian Academy of Sciences Press},
	author = {REIMOSER, Friedrich and Lexer, Wolfgang and Brandenburg, Christiane and Zink, Richard and Heckl, Felix and Bartel, Andreas},
	year = {2013},
	file = {Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna et al. - 2013 - [No title found].pdf:files/1451/Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna et al. - 2013 - [No title found].pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{robinson_wildlife_1971,
	title = {Wildlife {Trends} in {Liberia} and {Sierra} {Leone}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0030605300009704/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605300009704},
	abstract = {In an eight-month field study of the pygmy hippopotamus, an endangered
              Red Book
              species, the author was able to make some assessment of the status of other animals in Liberia and Sierra Leone and shows how the danger is increasing for most of them. Chimpanzees in particular are exported in large numbers, and in order to catch the young animals whole family groups may be eliminated.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2-3},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Robinson, P. T.},
	month = sep,
	year = {1971},
	pages = {117--122},
	file = {Robinson - 1971 - Wildlife Trends in Liberia and Sierra Leone.pdf:files/1453/Robinson - 1971 - Wildlife Trends in Liberia and Sierra Leone.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{robinson_having_2004-1,
	title = {Having your wildlife and eating it too: an analysis of hunting sustainability across tropical ecosystems},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {1469-1795},
	shorttitle = {Having your wildlife and eating it too},
	url = {https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1017/S1367943004001532},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1017/S1367943004001532},
	abstract = {Unsustainable hunting of wildlife or bushmeat for human consumption across the tropics threatens both wildlife populations and the livelihoods of people who depend on these resources. The probability that hunting can be sustainable depends in part on ecological conditions that affect the ‘supply’ of and ‘demand’ for wildlife resources. In this study, supply is estimated across a number of tropical ecosystem types by calculating the theoretical ‘maximum sustainable offtake’ in kg/km2 for harvestable wildlife. Demand is estimated from observed harvests in kg/km2. We examine how supply and demand vary across relatively undisturbed ecosystems, indexed by annual rainfall. Supply is potentially highest in dry forests and wetter savannah grasslands and decreases in moist forests and more xeric grasslands. Demand tends to exceed supply in moist forests and xeric grasslands. Analogous to this ecological variation along the rainfall gradient is the gradient created by the conversion of tropical forests by humans. We hypothesise that the wild meat supply is greater in secondary forests and forest–farm–fallow mosaics than in undisturbed forests and test this with available data. We conclude that the probability that hunting will be sustainable varies with ecosystem type and degree of human disturbance and should influence where land is zoned for protected areas and where for wildlife harvests.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Animal Conservation},
	author = {Robinson, John G. and Bennett, Elizabeth L.},
	year = {2004},
	note = {\_eprint: https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1017/S1367943004001532},
	pages = {397--408},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1456/S1367943004001532.html:text/html},
}

@article{robinson_towards_1999,
	title = {Towards {Wildlife} {Management} in {Tropical} {Forests}},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {0022-541X},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3802482},
	doi = {10.2307/3802482},
	abstract = {Hunting is ubiquitous in tropical forests around the world, and meat from wildlife species is an important source of animal protein for rural populations. Ungulates, primates, and rodents provide most of the biomass consumed, but a wide variety of wildlife species are hunted for both subsistence and commerce. Across the tropics, tens of millions of animals and millions of metric tons of meat are hunted and consumed each year. Is this harvest sustainable? Available information and the use of simple sustainability models suggest it is not. The supply of wildlife is limited, as annual production of large mammals in tropical forests is low when compared to other ecosystems. The demand is increasing as tropical forests become more accessible to hunters, effective human population densities increase, people become more sedentary, traditional hunting practices change, the meat trade becomes more commercial, and demand increases for wild meat from urban centers. If wildlife populations are to be sustained, then management institutions, be they government or community-based, need to be strengthened.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Robinson, John G. and Bodmer, Richard E.},
	year = {1999},
	note = {Publisher: [Wiley, Wildlife Society]},
	pages = {1--13},
}

@article{robinson_measuring_1994,
	title = {Measuring the sustainability of hunting in tropical forests},
	volume = {28},
	issn = {1365-3008, 0030-6053},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/measuring-the-sustainability-of-hunting-in-tropical-forests/8D92491128C6A10AF03993FE4E8EFF0C},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605300028647},
	abstract = {Wild animals are an important source of protein for the rural peoples living in or near tropical forests. However, the resource can easily be overexploited and game species can become locally depleted, or even extinct. This paper discusses attempts to measure the sustainability of hunting in tropical forests. It examines five indices of sustainability in current use and two models that attempt to model sustainability.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Robinson, John G. and Redford, Kent H.},
	month = oct,
	year = {1994},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	pages = {249--256},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1459/Robinson and Redford - 1994 - Measuring the sustainability of hunting in tropica.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1460/8D92491128C6A10AF03993FE4E8EFF0C.html:text/html},
}

@article{scillitani_intensive_2010,
	title = {Do intensive drive hunts affect wild boar ({Sus} scrofa) spatial behaviour in {Italy}? {Some} evidences and management implications},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {1439-0574},
	shorttitle = {Do intensive drive hunts affect wild boar ({Sus} scrofa) spatial behaviour in {Italy}?},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-009-0314-z},
	doi = {10.1007/s10344-009-0314-z},
	abstract = {Wild boar have been increasing in numbers all over Western Europe in the last 30 years. The species is a major pest for agriculture, but it has a high value as a game species, and in Italy, as in several other countries, it is traditionally hunted in drive hunts by hunting teams with several dogs. This hunting method can have disruptive effects on the demography and spatial behaviour of wild boar, especially family groups. We conducted a 2-year study (2003 and 2004) to determine the effects of drive hunt disturbance on the spatial behaviour of wild boar family groups in the Northern Apennines (central Italy). Twenty wild boar belonging to ten family groups were ear tagged with a radio device. We located resting sites daily and used intensive tracking sessions during drive hunts. Three seasons were determined: pre-hunting, hunting and post-hunting. A general pattern of increased spatial instability during the hunting season was shown. Resting ranges were larger, and resting sites were more interspersed. Distances between consecutive resting sites were greater during the hunting season and, especially, on hunting days. The displacement of family groups caused by drive hunts was generally short lived except for those groups that were repeatedly hunted and so abandoned their pre-hunt (native) range. During drive hunts, wild boar showed a moderate tolerance to hunting disturbance, and only family groups which were directly chased by dogs escaped or altered their behaviour. The response of wild boar to hunting disturbance seemed to be highly related to the degree of hunting pressure combined with individual variability. The impact on wild boar behaviour should be reduced, above all by avoiding repeated hunts in the same areas within a short period and by employing well-trained hounds.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Eur J Wildl Res},
	author = {Scillitani, Laura and Monaco, Andrea and Toso, Silvano},
	month = jun,
	year = {2010},
	pages = {307--318},
	file = {Submitted Version:files/1462/Scillitani et al. - 2010 - Do intensive drive hunts affect wild boar (Sus scr.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{schorr_montana_2014,
	title = {The {Montana} deer and {Elk} hunting population: {The} importance of cohort group, license price, and population demographics on hunter retention, recruitment, and population change - {Schorr} - 2014 - {The} {Journal} of {Wildlife} {Management} - {Wiley} {Online} {Library}},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.732},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.732},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Schorr, Robert A. and Lukacs, Paul M. and Gude, Justin A.},
	year = {2014},
	file = {The Montana deer and Elk hunting population\: The importance of cohort group, license price, and population demographics on hunter retention, recruitment, and population change - Schorr - 2014 - The Journal of Wildlife Management - Wiley Online Library:files/1464/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{shaffer_integrating_2018,
	title = {Integrating {Ethnography} and {Hunting} {Sustainability} {Modeling} for {Primate} {Conservation} in an {Indigenous} {Reserve} in {Guyana}},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {1573-8604},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-018-0066-2},
	doi = {10.1007/s10764-018-0066-2},
	abstract = {Indigenous reserves are increasingly common throughout the tropical world. This is particularly true in Amazonia, where they make up {\textgreater}50\% of protected land area. While these reserves offer tremendous opportunities for conservation, hunting represents a considerable threat to primate populations. As eliminating hunting may not be feasible, conservationists must work collaboratively with indigenous groups to promote sustainable management. This requires an understanding of the sociocultural drivers of hunting, quantitatively assessing sustainability, and developing co-management strategies that are commensurable with indigenous ontologies. In this article, we integrate ethnography with sustainability modeling to assess the importance of primate hunting to the livelihoods and culture of indigenous Waiwai in the Konashen Community-Owned Conservation Area, Guyana and to simultaneously promote sustainable co-management. We collected quantitative data on Waiwai harvesting through hunter self-monitoring and used semistructured interviews, unstructured interviews, and participant observation to understand the cultural importance of hunting to Waiwai society. We incorporated these data into spatially explicit biodemographic models to assess sustainability for four primate species. Primates, particularly spider monkeys (Ateles pansicus), were among the most important Waiwai prey and primate hunting played an important role in the construction of both individual and collective Waiwai identity. Our biodemographic models indicated that hunting will cause relatively little depletion for most primates in 20 years, although spider monkeys are predicted to disappear from a majority of the Waiwai catchment area. We argue that successful co-management of hunting in indigenous reserves requires truly integrative approaches that combine quantitative sustainability assessments with detailed concurrent ethnographic research.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Int J Primatol},
	author = {Shaffer, Christopher A. and Milstein, Marissa S. and Suse, Phillip and Marawanaru, Elisha and Yukuma, Charakura and Wolf, Tiffany M. and Travis, Dominic A.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {945--968},
}

@article{simard_is_2013,
	title = {Is hunting an effective tool to control overabundant deer? {A} test using an experimental approach},
	volume = {77},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.477},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.477},
	abstract = {Overabundant populations of cervids have induced drastic negative effects on plant communities in several regions worldwide. Antlerless deer harvest by sport hunters has been proposed as a potential solution to overabundance because the philopatric behavior of female deer is expected to limit recolonization of hunted zones. The efficiency of this method, however, has rarely been tested in the wild. Using a large‐scale experimental design, we reduced white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) density within 5 20‐km2 areas on Anticosti Island (Québec, Canada). Our objective was to harvest 50\% of antlerless deer in each site during the first year of the study in 2002, and 30\% from 2003 to 2006. We monitored deer density, vegetation abundance and growth as well as deer life‐history traits during 6 years in these experimental sites and in 5 control sites where harvest rate was 5–7\%. Overall, we achieved 93\% of harvest objectives. Contrary to our expectations, however, deer density, vegetation abundance and growth, and deer life‐history traits did not vary differently in experimental and control sites during the study period. They rather varied stochastically but synchronously. We discuss several alternative hypotheses that may explain these results, including 1) compensatory mechanisms, 2) biases in density estimates, 3) limited access to territory for hunters, 4) large target areas for localized management, 5) low hunter density, 6) recolonization by surrounding deer, 7) slow plant response under canopy cover, and 8) bottom‐up mechanisms. Given the large efforts invested in this study, we conclude that the local control of abundant cervid populations through sport hunting may be difficult to achieve in many natural environments.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Simard, Anouk M. and Dussault, Christian and Huot, Jean and Cote, Steeve D.},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {254--269},
	file = {Is hunting an effective tool to control overabundant deer? A test using an experimental approach - Simard - 2013 - The Journal of Wildlife Management - Wiley Online Library:files/1468/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{smith_reducing_2009,
	title = {Reducing the {Risks} of the {Wildlife} {Trade} {\textbar} {Science}},
	volume = {324},
	url = {https://science.sciencemag.org/content/324/5927/594},
	doi = {DOI: 10.1126/science.1174460},
	number = {5927},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Smith, Katherine F. and Behrens, Michael and Schloegel, Lisa M. and Marano, Nina and Burgiel, Stas and Daszak, Peter},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {594--595},
	file = {Reducing the Risks of the Wildlife Trade | Science:files/1470/594.html:text/html},
}

@article{small_predation_1991,
	title = {Predation and {Hunting} {Mortality} of {Ruffed} {Grouse} in {Central} {Wisconsin}},
	volume = {55},
	issn = {0022-541X},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3808983},
	doi = {10.2307/3808983},
	abstract = {We monitored 381 radio-marked ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus) on public and private wood-lands in central Wisconsin during 1982-88 to determine seasonal mortality rates due to predation and hunting. A total of 222 known mortalities were recorded: 159 from predation and 63 from hunting. Adult survival rates gradually decreased from 0.85 in summer to 0.57 in winter, then increased in spring to 0.73. Juvenile survival was also highest in summer (0.61), but remained relatively low through all seasons. Hunting mortality rates on public hunting areas were significantly (P {\textless} 0.005) higher than on private lands for both adults (0.73 vs. 0.13) and juveniles (0.56 vs. 0.09). In contrast, mortality (viz., predation) was similar during the nonhunting season on public and private lands for both adults (0.44 vs. 0.44) and juveniles (0.80 vs. 0.77, respectively), suggesting that hunting mortality was at least partially, if not completely, additive to natural mortality. Immigration from private lands sustained grouse numbers on public lands because overall population densities gradually increased from 5.8 to 7.8 drumming males per 100 ha during the 6-year study. We conclude that ruffed grouse numbers will be substantially reduced in areas with high hunting mortality and reduced immigration due to fragmented habitat.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Small, Robert J. and Holzwart, James C. and Rusch, Donald H.},
	year = {1991},
	note = {Publisher: [Wiley, Wildlife Society]},
	pages = {512--520},
}

@article{solino_behind_2017,
	title = {Behind the economics of hunting in {Andalusian} forests},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {1439-0574},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-017-1103-8},
	doi = {10.1007/s10344-017-1103-8},
	abstract = {Hunting in Spain represents an imperfect market in which some hunters pay a price that is below what would be paid or they simply do not pay a market price. This article evidences the welfare that hunting activities provide to hunters in the forests of southern Spain. To do so, a contingent valuation survey of 557 hunters was conducted, and their maximum willingness to pay (WTP) to maintain their hunting activity over a hunting season was obtained. Bids were established according to the individual expenditure in the hunting market, thereby incorporating heterogeneity into the very design of the valuation exercise. The results show an additional WTP of 212 euros per hunter during the 2009–2010 hunting season, meaning 24\% above their actual mean expenditure during that season. Likewise, the research shows how small game hunters are the ones who, in relative terms, would be willing to pay more for the hunting services.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Eur J Wildl Res},
	author = {Soliño, Mario and Farizo, Begoña A. and Campos, Pablo},
	month = apr,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {47},
}

@article{stien_motivating_2018,
	title = {Motivating and engaging volunteer hunters to control the invasive alien {American} mink {Neovison} vison in {Norway}},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/motivating-and-engaging-volunteer-hunters-to-control-the-invasive-alien-american-mink-neovison-vison-in-norway/BC98C499E6152C039CC02B6C2ECB48C6},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605316000879},
	abstract = {Invasive alien species can have widespread negative effects on native biodiversity. We investigated the prospects of engaging hunters in large-scale collaborative efforts to control non-native mink Neovison vison populations in Norway. We invited members of the Norwegian Association of Hunters and Anglers to complete an online questionnaire to ascertain their support for conservation and their level of effort to remove mink, in the context of hunting motivations and bounty payments. The general interest in mink control programmes was low but participants perceived the mink to be of conservation concern. Bounty payments influenced mink catches, with hunters who received payments catching a mean of 4.70 more individuals per hunter than those who did not receive payments (P {\textless} 0.001). Mink hunters who preferred to hunt alone and had no preference for hunting locally reportedly caught on average 1.87 more mink per hunter than those who preferred to hunt in company (P {\textless} 0.001). The majority of hunters preferred government-led programmes (47\%), and investment in bounty programmes (52\%) was their main recommendation to improve mink hunting. Hunters can be a valuable component of a mink removal task force and could decrease the likelihood of recolonization of mink in the buffer areas of core conservation target areas.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Stien, J. and Hausner, V. H.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {Alien species, conservation action, ground-nesting birds, invasive species, local community, mink, Neovison vison, predator},
	pages = {186--194},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1474/Stien and Hausner - 2018 - Motivating and engaging volunteer hunters to contr.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{stenseth_unnatural_2009,
	title = {Unnatural selection},
	volume = {457},
	copyright = {2009 Nature Publishing Group},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/457803a},
	doi = {10.1038/457803a},
	abstract = {Fishing and hunting by humans are the main causes of mortality in many populations of wild animals. The consequence is that large and rapid changes occur in certain characteristics that far exceed changes due to other agents.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7231},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Stenseth, Nils Chr and Dunlop, Erin S.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2009},
	note = {Number: 7231
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	pages = {803--804},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1476/Stenseth and Dunlop - 2009 - Unnatural selection.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1477/457803a.html:text/html},
}

@article{stork_world_2007,
	title = {World of insects},
	volume = {448},
	copyright = {2007 Nature Publishing Group},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/448657a},
	doi = {10.1038/448657a},
	abstract = {When it comes to understanding patterns of biodiversity, ours is a little-known planet. Large-scale sampling projects, as carried out in two investigations of insect diversity, show a way forward.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7154},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Stork, Nigel E.},
	month = aug,
	year = {2007},
	note = {Number: 7154
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	pages = {657--658},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1479/Stork - 2007 - World of insects.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1480/448657a.html:text/html},
}

@article{tagg_long-term_2019,
	title = {Long-term trends in wildlife community structure and functional diversity in a village hunting zone in southeast {Cameroon} {\textbar} {SpringerLink}},
	volume = {29},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-019-01899-1},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
	author = {Tagg, Nikki and Kuenbou, Jacques Keumo and Lameris, Daan Willem and Kamkeng Meigang, Fany Michelle and Kekeunou, Sevilor and Epanda, Manfred Aime and Dupain, Jef and Mbohli, Donald and Redmond, Ian and Willie, Jacob},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {571--590},
	file = {Long-term trends in wildlife community structure and functional diversity in a village hunting zone in southeast Cameroon | SpringerLink:files/1482/s10531-019-01899-1.html:text/html},
}

@article{tallis_ecosystem_2008,
	title = {An ecosystem services framework to support both practical conservation and economic development},
	volume = {105},
	copyright = {© 2008 by The National Academy of Sciences of the USA},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/105/28/9457},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.0705797105},
	abstract = {The core idea of the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment is that the human condition is tightly linked to environmental condition. This assertion suggests that conservation and development projects should be able to achieve both ecological and social progress without detracting from their primary objectives. Whereas “win–win” projects that achieve both conservation and economic gains are a commendable goal, they are not easy to attain. An analysis of World Bank projects with objectives of alleviating poverty and protecting biodiversity revealed that only 16\% made major progress on both objectives. Here, we provide a framework for anticipating win–win, lose–lose, and win–lose outcomes as a result of how people manage their ecosystem services. This framework emerges from detailed explorations of several case studies in which biodiversity conservation and economic development coincide and cases in which there is joint failure. We emphasize that scientific advances around ecosystem service production functions, tradeoffs among multiple ecosystem services, and the design of appropriate monitoring programs are necessary for the implementation of conservation and development projects that will successfully advance both environmental and social goals. The potentially bright future of jointly advancing ecosystem services, conservation, and human well-being will be jeopardized unless a global monitoring effort is launched that uses the many ongoing projects as a grand experiment.},
	language = {en},
	number = {28},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {PNAS},
	author = {Tallis, Heather and Kareiva, Peter and Marvier, Michelle and Chang, Amy},
	month = jul,
	year = {2008},
	pmid = {18621702},
	note = {Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Section: Perspective},
	keywords = {poverty alleviation, pro-poor conservation, sustainable management},
	pages = {9457--9464},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1484/Tallis et al. - 2008 - An ecosystem services framework to support both pr.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1486/9457.html:text/html},
}

@article{taylor_modeling_1987,
	title = {Modeling the {Sustainable} {Harvest} of {Female} {Polar} {Bears}},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {0022-541X},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3801746},
	doi = {10.2307/3801746},
	abstract = {We explored the boundaries of sustainable harvest of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) by considering a range of values for population parameters in a discrete, age specific model structured to mimic polar bear life history. Survival rate of adult females is the predominant factor affecting population growth rate and sustainable harvest of polar bears although other factors may also be significant; e.g., cub survival, litter size, and age of 1st reproduction. The parameter of least importance is litter production rate. Deferred reproduction has a small effect on population growth rate. These findings are consistent with theoretical predictions for populations experiencing density independent mortality mainly restricted to juveniles. The critical issue, when considering the long-term effect of any harvest, is the effect on numbers of breeding females. Under optimal conditions the sustainable yield of adult female polar bears is typically {\textless}1.6\% of the total population.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Taylor, Mitchell K. and DeMaster, Douglas P. and Bunnell, Fred L. and Schweinsburg, Raymond E.},
	year = {1987},
	note = {Publisher: [Wiley, Wildlife Society]},
	pages = {811--820},
}

@article{thorn_determinants_2015,
	title = {Determinants of attitudes to carnivores: implications for mitigating human–carnivore conflict on {South} {African} farmland},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	shorttitle = {Determinants of attitudes to carnivores},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/determinants-of-attitudes-to-carnivores-implications-for-mitigating-humancarnivore-conflict-on-south-african-farmland/25A4FE8C6802060818479D67E136A223},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605313000744},
	abstract = {Human–wildlife conflict is increasingly prevalent, particularly in relation to carnivores in non-protected areas of Africa. Quantifying the attitudes of land owners towards carnivores and understanding the factors that influence these attitudes are instrumental in conservation planning and reducing persecution-related threats to carnivores. However, information about attitudes to carnivores in Africa, and South Africa in particular, is scarce. To obtain such data we interviewed 170 commercial game and livestock farmers in two ecologically important rural areas of northern South Africa. Responses to statements about carnivore management, stock protection and predation were generally positive. However, 62\% of respondents believed carnivores to be financially damaging and 35\% thought them overly abundant. Many respondents (41\%) were unwilling to tolerate even low levels of predation and considered persecution of carnivores to be the cheapest form of stock protection (31\%). Attitudes were significantly more positive among respondents who did not kill carnivores than among those who did. Generalized linear regression coupled with information-theoretic analysis showed that attitudes to carnivores were determined by a combination of cultural and land-use attributes more than by economic factors such as stock holdings or predation losses. The results elucidate potential targets for mitigation activities and facilitate the development of communication, education and extension activities specifically designed to appeal to intended recipients and address prevalent motives for persecuting carnivores.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Thorn, Michelle and Green, Matthew and Marnewick, Kelly and Scott, Dawn M.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {Human–wildlife conflict, perception, predation, questionnaire interview, South Africa},
	pages = {270--277},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1489/Thorn et al. - 2015 - Determinants of attitudes to carnivores implicati.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1490/25A4FE8C6802060818479D67E136A223.html:text/html},
}

@article{tsachalidis_wild_2008,
	title = {Wild boar hunting and socioeconomic trends in {Northern} {Greece}, 1993–2002 {\textbar} {SpringerLink}},
	volume = {54},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10344-008-0190-y},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {European Journal of Wildlife Research},
	author = {Tsachalidis, Efstathios P. and Hadjisterkotis, Eleftherios},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {643--649},
	file = {Wild boar hunting and socioeconomic trends in Northern Greece, 1993–2002 | SpringerLink:files/1492/s10344-008-0190-y.html:text/html},
}

@article{tuttle_status_1979,
	title = {Status, {Causes} of {Decline}, and {Management} of {Endangered} {Gray} {Bats}},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {0022-541X},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3800631},
	doi = {10.2307/3800631},
	abstract = {Twenty-two summer colonies of the endangered gray bat, Myotis grisescens, were censused in 1968-70 and 1976. A conservative estimate revealed a 54\% decline in that time period and a 76\% decline from known past maximum population levels. A strong association between decline and disturbance by people in caves was observed. Some major colonies disappeared entirely within the 6-year period. Gray bats are restricted to caves year-round and, due to specific temperature and foraging habitat requirements, they aggregate in large colonies in fewer than 5\% of available caves. Management requires that the 9 known hibernation caves receive immediate protection, followed by protection of the most important summer caves used by bats from each protected winter cave. Adequate protection may prove impossible unless accompanied by public education. Environmental disturbances such as pesticide contamination, water pollution and siltation, and deforestation may pose serious threats and require further investigation.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Tuttle, Merlin D.},
	year = {1979},
	note = {Publisher: [Wiley, Wildlife Society]},
	pages = {1--17},
}

@article{van_velden_bushmeat_2020,
	title = {Bushmeat hunting and consumption is a pervasive issue in {African} savannahs: insights from four protected areas in {Malawi}},
	volume = {29},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-020-01944-4},
	abstract = {The hunting and consumption of wild meat (bushmeat) is recognized as a key threat to the world’s biodiversity and there are indications this threat may extend to much of the African continent. However, this problem is understudied in African savannah systems—particularly in southern Africa. Due to its illicit nature, little research on the drivers behind hunting and consumption exists, especially using methods appropriate to the topic’s sensitivity. We explored the prevalence of hunting and consumption of wild meat in the low-income country of Malawi, by conducting 1562 interviews in communities neighbouring four different protected areas. We identified characteristics of households illegally hunting and consuming wild meat, using the unmatched count technique and socio-demographic variables in linear models. Consumption had a higher prevalence than hunting, reaching up to 39\% of the population, while 4–19\% of the population engaged in hunting. Consumption was more prevalent in poorer households, while hunting was more prevalent in wealthier households. Increased involvement in community projects initiated by protected areas did not always lead to reduced consumption or hunting, including at protected areas with substantial outside investment, indicating these projects need a clearer link to conservation outcomes. A preference for the taste of wild meat and for added diversity in diet were key drivers of consumption, whereas hunting was primarily motivated by the need for income. Our results highlight the disparity between drivers of hunting and consumption of wild meat and the pervasive nature of this threat, despite considerable investment into community projects and enforcement.},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
	author = {van Velden, Julia L. and Wilson, Kerrie and Lindsey, Peter A. and McCallum, Hamish and Moyo, Boyson H.Z. and Biggs, Duan},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1443--1464},
	file = {Bushmeat hunting and consumption is a pervasive issue in African savannahs\: insights from four protected areas in Malawi | SpringerLink:files/1495/s10531-020-01944-4.html:text/html},
}

@article{van_vliet_managing_2015,
	title = {Managing hunting under uncertainty: from one-off ecological indicators to resilience approaches in assessing the sustainability of bushmeat hunting},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1708-3087},
	shorttitle = {Managing hunting under uncertainty},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270261},
	abstract = {ABSTRACT. Despite the fact that sustainability of bushmeat hunting in tropical areas is of major concern for conservation and development practitioners, we still know very little about how to measure sustainability and how to put in place sustainable bushmeat hunting systems. We review the current limits of traditional methods used to investigate sustainability of bushmeat hunting, discuss the need to incorporate the characteristics of complex systems into sustainability assessments, and suggest how resilience theories could assist in understanding bushmeat sustainability and more effective conservation of wildlife in tropical areas. Traditional methods used to assess the sustainability of bushmeat hunting include demographic models of population growth, one-off biological indicators, population trend methods, harvest-based indicators, and comparisons of demographic parameters between sites. These traditional biological sustainability indices have proved inadequate for measuring the impact of bushmeat hunting because sustainability is treated as a static, binary (yes or no) question, thus ignoring stochastic processes, the inherent variability of natural systems, and the complexity of hunting systems. We suggest that bushmeat hunting systems in tropical areas should be regarded as social-ecological systems in which the impacts of hunting on prey populations are not the only focus. Instead, the analysis of resilience aims at understanding the complex and dynamic relationships between the hunting ground, its resources, the stakeholders, and the different exogenous drivers of change that affect the components of the system at different scales. The main implication of using the resilience theory in the context of bushmeat hunting is the shift from the need to assess stocks with imprecise measures to the incorporation of the uncertainty and stochasticity inherent to complex systems in participatory and adaptive management processes. As such, the resilience analysis provides an unprecedented opportunity for the sustainable use of bushmeat and allows the identification of strategies to strengthen resilience when the system is found to be close to a given threshold, instead of reinforcing fortress conservation.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Ecology and Society},
	author = {van Vliet, Nathalie and Fa, John and Nasi, Robert},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Resilience Alliance Inc.},
}

@article{vliet_why_2008,
	title = {Why do models fail to assess properly the sustainability of duiker ({Cephalophus} spp.) hunting in {Central} {Africa}?},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {1365-3008, 0030-6053},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/why-do-models-fail-to-assess-properly-the-sustainability-of-duiker-cephalophus-spp-hunting-in-central-africa/676D69AB7F5C4B3ADDDB546D74C35593},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605308000288},
	abstract = {Hunting of wildlife in Central Africa is largely considered to be unsustainable. Several studies indicate that most mammal species should already have disappeared from many Central African forests but markets continue to be supplied with bushmeat, with no sign of large scale extinction of the most common species. Most studies of the sustainability of duiker (Cephalophus spp.) hunting in Central Africa are based on the same index of hunting. We illustrate how uncertainty is accumulated in these estimations of sustainability. We show that the results obtained in different sites are not comparable because a variety of methods have been used to calculate the parameters of the model and each of the methods has different sources of error. For the assessment of maximum sustainable harvest for duikers, the studies reviewed differ mainly in the value chosen for the hypothetical adjustment factor, and the method used to calculate the rate of maximum population increase and to estimate duiker population densities. For the assessment of annual hunting offtake the studies differ mainly in the scale at which they were conducted (village or regional), and sampling and extrapolation methods. Without evaluation of accuracy and standardization of methods for the estimation of maximum sustainable harvest and annual offtake, conclusions regarding harvesting based on biological indices should be treated with extreme caution.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Vliet, Nathalie van and Nasi, Robert},
	month = may,
	year = {2008},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {Cephalophus, density, duiker, hunting offtake, maximum sustainable harvest, production rate, Redford model, Robinson \&amp},
	pages = {392--399},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1498/Vliet and Nasi - 2008 - Why do models fail to assess properly the sustaina.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1499/676D69AB7F5C4B3ADDDB546D74C35593.html:text/html},
}

@article{vliet_what_2019,
	title = {What do we know about the life-history traits of widely hunted tropical mammals? - {ProQuest}},
	volume = {53},
	shorttitle = {What do we know about the life-history traits of widely hunted tropical mammals?},
	url = {https://search.proquest.com/openview/6458edc230a13352703afc655a1142e8/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=37514},
	abstract = {Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Vliet, Nathalie van and Nasi, Robert},
	year = {2019},
	pages = {670--676},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1501/1.html:text/html},
}

@article{vercauteren_effects_1998,
	title = {Effects of {Agricultural} {Activities} and {Hunting} on {Home} {Ranges} of {Female} {White}-{Tailed} {Deer}},
	volume = {62},
	issn = {0022-541X},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3802289},
	doi = {10.2307/3802289},
	abstract = {Insight into the effects of agricultural activities and hunting on deer could be used to facilitate management. We examined home range characteristics of female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) relative to corn development, corn harvest, and hunting seasons from 1991 to 1993. Among 30 radiomarked does, 53\% (n = 16) remained residents of DeSoto National Wildlife Refuge (DNWR) throughout the study; 47\% (n = 14) were transients. Among the transients, 30\% (n = 9) permanently emigrated from DNWR and 17\% (n = 5) migrated annually. Dispersal occured in April and May. Annual home ranges of resident does averaged 170 ha (CI = 38, n = 14). Home range centers shifted an average of 174 m (CI = 74, n = 14) closer to cornfields when corn was in the tasseling-silking stage of development. After corn harvest, home range centers shifted 157 m (CI = 63, n = 12) away from crop fields and into areas of permanent cover. Home range sizes increased 32\% (9-64\% CI) after corn harvest because does were forced to find and use other sources of cover and food. Resident does that caused local crop damage during the growing season were available for hunter harvest in the same areas where they caused damage. Migrators appeared especially vulnerable because they were exposed to state firearm and archery seasons and the DNWR 3-day muzzleloader hunt. Of all tagged deer, 20\% of transients (3 of 15) were harvested legally, whereas 40\% of residents (8 of 20) were harvested. Harvest or removal to reduce crop damage around large areas of permanent cover should be conducted in early to mid-fall, which can reduce deer densities in the immediate area but not impose additional hunting pressure on migratory deer.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Vercauteren, Kurt C. and Hygnstrom, Scott E.},
	year = {1998},
	note = {Publisher: [Wiley, Wildlife Society]},
	pages = {280--285},
}

@article{vermeulen_community_2009-1,
	title = {Community hunting in logging concessions: towards a management model for {Cameroon}’s dense forests {\textbar} {SpringerLink}},
	volume = {18},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-009-9614-6},
	abstract = {In central Africa, commercial poaching and local village hunting are still two major issues that logging companies must address through the implementation of effective management plans in order to certify their concessions. However, current problems in developing suitable hunting management schemes for dense tropical forests arise from (1) the difficulty associated with setting quotas which take into account indiscriminate local hunting practices (e.g. snare trapping) and the ill-defined modes of resource appropriation by local populations, (2) the difficulty associated with evaluating the effect of illegal hunting, i.e. poaching, and (3) the relative complexity of the main available model. To overcome this, we propose to develop alternative management models where village hunting is planned along the same lines as existing logging operation models, through the implementation of a system of spatio-temporal rotation of hunting areas. In practice, the logging concession, initially divided into annual logging areas, is divided into similar annual hunting areas (AHAs), which are opened to hunting during the year preceding the logging operations. A depletion of the wildlife stock is expected within the annually opened hunting areas, but the model assumes a progressive re-colonization of the depleted AHA in subsequent years from neighbouring ones. In this paper, an empirical model of such a controlled hunting system employing spatio-temporal rotation of hunting areas is tested within a Forestry Management Unit (FMU) covering 47,585 ha in the Dja region, in south-east Cameroon. The model, based on large forest areas, seems particularly well adapted to Cameroon’s dense forests because it fits within the existing legal framework of Community-Managed Zones of Hunting Interest (CMZHI) and is aligned with current logging concession operations. Preliminary results suggest that sustainable hunting can be achieved in the FMU, provided a management scheme of AHAs is strictly enforced through effective stakeholder commitment.},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
	author = {Vermeulen, Cédric and Julve, Cecilia and Doucet, Jean-Louis and Monticelli, David},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {2705--2718},
	file = {Community hunting in logging concessions\: towards a management model for Cameroon’s dense forests | SpringerLink:files/1504/s10531-009-9614-6.html:text/html},
}

@article{wagner_effect_1999,
	title = {Effect of {Preventive} {Coyote} {Hunting} on {Sheep} {Losses} to {Coyote} {Predation}},
	volume = {63},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3802649?seq=1},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.2307/3802649},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Wagner, Kimberly K. and Conover, Michael R.},
	year = {1999},
	pages = {606--612},
	file = {Effect of Preventive Coyote Hunting on Sheep Losses to Coyote Predation on JSTOR:files/1506/3802649.html:text/html},
}

@article{wanger_trophy_2017,
	title = {Trophy hunting certification},
	volume = {1},
	copyright = {2017 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2397-334X},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0387-0},
	doi = {10.1038/s41559-017-0387-0},
	abstract = {Adaptive certification is the best remaining option for the trophy hunting industry in Africa to demonstrate sustainable and ethical hunting practices that benefit local communities and wildlife conservation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Nature Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Wanger, Thomas C. and Traill, Lochran W. and Cooney, Rosie and Rhodes, Jonathan R. and Tscharntke, Teja},
	month = dec,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Number: 12
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	pages = {1791--1793},
	file = {Accepted Version:files/1508/Wanger et al. - 2017 - Trophy hunting certification.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1509/s41559-017-0387-0.html:text/html},
}

@article{white_influence_2010,
	title = {Influence of {Predator} {Harvest}, {Biological} {Factors}, and {Landscape} on {Elk} {Calf} {Survival} in {Idaho} - {WHITE} - 2010 - {The} {Journal} of {Wildlife} {Management} - {Wiley} {Online} {Library}},
	volume = {74},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2193/2007-506},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/2007-506},
	abstract = {We evaluated survival of elk (Cervus elaphus) calves on 2 contrasting study areas in north‐central Idaho, USA, from 1997 to 2004. Recruitment was modest ({\textgreater}30 calves:100 F [calves of either sex: F elk 1 yr old]) and stable on the South Fork study area and low ({\textless}20 calves:100 F) and declining on the Lochsa study area. The primary proximate cause of calf mortality on both study areas was predation by black bears (Ursus americanus) and mountain lions (Puma concolor). We experimentally manipulated populations of black bears and mountain lions on a portion of each study area. Black bear harvest (harvest density/600km2) initially doubled on the Lochsa treatment after manipulating season bag limits. Mountain lion harvest also increased by 60\% but varied widely during the manipulation period. Harvest seasons were closed for black bears and mountain lions on the treatment portion of the South Fork study area. Using the Andersen—Gill formulation (A‐G) of the Cox proportional hazards model, we examined effects of landscape structure, predator harvest levels, and biological factors on summer calf survival. We used Akaike's Information Criterion (AICc) and multimodel inference to assess some potentially useful predictive factors relative to calf survival. We generated risk ratios for both the best models and for model‐averaged coefficients. Our models predicted that calf survival was influenced by biological factors, landscape surrounding calf locations, and predator harvest levels. The model that best explained mortality risk to calves on the Lochsa included black bear harvest (harvest density/600 km2), estimated birth mass of calves, and percentage of shrub cover surrounding calf locations. Incorporating a shrub X time interaction allowed us to correct for nonproportionality and detect that effect of shrub cover was only influential during the first 14 days of a calf's life. Model‐averaging indicated that estimated birth mass of calves and black bear harvest were twice as important as the next variables, but age of calves at capture was also influential in calf survival. The model that best explained mortality risk to calves on the South Fork included black bear harvest, age of calves at capture, and gender of calves. Model‐averaging indicated that age at capture and black bear harvest were twice as important as the next variable, forest with 33–66\% canopy cover (Canopy 33–66). Risk to calves decreased when calves occupied areas with more of this forest cover type. Model‐averaging also indicated that increased mountain lion harvest lowered calf mortality risk 4\% for every 1‐unit increase in lion harvest (harvest density/600 km2) but was lower ({\textless}25\%) in importance compared to age at capture and black bear harvest. Our results suggest that levels of predator harvest, and presumably predator density, resource limitations expressed through calf birth mass, and habitat structure had substantial effects on calf survival. Our results can be generalized to other areas where managers are dealing with low calf elk recruitment. However, because factors vary spatially, a single management strategy applied in different areas will probably not have the same effect on calf survival.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {White, Craig G. and Zager, Peter and Gratson, Michael W.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {355--369},
	file = {Influence of Predator Harvest, Biological Factors, and Landscape on Elk Calf Survival in Idaho - WHITE - 2010 - The Journal of Wildlife Management - Wiley Online Library:files/1511/2007-506.html:text/html},
}

@article{whitfield_sheep_2003,
	title = {Sheep horns downsized by hunters' taste for trophies {\textbar} {Nature}},
	volume = {426},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/426595a},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Whitfield, John},
	year = {2003},
	file = {Sheep horns downsized by hunters' taste for trophies | Nature:files/1513/426595a.html:text/html},
}

@article{wilkie_bushmeat_2006,
	title = {Bushmeat: a disease risk worth taking to put food on the table?},
	volume = {9},
	url = {https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00072.x},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00072.x},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Animal Conservation},
	author = {Wilkie, D.},
	year = {2006},
	pages = {370--371},
	file = {Bushmeat\: a disease risk worth taking to put food on the table? - Wilkie - 2006 - Animal Conservation - Wiley Online Library:files/1515/j.1469-1795.2006.00072.html:text/html},
}

@article{williams_uncertainty_1996,
	title = {Uncertainty and the {Adaptive} {Management} of {Waterfowl} {Harvests}},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {0022-541X},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/3802220},
	doi = {10.2307/3802220},
	abstract = {Adaptive management of waterfowl harvests accounts for uncertainties about population responses to harvest, with a focus on the reduction of uncertainties pursuant to harvest objectives and other management goals. Important sources of uncertainty include limited knowledge about underlying biological relationships (structural uncertainty), sampling variation in population monitoring (partial observability), and uncontrolled variation in the setting of harvest rates (partial controllability). We used a model for adaptive harvest management to investigate the use of harvests in reducing structural uncertainties. The model allows for both compensatory and additive relationships between harvest and survival, and also includes predictors incorporating the compensatory and additive hypotheses, along with a procedure for updating predictor probabilities. The model was used to (i) characterize population changes through time, and predict population changes based on simulated data; (ii) compare predicted and observed population sizes in an effort to identify the appropriate predictor for the population; and (iii) examine the effect of harvest rate, monitoring variation, and partial controllability on the rate of reduction in structural uncertainty. Results indicate that harvest can be used to learn about additive and compensatory relationships, whichever is operative for a population. Within limits, learning can occur even with imprecise data about population status, and with substantial imprecision in the setting of harvest rates. However, learning rates are depressed by high levels of monitoring and/or harvest imprecision.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Williams, Byron K. and Johnson, Fred A. and Wilkins, Khristi},
	year = {1996},
	note = {Publisher: [Wiley, Wildlife Society]},
	pages = {223--232},
}

@article{zapata-rios_mammal_2009,
	title = {Mammal hunting by the {Shuar} of the {Ecuadorian} {Amazon}: is it sustainable?},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {1365-3008, 0030-6053},
	shorttitle = {Mammal hunting by the {Shuar} of the {Ecuadorian} {Amazon}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/mammal-hunting-by-the-shuar-of-the-ecuadorian-amazon-is-it-sustainable/CB07BB9761FBBF09792EEB45D485C0D3},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605309001914},
	abstract = {Although hunting is still critical to the subsistence of many people throughout Amazonia, this practice may not be sustainable under current socio-economic conditions. Native societies are rapidly undergoing socio-economic changes that exacerbate the pressure on wildlife and habitats, indicating the urgent need to assess the impacts of subsistence hunting. In a 12-month study we assessed hunting patterns in four Shuar native communities in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Hunting patterns and impact of hunting activities were documented using interviews, direct observations, self-monitoring records, community landscape mapping and mammal surveys. Although Shuar harvest a wide-range of wildlife species, including insects, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals we only report information about mammals. A total of 3,181 individuals (c. 26,000 kg) of 21 mammal species were hunted during the 12 months. We used three algorithms for assessing the sustainability of hunting: the production, stock-recruitment and harvest models. Of the 21 mammal species hunted there were sufficient data to assess 15, 12 of which were hunted above maximum sustainable levels within the 243 km2 hunting catchment area. The immediate need to conserve wildlife populations is not obvious to Shuar hunters who still enjoy what they perceive to be an inexhaustible source of wild meat. In this context management of Shuar hunting practices to control harvest levels is complex. The assessment presented here is the first step of what needs to be a long-term wildlife management process.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Zapata-Ríos, Galo and Urgilés, Carlos and Suárez, Esteban},
	month = jul,
	year = {2009},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {mammals, Amazon, Ecuador, Shuar, subsistence hunting, sustainability assessment},
	pages = {375--385},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1518/Zapata-Ríos et al. - 2009 - Mammal hunting by the Shuar of the Ecuadorian Amaz.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{zhang_wildlife_2008,
	title = {Wildlife trade, consumption and conservation awareness in southwest {China} {\textbar} {SpringerLink}},
	volume = {17},
	url = {https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10531-008-9358-8},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Biodiversity and Conservation},
	author = {Zhang, Li and Hua, Ning and Sun, Shan},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {1493--1516},
	file = {Wildlife trade, consumption and conservation awareness in southwest China | SpringerLink:files/1520/s10531-008-9358-8.html:text/html},
}

@article{zhou_understanding_nodate,
	title = {Understanding the public debate about trophy hunting in {China} as a rural development mechanism},
	volume = {n/a},
	copyright = {© 2020 The Zoological Society of London},
	issn = {1469-1795},
	url = {https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/acv.12638},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12638},
	abstract = {The use of trophy hunting as a wildlife management option has been a highly controversial topic, especially in southern Africa, but trophy hunting has historically also taken place also throughout Asia. In China, trophy hunting was the topic of intense public discussion more than a decade ago, leading ultimately to the suspension of this practice in 2006. Yet, this debate was dominated by urban voices, with no formal consultation of rural populations from minorities such as the Tibetan herders who previously benefited financially from commercial trophy hunting acting as guides and who are also concerned about the negative impact of rising blue sheep numbers on livestock grazing. We used a discrete choice experiment econometric method to better understand the trade-offs made by both urban and rural populations across China in relation trophy hunting as a rural development and wildlife management tool. We find that trophy hunting is supported by the majority of rural residents but opposed by most urban residents, although there is heterogeneity within both these groups. We recommend that policy-making in this realm should be informed by a better understanding of the preferences of different stakeholders, including the local people who bear the costs of living with wildlife.},
	language = {en},
	number = {n/a},
	urldate = {2021-03-04},
	journal = {Animal Conservation},
	author = {Zhou, X. and MacMillan, D. C. and Zhang, W. and Wang, Q. and Jin, Y. and Verissimo, D.},
	note = {\_eprint: https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/acv.12638},
	keywords = {Blue sheep, Community participation, Sustainable development, Tibet, Ungulate, Wildlife conservation},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1522/acv.html:text/html},
}

@misc{brainerd_european_2007,
	title = {European {Charter} on {Hunting} and {Biodiversity}},
	url = {http://www.cic-wildlife.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/2_cover.jpg},
	urldate = {2021-03-06},
	publisher = {CIC – International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation},
	author = {Brainerd, S},
	year = {2007},
	file = {2_cover.jpg (JPEG Image, 420 × 595 pixels):files/1535/2_cover.html:text/html},
}

@book{freeman_conservation_2005-1,
	address = {Edmonton},
	series = {Occasional publication series},
	title = {Conservation hunting: people and wildlife in {Canada}'s north},
	isbn = {978-1-896445-35-9},
	shorttitle = {Conservation hunting},
	language = {en},
	number = {56},
	publisher = {CCI Press},
	editor = {Freeman, Milton M. R. and Hudson, Robert J. and Foote, Lee},
	year = {2005},
	note = {Meeting Name: People, Wildlife and Hunting Conference},
	keywords = {Canada, Northern, Congresses, Hunting, Rural development, Wildlife management},
	file = {Freeman et al. - 2005 - Conservation hunting people and wildlife in Canad.pdf:files/1536/Freeman et al. - 2005 - Conservation hunting people and wildlife in Canad.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@misc{casaer_guidelines_2006-1,
	title = {Guidelines on {Sustainable} {Hunting} in {Europe}},
	language = {English},
	publisher = {European Sustainable Use Specialist Group; IUCN},
	author = {CASAER, Jim and KENWARD, Robert and LECOCQ, Y and REIMOSER, Friedrich and SHARP, Robin},
	month = sep,
	year = {2006},
}

@book{kittenberger_big_1929,
	title = {Big game hunting and collecting in {East} {Africa}, 1903-1926},
	url = {https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info:n9IOTU5qVvMJ:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CgXsI6bnEK7v-6H2F7M:AAGBfm0AAAAAYEPzD7NwqsOFGttu_ZeMlxiBTVdLFgfI&scisig=AAGBfm0AAAAAYEPzD0lxBB8I0wez_Dc4aFmzLomLfzgC&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en},
	urldate = {2021-03-06},
	publisher = {Longmans, Green \& Company},
	author = {Kittenberger, Kalman},
	year = {1929},
	file = {scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar.bib?q=info\:n9IOTU5qVvMJ\:scholar.google.com/&output=citation&scisdr=CgXsI6bnEK7v-6H2F7M\:AAGBfm0AAAAAYEPzD7NwqsOFGttu_ZeMlxiBTVdLFgfI&scisig=AAGBfm0AAAAAYEPzD0lxBB8I0wez_Dc4aFmzLomLfzgC&scisf=4&ct=citation&cd=-1&hl=en:files/1540/scholar.html:text/html},
}

@misc{unit_addis_2007,
	title = {Addis {Ababa} {Principles} and {Guidelines}},
	copyright = {Copyright 2001-2011, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity},
	url = {https://www.cbd.int/sustainable/addis.shtml},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-03-06},
	author = {Unit, Biosafety},
	month = may,
	year = {2007},
	note = {Publisher: Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1542/addis.html:text/html},
}

@incollection{ehrhart_integrative_2020,
	address = {Birmensdorf},
	title = {Integrative wildlife management based on the adaptive, collaborative management of social-ecological systems.},
	booktitle = {How to balance forestry and biodiversity conservation. {A} view across {Europe}},
	publisher = {European Forest Institute; Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research},
	author = {Ehrhart, Stephan and Suchant, Rudy and Schraml, Ulrich},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {123--131},
}

@article{hegerl_using_2017-1,
	title = {Using camera trap data to assess the impact of bushmeat hunting on forest mammals in {Tanzania}},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/using-camera-trap-data-to-assess-the-impact-of-bushmeat-hunting-on-forest-mammals-in-tanzania/2C87B0ECAA992EB3E3DCB7BC0821B9AE},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605315000836},
	abstract = {Bushmeat hunting is a pantropical threat to rainforest mammals. Understanding its effects on species richness, community composition and population abundance is of critical conservation relevance. As data on the pre-hunting state of mammal populations in Africa are not generally available, we evaluated the impacts of illegal bushmeat hunting on the mammal community of two ecologically similar forests in the Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania. The forests differ only in their protection status: one is a National Park and the other a Forest Reserve. We deployed systematic camera trap surveys in these forests, amounting to 850 and 917 camera days in the Forest Reserve and the National Park, respectively, and investigated differences between the two areas in estimated species-specific occupancies, detectabilities and species richness. We show that the mammal community in the Forest Reserve is degraded in all aspects relative to the National Park. Species richness was almost 40\% lower in the Forest Reserve (median 18 vs 29 species, highest posterior density intervals 15–30 and 23–47, respectively). Occupancy of most species was also reduced significantly and the functional community appeared significantly altered, with an increase in rodents, and loss of large carnivores and omnivores. Overall, our results show how ineffective reserve management, with almost absent law enforcement, leads to uncontrolled illegal hunting, which in turn has a significant impact on the mammal fauna of globally important sites for conservation.},
	number = {1},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Hegerl, Carla and Burgess, Neil D. and Nielsen, Martin R. and Martin, Emanuel and Ciolli, Marco and Rovero, Francesco},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {87--97},
}

@article{halliday_wider_2001,
	title = {The wider implications of amphibian population declines},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/wider-implications-of-amphibian-population-declines/A4AE776C84B318BEABEF3D0080C5F811},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.0188a.x},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Halliday, Tim},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {181--182},
}

@article{halliday_wider_2001-1,
	title = {The wider implications of amphibian population declines},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/wider-implications-of-amphibian-population-declines/A4AE776C84B318BEABEF3D0080C5F811},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.0188a.x},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Halliday, Tim},
	year = {2001},
	pages = {181--182},
}

@article{goldman_beyond_2013,
	title = {Beyond ritual and economics: {Maasai} lion hunting and conservation politics},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/beyond-ritual-and-economics-maasai-lion-hunting-and-conservation-politics/5872D7AE49E17FB99A13BDC9D9657A8D},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605312000907},
	abstract = {Populations of the African lion Panthera leo are declining dramatically, with the species’ survival in some areas closely linked to levels of tolerance by rural communities. In Tanzania and Kenya several of the remaining lion populations outside protected areas reside adjacent to rural communities, where they are hunted. As many of these communities are Maasai, research and conservation efforts have focused on understanding and curbing Maasai lion hunting practices. Much of this work has been informed by a dichotomous explanatory model of Maasai lion hunting as either a ‘cultural’ ritual or a ‘retaliatory’ behaviour against predation on livestock. We present qualitative data from interviews (n = 246) in both countries to illustrate that lion hunting by Maasai is related to overlapping motivations that are simultaneously social, emotional and political (in response to conservation initiatives). Additional case study material from Tanzania highlights how politics associated with conservation activities and age-set dynamics affect lion hunting in complex and overlapping ways. Our findings contribute an ethnographic perspective on Maasai lion hunting, people–predator relations, and how these relations are linked to conservation politics.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Goldman, Mara J. and de Pinho, Joana Roque and Perry, Jennifer},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {490--500},
}

@article{golden_bushmeat_2009,
	title = {Bushmeat hunting and use in the {Makira} {Forest}, north-eastern {Madagascar}: a conservation and livelihoods issue},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/bushmeat-hunting-and-use-in-the-makira-forest-northeastern-madagascar-a-conservation-and-livelihoods-issue/A6575A96B050F1A03080C6F51A35A0CD},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605309000131},
	abstract = {In the 2003 Durban Vision the Malagasy government committed to tripling the amount of protected areas in Madagascar by 2009. This extensive expansion needs to involve an assessment of the potential impacts on the people who rely on forest resources for subsistence. Wildlife for human consumption (bushmeat) is one such resource that has received great attention on mainland Africa but has largely been ignored in Madagascar until recently. In terms of biomass, hunting in Madagascar appears to be on a lesser scale compared to areas of mainland Africa. However, because of the life-history characteristics associated with hunted primate and carnivore species in Madagascar even small-scale hunting is a major threat to long-term conservation. In this study I used semi-structured interviews to quantify annual rates of bushmeat harvest in 14 villages adjacent to the Makira Forest in north-eastern Madagascar. Interviews revealed that 23 mammal species were hunted for consumption, providing a new insight into the scale and frequency of bushmeat use. Harvest data and life-history information were sufficient to allow quantitative assessments of sustainability for four species of lemur (black and white ruffed lemur Varecia variegata, indri Indri indri, eastern bamboo lemur Hapalemur griseus and white-fronted brown lemur Eulemur albifrons) and a species of the carnivore family Eupleridae (fossa Cryptoprocta ferox). Model results suggest hunting of these species is probably unsustainable. This research presents clear evidence that hunting is a major conservation and livelihoods issue in Madagascar and needs to be considered in the planning stages of protected area development to address better the needs of local people.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Golden, Christopher D.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {386--392},
}

@article{de_thoisy_hunting_2005,
	title = {Hunting in northern {French} {Guiana} and its impact on primate communities},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/hunting-in-northern-french-guiana-and-its-impact-on-primate-communities/B73190E32AA7B6C4A051668D984ED21C},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605305000384},
	abstract = {The Guianas contain one of the largest single remaining tracts of undisturbed tropical rainforest in the world, but this forest and its fauna are facing increased threats. In the north of French Guiana both anthropogenic pressures and conflicts between settlements related to the use of natural resources are growing. Based on surveys in 17 forest sites we show that hunting pressure was the main factor determining current primate species richness, masking the effects of logging or forest type. Three of the larger species, the red howler monkey Alouatta seniculus, black spider monkey Ateles paniscus and tufted capuchin Cebus apella, were less abundant in hunted areas. In the areas around four settlements the harvested biomass of primates was low compared to other game species, but the harvests were close to or beyond the maximal sustainable thresholds for the red howler monkey and tufted capuchin. In French Guiana primates are either fully protected by law (the spider monkey and white-faced saki Pithecia pithecia), or their hunting is restricted to subsistence use (howler monkey, tufted capuchin and wedge-capped capuchin Cebus olivaceus). Most hunted meat is, however, destined for sale. Current conservation policy in French Guiana is limited to legal protection for some species and areas, and laws are poorly enforced. Although large areas of forest and its wildlife are protected simply by their remoteness, there is an increasingly urgent need for the legal protection of all primate species, and the establishment of large protected areas and efficient forest management schemes to minimize the impacts of logging and hunting.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {de Thoisy, Benoit and Renoux, François and Julliot, Catherine},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {149--157},
}

@article{carvalho_what_2015,
	title = {What motivates hunters to target exotic or endemic species on the island of {São} {Tomé}, {Gulf} of {Guinea}?},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/what-motivates-hunters-to-target-exotic-or-endemic-species-on-the-island-of-sao-tome-gulf-of-guinea/E1728FC9D03047BB8684D42B417E6E8A},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605313000550},
	abstract = {Hunting and invasive species are amongst the main causes of species extinctions on oceanic islands. On the island of São Tomé hunting of introduced mammals (monkeys, civets and pigs) and endemic bird species has contrasting effects in terms of conservation. Hunting of introduced mammals may benefit native fauna and flora but pressure on endemic birds poses a threat to some species. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 119 hunters to assess the relative importance of native and introduced prey species, gathering information on personal profiles, preference and practice, and hunters’ perceptions of trends in prey populations. Eleven species were hunted, including five invasive mammals and five endemic birds of high conservation importance. Based on species hunted, techniques used and final destination of the quarry we distinguished three groups of hunters, using cluster analyses: bird, monkey and feral-pig hunters. Bird hunters were all from urban areas but most pig hunters were rural. Monkey hunters were mostly rural workers but a small proportion were from urban areas. Bird and monkey hunters were primarily motivated by commercial gains but they also hunted for enjoyment and food. In general, hunting of mammals is an opportunistic activity that, if regulated, can be sustainable and contribute to mitigating the effects of invasive species on local fauna as well contributing to local livelihoods. Given the economic drivers involved in hunting of birds, intervention to reduce or eliminate this form of hunting will require enforcement of legislation and raising awareness of the issues involved.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Carvalho, Mariana and Palmeirim, Jorge M. and Rego, Francisco C. and Sole, Nelson and Santana, Aristides and Fa, John E.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {278--286},
}

@article{bennett_hunting_2002,
	title = {Hunting the world's wildlife to extinction},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/hunting-the-worlds-wildlife-to-extinction/4E24102D279FA8896850E47E9AF5BCA1},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605302000637},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Bennett, Elizabeth L. and Milner-Gulland, E. J. and Bakarr, Mohamed and Eves, Heather E. and Robinson, John G. and Wilkie, David S.},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {328--329},
}

@article{barri_effects_2008,
	title = {Effects of hunting, egg harvest and livestock grazing intensities on density and reproductive success of lesser rhea {Rhea} pennata pennata in {Patagonia}: implications for conservation},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/effects-of-hunting-egg-harvest-and-livestock-grazing-intensities-on-density-and-reproductive-success-of-lesser-rhea-rhea-pennata-pennata-in-patagonia-implications-for-conservation/A7F0C8A7416EB2ACED40105E810CCC15},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605307000798},
	abstract = {Wild lesser rheas were studied during two reproductive seasons (2004–2005 and 2005–2006) in three adjacent ranches in Argentine Patagonia. These ranches differed in hunting pressure and egg harvest (protected, moderate and intensive use of the species), and livestock grazing conditions (with and without overgrazing). Density of individuals and nests, clutch size, brood size, hatching success, chick survival and recruitment rate were estimated in each area. At the ranch with intense hunting pressure, egg harvesting and livestock grazing, density of lesser rheas was the lowest and reproductive events were not recorded. None of the recorded demographic parameters differed significantly between the ranch where the species is protected and there is low livestock grazing intensity and the ranch where there is moderate use of the species and intensive grazing. Our work suggests that intense hunting and egg harvesting would have stronger effects than overgrazing on the density and reproductive success of wild lesser rhea populations in Patagonia.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Barri, Fernando R. and Martella, Mónica B. and Navarro, Joaquín L.},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {607--610},
}

@article{barnes_bushmeat_2002-1,
	title = {The bushmeat boom and bust in {West} and {Central} {Africa}},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/bushmeat-boom-and-bust-in-west-and-central-africa/8C0D39E358E7E07320762FAEE3D9660D},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605302000443},
	abstract = {Poor soils and high rainfall mean that the high productivity of the forests, an assumption that drives the development of the forest zone, is an illusion. The potential of the forests to produce meat, from wild or domestic herbivores, is limited. Growing human populations and shrinking forests accelerate pressures on forest resources faster than national statistics indicate. A simulation model demonstrates the effects of growing hunting pressure on one monkey and two duiker species. A version of this model that includes random variation shows that large harvests can be obtained for many years, but that a population collapse can happen suddenly; there is no period of gradually declining harvests. The accelerating hunting pressure in a zone of low productivity, shrinking habitat for monkeys and antelopes, the dynamics of non-linear systems, and natural environmental variation that affects reproduction and survival will lead to a collapse of hunted populations across the forest zone. We are now seeing the bushmeat boom and soon we will see the bushmeat bust.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Barnes, Richard F. W.},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {236--242},
}

@article{randrianandrianina_hunting_2010,
	title = {Hunting and consumption of mammals and birds by people in urban areas of western {Madagascar}},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/hunting-and-consumption-of-mammals-and-birds-by-people-in-urban-areas-of-western-madagascar/2D81097EF9C634D584FBDD93CBF1A25C},
	doi = {10.1017/S003060531000044X},
	abstract = {We assessed the consumption and hunting of wild animals by people in urban areas of western Madagascar using structured questionnaires in households and direct observations. Six wild mammal and five wild bird species were reported, or observed, to be sources of bushmeat although fish and domestic animals were the preferred and cheapest sources of animal protein. Bushmeat accounted for 10\% of the meat consumed the day before our questionnaires were completed. Common tenrec Tenrec ecaudatus and bush pig Potamochoerus larvatus were the preferred wild meat and the former was also the most expensive type of meat. Taboos and strong dislikes limited the consumption of domestic pigs, bush pigs, goats, lemurs and fruit bats. Game species were hunted according to their availability, which coincided with the legal hunting season for fruit bats but only partly so for the other game species. Illegal hunting of Verreauxi’s sifaka Propithecus verreauxi is cause for concern and assessments of primate consumption may have been underestimated because of reluctance of interviewees to admit illegal activities.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Randrianandrianina, Félicien H. and Racey, Paul A. and Jenkins, Richard K.B.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {411--415},
}

@inproceedings{schraml_hunting_2012,
	address = {Zemun- Belgrade, Serbia},
	title = {{HUNTING} {IN} {A} {SOCIOLOGICAL} {PERSPECTIVE} – {APPROACHES} {AND} {BENEFITS}},
	url = {http://www.cepib.org.rs/wp-en/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/35.pdf},
	author = {Schraml, Ulrich},
	month = jun,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {151--155},
}

@article{barri_effects_2008-1,
	title = {Effects of hunting, egg harvest and livestock grazing intensities on density and reproductive success of lesser rhea {Rhea} pennata pennata in {Patagonia}: implications for conservation},
	volume = {42},
	issn = {1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/effects-of-hunting-egg-harvest-and-livestock-grazing-intensities-on-density-and-reproductive-success-of-lesser-rhea-rhea-pennata-pennata-in-patagonia-implications-for-conservation/A7F0C8A7416EB2ACED40105E810CCC15},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605307000798},
	abstract = {Wild lesser rheas were studied during two reproductive seasons (2004–2005 and 2005–2006) in three adjacent ranches in Argentine Patagonia. These ranches differed in hunting pressure and egg harvest (protected, moderate and intensive use of the species), and livestock grazing conditions (with and without overgrazing). Density of individuals and nests, clutch size, brood size, hatching success, chick survival and recruitment rate were estimated in each area. At the ranch with intense hunting pressure, egg harvesting and livestock grazing, density of lesser rheas was the lowest and reproductive events were not recorded. None of the recorded demographic parameters differed significantly between the ranch where the species is protected and there is low livestock grazing intensity and the ranch where there is moderate use of the species and intensive grazing. Our work suggests that intense hunting and egg harvesting would have stronger effects than overgrazing on the density and reproductive success of wild lesser rhea populations in Patagonia.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Barri, Fernando R. and Martella, Mónica B. and Navarro, Joaquín L.},
	year = {2008},
	pages = {607--610},
}

@article{goldman_beyond_2013-1,
	title = {Beyond ritual and economics: {Maasai} lion hunting and conservation politics},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/beyond-ritual-and-economics-maasai-lion-hunting-and-conservation-politics/5872D7AE49E17FB99A13BDC9D9657A8D},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605312000907},
	abstract = {Populations of the African lion Panthera leo are declining dramatically, with the species’ survival in some areas closely linked to levels of tolerance by rural communities. In Tanzania and Kenya several of the remaining lion populations outside protected areas reside adjacent to rural communities, where they are hunted. As many of these communities are Maasai, research and conservation efforts have focused on understanding and curbing Maasai lion hunting practices. Much of this work has been informed by a dichotomous explanatory model of Maasai lion hunting as either a ‘cultural’ ritual or a ‘retaliatory’ behaviour against predation on livestock. We present qualitative data from interviews (n = 246) in both countries to illustrate that lion hunting by Maasai is related to overlapping motivations that are simultaneously social, emotional and political (in response to conservation initiatives). Additional case study material from Tanzania highlights how politics associated with conservation activities and age-set dynamics affect lion hunting in complex and overlapping ways. Our findings contribute an ethnographic perspective on Maasai lion hunting, people–predator relations, and how these relations are linked to conservation politics.},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Goldman, Mara J. and de Pinho, Joana Roque and Perry, Jennifer},
	year = {2013},
	pages = {490--500},
}

@article{golden_bushmeat_2009-1,
	title = {Bushmeat hunting and use in the {Makira} {Forest}, north-eastern {Madagascar}: a conservation and livelihoods issue},
	volume = {43},
	issn = {1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/bushmeat-hunting-and-use-in-the-makira-forest-northeastern-madagascar-a-conservation-and-livelihoods-issue/A6575A96B050F1A03080C6F51A35A0CD},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605309000131},
	abstract = {In the 2003 Durban Vision the Malagasy government committed to tripling the amount of protected areas in Madagascar by 2009. This extensive expansion needs to involve an assessment of the potential impacts on the people who rely on forest resources for subsistence. Wildlife for human consumption (bushmeat) is one such resource that has received great attention on mainland Africa but has largely been ignored in Madagascar until recently. In terms of biomass, hunting in Madagascar appears to be on a lesser scale compared to areas of mainland Africa. However, because of the life-history characteristics associated with hunted primate and carnivore species in Madagascar even small-scale hunting is a major threat to long-term conservation. In this study I used semi-structured interviews to quantify annual rates of bushmeat harvest in 14 villages adjacent to the Makira Forest in north-eastern Madagascar. Interviews revealed that 23 mammal species were hunted for consumption, providing a new insight into the scale and frequency of bushmeat use. Harvest data and life-history information were sufficient to allow quantitative assessments of sustainability for four species of lemur (black and white ruffed lemur Varecia variegata, indri Indri indri, eastern bamboo lemur Hapalemur griseus and white-fronted brown lemur Eulemur albifrons) and a species of the carnivore family Eupleridae (fossa Cryptoprocta ferox). Model results suggest hunting of these species is probably unsustainable. This research presents clear evidence that hunting is a major conservation and livelihoods issue in Madagascar and needs to be considered in the planning stages of protected area development to address better the needs of local people.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Golden, Christopher D.},
	year = {2009},
	pages = {386--392},
}

@article{randrianandrianina_hunting_2010-1,
	title = {Hunting and consumption of mammals and birds by people in urban areas of western {Madagascar}},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/hunting-and-consumption-of-mammals-and-birds-by-people-in-urban-areas-of-western-madagascar/2D81097EF9C634D584FBDD93CBF1A25C},
	doi = {10.1017/S003060531000044X},
	abstract = {We assessed the consumption and hunting of wild animals by people in urban areas of western Madagascar using structured questionnaires in households and direct observations. Six wild mammal and five wild bird species were reported, or observed, to be sources of bushmeat although fish and domestic animals were the preferred and cheapest sources of animal protein. Bushmeat accounted for 10\% of the meat consumed the day before our questionnaires were completed. Common tenrec Tenrec ecaudatus and bush pig Potamochoerus larvatus were the preferred wild meat and the former was also the most expensive type of meat. Taboos and strong dislikes limited the consumption of domestic pigs, bush pigs, goats, lemurs and fruit bats. Game species were hunted according to their availability, which coincided with the legal hunting season for fruit bats but only partly so for the other game species. Illegal hunting of Verreauxi’s sifaka Propithecus verreauxi is cause for concern and assessments of primate consumption may have been underestimated because of reluctance of interviewees to admit illegal activities.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Randrianandrianina, Félicien H. and Racey, Paul A. and Jenkins, Richard K.B.},
	year = {2010},
	pages = {411--415},
}

@article{de_thoisy_hunting_2005-1,
	title = {Hunting in northern {French} {Guiana} and its impact on primate communities},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/hunting-in-northern-french-guiana-and-its-impact-on-primate-communities/B73190E32AA7B6C4A051668D984ED21C},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605305000384},
	abstract = {The Guianas contain one of the largest single remaining tracts of undisturbed tropical rainforest in the world, but this forest and its fauna are facing increased threats. In the north of French Guiana both anthropogenic pressures and conflicts between settlements related to the use of natural resources are growing. Based on surveys in 17 forest sites we show that hunting pressure was the main factor determining current primate species richness, masking the effects of logging or forest type. Three of the larger species, the red howler monkey Alouatta seniculus, black spider monkey Ateles paniscus and tufted capuchin Cebus apella, were less abundant in hunted areas. In the areas around four settlements the harvested biomass of primates was low compared to other game species, but the harvests were close to or beyond the maximal sustainable thresholds for the red howler monkey and tufted capuchin. In French Guiana primates are either fully protected by law (the spider monkey and white-faced saki Pithecia pithecia), or their hunting is restricted to subsistence use (howler monkey, tufted capuchin and wedge-capped capuchin Cebus olivaceus). Most hunted meat is, however, destined for sale. Current conservation policy in French Guiana is limited to legal protection for some species and areas, and laws are poorly enforced. Although large areas of forest and its wildlife are protected simply by their remoteness, there is an increasingly urgent need for the legal protection of all primate species, and the establishment of large protected areas and efficient forest management schemes to minimize the impacts of logging and hunting.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {de Thoisy, Benoit and Renoux, François and Julliot, Catherine},
	year = {2005},
	pages = {149--157},
}

@article{bennett_hunting_2002-1,
	title = {Hunting the world's wildlife to extinction},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/hunting-the-worlds-wildlife-to-extinction/4E24102D279FA8896850E47E9AF5BCA1},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605302000637},
	number = {4},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Bennett, Elizabeth L. and Milner-Gulland, E. J. and Bakarr, Mohamed and Eves, Heather E. and Robinson, John G. and Wilkie, David S.},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {328--329},
}

@article{barnes_bushmeat_2002-2,
	title = {The bushmeat boom and bust in {West} and {Central} {Africa}},
	volume = {36},
	issn = {1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/bushmeat-boom-and-bust-in-west-and-central-africa/8C0D39E358E7E07320762FAEE3D9660D},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605302000443},
	abstract = {Poor soils and high rainfall mean that the high productivity of the forests, an assumption that drives the development of the forest zone, is an illusion. The potential of the forests to produce meat, from wild or domestic herbivores, is limited. Growing human populations and shrinking forests accelerate pressures on forest resources faster than national statistics indicate. A simulation model demonstrates the effects of growing hunting pressure on one monkey and two duiker species. A version of this model that includes random variation shows that large harvests can be obtained for many years, but that a population collapse can happen suddenly; there is no period of gradually declining harvests. The accelerating hunting pressure in a zone of low productivity, shrinking habitat for monkeys and antelopes, the dynamics of non-linear systems, and natural environmental variation that affects reproduction and survival will lead to a collapse of hunted populations across the forest zone. We are now seeing the bushmeat boom and soon we will see the bushmeat bust.},
	number = {3},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Barnes, Richard F. W.},
	year = {2002},
	pages = {236--242},
}

@article{carvalho_what_2015-1,
	title = {What motivates hunters to target exotic or endemic species on the island of {São} {Tomé}, {Gulf} of {Guinea}?},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/article/what-motivates-hunters-to-target-exotic-or-endemic-species-on-the-island-of-sao-tome-gulf-of-guinea/E1728FC9D03047BB8684D42B417E6E8A},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605313000550},
	abstract = {Hunting and invasive species are amongst the main causes of species extinctions on oceanic islands. On the island of São Tomé hunting of introduced mammals (monkeys, civets and pigs) and endemic bird species has contrasting effects in terms of conservation. Hunting of introduced mammals may benefit native fauna and flora but pressure on endemic birds poses a threat to some species. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 119 hunters to assess the relative importance of native and introduced prey species, gathering information on personal profiles, preference and practice, and hunters’ perceptions of trends in prey populations. Eleven species were hunted, including five invasive mammals and five endemic birds of high conservation importance. Based on species hunted, techniques used and final destination of the quarry we distinguished three groups of hunters, using cluster analyses: bird, monkey and feral-pig hunters. Bird hunters were all from urban areas but most pig hunters were rural. Monkey hunters were mostly rural workers but a small proportion were from urban areas. Bird and monkey hunters were primarily motivated by commercial gains but they also hunted for enjoyment and food. In general, hunting of mammals is an opportunistic activity that, if regulated, can be sustainable and contribute to mitigating the effects of invasive species on local fauna as well contributing to local livelihoods. Given the economic drivers involved in hunting of birds, intervention to reduce or eliminate this form of hunting will require enforcement of legislation and raising awareness of the issues involved.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Carvalho, Mariana and Palmeirim, Jorge M. and Rego, Francisco C. and Sole, Nelson and Santana, Aristides and Fa, John E.},
	year = {2015},
	pages = {278--286},
}

@article{halliday_wider_2001-2,
	title = {The wider implications of amphibian population declines},
	volume = {35},
	issn = {1365-3008, 0030-6053},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/wider-implications-of-amphibian-population-declines/A4AE776C84B318BEABEF3D0080C5F811},
	doi = {10.1046/j.1365-3008.2001.0188a.x},
	abstract = {//static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn\%3Acambridge.org\%3Aid\%3Aarticle\%3AS0030605300031811/resource/name/firstPage-S0030605300031811a.jpg},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-03-17},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Halliday, Tim},
	month = jul,
	year = {2001},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	pages = {181--182},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1653/Halliday - 2001 - The wider implications of amphibian population dec.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1654/A4AE776C84B318BEABEF3D0080C5F811.html:text/html},
}

@article{hegerl_using_2017-2,
	title = {Using camera trap data to assess the impact of bushmeat hunting on forest mammals in {Tanzania}},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/using-camera-trap-data-to-assess-the-impact-of-bushmeat-hunting-on-forest-mammals-in-tanzania/2C87B0ECAA992EB3E3DCB7BC0821B9AE},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605315000836},
	abstract = {Bushmeat hunting is a pantropical threat to rainforest mammals. Understanding its effects on species richness, community composition and population abundance is of critical conservation relevance. As data on the pre-hunting state of mammal populations in Africa are not generally available, we evaluated the impacts of illegal bushmeat hunting on the mammal community of two ecologically similar forests in the Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania. The forests differ only in their protection status: one is a National Park and the other a Forest Reserve. We deployed systematic camera trap surveys in these forests, amounting to 850 and 917 camera days in the Forest Reserve and the National Park, respectively, and investigated differences between the two areas in estimated species-specific occupancies, detectabilities and species richness. We show that the mammal community in the Forest Reserve is degraded in all aspects relative to the National Park. Species richness was almost 40\% lower in the Forest Reserve (median 18 vs 29 species, highest posterior density intervals 15–30 and 23–47, respectively). Occupancy of most species was also reduced significantly and the functional community appeared significantly altered, with an increase in rodents, and loss of large carnivores and omnivores. Overall, our results show how ineffective reserve management, with almost absent law enforcement, leads to uncontrolled illegal hunting, which in turn has a significant impact on the mammal fauna of globally important sites for conservation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-03-17},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Hegerl, Carla and Burgess, Neil D. and Nielsen, Martin R. and Martin, Emanuel and Ciolli, Marco and Rovero, Francesco},
	month = jan,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {Tanzania, Biodiversity conservation, bushmeat, Eastern Arc, poaching, rainforest, Udzungwa},
	pages = {87--97},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1656/Hegerl et al. - 2017 - Using camera trap data to assess the impact of bus.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1657/2C87B0ECAA992EB3E3DCB7BC0821B9AE.html:text/html},
}

@article{kalandarishvili_misconceptions_2018,
	title = {Misconceptions of hunting},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {2064759X, 2064759X},
	url = {https://uni-bge.hu/Kutatasi-tevekenyseg/dokumentumok/Prosperitas/2018_4/Prosperitas_2018_4-_Kalandarishvili.pdf},
	doi = {10.31570/Prosp_2018_04_7},
	abstract = {All over the world, ban on trophy hunting is a common demand, however, the consequences of the ban are highly underestimated. Hunting is a vital tool for conservation and when done properly it not only resolves conflicts arising between wildlife and human worlds but also plays a key role in recovering endangered species and greatly contributes to the economies of the nations. Hunting is a method by which natural populations are kept at numbers that the available habitat can support and at levels that are compatible with human activity and land use. Wildlife is a renewable natural resource with a surplus, which is harvested by hunters seasonally. Quotas and specific hunting seasons for each species ensure that the population is not overharvested.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-03-17},
	journal = {Prosperitas},
	author = {Kalandarishvili, Alexandra},
	year = {2018},
	pages = {61--70},
	file = {Kalandarishvili - 2018 - Misconceptions of hunting.pdf:files/1658/Kalandarishvili - 2018 - Misconceptions of hunting.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{alexandra_misconceptions_2018,
	title = {Misconceptions of hunting},
	volume = {2018},
	issn = {2064-759X},
	url = {https://uni-bge.hu/Kutatasi-tevekenyseg/Folyoiratok_kiadvanyok/Prosperitas-folyoirat},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-03-17},
	journal = {Prosperitas},
	author = {Alexandra, Kalandarishvili},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Number: 4
Publisher: Budapesti Gazdasági Főiskola},
	pages = {62--70},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1661/Alexandra - 2018 - Misconceptions of hunting.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1662/1527.html:text/html},
}

@article{pieron_effects_2010,
	title = {Effects of {Large}-{Scale} {Predator} {Reduction} on {Nest} {Success} of {Upland} {Nesting} {Ducks}},
	volume = {74},
	copyright = {2010 The Wildlife Society},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2193/2009-056},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/2009-056},
	abstract = {Population growth for mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), and presumably other upland nesting ducks, in the Prairie Pothole Region of the United States and Canada is most sensitive to nest success, and nest success is most strongly influenced by predation. We evaluated the efficacy of reducing predator populations to improve nest success of upland nesting ducks on township-sized (93.2 km2) management units in eastern North Dakota, USA, during 2005–2007. We monitored 7,489 nests on 7 trapped and 5 nontrapped sites. Trappers annually removed an average of 245 predators per trapped site, and we found nest success to be 1.4–1.9 times greater on trapped sites than nontrapped sites, depending on year. Nest success was greater on both trapped and nontrapped sites when compared with a study conducted in the same areas in the mid-1990s, likely because of changes in red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and coyote (Canis latrans) population dynamics. Nests initiated midseason had higher daily survival rates (DSR) than those initiated earlier or later in the season. Daily survival rates for nests in the middle of the nesting cycle were higher than for nests that were early in laying or late in incubation. Nests near the periphery of trapped sites had slightly higher DSRs than nests in the center of trapped sites. Predator reduction at the township scale provides managers with an effective tool to improve nest success at large spatial scales.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Pieron, Matthew R. and Rohwer, Frank C.},
	year = {2010},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2193/2009-056},
	keywords = {Anas spp., daily survival rate, ducks, logistic exposure, nest success, North Dakota, predator reduction, trapping},
	pages = {124--132},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1664/2009-056.html:text/html},
}

@article{flint_long-term_2010-1,
	title = {Long-{Term} {Persistence} of {Spent} {Lead} {Shot} in {Tundra} {Wetlands}},
	volume = {74},
	copyright = {2010 The Wildlife Society},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2193/2008-494},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/2008-494},
	abstract = {We seeded experimental plots with number 4 lead pellets and sampled these plots for 10 years to assess the settlement rate of pellets in tundra wetland types commonly used by foraging waterfowl. After 10 years, about 10\% of pellets remained within 6 cm of the surface, but {\textgreater}50\% remained within 10 cm. We predict that spent lead pellets will eventually become unavailable to waterfowl; however, it will likely require {\textgreater}25 years for all pellets to exceed depths at which waterfowl species may forage.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Flint, Paul L. and Schamber, Jason L.},
	year = {2010},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2193/2008-494},
	keywords = {Alaska, lead poisoning, lead shot, settlement rate, Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta},
	pages = {148--151},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1666/2008-494.html:text/html},
}

@misc{noauthor_changes_nodate,
	title = {Changes in {Elk} {Resource} {Selection} and {Distributions} {Associated} {With} a {Late}‐{Season} {Elk} {Hunt} - {PROFFITT} - 2010 - {The} {Journal} of {Wildlife} {Management} - {Wiley} {Online} {Library}},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2193/2008-593},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	file = {Changes in Elk Resource Selection and Distributions Associated With a Late‐Season Elk Hunt - PROFFITT - 2010 - The Journal of Wildlife Management - Wiley Online Library:files/1668/2008-593.html:text/html},
}

@article{proffitt_changes_2010-1,
	title = {Changes in {Elk} {Resource} {Selection} and {Distributions} {Associated} {With} a {Late}-{Season} {Elk} {Hunt}},
	volume = {74},
	copyright = {2010 The Wildlife Society},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2193/2008-593},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/2008-593},
	abstract = {Changes in resource selection associated with human predation risk may alter elk distributions and availability for harvest. We used Global Positioning System data collected from telemetered female elk (Cervus elaphus) to evaluate effects of refuges (areas where hunting was prohibited), spatial variation in hunting risk, and landscape attributes on resource selection within an established Greater Yellowstone Area, USA, winter range. We also evaluated elk distributions during and outside of a late-season hunting period. Refuge areas and landscape attributes such as habitat type and snow water equivalents (SWE) affected resource selection. Elk selection for flat grasslands increased as SWE increased, likely because these areas were windswept, leaving grasses exposed for foraging. Elk distributions differed during hunting and no-hunting periods. During the hunting period, elk shifted to privately owned refuge areas and the estimated odds of elk occupying refuge areas more than doubled. Risk-driven changes in resource selection resulted in reduced availability of elk for harvest. Elk selection for areas where hunting is prohibited presents a challenge for resource managers that use hunting as a tool for managing populations and influences grazing patterns on private ranchlands.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Proffitt, Kelly M. and Grigg, Jamin L. and Garrott, Robert A. and Hamlin, Kenneth L. and Cunningham, Julie and Gude, Justin A. and Jourdonnais, Craig},
	year = {2010},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2193/2008-593},
	keywords = {Cervus elaphus, elk, Greater Yellowstone Area, human impacts, hunting effects, predator-prey, resource selection, winter range},
	pages = {210--218},
}

@article{white_influence_2010-1,
	title = {Influence of {Predator} {Harvest}, {Biological} {Factors}, and {Landscape} on {Elk} {Calf} {Survival} in {Idaho}},
	volume = {74},
	copyright = {2010 The Wildlife Society},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2193/2007-506},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/2007-506},
	abstract = {We evaluated survival of elk (Cervus elaphus) calves on 2 contrasting study areas in north-central Idaho, USA, from 1997 to 2004. Recruitment was modest ({\textgreater}30 calves:100 F [calves of either sex: F elk 1 yr old]) and stable on the South Fork study area and low ({\textless}20 calves:100 F) and declining on the Lochsa study area. The primary proximate cause of calf mortality on both study areas was predation by black bears (Ursus americanus) and mountain lions (Puma concolor). We experimentally manipulated populations of black bears and mountain lions on a portion of each study area. Black bear harvest (harvest density/600km2) initially doubled on the Lochsa treatment after manipulating season bag limits. Mountain lion harvest also increased by 60\% but varied widely during the manipulation period. Harvest seasons were closed for black bears and mountain lions on the treatment portion of the South Fork study area. Using the Andersen—Gill formulation (A-G) of the Cox proportional hazards model, we examined effects of landscape structure, predator harvest levels, and biological factors on summer calf survival. We used Akaike's Information Criterion (AICc) and multimodel inference to assess some potentially useful predictive factors relative to calf survival. We generated risk ratios for both the best models and for model-averaged coefficients. Our models predicted that calf survival was influenced by biological factors, landscape surrounding calf locations, and predator harvest levels. The model that best explained mortality risk to calves on the Lochsa included black bear harvest (harvest density/600 km2), estimated birth mass of calves, and percentage of shrub cover surrounding calf locations. Incorporating a shrub X time interaction allowed us to correct for nonproportionality and detect that effect of shrub cover was only influential during the first 14 days of a calf's life. Model-averaging indicated that estimated birth mass of calves and black bear harvest were twice as important as the next variables, but age of calves at capture was also influential in calf survival. The model that best explained mortality risk to calves on the South Fork included black bear harvest, age of calves at capture, and gender of calves. Model-averaging indicated that age at capture and black bear harvest were twice as important as the next variable, forest with 33–66\% canopy cover (Canopy 33–66). Risk to calves decreased when calves occupied areas with more of this forest cover type. Model-averaging also indicated that increased mountain lion harvest lowered calf mortality risk 4\% for every 1-unit increase in lion harvest (harvest density/600 km2) but was lower ({\textless}25\%) in importance compared to age at capture and black bear harvest. Our results suggest that levels of predator harvest, and presumably predator density, resource limitations expressed through calf birth mass, and habitat structure had substantial effects on calf survival. Our results can be generalized to other areas where managers are dealing with low calf elk recruitment. However, because factors vary spatially, a single management strategy applied in different areas will probably not have the same effect on calf survival.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {White, Craig G. and Zager, Peter and Gratson, Michael W.},
	year = {2010},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2193/2007-506},
	keywords = {Cervus elaphus, survival, black bears, elk calves, harvest, Idaho, landscape, models, mortality, mountain lions},
	pages = {355--369},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1671/2007-506.html:text/html},
}

@article{miller_calibrating_2010,
	title = {Calibrating {Recruitment} {Estimates} for {Mourning} {Doves} {From} {Harvest} {Age} {Ratios}},
	volume = {74},
	copyright = {2010 The Wildlife Society},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2193/2009-409},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/2009-409},
	abstract = {We examined results from the first national-scale effort to estimate mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) age ratios and developed a simple, efficient, and generalizable methodology for calibrating estimates. Our method predicted age classes of unknown-age wings based on backward projection of molt distributions from fall harvest collections to preseason banding. We estimated 1) the proportion of late-molt individuals in each age class, and 2) the molt rates of juvenile and adult birds. Monte Carlo simulations demonstrated our estimator was minimally biased. We estimated model parameters using 96,811 wings collected from hunters and 42,189 birds banded during preseason from 68 collection blocks in 22 states during the 2005–2007 hunting seasons. We also used estimates to derive a correction factor, based on latitude and longitude of samples, which can be applied to future surveys. We estimated differential vulnerability of age classes to harvest using data from banded birds and applied that to harvest age ratios to estimate population age ratios. Average, uncorrected age ratio of known-age wings for states that allow hunting was 2.25 (SD 0.85) juveniles:adult, and average, corrected ratio was 1.91 (SD 0.68), as determined from harvest age ratios from an independent sample of 41,084 wings collected from random hunters in 2007 and 2008. We used an independent estimate of differential vulnerability to adjust corrected harvest age ratios and estimated the average population age ratio as 1.45 (SD 0.52), a direct measure of recruitment rates. Average annual recruitment rates were highest east of the Mississippi River and in the northwestern United States, with lower rates between. Our results demonstrate a robust methodology for calibrating recruitment estimates for mourning doves and represent the first large-scale estimates of recruitment for the species. Our methods can be used by managers to correct future harvest survey data to generate recruitment estimates for use in formulating harvest management strategies.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Miller, David A. and Otis, David L.},
	year = {2010},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2193/2009-409},
	keywords = {age ratio, detection, differential vulnerability, harvest survey, molt, mourning dove, Zenaida macroura},
	pages = {1070--1078},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1673/2009-409.html:text/html},
}

@article{tambling_methods_2010,
	title = {Methods for {Locating} {African} {Lion} {Kills} {Using} {Global} {Positioning} {System} {Movement} {Data}},
	volume = {74},
	copyright = {2010 The Wildlife Society},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2193/2009-010},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.2193/2009-010},
	abstract = {Knowledge of the range, behavior, and feeding habits of large carnivores is fundamental to their successful conservation. Traditionally, the best method to obtain feeding data is through continuous observation, which is not always feasible. Reliable automated methods are needed to obtain sample sizes sufficient for statistical inference. Identification of large carnivore kill sites using Global Positioning System (GPS) data is gaining popularity. We assessed performance of generalized linear regression models (GLM) versus classification trees (CT) in a multipredator, multiprey African savanna ecosystem. We applied GLMs and CTs to various combinations of distance-traveled data, cluster durations, and environmental factors to predict occurrence of 234 female African lion (Panthera leo) kill sites from 1,477 investigated GPS clusters. Ratio of distance moved 24 hours before versus 24 hours after a cluster was the most important predictor variable in both GLM and CT analysis. In all cases, GLMs outperformed our cost-complexity-pruned CTs in their discriminative ability to separate kill from nonkill sites. Generalized linear models provided a good framework for kill-site identification that incorporates a hierarchal ordering of cluster investigation and measures to assess trade-offs between classification accuracy and time constraints. Implementation of GLMs within an adaptive sampling framework can considerably increase efficiency of locating kill sites, providing a cost-effective method for increasing sample sizes of kill data.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Tambling, Craig J. and Cameron, Elissa Z. and Toit, Johan T. Du and Getz, Wayne M.},
	year = {2010},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2193/2009-010},
	keywords = {predation, Global Positioning System (GPS), Kruger National Park, Panthera leo, predator-prey interactions},
	pages = {549--556},
	file = {Submitted Version:files/1675/Tambling et al. - 2010 - Methods for Locating African Lion Kills Using Glob.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1676/2009-010.html:text/html},
}

@article{mech_considerations_2010,
	title = {Considerations for {Developing} {Wolf} {Harvesting} {Regulations} in the {Contiguous} {United} {States}},
	volume = {74},
	copyright = {2010 The Wildlife Society},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01268.x},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01268.x},
	abstract = {Abstract: As gray wolves (Canis lupus) are removed from the federal Endangered Species List, management reverts to the states. Eventually most states will probably allow public wolf harvesting. Open seasons between about 1 November and 1 March accord more with basic wolf biology than during other times. Managers who consider wolf biology and public sensitivities, adapt public-taking regulations accordingly, and adjust harvest regulations as they learn will be best able to maximize the recreational value of wolf harvesting, minimize public animosity toward it, and meet their harvest objectives.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Mech, L. David},
	year = {2010},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01268.x},
	keywords = {hunting, management, harvest, Canis lupus, conservation, endangered species, wolf},
	pages = {1421--1424},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1678/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01268.html:text/html},
}

@article{ueno_culling_2010,
	title = {Culling {Versus} {Density} {Effects} in {Management} of a {Deer} {Population}},
	volume = {74},
	copyright = {2010 The Wildlife Society},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01274.x},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01274.x},
	abstract = {Abstract: Wildlife managers often manipulate hunting regulations to control deer populations. However, few empirical studies have examined the level of hunting effort (hunter-days) required to limit population growth and demographic effects through harvesting of females. Moreover, the relative importance of density effects on population growth has not been quantified. We reconstructed a sika deer [Cervus nippon] population over a period of 12 years (1990–2001) using age- and sex-specific harvest data. Using cohort analysis, we analyzed population dynamics, focusing on 1) the relationship between hunting effort and hunting-induced mortality rate, 2) relative contributions of hunting mortality and recruitment of yearlings to annual changes in population growth rate, and 3) annual variation in recruitment rate. Population size increased until 1998 and declined thereafter. The population growth rate changed more in response to annual changes in recruitment rate than hunting mortality rate. Temporal variation in recruitment rate was not controlled by birth rate alone; direct density dependence, intensities of hunting mortality for fawns, and for females (≥2 yr of age), which accounted for the fawn survival rate, were required as factors to explain temporal variation. Density effects on the recruitment rate were not strong enough to regulate the population within the study period; high hunting mortality, with intensive female harvesting, was necessary to prevent population growth. Hunting effort was a good predictor of the hunting mortality rate, and female harvest had a negative effect on the recruitment rate through fawn survival. We suggest that {\textgreater}3,500 hunter-days and prioritization of female harvesting are required to prevent increases in this deer population.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Ueno, Mayumi and Kaji, Koichi and Saitoh, Takashi},
	year = {2010},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01274.x},
	keywords = {recruitment, Cervus nippon, cohort analysis, density dependence, female harvest, harvest-at-age, Japan, population growth, population reconstruction, sika deer},
	pages = {1472--1483},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1680/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01274.html:text/html},
}

@article{balkcom_predicting_2010,
	title = {Predicting {Wood} {Duck} {Harvest} {Rates} in {Eastern} {North} {America}},
	volume = {74},
	copyright = {2010 The Wildlife Society},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01286.x},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01286.x},
	abstract = {Abstract: We developed a method for predicting wood duck (Aix sponsa) harvest rates in eastern North America using waterfowl banding and recovery data, annual indices of hunter numbers, and harvest survey data from the United States and Canada. We predicted that under the current season length (60 days), if hunter numbers remain unchanged, increasing the wood duck bag limit from 2 to 3 would increase harvest of adult male wood ducks in the Atlantic and Mississippi flyways by 12.3\%, causing an increase in harvest rate of 7.1\% from 0.087 to 0.093. The Flyway Councils and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service can consider this information to predict the impacts of regulatory changes.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Balkcom, Gregory D. and Garrettson, Pamela R. and Padding, Paul I.},
	year = {2010},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01286.x},
	keywords = {Aix sponsa, bag limit, harvest rate, multiple regression, regulations, season length, wood duck},
	pages = {1575--1579},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1682/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01286.html:text/html},
}

@article{alisauskas_experimental_2011,
	title = {An experimental assessment of shotgun discharge on aluminum legband retention},
	volume = {75},
	copyright = {Copyright © The Wildlife Society, 2011},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.211},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.211},
	abstract = {Although metal legbands have been an important scientific tool, their use for estimation of harvest and survival relies on samples of dead birds harvested by hunters using shotguns. We hypothesized that the force of steel pellets discharged from a shotgun, within the range of conditions normally experienced by goose hunters, was sufficient to reduce probability of band retention. We conducted 8 experimental trials to estimate retention per round fired at aluminum bands normally applied to arctic-nesting geese in relation to effects of 1) target range (20 m vs. 40 m), 2) steel pellet size (4.57 mm [BB] vs. 3.81 mm [number 2]), 3) cartridge size (76.2 mm [3 in.] vs. 69.9 mm [2.75 in.]), and 4) number of rounds fired (up to 25). There was nearly complete band retention (0.999/round) at 40 m regardless of shot size or shell size used. Retention per round fired at 20 m declined to between 0.984 and 0.987 for number 2 shot and between 0.968 and 0.974 for BB shot. Our conclusions apply to unworn bands, so we recommend further simulations to assess how retention may change with age of bands as they erode or corrode on free-ranging geese. Bias in estimates associated with loss of older bands from shotgun discharge could be adjusted if bias is estimated as done in this article. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Alisauskas, Ray T. and Zimmerman, Guthrie S.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.211},
	keywords = {harvest, arctic geese, band recovery, band retention, waterfowl},
	pages = {1710--1715},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1684/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{hengeveld_harvest_2011,
	title = {Harvest regulations and artificial selection on horn size in male bighorn sheep},
	volume = {75},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2011 The Wildlife Society},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.14},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.14},
	abstract = {Wild sheep in North America are highly prized by hunters and most harvest regulations restrict legal harvest to males with a specified minimum horn curl. Because reproductive success is skewed toward larger males that are socially dominant, these regulations may select against high-quality, fast-growing males. To evaluate potential selective effects of alternative management strategies, we analyzed horn increment measures of males harvested over 28 yr (1975–2003) in 2 bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) ecotypes in British Columbia, Canada. Using mixed-effect models we examined variation in hunter selection for horn size, early horn growth, and male age under different harvest regulations (Full Curl, Three Quarter Curl, Any Ram). Under all regulations, males with the greatest early horn growth were harvested at the youngest ages, before the age at which large horns influence reproductive success. Early growth decreased with harvest age and until ≥7 yr of age it was greatest in males harvested under Full Curl regulation. Permit type (General vs. Limited Entry Hunt) and hunter origin (British Columbia Resident vs. Non-Resident) had little effect on horn size of harvested males. Full Curl regulations increased the average age of harvested males by {\textless}1 yr relative to Three-Quarter Curl regulations. Age-specific horn measures in the California ecotype harvested under Three-Quarter Curl regulations declined over time but we observed no temporal declines in the Rocky Mountain ecotype, primarily harvested under Full Curl regulations. Management strategies that protect some males with greater early horn growth or provide harvest refuges to maintain genetic diversity are likely to reduce potential for negative effects of artificial selection. © 2010 The Wildlife Society},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Hengeveld, Pamela E. and Festa-Bianchet, Marco},
	year = {2011},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.14},
	keywords = {artificial selection, bighorn sheep, trophy hunting, British Columbia, harvest regulations, horn growth, management strategies, Ovis canadensis},
	pages = {189--197},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1686/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{jacques_evaluating_2011-1,
	title = {Evaluating how hunters see and react to telemetry collars on white-tailed deer},
	volume = {75},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2011 The Wildlife Society},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.23},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.23},
	abstract = {Fates of individuals outfitted with radiotransmitters commonly are used for estimating survival rates in populations of large animals that are hunted. Despite precautions, this practice may be subject to complex biases associated with hunter reaction to presence of radiotransmitters. To assess this potential bias we conducted an experiment using artificial deer (i.e., decoys) to measure hunters' abilities to see deer and determine if deer seen were wearing radiocollars. We used logistic regression to quantify probabilities that seeing deer and subsequently seeing radiocollars might be influenced by distance, percent visual obstruction, body orientation, hunter experience, and antler characteristics of deer. Additionally, we evaluated how experience and antler characteristics of deer might influence a hunter's decision to harvest a radiocollared deer. We found that 25.8\% of the potentially observable collared deer (n = 663) were subsequently observed by hunters. Odds of observing deer and radiocollars increased 95\% and 230\%, respectively, for each additional log(yr) of hunting experience. Willingness to harvest radiocollared deer increased 89\% for each additional log(yr) of hunting experience and 144\% for large-antlered deer relative to antlerless deer. When hunting is an important source of mortality, analysts need to understand how potential biases associated with observing deer are associated with hunters' reactions to and subsequent decisions to harvest radiocollared animals. Our study suggested that presence of radiocollars may influence a deer's potential risk of being harvested and in turn bias telemetry-based estimates of survival, given that hunting mortality is the largest component of total mortality in hunted deer populations. Collar-based telemetry is used nearly universally by wildlife managers and researchers throughout North America and elsewhere to estimate and monitor the survival of big game populations that are managed through hunting. Our findings demonstrate that these estimates are likely subject to complex and systematic biases that managers should consider when evaluating future population-level effects of managed hunting. © 2011 The Wildlife Society},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Jacques, Christopher N. and Deelen, Timothy R. van and Hall, Wayne H. and Martin, Karl J. and Vercauteren, Kurt C.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.23},
	keywords = {hunting, survival, mortality, bias, Odocoileus virginianus, radiotelemetry, white-tailed deer},
	pages = {221--231},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1688/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{fukuda_recovery_2011,
	title = {Recovery of saltwater crocodiles following unregulated hunting in tidal rivers of the {Northern} {Territory}, {Australia}},
	volume = {75},
	copyright = {Copyright © The Wildlife Society, 2011},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.191},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.191},
	abstract = {Saltwater crocodiles (Crocodylus porosus) in the Northern Territory of Australia were protected in 1971, after a severe population decline resulting from 26 yr of intense commercial hunting. By that time wild saltwater crocodiles were rarely sighted anywhere and they were commercially extinct in areas where they had once been abundant. Standardized monitoring by spotlight surveys started in 1975 and provided relative density indices over time (1975–2009) as a unique record of the post-protection recovery of a wild crocodilian population. We examined the survey data for populations at 12 major tidal rivers, individually and as a single subpopulation. The pattern of recovery in the subpopulation in both abundance and biomass was approximated by logistic curves, predicting 5.26 non-hatchling crocodiles weighing 387.64 kg sighted per kilometer of river in 2010. We predicted potential carrying capacity as 5.58 non-hatchling crocodiles (5.73\% higher than 2010) weighing 519.0 kg (25.31\% higher than 2010). Individual rivers showed largely different abundance and biomass among rivers. The statistical model that best described the recovery in individual rivers was not always logistic. However, where it was logistic, expected carrying capacity of different rivers showed considerable variation in abundance and biomass. The variation indicates different habitat quality among the rivers. Recovery occurred despite various consumptive uses, particularly a widespread egg-harvest program, which has been an integral part of the incentive-driven conservation program for saltwater crocodiles in the Northern Territory since 1983. We suggest that the saltwater crocodile population of the Northern Territory is achieving full recovery from uncontrolled hunting in 1945–1971. Although saltwater crocodiles are considered an important natural resource, their increase in number, size, and distribution is posing management issues for public safety. Continuation of human–crocodile conflict management through public education and strategic removal of problem crocodiles will be essential. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Fukuda, Yusuke and Webb, Grahame and Manolis, Charlie and Delaney, Robyn and Letnic, Mike and Lindner, Garry and Whitehead, Peter},
	year = {2011},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.191},
	keywords = {hunting, Australia, Crocodylus porosus, Northern Territory, population, recovery, saltwater crocodile},
	pages = {1253--1266},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1690/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{keech_effects_2011,
	title = {Effects of predator treatments, individual traits, and environment on moose survival in {Alaska}},
	volume = {75},
	copyright = {Copyright © The Wildlife Society, 2011},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.188},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.188},
	abstract = {We studied moose (Alces alces) survival, physical condition, and abundance in a 3-predator system in western Interior Alaska, USA, during 2001–2007. Our objective was to quantify the effects of predator treatments on moose population dynamics by investigating changes in survival while evaluating the contribution of potentially confounding covariates. In May 2003 and 2004, we reduced black bear (Ursus americanus) and brown bear (U. arctos) numbers by translocating bears ≥240 km from the study area. Aircraft-assisted take reduced wolf (Canis lupus) numbers markedly in the study area during 2004–2007. We estimated black bears were reduced by approximately 96\% by June 2004 and recovered to within 27\% of untreated numbers by May 2007. Brown bears were reduced approximately 50\% by June 2004. Late-winter wolf numbers were reduced by 75\% by 2005 and likely remained at these levels through 2007. In addition to predator treatments, moose hunting closures during 2004–2007 reduced harvests of male moose by 60\% in the study area. Predator treatments resulted in increased calf survival rates during summer (primarily from reduced black bear predation) and autumn (primarily from reduced wolf predation). Predator treatments had little influence on survival of moose calves during winter; instead, calf survival was influenced by snow depth and possibly temperature. Increased survival of moose calves during summer and autumn combined with relatively constant winter survival in most years led to a corresponding increase in annual survival of calves following predator treatments. Nonpredation mortalities of calves increased following predator treatments; however, this increase provided little compensation to the decrease in predation mortalities resulting from treatments. Thus, predator-induced calf mortality was primarily additive. Summer survival of moose calves was positively related to calf mass (β {\textgreater} 0.07, SE = 0.073) during treated years and lower (β = −0.82, SE = 0.247) for twins than singletons during all years. Following predator treatments, survival of yearling moose increased 8.7\% for females and 21.4\% for males during summer and 2.2\% for females and 15.6\% for males during autumn. Annual survival of adult (≥2 yr old) female moose also increased in treated years and was negatively (β = −0.21, SE = 0.078) related to age. Moose density increased 45\%, from 0.38 moose/km2 in 2001 to 0.55 moose/km2 in 2007, which resulted from annual increases in overall survival of moose, not increases in reproductive rates. Indices of nutritional status remained constant throughout our study despite increased moose density. This information can be used by wildlife managers and policymakers to better understand the outcomes of predator treatments in Alaska and similar environments. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Keech, Mark A. and Lindberg, Mark S. and Boertje, Rodney D. and Valkenburg, Patrick and Taras, Brian D. and Boudreau, Toby A. and Beckmen, Kimberlee B.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.188},
	keywords = {survival, Alces alces, predation, Canis lupus, additive, condition, indices, limitation, Ursus americanus, Ursus arctos},
	pages = {1361--1380},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1692/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{bergman_biological_2011,
	title = {Biological and socio-economic effects of statewide limitation of deer licenses in {Colorado}},
	volume = {75},
	copyright = {Copyright © The Wildlife Society, 2011},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.168},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.168},
	abstract = {We evaluated the biological and socio-economic effects of statewide limitation of mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) hunting licenses, which began in Colorado in 1999. We implemented a before-after-control-impact (BACI) analysis of annual helicopter sex and age class surveys, collected as part of the Colorado Division of Wildlife's routine monitoring, to assess changes in adult male/adult female ratios and fawn/adult female ratios in response to this change in harvest management. Following statewide limitation and reduction of license sales (1999–2006), we observed increases in adult male/adult female ratios of 7.39 (SE = 2.36) to 15.23 (SE = 1.22) adult males per 100 adult females in moderately limited areas and of 17.55 (SE = 3.27) to 21.86 (SE = 2.31) adult males per 100 adult females in highly limited areas. We simultaneously observed reductions in fawn/adult female ratios in newly limited areas by as much as 6.96 (SE = 2.19) fawns per 100 females, whereas in areas that had previously been limited we observed stabilization of fawn/adult female ratios at levels lower than levels observed under the unlimited harvest management structure. An immediate decline of \$7.86 million in annual revenue stemmed from the change in harvest management, but revenue subsequently rebounded. This study provides preliminary evidence of potential effects that other state and provincial wildlife management agencies may face as they consider shifting mule deer harvest management towards limited license scenarios. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Bergman, Eric J. and Watkins, Bruce E. and Bishop, Chad J. and Lukacs, Paul M. and Lloyd, Mary},
	year = {2011},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.168},
	keywords = {hunting, mule deer, management, harvest, before-after-control-impact (BACI), Colorado, license, Odocoileus hemionus},
	pages = {1443--1452},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1694/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{stewart_extent_2011,
	title = {The extent of lead fragmentation observed in deer culled by sharpshooting},
	volume = {75},
	copyright = {Copyright © The Wildlife Society, 2011},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.174},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.174},
	abstract = {Sharpshooting is a proven management technique to lower white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) densities in areas where hunting is precluded. A donation program that allows for the consumptive use of these culled deer is often necessary to gain public approval for such a program. We culled 40 deer in Indiana using sharpshooting methods (head and neck shot placement) and radiographed the carcasses to determine if lead fragmentation spread throughout the skeletal muscle system. In 30 deer where shot placement was between the cranium and fourth cervical vertebrae, we observed no lead fragments in any thoracic or crural muscle tissue. Of 10 deer where shot placement was between the fifth and seventh cervical vertebrae, 8 deer experienced lead fragments in the extensor spinae muscle. Deer culled with highly frangible bullets via sharpshooting in the cranium or upper cervical spine have minimal risk of experiencing lead fragmentation in the thoracic or crural muscle systems. Deer shot in the lower neck may experience lead fragmentation in the anterior extensor spinae muscle, and up to 40 cm of that muscle should be removed before consumption. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Stewart, Chad M. and Veverka, Norman B.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.174},
	keywords = {Odocoileus virginianus, white-tailed deer, lead fragmentation, sharpshooting},
	pages = {1462--1466},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1696/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{plautz_lead_2011,
	title = {Lead shot ingestion by mourning doves on a disked field},
	volume = {75},
	copyright = {Copyright © The Wildlife Society, 2011},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.105},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.105},
	abstract = {Previous field studies of hunter-harvested mourning doves (Zenaida macroura) have reported the percentage of birds with ingested lead shot as 0.2–6.5\%. To reduce the uncertainty concerning the number of doves that ingest shot, we conducted an experiment to test the proportion of mourning doves that ingested lead shot on the bare soil of a disked field (typical of a managed dove field) to simulate more natural feeding conditions. In each of 3 treatment groups of 80 birds, we exposed 35 birds to low-density lead shot (1.5 million shot/ha), and35 birds to high-density lead shot (29.5 million shot/ha), and 10 birds served as controls (no shot). We dosed 5 positive control birds with 2 lead shot each in trials 2 and 3. We scattered lead shot and mixed seed on the loosely packed soil of treatment cages and after 4 days of exposure, 2.9\% of doves voluntarily ingested ≥1 lead shot. The proportion of birds that ingested shot when exposed to the high-density shot treatment (4.9\%) was not different (P = 0.098) from that of the low-density shot treatment (1.0\%). Lead concentrations in liver, kidneys, and blood reached maxima of 94.402 ppm, 346.033 ppm, and 13.883 ppm wet mass, respectively. Differences in delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity, packed cell volume, and heterophil:lymphocyte ratio (H:L) were greater posttreatment in doves that had ingested shot than in those that did not. The risk posed to mourning doves from lead shot ingestion can be reduced by banning lead shot on management areas or dove fields or disking fields after hunting season to reduce shot availability. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Plautz, Stephanie C. and Halbrook, Richard S. and Sparling, Donald W.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.105},
	keywords = {lead shot, Zenaida macroura, delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), lead toxicity, mourning dove management},
	pages = {779--785},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1698/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{knoche_economic_2012,
	title = {The economic value of publicly accessible deer hunting land},
	volume = {76},
	copyright = {Copyright © The Wildlife Society, 2011},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.302},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.302},
	abstract = {Access to lands for hunting is widely recognized as critical to sustaining and developing participation in hunting. Deer hunters comprise a substantial portion of recreational hunters in the United States, and numerous stakeholders benefit from the deer management services provided by hunters on public lands. We estimated the economic value of publicly accessible deer hunting land in Michigan using economic models of hunting destinations for hunters in the archery season and for hunters in the firearm season. We found that the amounts of state-owned hunting land, federally owned hunting land, and publicly accessible, privately owned Commercial Forest Act land are significant (P {\textless} 0.001) and positive determinants of hunting destinations. The annual economic value of Michigan's publicly accessible hunting land to archery and firearm deer hunters, beyond hunter expenditures, was estimated to be over \$80 million. Access to state-owned land accounted for approximately \$50 million in annual economic value to Michigan deer hunters. The average per-acre value of publicly accessible hunting land is greatest in the Southern Lower Peninsula of Michigan, where public access is scarce and the majority of hunters reside. Understanding the economic values hunters derive from publicly accessible hunting lands will enable managers and policy makers to make better decisions when considering policy options that involve reducing or increasing public access. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Knoche, Scott and Lupi, Frank},
	year = {2012},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.302},
	keywords = {hunting, white-tailed deer, access, economics, Michigan, Odocoileus virginanus},
	pages = {462--470},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1700/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{webb_effects_2012,
	title = {Effects of selective harvest on antler size in white-tailed deer: {A} modeling approach},
	volume = {76},
	copyright = {Copyright © The Wildlife Society, 2011},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	shorttitle = {Effects of selective harvest on antler size in white-tailed deer},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.236},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.236},
	abstract = {Selective harvesting in wild deer (Odocoileus spp.) populations is a common practice that may influence antler size. However, in free-ranging populations, response due to selection is unknown or difficult to quantify because antlers are influenced by nutrition and population demographics. We used quantitative genetic models to predict how white-tailed deer (O. virginianus) antlers would respond to selection and what variables (i.e., population size, age structure, mating ratio, and heritability) most affected antler size. We validated our quantitative genetics program by comparing model results with a population of deer used for controlled breeding experiments; modeled antler points (AP) and score increased (2.2–4.3 AP and 48.5–97.7 cm, respectively) after 8 years of selection, similar to observed increases in AP (3.2) and score (92.3 cm) from the controlled population. In modeled free-ranging populations, mating ratio, age structure, and heritability were more important in influencing antler size than size of the population. However, response to selection in free-ranging populations was lower (0.1–0.9 AP) than controlled breeding populations even after 20 years of selection. These results show that selective harvesting of free-ranging white-tailed deer may be inefficient to change population-level genetic characteristics related to antler size. Response of antlers in free-ranging deer will be less than controlled populations, and possibly modeled free-ranging simulations, because individual reproductive success of males is lower, breeding is done by a large group of males, and reproductive and survival rates are lower. These factors, and others, reduce the amount of improvement that can be made to antlers due to selection. Therefore, selective harvesting in free-ranging populations should be justified for managing population demographics and dynamics, but not for changing the genetic characteristics of populations. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Webb, Stephen L. and Demarais, Stephen and Strickland, Bronson K. and DeYoung, Randy W. and Kinghorn, Brian P. and Gee, Kenneth L.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.236},
	keywords = {selection, management, Odocoileus virginianus, white-tailed deer, antlers, culling, genetics, GENUP, modeling, selective harvest},
	pages = {48--56},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1702/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{gude_wolf_2012,
	title = {Wolf population dynamics in the {U}.{S}. {Northern} {Rocky} {Mountains} are affected by recruitment and human-caused mortality},
	volume = {76},
	copyright = {Copyright © The Wildlife Society, 2011},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.201},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.201},
	abstract = {Reliable analyses can help wildlife managers make good decisions, which are particularly critical for controversial decisions such as wolf (Canis lupus) harvest. Creel and Rotella (2010) recently predicted substantial population declines in Montana wolf populations due to harvest, in contrast to predictions made by Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks (MFWP). We replicated their analyses considering only those years in which field monitoring was consistent, and we considered the effect of annual variation in recruitment on wolf population growth. Rather than assuming constant rates, we used model selection methods to evaluate and incorporate models of factors driving recruitment and human-caused mortality rates in wolf populations in the Northern Rocky Mountains. Using data from 27 area-years of intensive wolf monitoring, we show that variation in both recruitment and human-caused mortality affect annual wolf population growth rates and that human-caused mortality rates have increased with the sizes of wolf populations. We document that recruitment rates have decreased over time, and we speculate that rates have decreased with increasing population sizes and/or that the ability of current field resources to document recruitment rates has recently become less successful as the number of wolves in the region has increased. Estimates of positive wolf population growth in Montana from our top models are consistent with field observations and estimates previously made by MFWP for 2008–2010, whereas the predictions for declining wolf populations of Creel and Rotella (2010) are not. Familiarity with limitations of raw data, obtained first-hand or through consultation with scientists who collected the data, helps generate more reliable inferences and conclusions in analyses of publicly available datasets. Additionally, development of efficient monitoring methods for wolves is a pressing need, so that analyses such as ours will be possible in future years when fewer resources will be available for monitoring. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Gude, Justin A. and Mitchell, Michael S. and Russell, Robin E. and Sime, Carolyn A. and Bangs, Edward E. and Mech, L. David and Ream, Robert R.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.201},
	keywords = {recruitment, Montana, harvest, Canis lupus, wolf, human-caused mortality, Northern Rocky Mountains, population dynamics},
	pages = {108--118},
	file = {Submitted Version:files/1704/Gude et al. - 2012 - Wolf population dynamics in the U.S. Northern Rock.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1705/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{norton_spatio-temporal_2012,
	title = {Spatio-temporal variation in male white-tailed deer harvest rates in {Pennsylvania}: {Implications} for estimating abundance},
	volume = {76},
	copyright = {Copyright © The Wildlife Society, 2011},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	shorttitle = {Spatio-temporal variation in male white-tailed deer harvest rates in {Pennsylvania}},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.249},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.249},
	abstract = {The performance of 2 popular methods that use age-at-harvest data to estimate abundance of white-tailed deer is contingent on assumptions about variation in estimates of subadult (1.5 yr old) and adult (≥2.5 yr old) male harvest rates. Auxiliary data (e.g., estimates of survival or harvest rates from radiocollared animals) can be used to relax some assumptions, but unless these population parameters exhibit limited temporal or spatial variation, these auxiliary data may not improve accuracy. Unfortunately maintaining sufficient sample sizes of radiocollared deer for parameter estimation in every wildlife management unit (WMU) is not feasible for most state agencies. We monitored the fates of 397 subadult and 225 adult male white-tailed deer across 4 WMUs from 2002 to 2008 using radio telemetry. We investigated spatial and temporal variation in harvest rates and investigated covariates related to the patterns observed. We found that most variation in harvest rates was explained spatially and that adult harvest rates (0.36–0.69) were more variable among study areas than subadult harvest rates (0.26–0.42). We found that hunter effort during the archery and firearms season best explained variation in harvest rates of adult males among WMUs, whereas hunter effort during only the firearms season best explained harvest rates for subadult males. From a population estimation perspective, it is advantageous that most variation was spatial and explained by a readily obtained covariate (hunter effort). However, harvest rates may vary if hunting regulations or hunter behavior change, requiring additional field studies to obtain accurate estimates of harvest rates. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Norton, Andrew S. and Diefenbach, Duane R. and Wallingford, Bret D. and Rosenberry, Christopher S.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.249},
	keywords = {Odocoileus virginianus, white-tailed deer, harvest rates, Pennsylvania, spatio-temporal variation},
	pages = {136--143},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1707/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{rogers_lead_2012,
	title = {Lead exposure in large carnivores in the greater {Yellowstone} ecosystem},
	volume = {76},
	copyright = {Copyright © The Wildlife Society, 2011},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.277},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.277},
	abstract = {Ingestion of lead rifle bullet fragments found in discarded hunter-harvested ungulate gut piles negatively affects avian wildlife. Some large carnivores, such as grizzly bears, are also known to target these gut piles as a food source and are therefore potentially at risk of lead exposure. We investigated whether large carnivores in the greater Yellowstone ecosystem were exposed to lead, and if so, if ammunition ingested from gut piles was an apparent source of exposure. Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos, n = 82) exhibited higher blood lead levels (median = 4.4 µg/dL, range 1.1–18.6 µg/dL) than black bears (Ursus americanus, n = 35, median = 1.6, range 0.5–6.9 µg/dL), but blood lead levels did not increase during the autumn hunting season when potentially lead-tainted gut piles are available. Wolves (Canis lupus, n = 21) and cougars (Puma concolor, n = 8) showed lead concentrations near or below the minimum level of detection in both blood and tissue samples. Unlike findings in previous studies on avian scavengers, we did not find lead ammunition fragments to be a widespread source of lead exposure in large carnivores. Grizzly bears do, however, exhibit blood lead levels that are higher than what is considered safe in humans, but the source of this exposure remains unknown. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Rogers, Thomas A. and Bedrosian, Bryan and Graham, Jon and Foresman, Kerry R.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.277},
	keywords = {wolf, ammunition, black bear, carnivore, cougars, grizzly bear, lead, scat, Yellowstone},
	pages = {575--582},
	file = {Submitted Version:files/1709/Rogers et al. - 2012 - Lead exposure in large carnivores in the greater Y.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1710/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{vargas_are_2012,
	title = {Are reclamo hunting seasons for the {Spanish} red-legged partridge off the mark?},
	volume = {76},
	copyright = {Copyright © The Wildlife Society, 2012},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.329},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.329},
	abstract = {The red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) is abundant in a number of regions in Spain and one of the most commonly hunted small game species in the country. Partridge hunting generates substantial income in rural areas where agriculture is less profitable. A traditional hunting method, reclamo hunting, is currently under revision by the European Commission's (EC) Birds Directive because hunting may fall within the reproduction period of the species. So far, only limited data on the reproductive phenology of the species exist to inform a policy change. In this study, we present reproduction data for red-legged partridges from 9 hunting estates in Andalusia during 1 year, and over 3 consecutive seasons from a control estate. We used direct nest and partridge chick covey observations to estimate 165 egg-laying dates. We found significant differences between sites related to altitude during reproduction periods. Using our pooled data, we showed that reproduction occurred between the last 10 days in January and the middle of February; beyond 31 January we observed an exponential increase in birds reproduction. According to these data and current EC legislation, reclamo hunting should not extend beyond 31 January. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Vargas, J. Mario and Duarte, Jesus and Farfán, Miguel Angel and Villafuerte, Rafael and Fa, John E.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.329},
	keywords = {chicks, EU Birds Directive, hunting estates, laying dates, nests, reproduction season},
	pages = {714--720},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1712/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{chamberlain_effects_2012-1,
	title = {Effects of variable spring harvest regimes on annual survival and recovery rates of male wild turkeys in {Southeast} {Louisiana}},
	volume = {76},
	copyright = {Copyright © The Wildlife Society, 2012},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.341},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.341},
	abstract = {Spring harvest is a primary mortality factor for male eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris), but the relationship between spring harvest regimes and annual survival is not well understood. We banded 462 male wild turkeys from 1989 to 2007 in southeastern Louisiana to estimate annual survival and band recovery rates relative to spring harvest. We evaluated these parameters under a liberal harvest season (3-bird limit; 1989–1997) and a reduced conservative harvest season (2-bird limit; 2000–2007). Estimated recovery rates during the liberal season were 0.75 (SE = 0.05) for adults and 0.63 (SE = 0.04) for juveniles, and recovery rates during the conservative season were 0.61 (SE = 0.04) and 0.48 (SE = 0.05) for adults and juveniles, respectively. Annual survival averaged 0.16 (SE = 0.05) and 0.43 (SE = 0.05) for adults and juveniles, respectively, during the liberal season. Conversely, during the conservative season, annual survival averaged 0.31 (SE = 0.05) and 0.56 (SE = 0.05) for adults and juveniles, respectively. Our findings suggest that bag limit reductions combined with a reduction in season length contributed to a 2-fold increase in annual survival for male wild turkeys. We contend that male wild turkeys were likely over harvested on our study area during the liberal harvest season, which contributed to exceptionally low annual survival rates. Managers should attempt to assess survival rates of male wild turkeys in harvested populations to properly manage spring harvest and develop appropriate harvest limits. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Chamberlain, Michael J. and Grisham, Blake A. and Norris, Jennifer L. and Stafford, Norman J. and Kimmel, Frederick G. and Olinde, Michael W.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.341},
	keywords = {harvest regimes, Louisiana, Meleagris gallopavo, program MARK, survival, wild turkey},
	pages = {907--910},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1714/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{kapfer_socioeconomic_2012,
	title = {Socioeconomic and ecological correlates of bobcat harvest in {Minnesota}},
	volume = {76},
	copyright = {Copyright © The Wildlife Society, 2011},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.284},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.284},
	abstract = {Management of game animals requires understanding of factors that affect harvest levels. Although influenced by international law, bobcat (Lynx rufus) management is the responsibility of state or provincial agencies, and jurisdictional environmental, ecological, and regulatory differences may alter which variables influence harvest. Consequently, our understanding of the factors driving bobcat harvest should be at a scale similar to that at which they are managed. We associated 32 years of bobcat harvest data from Minnesota with socioeconomic (e.g., pelt prices, license sales) and ecological variables (e.g., prey abundance, bobcat-specific index of winter severity) to determine what variables most strongly influenced annual bobcat harvest. We constructed candidate negative binomial generalized linear models based on an information–theoretic approach and used quasi-likelihood Akaike's Information Criterion adjusted for small sample size to assess the relative performance of each model. Our best model suggested that annual bobcat harvest in Minnesota was positively related to the proportion of scent stations visited by bobcats and season length, and negatively related to the proportion of days when the maximum temperature did not exceed the bobcat's lower critical temperature. Our results differ from those of other studies examining factors influencing furbearer harvest that have suggested furbearer harvest is driven primarily by pelt price, and suggest that managers can influence the annual harvest of bobcats by changing season length. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Kapfer, Paul M. and Potts, Kevin B.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.284},
	keywords = {trapping, harvest, bobcat, furbearer, Lynx rufus, Minnesota, pelt price},
	pages = {237--242},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1716/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{pearse_spring_2012,
	title = {Spring snow goose hunting influences body composition of waterfowl staging in {Nebraska}},
	volume = {76},
	copyright = {Copyright © The Wildlife Society, 2012},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.389},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.389},
	abstract = {A spring hunt was instituted in North America to reduce abundance of snow geese (Chen caerulescens) by increasing mortality of adults directly, yet disturbance from hunting activities can indirectly influence body condition and ultimately, reproductive success. We estimated effects of hunting disturbance by comparing body composition of snow geese and non-target species, greater white-fronted geese (Anser albifrons) and northern pintails (Anas acuta) collected in portions of south-central Nebraska that were open (eastern Rainwater Basin, ERB) and closed (western Rainwater Basin, WRB; and central Platte River Valley, CPRV) to snow goose hunting during springs 1998 and 1999. Lipid content of 170 snow geese was 25\% (57 g) less in areas open to hunting compared to areas closed during hunting season but similar in all areas after hunting was concluded in the ERB. Protein content of snow geese was 3\% (14 g) less in the region open to hunting. Greater white-fronted geese had 24\% (76 g; n = 129) less lipids in the hunted portion of the study area during hunting season, and this difference persisted after conclusion of hunting season. We found little difference in lipid or protein content of northern pintails in relation to spring hunting. Indirect effects of spring hunting may be considered a collateral benefit regarding efforts to reduce overabundant snow goose populations. Disrupted nutrient storage observed in greater white-fronted geese represents an unintended consequence of spring hunting that has potential to adversely affect reproduction for this and other species of waterbirds staging in the region. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Pearse, Aaron T. and Krapu, Gary L. and Cox, Robert R.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.389},
	keywords = {Anas acuta, Anser albifrons, Chen caerulescens, lipid, protein, spring migration},
	pages = {1393--1400},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1718/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{gude_deer_2012-1,
	title = {Deer and elk hunter recruitment, retention, and participation trends in {Montana}},
	volume = {76},
	copyright = {Copyright © The Wildlife Society, 2011},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.272},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.272},
	abstract = {Big game hunting is the most popular type of hunting in the United States, and deer and elk hunting are the most popular type of hunting in Montana. Similar to other states, deer and elk hunting also generates most of the revenue spent on wildlife conservation by the state of Montana. Although nationwide trends indicate a concerning decline in hunter participation, the trends in license sales and hunter participation within most states have not received as much attention. We investigated trends in resident deer and elk license sales in Montana using existing licensing databases. We then estimated hunter recruitment, hunter participation, and license purchasing probabilities using hunter education and licensing databases. We employed a multi-state mark–recapture model and 248,819 records of deer and elk license purchasing habits for individual Montana residents during 2002–2007. We used matrix population models to examine the relative influence of these parameters on trends in license sales and hunter participation. Resident deer and elk license sales increased 4\% in Montana during 2002–2007. We found that males had greater recruitment rates, retention rates, and license purchasing probabilities than females, and that young adults had lesser license purchasing probabilities than other age classes. Based on analyses of matrix population models, trends in license sales in Montana are most influenced by middle-aged and baby boomer male license purchase probabilities. Trends in hunter participation are positively influenced by recruitment and retention in all male age classes, with the smallest predicted effects arising from recruitment of young adult males. Our results suggest that a focus on older age class males with programs designed to increase hunter recruitment, retention, and license purchase probabilities may have similar or larger effects on trends in license sales and hunter participation in Montana than programs directed at youth. Our analyses also provide a framework by which trends in hunter recruitment, retention, and license purchasing habits can be objectively quantified in order to inform and evaluate hunter recruitment, retention, and license purchase habit programs. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Gude, Justin A. and Cunningham, Julie A. and Herbert, Jeffrey T. and Baumeister, Thomas},
	year = {2012},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.272},
	keywords = {deer, elk, hunter participation, hunter recruitment, hunter retention, hunters, license purchase probability, mark–recapture, Montana},
	pages = {471--479},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1720/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{triezenberg_policy_2012,
	title = {Policy learning and deer co-management in {New} {York} {State}: {Insights} from newspaper coverage},
	volume = {76},
	copyright = {Copyright © The Wildlife Society, 2012},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	shorttitle = {Policy learning and deer co-management in {New} {York} {State}},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.362},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.362},
	abstract = {Resolution of urban and suburban deer problems often depends on learning and co-management. Local newspapers may reflect the learning occurring in a community. Past authors have identified 4 primary types of learning (technical, conceptual, social, and political). We studied newspaper content related to deer management for insights about the types of learning occurring in selected regions in New York State. We analyzed 263 newspaper articles published between 2000 and 2006. We found that the majority of content related to learning focused on conceptual and technical learning, but relatively little, particularly early in the evolution of deer management issues, focused on social or political learning. Our results suggest that additional attention to social learning focusing on collaborative relationships and constructive dialogue among stakeholders by both communities and newspapers could be beneficial in the resolution of deer problems. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Triezenberg, Heather A. and Lauber, T. Bruce and Knuth, Barbara A.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.362},
	keywords = {co-management, New York State, newspaper content analysis, policy learning, urban and suburban deer management},
	pages = {1317--1325},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1722/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{szymanski_effects_2013,
	title = {Effects of hunting pressure and collection method bias on body mass of drake mallards},
	volume = {77},
	copyright = {Copyright © The Wildlife Society, 2012},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.465},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.465},
	abstract = {We weighed hunter-killed mallards (Anas platyrhynchos; n = 4,747) during the 2005, 2008, and 2009 hunting seasons in Manitoba, Minnesota, North Dakota, Saskatchewan, and South Dakota to examine effects of hunting pressure on body mass. Our final model indicated that main effects describing age, hunting pressure, hunting method, season, relative harvest date, and selected interactions were influential in predicting mass of drake mallards during fall. Body mass of hatch-year and after-hatch-year drake mallards harvested in low hunting pressure jurisdictions was 4.3\% and 2.5\% greater, respectively, than those harvested in high hunting pressure jurisdictions. Body mass of drake mallards from low hunting pressure jurisdictions was 12.1\% greater for birds that were harvested using pass or jump shooting hunting methods than those that were harvested by hunters using decoys over dry agricultural fields. When possible, managers should consider disturbance during planning stages of attracting mallards, and not rely upon dry agricultural fields as foraging resources for mallards unless a positive energy balance can be achieved. Finally, studies examining physiological condition of waterfowl must account for collection technique. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Szymanski, Michael L. and Johnson, Michael A. and Grovijahn, Mark},
	year = {2013},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.465},
	keywords = {disturbance, Anas platyrhynchos, body mass, collection method, duck hunting, forage, mallard, migration},
	pages = {235--242},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1724/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{simard_is_2013-1,
	title = {Is hunting an effective tool to control overabundant deer? {A} test using an experimental approach},
	volume = {77},
	copyright = {Copyright © The Wildlife Society, 2012},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	shorttitle = {Is hunting an effective tool to control overabundant deer?},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.477},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.477},
	abstract = {Overabundant populations of cervids have induced drastic negative effects on plant communities in several regions worldwide. Antlerless deer harvest by sport hunters has been proposed as a potential solution to overabundance because the philopatric behavior of female deer is expected to limit recolonization of hunted zones. The efficiency of this method, however, has rarely been tested in the wild. Using a large-scale experimental design, we reduced white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) density within 5 20-km2 areas on Anticosti Island (Québec, Canada). Our objective was to harvest 50\% of antlerless deer in each site during the first year of the study in 2002, and 30\% from 2003 to 2006. We monitored deer density, vegetation abundance and growth as well as deer life-history traits during 6 years in these experimental sites and in 5 control sites where harvest rate was 5–7\%. Overall, we achieved 93\% of harvest objectives. Contrary to our expectations, however, deer density, vegetation abundance and growth, and deer life-history traits did not vary differently in experimental and control sites during the study period. They rather varied stochastically but synchronously. We discuss several alternative hypotheses that may explain these results, including 1) compensatory mechanisms, 2) biases in density estimates, 3) limited access to territory for hunters, 4) large target areas for localized management, 5) low hunter density, 6) recolonization by surrounding deer, 7) slow plant response under canopy cover, and 8) bottom-up mechanisms. Given the large efforts invested in this study, we conclude that the local control of abundant cervid populations through sport hunting may be difficult to achieve in many natural environments. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Simard, M. Anouk and Dussault, Christian and Huot, Jean and Côté, Steeve D.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.477},
	keywords = {hunting, density, Odocoileus virginianus, white-tailed deer, Anticosti Island, body condition, forest regeneration, localized management, overabundance, population control},
	pages = {254--269},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1726/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{godwin_contribution_2013,
	title = {Contribution of dogs to white-tailed deer hunting success},
	volume = {77},
	copyright = {Copyright © The Wildlife Society, 2012},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.474},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.474},
	abstract = {Dogs (Canis familiaris) are used in hunting white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in 10 North American jurisdictions. Although the practice is longstanding and controversial, the effects of dogs on the outcome of the hunt have rarely been studied. We evaluated the influence of dogs on recreational hunting of white-tailed deer based on long-term data from southeastern Ontario, Canada. Over 25 years, annual surveys of hunters were used to collect data on hunting effort and deer harvest from approximately 85 camps, roughly half of which had dogs. We investigated the relationship between harvest and 3 treatments (i.e., 0 dogs, 1 dog, and ≥2 dogs in camp), interactions with weather and deer density, and effects of neighboring camps. Dogs enhanced hunter success. We found no difference in deer encounter rates but, per unit effort, camps with ≥2 dogs harvested 0.013 (26\%) more deer per hunter-day, missed 0.010 (23\%) more deer per hunter-day, and wounded 0.002 (40\%) more deer per hunter-day than camps without dogs. Conversely, camps without dogs saw, without shooting at, 0.033 (23\%) more deer per hunter-day than camps with ≥2 dogs. These results are consistent with the idea that hunters with dogs are less selective. Hunters with dogs harvested more fawns per unit effort, but we found no difference in the harvest rate of older female deer. More precipitation, greater wind speed, lower temperatures and greater deer density improved harvest success but had no differential effect among dog treatments. Hunter success at camps with ≥2 dogs was less when neighboring camps also had ≥2 dogs. Because antlerless deer quotas are the principal means to control populations, increasing use of hunting dogs is unlikely to have substantial effects in managing overabundant deer. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Godwin, Christopher and Schaefer, James A. and Patterson, Brent R. and Pond, Bruce A.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.474},
	keywords = {hunting, weather, harvest, Odocoileus virginianus, white-tailed deer, dogs, neighborhood effects, wounding loss},
	pages = {290--296},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1728/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{proffitt_effects_2013,
	title = {Effects of hunter access and habitat security on elk habitat selection in landscapes with a public and private land matrix},
	volume = {77},
	copyright = {Published 2013. The Wildlife Society, 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.491},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.491},
	abstract = {Traditional elk habitat management on public land has focused on providing security habitat for bull elk during the hunting season to provide for both adequate hunter opportunity and bull survival. This paradigm has given less consideration to adult female elk habitat use, patterns of adjacent land ownership, and hunter access. This paradigm also was developed when elk population sizes were much smaller in many areas. In many Rocky Mountain states, the focus of elk population management has recently shifted to reducing or maintaining elk population sizes, necessitating a better understanding of the implications of security habitat management, as well as patterns of adjacent land ownership and hunter access, on adult female elk. We addressed this need by testing the hypotheses that during the hunting season: 1) adult female elk selection for areas prohibiting or limiting hunter access is stronger than elk selection for publicly owned and managed elk security habitat, 2) these effects occur during the archery hunting period and intensify during the rifle hunting period, and 3) the effects of hunter access on selection are consistent among herds that occupy landscapes characterized by a matrix of public and private lands. We used global position system locations collected from 82 females in 2 different Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) elk herds to evaluate effects of hunter access, security habitat as defined by the Hillis paradigm, and other landscape attributes on adult female elk resource selection during the pre-hunting, archery, rifle, and post-hunting periods. We found that female elk selection for areas restricting public hunting access was stronger than selection for security habitat in both study areas, and that the density of roads open to motorized use was the strongest predictor of elk distribution. Increases in selection for areas that restricted hunting access occurred during the rifle hunting period, and we did not find consistent evidence these movements were triggered by the archery hunting period. Our results provide evidence that in landscapes characterized by a matrix of public and privately owned lands, traditional concepts of elk security habitat need to be expanded to also include areas that restrict hunter access to plan for elk population management that is regulated through adult female harvest. Future efforts should investigate whether elk use of areas that restrict hunter access are flexible behavioral responses to hunting risk, or if these behaviors are passed from generation to generation such that a learned pattern of private land use becomes the normal movement pattern rather than a short-term behavioral response. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Proffitt, Kelly M. and Gude, Justin A. and Hamlin, Kenneth L. and Messer, Matthew Adam},
	year = {2013},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.491},
	keywords = {Cervus elaphus, elk, hunting effects, resource selection, Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Hillis paradigm, hunter access, security habitat},
	pages = {514--524},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1730/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{buderman_effect_2014,
	title = {Effect of hunter selectivity on harvest rates of radio-collared white-tailed deer in {Pennsylvania}},
	volume = {78},
	copyright = {Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.779},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.779},
	abstract = {Radio transmitters are a commonly used tool for monitoring the fates of harvested species, although little research has been devoted to whether a visible radio transmitter changes a hunters' willingness to harvest that animal. We initially surveyed deer hunters to assess their willingness to harvest radio-collared deer and predicted radio collars were unlikely to affect the harvest of antlerless deer, but hunters may be less willing to harvest small-antlered males with radio collars compared to large-antlered males. We fitted white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with radio collars that were visible to hunters or with ear-tag transmitters or ear-tags that were difficult to detect visually and estimated if harvest rates differed among marking methods. For females, the best model failed to detect an effect of radio collars on harvest rates. Also, we failed to detect a difference between male deer fitted with radio collars and ear-tag transmitters. When we compared males fitted with radio collars versus ear tags, we found harvest rate patterns were opposite to our predictions, with lower harvest rates for adult males fitted with radio collars and higher harvest rates for yearling males fitted with radio collars. Our study suggests that harvest rate estimates generated from a sample of deer fitted with visible radio collars can be representative of the population of inference. Published 2014. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Buderman, Frances E. and Diefenbach, Duane R. and Rosenberry, Christopher S. and Wallingford, Bret D. and Long, Eric S.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.779},
	keywords = {harvest rate, Odocoileus virginianus, white-tailed deer, Pennsylvania, ear tag, hunter behavior, radiocollar},
	pages = {1456--1465},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1732/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{andersen_applying_2014-1,
	title = {Applying typology analyses to management issues: {Deer} harvest and declining hunter numbers},
	volume = {78},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2014},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	shorttitle = {Applying typology analyses to management issues},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.770},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.770},
	abstract = {In both North America and Europe, deer populations are increasing and hunter participation is decreasing. This generates concern for our future ability to control deer populations. Information on hunter typologies can help ascertain which licensing regulations are the most useful for either deer population control or activating currently non-active hunters. We used latent class analyses to identify typologies among 1,820 active and non-active red deer hunters in Norway. We found that active hunters could be grouped into mixed visitors (77\%), deer enthusiasts (13\%), and solitary locals (10\%) in regard to their motivation and approach to hunting and landowner acquaintances (47\%), less involved locals (40\%), and long-term visitors (13\%) when considering access to hunting grounds. We found 2 typologies of non-active hunters: likely recruits (79\%) and permanently gone (29\%). Managers in areas with undesirably dense deer populations should be more flexible in the way hunting is organized and promoted to motivate a diverse group of hunters. We recommend a zone-based management plan based on key factors determining hunter participation, which in our study included location of residence, interest in trophies, willingness to pay, willingness to travel, sociality, landowner relations, and leasing agreements. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Andersen, Oddgeir and Wam, Hilde K. and Mysterud, Atle and Kaltenborn, Bjørn P.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.770},
	keywords = {Cervus elaphus, human dimensions, hunting, latent class analysis (LCA), ungulate, wildlife},
	pages = {1282--1292},
	file = {Submitted Version:files/1734/Andersen et al. - 2014 - Applying typology analyses to management issues D.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1735/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{marchand_habitat-related_2014,
	title = {Habitat-related variation in carcass mass of a large herbivore revealed by combining hunting and {GPS} data},
	volume = {78},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2014},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.709},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.709},
	abstract = {Studies on habitat–performance relationships that require joint data on fitness and habitat use are still scarce in long-lived species. Using data from a southern French population of Mediterranean mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon × Ovis sp.), we proposed an original approach for gaining information on this relationship by combining a fitness proxy (i.e., carcass mass) collected on harvested rams (n = 257) with knowledge on habitat use obtained from other rams (n = 13) fitted with Global Positioning System (GPS) collars. We first evaluated habitat characteristics encountered by harvested animals in hypothesized home ranges corresponding to circles centered on harvest locations. We set circle size to equal an average ram home range. We found that the carcass mass of harvested individuals decreased with aspect diversity (−16.0\% from home ranges with the lowest to the highest diversity), mean slope (−9.3\% between flat home ranges and steep ones), and decreasing abundance of open areas (−11.3\% between the most and the least open areas). We then tested the robustness of our results by simulating circles with variable sizes and whose centers were randomly located around each harvest location. We found similar results confirming that some habitat characteristics that may be related to resource abundance and spatial structure were important drivers of ram carcass mass in this population. Finally, we showed that simulated circles of variable sizes and centered on GPS locations captured well the habitat composition of home ranges of GPS-collared rams. Combining different sources of information could hence allow drawing robust inference on key habitats in terms of performance, which is of particular interest when including a spatial component in wildlife management and conservation plans and deciding on appropriate habitat improvements. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Marchand, Pascal and Garel, Mathieu and Bourgoin, Gilles and Michel, Patricia and Maillard, Daniel and Loison, Anne},
	year = {2014},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.709},
	keywords = {body mass, Caroux-Espinouse (France), GPS, habitat quality, habitat–performance relationships, home range, Mediterranean mouflon, Ovis gmelini musimon × Ovis sp},
	pages = {657--670},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1737/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{iverson_age_2014,
	title = {Age and breeding stage-related variation in the survival and harvest of temperate-breeding {Canada} {Geese} in {Ontario}},
	volume = {78},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2013},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.636},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.636},
	abstract = {The abundance of Canada geese (Branta canadensis) nesting in temperate regions of North America has increased dramatically during the past half century. Numbers have reached nuisance levels in many areas and supplementary hunting seasons, which are timed to occur before and after traditional waterfowl hunting periods, are widely employed to limit population growth. We evaluated how changes in hunting regulations have affected population growth, the seasonal age distribution of harvest, and survival rates of temperate-breeding Canada geese banded in Ontario. We found that although the number of geese harvested in the province has increased, population growth has not abated. Annual survival rates of locally nesting adults (i.e., after-hatch-year geese captured in brood flocks) have declined in association with harvest liberalization (pre-liberalization: = 0.78 ± 0.06 SE; post-liberalization: = 0.74 ± 0.04 SE) and we estimated negative process correlation between hunter recovery rates and survival rates within this group (ρ = − 0.24), which is indicative of an additive effect of harvest mortality on total mortality. However, peak harvest has advanced into early September, which is a time when large numbers of molt migrant individuals are present in northern portions of the population's range. Molt migrant flocks are comprised primarily of subadults and adult geese that failed to hatch eggs (i.e., non-reproductive individuals), many of which are unaffiliated with the local breeding population. We found that hunter recovery rates of non-reproductive geese were greater and survival rates were less than those of locally nesting adults; however, process correlation between recovery and survival rates was weakly positive (ρ = 0.09), which indicates that harvest mortality is at least partially compensatory within non-reproductive cohorts. We conclude that current harvest levels are insufficient to halt population growth and that the influence of hunting, relative to its potential, is diminished by a disproportionate take of individuals of low reproductive value during the early hunting season. © The Wildlife Society, 2013},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Iverson, Samuel A. and Reed, Eric T. and Hughes, R. John and Forbes, Mark R.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.636},
	keywords = {survival, harvest, band recovery, population control, Branta canadensis, Canada goose, Ontario, temperate-breeding, wildlife management},
	pages = {24--34},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1739/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{selier_sustainability_2014,
	title = {Sustainability of elephant hunting across international borders in southern {Africa}: {A} case study of the greater {Mapungubwe} {Transfrontier} {Conservation} {Area}},
	volume = {78},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2013},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	shorttitle = {Sustainability of elephant hunting across international borders in southern {Africa}},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.641},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.641},
	abstract = {Trophy hunting of African elephant is often implemented as an income generator for communities surrounding protected areas. However, the sustainability of hunting on elephant populations, especially with regards to international cross-border populations has not previously been evaluated. We assessed the effects of trophy hunting on the population dynamics and movements of elephant in the Greater Mapungubwe Transfrontier Conservation Area, which is spread across the junction of Botswana, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. Currently, no common policy exits in quota setting for cross-border species, and each country determines their own quota based on limited data. Using VORTEX, we determined the sustainability of current quotas of elephant off-take under different ecological and hunting scenarios. We used distribution data from 6 aerial surveys and hunting data per region to determine the disturbance effect of hunting on bulls and breeding herds separately. Hunting of bulls had a direct effect in reducing bull numbers but also an indirect effect due to disturbance that resulted in movement of elephants out of the areas in which hunting occurred. The return interval was short for bulls but longer for females. Only a small number of bulls ({\textless}10/year) could be hunted sustainably. At current rates of hunting, under average ecological conditions, trophy bulls will disappear from the population in less than 10 years. We recommend a revision of the current quotas within each country for the Greater Mapungubwe elephant population, and the establishment of a single multi-jurisdictional (cross-border) management authority regulating the hunting of elephant and other cross-border species. © 2013 The Wildlife Society},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Selier, Sarah-Anne Jeanetta and Page, Bruce R. and Vanak, Abi Tamim and Slotow, Rob},
	year = {2014},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.641},
	keywords = {disturbance, trophy hunting, population dynamics, Botswana, hunting quotas, Loxodonta africana, population viability analysis, transboundary conservation},
	pages = {122--132},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1741/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{festa-bianchet_decrease_2014-1,
	title = {Decrease in horn size and increase in age of trophy sheep in {Alberta} over 37 years},
	volume = {78},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2013},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.644},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.644},
	abstract = {Long-term data (1974–2011) from harvested bighorn rams (Ovis canadensis) in Alberta, Canada, suggested a reduction in horn size and in the proportion of trophy rams in the provincial population over time. Age at harvest increased over time, suggesting slower horn growth. Rams that experienced favorable environmental conditions early in life had rapid horn growth and were harvested at a younger age than rams with slower horn growth. Guided nonresident hunters did not harvest larger rams than residents, suggesting that few large rams were available. Resident hunter success declined in recent years. Despite an apparently stable population, successive cohorts produced a decreasing harvest of trophy rams. We suggest that unrestricted harvest based on a threshold horn size led to a decline in the availability of trophy rams. That decline is partly an inevitable consequence of selective hunting that removes larger rams. Although our analysis does not establish that evolution of smaller horns caused the observed decline in both horn size and harvest of trophy rams, we suggest that intensive trophy hunting may have artificially selected for a decrease in horn growth rate. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Festa-Bianchet, Marco and Pelletier, Fanie and Jorgenson, Jon T. and Feder, Chiarastella and Hubbs, Anne},
	year = {2014},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.644},
	keywords = {artificial selection, bighorn sheep, horn size, sampling bias, time series, trophy hunting, ungulates},
	pages = {133--141},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1743/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{schorr_montana_2014-1,
	title = {The {Montana} deer and {Elk} hunting population: {The} importance of cohort group, license price, and population demographics on hunter retention, recruitment, and population change},
	volume = {78},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2014},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	shorttitle = {The {Montana} deer and {Elk} hunting population},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.732},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.732},
	abstract = {Big-game hunting is a valuable resource for outdoor recreation opportunities, an economic driver for state and local economies, and the primary mechanism for funding game and non-game wildlife management. However, hunting license sales are declining, leading many state wildlife management agencies to re-evaluate funding and management structures. Understanding the mechanisms behind such declines, and diagnosing the persistence of such trends is necessary to anticipate license fund fluctuations. To examine hunter recruitment and retention rates, we analyzed a data set of {\textgreater}490,000 deer and elk license records from 2002 to 2011 from the Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks' Automated Licensing System. We used a temporal symmetry model in a mark–recapture framework to estimate hunter retention, recruitment rates, and population change, and then used population change estimates to forecast future hunter populations. We used covariates of gender, age, residency, and license price to improve model parsimony. Millennial generation hunters increased during the 11-year analysis, and this was driven by high recruitment rates of young hunters, especially women, but recruitment decreased dramatically as youth aged. Because Baby Boomers constitute such a large proportion of the hunting population, decreases in recruitment and retention in this cohort drove declines in the Montana hunter population. Increasing license price decreased the probability of recruiting and retaining hunters. The hunter population was stable until 2006, but has been declining since that time with nearly a 50\% decline in hunter recruitment from 2002 to 2011. © 2014 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Schorr, Robert A. and Lukacs, Paul M. and Gude, Justin A.},
	year = {2014},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.732},
	keywords = {deer, elk, hunter recruitment, hunter retention, license purchase probability, mark–recapture, Montana, Baby Boomers, license price, Pradel model},
	pages = {944--952},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1745/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{ciuti_predicting_2015-1,
	title = {Predicting mule deer recruitment from climate oscillations for harvest management on the northern {Great} {Plains}},
	volume = {79},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2015},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.956},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.956},
	abstract = {We analyzed a unique 51-year time series for a population of mule deer in the North Dakota badlands, USA to examine the effects of seasonal weather on autumn recruitment. Winter weather recorded prior to birth of fawns and weather conditions recorded during spring the previous year (lagged effect), but not during spring or summer after birth, were related to observed patterns in autumn recruitment. When deer density was low (approx. 1 deer/km2) during the 1960s, fawn/female ratios were high ranging from 1.1 to 1.4 when minimum temperatures during the prior winter averaged −16° C and −8° C, respectively. Likewise, during the 2000s, when deer density was high (approx. 3 deer/km2), fawn/female ratios ranged from 0.6 to 0.9 when minimum daily temperatures during the previous winter were −16° C and −8° C, respectively. Large-scale Pacific-based climatic indices ({\textgreater}2,000 km to the Pacific coast) were correlated with local weather and helped explain variability in autumn recruitment. Higher values of the multivariate el niño southern oscillation and Pacific decadal oscillation were correlated with warmer and drier winters in the North Dakota badlands, whereas the North Pacific Index was correlated with colder and snowy winters. The ability to predict recruitment from local weather or from broad-scale climate indices (oscillations) provides greater opportunities for conservation and management, such as adjusting harvest quotas prior to autumn harvest. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Ciuti, Simone and Jensen, William F. and Nielsen, Scott E. and Boyce, Mark S.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.956},
	keywords = {survival, aerial survey, harvest management, mule deer, multivariate el niño southern oscillation, North Pacific index, Pacific decadal oscillation, Pacific-based climate, recruitment, weather},
	pages = {1226--1238},
}

@article{conover_consequences_2015,
	title = {Consequences of hunter harvest, winter weather, and increasing population size on survival of non-migratory {Canada} geese in {Connecticut}},
	volume = {79},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2015},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.942},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.942},
	abstract = {In the last few decades, non-migratory populations of Canada geese (Branta canadensis) have become established in metropolitan areas throughout North America. We banded 1,845 Canada geese in New Haven County, Connecticut, and studied goose survival of geese from 1984 through 2001, a period when local goose numbers increased several fold. Males outnumbered females among adults but not among juveniles. The hunter-recovery proportion (probability that a goose was harvested by a hunter and its band reported to the U.S. Banding Lab) was 0.17 for all banded geese and was higher for males (0.19) than females (0.15). We used the Seber band-recovery model in Program MARK to estimate the annual recovery rate and annual survival rate. The annual recovery rate was 0.22 for all geese and varied by year. The annual survival rate was 0.72 for all geese; survival was higher for females than males and higher for juveniles than adults. Survival rates varied among years and decreased in years with higher winter temperatures or more geese observed during Audubon's Christmas Bird Count. During our study, special hunting seasons in Connecticut targeted non-migratory geese. Despite this, we found survival rates to be at the high end of values reported elsewhere, and the number of geese killed by hunters in Connecticut did not influence survival. Our results suggest that it will be difficult for wildlife agencies to rely solely on hunting to reduce the size of non-migratory goose populations. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Conover, Michael R. and Dinkins, Jonathan B. and Ruzicka, Rebekah E.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.942},
	keywords = {harvest rates, Branta canadensis, Canada geese, hunting mortality, non-migratory geese, recovery rates, survival rates},
	pages = {1239--1245},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1748/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{bradley_effects_2015,
	title = {Effects of wolf removal on livestock depredation recurrence and wolf recovery in {Montana}, {Idaho}, and {Wyoming}},
	volume = {79},
	copyright = {Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.948},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.948},
	abstract = {Wolf (Canis lupus) predation on livestock and management methods used to mitigate conflicts are highly controversial and scrutinized especially where wolf populations are recovering. Wolves are commonly removed from a local area in attempts to reduce further depredations, but the effectiveness of such management actions is poorly understood. We compared the effects of 3 management responses to livestock depredation by wolf packs in Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming: no removal, partial pack removal, and full pack removal. We examined the effectiveness of each management response in reducing further depredations using a conditional recurrent event model. From 1989 to 2008, we documented 967 depredations by 156 packs: 228 on sheep and 739 on cattle and other stock. Median time between recurrent depredations was 19 days following no removal (n = 593), 64 days following partial pack removal (n = 326), and 730 days following full pack removal (n = 48; recurring depredations were made by the next pack to occupy the territory). Compared to no removal, full pack removal reduced the occurrence of subsequent depredations by 79\% (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.21, P {\textless} 0.001) over a span of 1,850 days (5 years), whereas partial pack removal reduced the occurrence of subsequent depredations by 29\% (HR = 0.71, P {\textless} 0.001) over the same period. Partial pack removal was most effective if conducted within the first 7 days following depredation, after which there was only a marginally significant difference between partial pack removal and no action (HR = 0.86, P = 0.07), and no difference after 14 days (HR = 0.99, P = 0.93). Within partial pack removal, we found no difference in depredation recurrence when a breeding female (HR = 0.64, P = 0.2) or ≥1-year-old male was removed (HR = 1.0, P = 0.99). The relative effect of all treatments was generally consistent across seasons (spring, summer grazing, and winter) and type of livestock. Ultimately, pack size was the best predictor of a recurrent depredation event; the probability of a depredation event recurring within 5 years increased by 7\% for each animal left in the pack after the management response. However, the greater the number of wolves left in a pack, the higher the likelihood the pack met federal criteria to count as a breeding pair the following year toward population recovery goals. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Bradley, Elizabeth H. and Robinson, Hugh S. and Bangs, Edward E. and Kunkel, Kyran and Jimenez, Michael D. and Gude, Justin A. and Grimm, Todd},
	year = {2015},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.948},
	keywords = {Montana, Idaho, Canis lupus, wolf, recovery, depredation, lethal control, livestock, removal, Wyoming},
	pages = {1337--1346},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1750/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{hiller_demography_2015-1,
	title = {Demography, prey abundance, and management affect number of cougar mortalities associated with livestock conflicts},
	volume = {79},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2015},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.913},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.913},
	abstract = {Balancing the ecological importance of large carnivores with human tolerances across multiple-use landscapes presents a complex and often controversial management scenario. Increasing cougar (Puma concolor) populations in the western United States, coupled with an increasing human population and distribution, may contribute to increased numbers of interactions and conflicts (e.g., livestock depredation) with cougars. We assessed county-level factors associated with mortalities of cougars of different sexes and ages resulting from livestock conflicts in Oregon during 1990–2009. Factors included cougar population density, human population density, proportion of the cougar population that were juvenile males, cougar harvest, prey availability, habitat conditions, and climate measured at the county level. We used generalized linear mixed models and quasi-likelihood Akaike's Information Criterion (QAIC) to rank models. Two of 26 models were competitive (ΔQAIC {\textless} 4, ∑w = 0.72) and both contained cougar population density and cougar harvest density; the second-best model also included proportion of juvenile males in the population. From model-averaging, we determined cougar mortalities associated with livestock conflicts increased with increasing cougar population density (95\% CL = 0.48–1.37) and decreased with increasing cougar harvest density (95\% CL = −0.58 to −0.02). An exploratory model including cougar population density, cougar harvest density, proportion of juvenile male cougars, beef cattle density, relative deer density, and all pairwise interactions was equal to the QAIC-top model from the previous set of 26 models. Under a scenario of a high proportion (0.40) of juvenile males, number of cougar mortalities related to livestock conflicts increased 219\% when cougar population density increased from 300/10,000 km2 to 400/10,000 km2. In contrast, the number of cougar mortalities decreased with increasing harvest when cougar population densities were high (500/10,000 km2), but we found no relationship at lower cougar population densities. As beef cattle densities increased, the number of cougar mortalities increased substantially (low deer populations), remained relatively low and constant (average deer population), and decreased (high deer populations). Where landowner tolerance to cougar-livestock conflicts is an issue, wildlife managers may provide expertise to reduce conflicts by increasing density of wild ungulate prey, increasing hunter-harvest, and reducing vulnerability of livestock, depending on factors that may be contributing to conflicts. © 2015 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Hiller, Tim L. and Mcfadden-Hiller, Jamie E. and Jenkins, Stephanie R. and Belant, Jerrold L. and Tyre, Andrew J.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.913},
	keywords = {livestock, cougar, damage management, harvest mortality, mountain lion, Puma concolor},
	pages = {978--988},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1752/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{wolfe_evaluation_2016,
	title = {Evaluation of harvest indices for monitoring cougar survival and abundance},
	volume = {80},
	copyright = {Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.985},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.985},
	abstract = {Harvest indices are used by state wildlife management agencies to monitor population trends and set harvest quotas for furbearer species. Although harvest indices may be readily collected from hunters, the reliability of harvest indices for monitoring demography and abundance of the harvested species is rarely examined, particularly amongst large carnivores. The overall objective of this study was to assess whether cougar (Puma concolor) harvest statistics collected by wildlife managers were correlated with changes in cougar demography, mainly survival rates and abundance. We estimated key demographic parameters for 2 cougar populations in Utah over 17 years during which we monitored 235 radio-collared cougars. We then compared these demographic parameters to harvest statistics provided by the Utah Division of Wildlife Resources over the same time period for the Oquirrh-Stansbury (lightly harvested population) and Monroe (heavily harvested population) harvest management units. In the Oquirrh-Stansbury unit, the percent of harvested cougars {\textgreater}6 years old was positively correlated with annual survival, indicative of a population experiencing several years of high survival resulting in an older age structure. Percent of permits filled and cougar abundance were also significantly correlated, suggesting higher hunting success with increased density. In the Monroe management unit, the annual percent of permits filled was correlated with changes in overall annual survival and male and female annual survival. Of utmost importance, pursuit success (cougars treed/day) increased with the number of cougars on the unit suggesting that pursuit indices may be an informative metric for wildlife managers to determine cougar population trends. Because both management units were subjected to contrasting mortality regimes, results provided by this assessment could potentially be applied to additional management areas sharing similar ecological characteristics and harvest metrics. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Wolfe, Michael L. and Gese, Eric M. and Terletzky, Pat and Stoner, David C. and Aubry, Lise M.},
	year = {2016},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.985},
	keywords = {survival, management, mortality, Puma concolor, abundance, competing risks, exploitation, harvest statistics},
	pages = {27--36},
	file = {Submitted Version:files/1754/Wolfe et al. - 2016 - Evaluation of harvest indices for monitoring couga.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1755/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{triezenberg_test_2016,
	title = {A test of communication in changing harvest behaviors of deer hunters},
	volume = {80},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2016},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21078},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21078},
	abstract = {Harvest by recreational hunters is a regularly used method to directly influence game populations in public wildlife management throughout the United States, but effectiveness of the method is dependent upon hunters’ willingness and ability to harvest at rates to achieve objectives. Communication is a technique to influence license-buying and harvest behaviors with an implicit assumption that hunters will follow through and achieve desired harvests. Using the theory of planned behavior, we evaluated a communication campaign with exposure and reference groups for its short-term efficacy at influencing recreational hunters’ intentions to harvest antlerless white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in the context of wildlife disease management and to follow through with additional antlerless deer harvest. Although previously reported research findings indicated our communication campaign increased intentions of hunters to participate in antlerless deer hunting when measured immediately post-campaign exposure, we could not detect a difference in subsequent harvest between exposure and reference groups in a 1-year post-campaign exposure evaluation. Hunters exposed to the communication campaign intended to harvest more deer, yet in the end, they did not follow through with those intentions. Communication plays an important role in wildlife management. Nonetheless, insights into what managers can reasonably expect to achieve through communication lead to more realistic objectives. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Triezenberg, Heather A. and Riley, Shawn J. and Gore, Meredith L.},
	year = {2016},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21078},
	keywords = {white-tailed deer, Michigan, antlerless deer harvest, behavior change, bovine tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, wildlife disease},
	pages = {941--946},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1757/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{proffitt_hunter_2016,
	title = {Hunter access affects elk resource selection in the {Missouri} breaks, {Montana}},
	volume = {80},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2016},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21122},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21122},
	abstract = {Elk (Cervus canadensis) populations that exceed socially tolerable population levels create problems with private landowners over property damage and competition with livestock. Increasing harvest of adult female elk is the primary management tool for curtailing elk population growth and reducing elk populations. However, this tool is not effective when elk are not accessible to hunters during hunting seasons. The purpose of this project was to evaluate the effects of hunter access and other landscape factors on second-order and third-order elk resource selection during the archery and rifle hunting seasons in 2 populations: the Missouri River Breaks (MRB) and Larb Hills, Montana, USA. In our resource selection models, we first treated the individual elk-year as the sampling unit to estimate individual-level selection coefficients and second, we pooled data from all individuals to estimate population-level selection coefficients. Second-order population-level selection coefficients indicated that elk in MRB and Larb Hills selected home ranges in areas with no hunter access, and hunter access was the strongest predictor of second-order selection. Similarly, third-order population-level selection coefficients indicated elk in both populations selected locations within their seasonal home range with no hunter access, and the strength of selection for locations with no hunter access was stronger in the archery season than the rifle season. However, individual models revealed that although third-order population-level selection for locations with no hunter access was strong, only 46\% of elk in the MRB selected for no hunter access during the archery season and 24\% of elk selected for no hunter access during the rifle season. Additionally, the majority of all elk locations in the MRB (i.e., 68\% of archery locations, 91\% of rifle locations) occurred in areas accessible to hunters. These results highlight that population-level selection coefficients may not always represent individual selection patterns, and we recommend employing a combination of population-level and individual animal models as the basis of developing biological inferences. Even if hunter access is restricted in a relatively small geographic area within an elk population range, those areas may have a disproportionate effect on elk distributions and prevent effective harvest of female elk to maintain populations at objective levels (i.e., 1,700–2,000 elk). Working cooperatively with stakeholders to minimize elk harboring is necessary for curtailing further elk population increases and maintaining a distribution of elk across public and private lands. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Proffitt, Kelly M. and Thompson, Scott and Henry, Drew and Jimenez, Benjamin and Gude, Justin A.},
	year = {2016},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21122},
	keywords = {resource selection, Cervus canadensis, elk security, hunting season, northern Great Plains, refuge areas},
	pages = {1167--1176},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1759/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{pozo_modeling_2016,
	title = {Modeling the impact of selective harvesting on red deer antlers},
	volume = {80},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2016},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21089},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21089},
	abstract = {Hunting is a common component in the management of ungulate species. Despite its widespread use, the influence of selective harvesting on phenotypic trait change is still ambiguous, and represents a critical gap in our understanding of the responses of wild populations under harvest. Using the long-term red deer (Cervus elaphus) dataset (1972–2012) from the Isle of Rum National Nature Reserve, Scotland, we assessed the relationship between antler length and key demographic processes (i.e., survival, recruitment, antler growth, parent-offspring trait correlation) for the male component of the population. We then constructed the first integral projection model for this species to examine the effects of simulated trophy hunting on 2 population-level parameters: the stable antler size distribution and the relative reproductive value of males. When male mortality rates due to hunting were {\textless}20\%, the effect on antler size distribution and the reproductive value function were relatively small. However, as mortality due to hunting increased to 50\% in large individuals, the direct effects of hunting on mean antler size and reproductive value became evident. Our model acts as a useful starting point to investigate the ecological and evolutionary consequences of hunting in red deer. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Pozo, Rocío A. and Schindler, Susanne and Cubaynes, Sarah and Cusack, Jeremy J. and Coulson, Tim and Malo, Aurelio F.},
	year = {2016},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21089},
	keywords = {antler size, integral projection model, Isle of Rum, red deer, Scotland, sexual selection},
	pages = {978--989},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1761/jwmg.html:text/html;Submitted Version:files/1762/Pozo et al. - 2016 - Modeling the impact of selective harvesting on red.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{mclellan_sustainability_2017,
	title = {Sustainability of the grizzly bear hunt in {British} {Columbia}, {Canada}},
	volume = {81},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2016},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21189},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21189},
	abstract = {The sustainability of the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) hunt in British Columbia, Canada has been questioned and is a high profile issue, particularly in the media. To investigate the hypothesis that the hunt is unsustainable, we examined the sustainable human-caused mortality rate for grizzly bears using recent data on vital rates and population projection models and compare these to rates used by the management agency; examined the age and sex ratio of the kill and how the sex ratio changes with age for the entire province, each population unit, and cohorts born each year between 1977 and 1990; summarized population density estimates in hunted population units in British Columbia and compared these to unhunted areas in adjacent jurisdictions; and reviewed case studies of population units that have been highlighted as most likely to have had unsustainable kill levels. Because the natural mortality rate of adult grizzly bears is 1–2\% and lower than was estimated when sustainable human-caused mortality targets were developed, estimated sustainable kill rates are 4–10\%, and generally higher than the 4–6\% used in British Columbia. We estimated that males have been 3–4 times more vulnerable to being killed by hunters than females, yet males dominate the kill at all ages and the proportion of males increased with age, which is opposite of what is predicted for a heavily hunted population. The average age of female and male grizzly bears killed by hunters increased from 7.1 years and 7.4 years, respectively, in the 1980s to 7.7 years and 8.7 years, respectively, in the 2000s. An average of 107.4 females and 204.9 males per cohort born between 1977 and 1990 were eventually killed by people and recorded, suggesting that many more females than males died for unknown reasons. There have been more population inventories of grizzly bears in British Columbia than in any other jurisdiction. The average density estimate of 21 inventories in hunted areas without salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in British Columbia (31.2 bears/1,000 km2) was as high as or higher than nearby unhunted areas. The case studies had the highest kill densities or among the highest kill rates in the province and hunting targets were commonly exceeded and seasons closed or the hunter kill target reduced. Although population inventories in these areas found moderate or even high densities of bears, some are now in decline. Hunter kill data from declining populations had a high proportion of males and these were older, demonstrating that these indices of kill rates are sometimes unreliable. Although more population density, trend, and vital rate measurements would be beneficial, the hypothesis that the grizzly bear hunt has been unsustainable was not supported by our investigation of available information. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Mclellan, Bruce N. and Mowat, Garth and Hamilton, Tony and Hatter, Ian},
	year = {2017},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21189},
	keywords = {hunting, British Columbia, Ursus arctos, grizzly bear, demography, overkill, population model, sustainable harvest},
	pages = {218--229},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1764/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{plante_landscape_2017,
	title = {Landscape attributes explain migratory caribou vulnerability to sport hunting},
	volume = {81},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2017},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21203},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21203},
	abstract = {Human disturbances are increasing in Arctic regions and have been suggested as one of the main factors explaining caribou (Rangifer tarandus) decline. The cumulative effects of disturbances may negatively affect caribou habitat use, survival, and population dynamics. Thus, there is a need to evaluate the impact of various human disturbances, especially those that cause direct mortality (e.g., sport hunting). We evaluated the relative importance of caribou and hunter habitat selection and landscape characteristics on caribou vulnerability to sport hunting in northern Québec, Canada. We used resource selection functions to describe habitat selection of 223 caribou and 87 hunters. We then characterized {\textgreater}169,000 caribou harvest sites recorded over 17 years according to the relative probability of co-occurrence of caribou and hunters, the relative probability of occurrence of hunters only, or the characteristics of the landscape (e.g., distance to human infrastructures, elevation, land cover type). Landscape characteristics better explained caribou vulnerability to sport hunting than habitat selection of caribou and hunters, or their co-occurrence. Caribou were more vulnerable in proximity to hunting infrastructures (e.g., roads, outfitter camps) than elsewhere, but caribou strongly avoided roads. Caribou were also more vulnerable on frozen lakes than in other land cover types. Lakes were, however, avoided by caribou and not selected by hunters. Harvest was more likely in smoother terrain, even if caribou and hunters did not select for this characteristic. We demonstrated caribou were more vulnerable in areas with good accessibility (near roads) or where caribou were easily detectable (lakes, smoother terrain), which also represents areas that were either avoided or not selected by caribou or hunters. This discrepancy between harvest distribution and behaviors of caribou and hunters suggests that harvest may be an opportunistic event where visibility and accessibility increased chances of success for hunters. Managers could use this information to manipulate hunting success according to population estimates and harvest quota by establishing minimal distance to risky areas within which hunting would be prohibited. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Plante, Sabrina and Dussault, Christian and Côté, Steeve D.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21203},
	keywords = {sport hunting, game species vulnerability, human disturbances, northern Québec, Rangifer tarandus, resource selection functions},
	pages = {238--247},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1766/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{crum_estimating_2017-1,
	title = {Estimating occupancy probability of moose using hunter survey data},
	volume = {81},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2017},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21207},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21207},
	abstract = {Monitoring rare species can be difficult, especially across large spatial extents, making conventional methods of population monitoring costly and logistically challenging. Citizen science has the potential to produce observational data across large areas that can be used to monitor wildlife distributions using occupancy models. We used citizen science (i.e., hunter surveys) to facilitate monitoring of moose (Alces alces) populations, an especially important endeavor because of their recent apparent declines in the northeastern and upper midwestern regions of the United States. To better understand patterns of occurrence of moose in New York, we used data collected through an annual survey of approximately 11,000 hunters between 2012 and 2014 that recorded detection–non-detection data of moose and other species. We estimated patterns of occurrence of moose in relation to land cover characteristics, climate effects, and interspecific interactions using occupancy models to analyze spatially referenced moose observations. Coniferous and deciduous forest with low prevalence of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) had the highest probability of moose occurrence. This study highlights the potential of data collected using citizen science for understanding the spatial distribution of low-density species across large spatial extents and providing key information regarding where and when future research and management activities should be focused. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Crum, Nathan J. and Fuller, Angela K. and Sutherland, Christopher S. and Cooch, Evan G. and Hurst, Jeremy},
	year = {2017},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21207},
	keywords = {Alces alces, citizen science, distribution, moose, New York, occupancy},
	pages = {521--534},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1768/Crum et al. - 2017 - Estimating occupancy probability of moose using hu.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1769/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{stevens_structural_2017,
	title = {Structural uncertainty limits generality of fall harvest strategies for wild turkeys},
	volume = {81},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2017},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21228},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21228},
	abstract = {Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) populations are broadly distributed, occupy a variety of habitats, and have demographic rates that are heterogeneous through space and time. Dynamics of turkey populations are sensitive to the magnitude of fall either-sex harvest, yet there have been few attempts to study performance of fall harvests systematically across a range of plausible demographic scenarios. Thus robustness of existing recommendations to structural uncertainty in population dynamics is marginally understood. We used a stochastic, sex-specific theta-logistic model to simulate performance of fall harvests (0–15\%) across scenarios representing uncertainty about current rates of population productivity (3 levels), female losses during spring hunting (2 levels), and spring male harvest (3 levels), with uncertainty in the strength of density dependence as a common attribute. We demonstrated that performance of previously recommended fall harvests was not robust to changes in demographic parameters that occur within and among populations, and thus previous management recommendations may not be appropriate for all regions. Fall harvest rates capable of maintaining large populations with high probability varied from 0–6\% with changes to population productivity, when median male and female spring harvests were 30\% and 5\%, respectively. In general, risks and management tradeoffs accompanying fall harvests were tightly linked to assumed values of population parameters, where changes to productivity and female loss had particularly strong effects on management outcomes. Specifically, reduced productivity or increased female loss decreased the ability to maintain large populations for a given fall harvest rate. Thus, fall harvest recommendations deduced from models that considered only a small portion of the demographic parameter space may not meet modern management objectives over a broader range of conditions. Moreover, our results suggest that future management could be improved by reducing structural uncertainty about turkey demography to allow for region-specific harvest strategies, or by using decision-theoretic approaches to identify harvest strategies that are robust to uncertainty about population parameters. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Stevens, Bryan S. and Bence, James R. and Porter, William F. and Parent, Chad J.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21228},
	keywords = {Meleagris gallopavo, harvest management, density dependence, sustainable harvest, harvest models, population management, turkey hunting},
	pages = {617--628},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1771/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{scopel_case_2017,
	title = {The case for lethal control of gulls on seabird colonies},
	volume = {81},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2017},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21233},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21233},
	abstract = {Lethal control of wildlife represents an ethical concern for managers, exacerbated by a lack of replicated or controlled data for most taxa or regions. The Gulf of Maine (GOM) has a history of intensive lethal and nonlethal predator control to protect terns (Sterna spp.) from inflated populations of predatory gulls, especially herring (Larus argentatus) and great black-backed gulls (L. marinus; large gulls). We described management strategies in the GOM, reviewed methods of nonlethal and lethal types of control, and compared the effectiveness of 3 control regimes (lethal, nonlethal-only, and no control) using weighted means of reproductive success metrics for 4 tern species. Nonlethal-only control is the least effective method of predator control; lethal control is consistently the most effective. Arctic terns (Sterna paradisaea) were the most susceptible to predation, whereas common terns (Sterna hirundo) were the most resilient. We concluded that targeted lethal control is necessary in the GOM to protect tern colonies from depredation and nesting exclusion by large gulls, and cannot be substituted with nonlethal control. Cessation of lethal control leads to abandonment of tern colonies within 6–7 years, but resumption of appropriately timed lethal control can lead to recolonization the same year. A combination of nonlethal and lethal methods can minimize the number of gulls taken. We recommend that any application of lethal control carefully considers the local needs of any target species and recognizes the need for spatial and temporal commitment. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Scopel, Lauren C. and Diamond, Antony W.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21233},
	keywords = {Arctic tern, Gulf of Maine, gulls, Larus spp, lethal predator control, populations, seabirds, Sterna spp},
	pages = {572--580},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1773/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{ranglack_security_2017,
	title = {Security areas for elk during archery and rifle hunting seasons},
	volume = {81},
	copyright = {© 2017 The Authors. Journal of Wildlife Management Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21258},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21258},
	abstract = {Fall elk (Cervus canadensis) habitat management on public lands provides security areas for reasonable elk survival and hunter opportunity. The management focus of maintaining or improving security areas, combined with conservative harvest regulations, may explain why some elk populations have increased in the western United States. However, in areas that include lands that restrict public hunter access, elk may alter their space use patterns during the hunting season by increasing use of areas that restrict public hunter access rather than using security areas on adjacent public lands. We used global positioning system location data from 325 adult female elk in 9 southwest Montana populations to determine resource selection during the archery and rifle hunting seasons. We found that during the archery season, in order of decreasing strength of selection, elk selected for areas that restricted access to public hunters, had greater time-integrated normalized difference vegetation index values, had higher canopy cover, were farther from motorized routes, and had lower hunter effort. During the rifle season, in order of decreasing strength of selection, elk selected for areas that restricted access to public hunters, were farther from motorized routes, had higher canopy cover, and had higher hunter effort. Interactions among several covariates revealed dependencies in elk resource selection patterns. Further, cross-population analyses revealed increased elk avoidance of motorized routes with increasing hunter effort during both the archery and rifle hunting seasons. We recommend managing for areas with ≥13\% canopy cover that are ≥2,760 m from motorized routes, and identifying and managing for areas of high nutritional resources within these areas to create security areas on public lands during archery season. During the rifle season, we recommend managing for areas with ≥9\% canopy cover that are ≥1,535 m from motorized routes, and are ≥20.23 km2. Lastly, given increased elk avoidance of motorized routes with higher hunter effort, we recommend that to maintain elk on public lands, managers consider increasing the amount of security in areas that receive high hunter effort, or hunting seasons that limit hunter effort in areas of high motorized route densities. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Wildlife Management Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Ranglack, Dustin H. and Proffitt, Kelly M. and Canfield, Jodie E. and Gude, Justin A. and Rotella, Jay and Garrott, Robert A.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21258},
	keywords = {hunting, elk, Montana, Hillis paradigm, NDVI, resource selection function, road effects, security areas},
	pages = {778--791},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1775/Ranglack et al. - 2017 - Security areas for elk during archery and rifle hu.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1776/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{schindler_hunting_2017,
	title = {Hunting, age structure, and horn size distribution in bighorn sheep},
	volume = {81},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2017},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21259},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21259},
	abstract = {Trophy hunting, the selective removal of animals for human recreation, can contribute to conservation when appropriately managed. Yet, little is known about how harvest rates or different definitions of trophy affect age structure and trophy size in harvested animals and in survivors because no controlled studies exist. To investigate the impacts of different management regimes, we developed an individual-based model for bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis), based on empirical data on survival from a protected population and data on horn growth from 2 populations that differed in their growth rates. One population showed slow horn growth and the other population fast horn growth. We subjected these model populations to varying harvest rates and 2 different hunting regulations: 4/5 curl and full-curl definitions of a trophy male. We found that the effect of hunting regulations depends on horn growth rate. In populations with fast horn growth, the effects of trophy hunting on male age structure and horn size were greater and the effect of a change in the definition of legal male smaller than in populations with slow growth rates. High harvest rates led to a younger age structure and smaller horn size. Both effects were weakened by a more restrictive definition of trophy male. As harvest rates increased past 40\% of legal males, the number of males harvested increased only marginally because an increasing proportion of the harvested males included those that had just become legal. Although our simulation focused on bighorn sheep, the link between horn growth rate and harvest effects may be applicable for any size-selective harvest regime. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Schindler, Susanne and Festa-Bianchet, Marco and Hogg, John T. and Pelletier, Fanie},
	year = {2017},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21259},
	keywords = {harvest management, bighorn sheep, trophy hunting, horn growth, Ovis canadensis, agent-based model, National Bison Range, Ram Mountain, Sheep River},
	pages = {792--799},
	file = {Submitted Version:files/1778/Schindler et al. - 2017 - Hunting, age structure, and horn size distribution.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1779/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{kirby_consumption_2017,
	title = {Consumption of intentional food subsidies by a hunted carnivore},
	volume = {81},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2017},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21304},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21304},
	abstract = {Wildlife consumption of human foods is common and these subsidies can alter a species’ behavior, demography, and interspecific interactions, and lead to conflicts with humans. Intentional food subsidies, including feeding or baiting of wildlife for viewing or hunting, can represent a large energy source. We studied consumption of bait for an American black bear (Ursus americanus) population in northern Wisconsin. Given the state's liberal baiting regulations, we hypothesized that bear baits would be highly available, and that bears would readily consume such baits within a hunting season. We documented the abundance of bear bait on forestlands, and quantified the diets of harvested black bears using stable isotopes and Bayesian mixing models to determine the relative contribution of human foods to individual and population diets. Baits occurred at ≥0.25 bait stations/km2 on public lands, and bears (n = 180) were subsidized by these baits, which contributed to {\textgreater}40\% of their diet. Our analysis of multiple tissue types with different turnover rates revealed that harvested bears were relying on subsidies throughout their lifetimes. Patterns of bait consumption were primarily influenced by age-sex class; adult males were the most reliant on human foods, followed by adult females. We found a high level of food subsidization in this bear population. We posit that the high density of bears in northern Wisconsin may be partly due to subsidies. Our results reveal how baits used for hunting can become an important resource for free-ranging bears and highlight the importance of considering potential consequences when bait is used in harvest management. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Kirby, Rebecca and Macfarland, David M. and Pauli, Jonathan N.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21304},
	keywords = {black bears, Ursus americanus, anthropogenic effects, bait, foraging, stable isotopes, supplemental food},
	pages = {1161--1169},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1781/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{breisjoberget_ptarmigan_2017-1,
	title = {Ptarmigan hunting restrictions: {Effects} on hunters’ opinions and harvest},
	volume = {81},
	copyright = {© 2017 The Authors. Journal of Wildlife Management Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	shorttitle = {Ptarmigan hunting restrictions},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21302},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21302},
	abstract = {In Norway, willow (Lagopus lagopus) and rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) populations and harvests have declined during the last few decades, and the 2 species are considered as near threatened on the Norwegian Red List. The Norwegian State-Owned Land and Forest Enterprise (Statskog) is a main provider of ptarmigan hunting on public lands, and has recently introduced harvest restrictions in Nordland County. We investigated the relationship between hunters’ opinions and the effects of restrictions on hunters and ptarmigan harvest using online structured questionnaires (2012, n = 570) and bag reports (2009–2011, n = 8,795). A majority of hunters (66\%) supported harvest restrictions, and 89\% were willing to shoot fewer birds to increase population size. However, opinions towards specific management alternatives were more negative and disparate. Residency of the hunters (local or non-resident) was the most influential factor on hunter opinions, and this reflected a tendency to approve of restrictions with the smallest effect on their own hunting practice. Our study indicates that access and the opportunity to hunt are more important to hunters than bag size. Daily and annual hunting bags were small, averaging 1.7 and 5.8 ptarmigan, respectively, and the daily bag limit of 4 birds was reached during 5.8\% of hunting days. A harvest reduction of 50\% implied a daily bag limit of 1 bird and a seasonal bag of 4, which were lower than what hunters found as acceptable. Hence, although hunter opinions may provide useful guidelines for the development of management practices, their opinions need to be evaluated for the actual effects they may have on the game populations. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Wildlife Management Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Breisjøberget, Jo Inge and Storaas, Torstein and Odden, Morten},
	year = {2017},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21302},
	keywords = {bag limits, harvest restrictions, Lagopus lagopus, Lagopus muta, Nordland County, rock ptarmigan, willow ptarmigan},
	pages = {1179--1186},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1783/Breisjøberget et al. - 2017 - Ptarmigan hunting restrictions Effects on hunters.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1784/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{calvert_annual_2017,
	title = {Annual survival and seasonal hunting mortality of midcontinent snow geese},
	volume = {81},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2017},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21277},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21277},
	abstract = {Annual banding programs have allowed the estimation of key demographic parameters for many populations of harvested wildlife, yet they often provide little insight into vital rate variation among seasonally occupied habitats or among regions with differing hunting regulations. For lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) in the midcontinent of North America, rapid growth in abundance and the consequent implementation of special conservation measures present a scenario where seasonal mortality estimates would be highly valuable. We evaluated variation in hunting mortality of adult and young geese among 3 seasons (autumn, winter, and spring) based on annual banding data from breeding colonies north and south of 60°N latitude, and seasonal hunting recoveries from the United States and Canada. Using band-recovery models and data covering 1999 through 2015, we first estimated annual survival for geese of both age classes and breeding locations, and then subsequently used seasonal hunting recoveries to derive estimates of seasonal hunting mortality and annual non-hunting mortality. Simulation models validated the accuracy of this approach. Hunting mortality in winter generally exceeded that during spring and autumn, but our estimates suggested that hunting mortality represented a small fraction of annual mortality for adult and young birds. Consistent with recent studies, our estimates pointed to a greater harvest effect for the smaller subarctic population breeding near southern Hudson Bay, Canada, than for the large arctic population breeding farther north. Although mean kill rates were higher for young than adult geese, natural mortality for young was high and temporally variable, implying that some hunting mortality experienced by young geese during their first year could be compensated by natural causes of death. Natural (non-hunting) mortality and annual survival showed greater temporal variation than seasonal kill rates in adults and young geese, highlighting the importance of non-harvest factors (e.g., climate, habitat, population density) to the dynamics of these populations. These novel estimates of seasonal kill rates and non-hunting mortality contribute further support to the notion that internal dynamics of the lesser snow goose midcontinent population, including natural mortality and recruitment, currently influence population trajectory more than ongoing interventions through harvest management. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Calvert, Anna M. and Alisauskas, Ray T. and White, Gary C.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21277},
	keywords = {hunting, survival, harvest, mortality, population management, Arctic, mark-recapture, seasonal, snow geese},
	pages = {1009--1020},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1786/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{dorning_oil_2017,
	title = {Oil and gas development influences big-game hunting in {Wyoming}},
	volume = {81},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2016},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21205},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21205},
	abstract = {Development from extracting oil and gas resources can have unintended effects on multiple ecosystem functions, with cascading effects on wildlife, ecosystem services, and local economies. Big-game hunting opportunities may be closely related to these effects, but empirical analyses of impacts of energy development on hunting are limited. We examined the influence of oil and gas development density on harvest efficiency, or harvest per unit of hunter effort, within all hunt areas in Wyoming, USA, from 2008 to 2014 for 3 big-game species: elk (Cervus canadensis), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and pronghorn (Antilocapra americana). Using harvest/hunter day as the response variable, we compared linear mixed-effects models for each species that included total well density (i.e., all wells constructed up to the year of record), active well density (i.e., only those wells currently producing oil or gas in that year), or neither as a predictor variable. We used well densities as indicators of development in the absence of data specifying the locations of other oil and gas infrastructure (e.g., roads, well pads). Models also accounted for the fixed effects of road density, hunter density, proportion of the area that is public land with unrestricted hunter access, proportion of the area that is forested, year of observation, and random effects of variation among hunt areas nested within associated game herd units. Presence of oil and gas wells had a positive influence on harvest efficiency for elk and mule deer. Although there was no overall effect to pronghorn, there was a negative influence of wells on juvenile pronghorn harvest efficiency. Changes in harvest efficiency due to expanding oil and gas development could alter the time spent hunting by hunters and their chances of harvesting an animal. This could have subsequent impacts on hunter satisfaction, game populations, and economic revenue generated from recreational hunters. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Dorning, Monica A. and Garman, Steven L. and Diffendorfer, Jay E. and Semmens, Darius J. and Hawbaker, Todd J. and Bagstad, Kenneth J.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21205},
	keywords = {hunting, mule deer, elk, ecosystem services, Wyoming, harvest efficiency, landscape change, oil and gas development, pronghorn},
	pages = {379--392},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1788/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{coulson_predicting_2018-1,
	title = {Predicting the evolutionary consequences of trophy hunting on a quantitative trait},
	volume = {82},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2017},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21261},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21261},
	abstract = {Some ecologists suggest that trophy hunting (e.g., harvesting males with a desirable trait above a certain size) can lead to rapid phenotypic change, which has led to an ongoing discussion about evolutionary consequences of trophy hunting. Claims of rapid evolution come from the statistical analyses of data, with no examination of whether these results are theoretically plausible. We constructed simple quantitative genetic models to explore how a range of hunting scenarios affects the evolution of a trophy such as horn length. We show that trophy hunting does lead to trophy evolution defined as change in the mean breeding value of the trait. However, the fastest rates of phenotypic change attributable to trophy hunting via evolution that are theoretically possible under standard assumptions of quantitative genetics are 1–2 orders of magnitude slower than the fastest rates of phenotypic change reported from statistical analyses. Our work suggests a re-evaluation of the likely evolutionary consequences of trophy hunting would be appropriate when setting policy. Our work does not consider the ethical or ecological consequences of trophy hunting. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Coulson, Tim and Schindler, Susanne and Traill, Lochran and Kendall, Bruce E.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21261},
	keywords = {hunting, integral projection models, quantitative genetics, selection},
	pages = {46--56},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1790/Coulson et al. - 2018 - Predicting the evolutionary consequences of trophy.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{heffelfinger_inefficiency_2018,
	title = {Inefficiency of evolutionarily relevant selection in ungulate trophy hunting},
	volume = {82},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2017},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21337},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21337},
	abstract = {Differentially harvesting individual animals with specific traits has led some to argue that such selection can cause evolutionary change that may be detrimental to the species, especially if those traits are related positively to individual fitness. Most hunters are not selective in the type of animal they take, satisfied instead to harvest any legal animal. In a few exceptions, however, regulations may limit hunters to harvest animals of a minimum size or age regardless of their personal choice. Using information from a broad range of aquatic and terrestrial systems exposed to a myriad of potential and operational selective pressures, several authors have made expansive generalizations about selective harvest and its applicability to ungulates. Harvest-based selection can potentially be intensive enough to be relevant in an evolutionary sense, but phenotypic changes consistent with hunter selection are otherwise confounded with multiple environmental influences. Factors such as age, genetic contribution of females, nutrition, maternal effects, epigenetics, patterns of mating success, gene linkage, gene flow, refugia, date of birth, and other factors affecting selection interact with harvest to impede unidirectional evolution of a trait. The intensity of selection determines potential for evolutionary change in a meaningful temporal framework. Indeed, only under severe intensity, and strict selection on a trait, could human harvest prompt evolutionary changes in that trait. Broad generalizations across populations or ecological systems can yield erroneous extrapolations and inappropriate assumptions. Removal of males expressing a variety of horn or antler sizes, including some very large males, does not inevitably represent directional artificial selection unless the selective pressures are intensive enough to cause a unidirectional shift in allele frequencies that may act on some relevant life-history trait or process. Here I review the topic of harvest-based selection in male ungulates and discuss the inefficiency of trophy hunting in changing genetic expression of phenotype. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Heffelfinger, James R.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21337},
	keywords = {selection, trophy hunting, Ovis canadensis, Ram Mountain, evolutionary consequences, phenotype},
	pages = {57--66},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1792/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{neumann_influence_2018,
	title = {Influence of hunting on movements of moose near roads},
	volume = {82},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2018},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21448},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21448},
	abstract = {Vehicle collisions with large wildlife provide a serious risk of severe personal injuries. In some countries, there is a common belief that hunting increases this risk because it leads to more active animals and increases roads crossings. We analyzed movements of moose (Alces alces) and frequency of moose road crossings during fall to test if moose altered their behavior during hunting periods compared to other times. We analyzed global positioning system (GPS) data from 172 free-ranging adult moose (140 females, 32 males) between the end of August and the middle of October 2004–2013, in 7 different areas along Sweden's latitudinal gradient of 57°N–67°N. Female moose either decreased or did not change their movement rates as fall proceeded, and they did not cross roads more in any weeks of the hunting season. Male moose became more active between mid-September and the beginning of October, which corresponds to the time before the hunting period in southern Sweden and the temporary hunting closure in northern Sweden. There was no overall change in moose movements in relation to hunting activity during fall regardless of region or sex. We found that number of road crossings correlated positively with the rutting period in male moose. Thus, the riskier periods for traffic during fall during the hunting period, based on moose movement, coincided with the rutting activity. We suggest that mitigation actions to reduce moose-vehicle collisions should make drivers more aware of changes in movement behavior in moose during the rutting season, particularly in southern Sweden. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Neumann, Wiebke and Ericsson, Göran},
	year = {2018},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21448},
	keywords = {hunting, moose, animal movement rates, deer-vehicle collisions, road crossings, rutting, Sweden, traffic safety},
	pages = {918--928},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1794/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{jacobs_pup-rearing_2018,
	title = {Pup-rearing habitat use in a harvested carnivore},
	volume = {82},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2018},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21434},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21434},
	abstract = {Changes in behavior and habitat use are often influenced by the risk of predation, including harvest, and carnivores alter their habitat use and movements to minimize predation risk. Large carnivores are subject to harvest around the world; however, few studies examine whether habitat use is different between harvested and unharvested carnivore populations. We examined the effects of harvest on gray wolf (Canis lupus) use of pup-rearing habitat. We predicted that in comparison to an unharvested population of wolves, wolves subject to harvest would use less suitable pup-rearing habitat (i.e., sites with no standing water source and dense vegetation with no open areas) and locate pup-rearing sites in areas with lower human activity. We also predicted that wolves would use less suitable pup-rearing habitat following breeder turnover. Finally, we predicted that field surveys using a method for monitoring an unharvested wolf population would detect fewer active pup-rearing sites and document fewer detections of scat, tracks, and howls of a harvested wolf population. We tested whether a habitat model for predicting pup-rearing sites used by an unharvested wolf population accurately predicted sites used by a harvested wolf population. To examine the effect of human activity, we calculated the road density within a 500-m buffer around sites used by an unharvested and harvested population of wolves. We also evaluated the habitat suitability of pup-rearing sites following the death of a breeder. Finally, we conducted field surveys of a harvested wolf population with a monitoring technique used for unharvested wolf populations, and compared detections of pup-rearing sites, scats, tracks, and howls between the unharvested and harvested wolf populations. Harvest did not affect wolf use of pup-rearing habitat. Wolves subject to harvest used highly suitable habitat (i.e., areas with standing, ephemeral water) to raise pups, road density near pup-rearing sites did not differ between harvested and unharvested wolf populations, and breeder turnover did not result in packs choosing less suitable pup-rearing habitat. Finally, field surveys successfully detected pup-rearing sites of wolves subject to harvest but documented fewer detections of scats and tracks, likely because of a decrease in wolf density. Wolves subject to harvest chose highly suitable habitat to raise pups, indicating that such habitat provides optimal resources in a landscape where harvest is a dominant source of mortality. In areas where such habitat is limited, it is important to consider how environmental changes affect the availability of suitable habitat. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Jacobs, Caitlin E. and Ausband, David E.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21434},
	keywords = {harvest, mortality, Canis lupus, carnivore, gray wolf, habitat use, reproduction},
	pages = {802--809},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1796/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{triezenberg_predicting_2018,
	title = {Predicting positive outcomes for waterfowl hunters and waterfront residents},
	volume = {82},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2018},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21471},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21471},
	abstract = {Social conflicts among wildlife stakeholders can suggest possible new directions for wildlife management, including opportunities to expand the base of stakeholders supporting active management. In response to New York State Department of Environmental Conservation information needs, we examined potential conflicts between waterfowl hunters and waterfront residents to understand their attitudes toward hunting along developed waterfronts and how spatial proximity was related to likelihood of waterfowl hunters’ experiences of harassment by waterfront residents. We sent mail-back questionnaires to waterfowl hunters (n = 1,000) and waterfront residents (n = 1,000) near Lake Ontario in the greater-Rochester area of New York, USA. We identified factors predicting acceptance of waterfowl hunting along developed waterfronts. Waterfront residents who knew waterfowl hunters were more supportive of waterfowl hunting than residents who did not know hunters. Hunters who hunted closer to occupied dwellings (e.g., waterfront homes) were more likely to experience harassment from residents than hunters who hunted farther away. Educational communication and policies that address public access, safety, safe distance of hunting from homes, and rules and regulations relating to waterfowl hunting are needed for acceptance of waterfowl hunting along developed waterfronts. Non-hunters who accept hunting activities have the potential to positively affect wildlife management by expanding the base of involved, supportive stakeholders. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Triezenberg, Heather A. and Knuth, Barbara A.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21471},
	keywords = {non-hunters, social conflicts, stakeholder support, waterfowl hunters, waterfront residents, wildlife enthusiasts},
	pages = {1311--1319},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1798/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{mcgrath_northern_2018,
	title = {Northern bobwhite foraging response to hunting},
	volume = {82},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2018},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21451},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21451},
	abstract = {Prey species must consistently balance the need for resource acquisition with the threat of predation. This balance is particularly true for gallinaceous birds, such as the northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), which are ground foragers and are often exposed to increased predation risk compared to arboreal foragers. We studied how bobwhites might mitigate the threat of human hunting pressure by altering their foraging strategy. We directly monitored hunting encounters with bobwhites, during October 2014–March 2015, and collected daily movement paths (n = 514) using radio-telemetry. We performed first-passage time analysis to infer foraging behavior by calculating bout frequency, area, duration, and timing. We found bobwhites mitigated exposure to human hunters by increasing foraging frequency coupled with a decrease in duration (15.4\%) and area (7.1\%) in response to hunting pressure. We observed a temporal shift in foraging away from peak hunting hours by 30 minutes when birds were recently exposed to a discharged firearm. Our results imply that hunting game species can disrupt timing of foraging and therefore influence allocation to competing activities such as anti-predator vigilance. We propose implementing a dynamic harvest management regime that distributes hunting activity temporally and spatially to mitigate high hunting pressure and reduce behavioral effects on bobwhites. Careful planning of hunting activity should reduce its additive effects on natural mortality while improving hunter satisfaction. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {McGrath, Diana J. and Terhune, Theron M. and Martin, James A.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21451},
	keywords = {foraging, anthropogenic disturbance, behavior, Colinus virginianus, first-passage time, hunting pressure, northern bobwhite, predation risk},
	pages = {966--976},
}

@article{logan_puma_2019,
	title = {Puma population limitation and regulation: {What} matters in puma management?},
	volume = {83},
	copyright = {© 2019 The Wildlife Society},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	shorttitle = {Puma population limitation and regulation},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21753},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21753},
	abstract = {Wildlife managers require reliable information on factors that influence animal populations to develop successful management programs, including the puma (Puma concolor), in western North America. As puma populations have recovered in recent decades because of restrictions on human-caused mortality, managers need a clear understanding of the factors that limit or regulate puma populations and how those factors might be manipulated to achieve management objectives, including sustaining puma and other wildlife populations, providing hunting opportunity, and reducing puma interactions with people. I synthesized technical literature on puma populations, behavior, and relationships with prey that have contributed to hypotheses on puma population limitation and regulation. Current hypotheses on puma population limitation include the social limitation hypothesis and the food limitation hypothesis. Associated with each of those are 2 hypotheses on puma population regulation: the social regulation hypothesis and the competition regulation hypothesis. I organize the biological and ecological attributes of pumas reported in the literature under these hypotheses. I discuss the validity of these hypotheses based on the limits of the research associated with the hypotheses and the evolutionary processes theoretically underlying them. I review the management predictions as framed by these hypotheses as they pertain to puma hunting, puma-prey relationships, and human-puma interactions. The food limitation and competition regulation hypotheses explain more phenomena associated with puma and likely would guide more successful management outcomes. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Logan, Kenneth A.},
	year = {2019},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21753},
	keywords = {management, population, limitation, Puma concolor, natural selection, North America, puma, regulation},
	pages = {1652--1666},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1801/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{manning_simulated_2019,
	title = {Simulated performance of multi-year harvest regulation cycles for wild turkeys},
	volume = {83},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2019},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21678},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21678},
	abstract = {Wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) are a prolific species and valuable game animal throughout the United States. Stochastic simulations are commonly used to inform harvest management, and we used simulation to test performance of fall harvest management that included 1-, 3-, and 5-year cycles of population assessment and updating of harvest targets, respectively. To assess robustness of our conclusions, we replicated analyses across 18 combinations of model parameters that included population productivity (3 levels), sex-specific vulnerability to fall harvest (3 levels), and magnitude of spring harvest (2 levels). Performance of multi-year cycles, measured using abundance of males and annual harvest, depended on the context of model parameters that interacted to determine responses of populations to harvest. One- and 3-year cycles had similar performance so long as female harvests were less than or equal to male harvests. However, when harvest of females was greater than males, or when 5-year regulation cycles were implemented, there was greater risk due to nonlinear population responses to increased harvest. For example, nonlinearity resulted in thresholds where declines to abundance and harvest could occur with small increases to harvest rates, and thus the sustainability of fall harvests was less robust for multi-year cycles with time-lagged assessment and decision making. Moreover, the harvest rate resulting in threshold responses depended on model parameters and often occurred within the range of harvest rates recommended by earlier modeling studies (7–15\%). Our results imply that multi-year cycles can be a viable approach to harvest management. Monitoring that provides information on sex-specific harvest is recommended, however, to determine if nonlinear population responses should be anticipated. Ideally, information on population-specific vital rates would also be available to allow managers to avoid harvest rates near thresholds that are expected to result in population declines. © The Wildlife Society, 2019},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Manning, Sydney E. and Stevens, Bryan S. and Williams, David M.},
	year = {2019},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21678},
	keywords = {Meleagris gallopavo, harvest management, sustainable harvest, harvest models, population management, turkey hunting, decision cycles},
	pages = {1032--1042},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1803/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{larue_increases_2019,
	title = {Increases in {Midwestern} cougars despite harvest in a source population},
	volume = {83},
	copyright = {© 2019 The Wildlife Society},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21693},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21693},
	abstract = {Although cougars (Puma concolor) appear to be recolonizing the midwestern United States, there is concern that hunting in source populations (primarily the Black Hills, SD and WY, USA) may prevent cougars from dispersing eastward. We use carcass data of cougars (n =147 carcasses at known locations, of which 111 were of known sex) in the Midwest collected during 1990–2015 to quantify whether cougar hunting in the Black Hills affected cougar distribution and presence in the Midwest. We separated carcass data into 2 time periods: before hunting in the Black Hills (i.e., pre-hunt; 1990–2004) and after hunting (i.e., post-hunt; 2005–2015). We hypothesized that if hunting prevented dispersal into the Midwest, cougar distribution would be random and their presence less, relative to the pre-hunt period. We also were interested in sex ratios of carcasses over time, given the importance of that demographic metric to the potential establishment of viable populations. During the pre-hunt period, 25 carcasses were dispersed randomly in the Midwest. During the post-hunt period, we found nearly 4 times the number of carcasses in the Midwest (n = 86), carcasses were significantly clustered, and a greater percentage of carcasses were female (pre-hunt n = 6 [24\%]; post-hunt n = 27 [31\%]). Relative to the pre-hunt period, we observed a 460-km northward shift in the directional distribution of carcass locations during the post-hunt period. These findings do not support the idea that hunting in the Black Hills has prevented cougar presence from increasing in the Midwest. Alternatively, we suggest the potential for immigration from cougar populations farther to the west as an explanation for the increase in cougar presence (particularly females) confirmed after the initiation of cougar hunting in the Black Hills. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Larue, Michelle A. and Nielsen, Clayton K. and Pease, Brent S.},
	year = {2019},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21693},
	keywords = {hunting, cougar, Puma concolor, Midwest, recolonization},
	pages = {1306--1313},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1805/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{serenari_explaining_2019,
	title = {Explaining deer hunter preferences for regulatory changes using choice experiments},
	volume = {83},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2018},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21604},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21604},
	abstract = {Achieving state wildlife agency goals for white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) management may conflict with hunter traditions and desires. Optimizing deer herd management given conflicting biological and social goals means that agencies will need to better understand what trade-offs can be made. In North Carolina, USA, the harvest of deer by hunters is skewed towards males {\textless}2.5 years old and all firearm hunting seasons begin prior to the rut. Both trends can have undesirable consequences for deer populations, hunters, and deer managers. To provide better information to mitigate the potential for undesirable consequences, we modeled deer hunter choice behavior using a discrete choice experiment to identify their preferences for regulatory components and policy alternatives. Discrete choice experiments explain the choice behavior of humans via preference elicitation. We obtained the data used in our analysis after contacting 171,880 resident deer hunters by email and postcard to encourage their participation in a web-based survey. We received valid responses from 25,508 resident deer hunters. Respondents identified gun season length as the most important regulatory attribute influencing their decisions about policy, followed by bag limits. Results also suggest that North Carolina's hunters may be more willing to make trade-offs when attributes least affecting their decision making, such as season opening date and blackpowder season length, are altered by decision makers to benefit the deer herd. By employing wildlife valuation methods, such as discrete choice experiments, agencies can gain deep insights into viable trade-offs between different attributes that underpin multidimensional policies, such as deer seasons, not achieved through attitudinal measures alone. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Serenari, Christopher and Shaw, Jonathan and Myers, Ryan and Cobb, David T.},
	year = {2019},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21604},
	keywords = {Odocoileus virginianus, white-tailed deer, hunting season, choice behavior, discrete choice experiment, hunter, North Carolina, stated preference},
	pages = {446--456},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1807/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{song_hunters_2019,
	title = {Hunters’ responses to urine-based scent bans tackling chronic wasting disease},
	volume = {83},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2018},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21593},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21593},
	abstract = {Wildlife managers and researchers have suspected that urine-based lure products collected from captive cervids could be potential media contributing to the spread of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in deer (Odocoileus spp.). Although personnel in multiple wildlife agencies have taken the precautionary approach to prohibit the sales or use of urine-based lure products, it is not well understood whether hunters will accept and willingly cooperate with these policies. To address this gap in the literature, we examine hunters’ attitudes and behavioral intentions toward a hypothetical policy proposing to ban urine-based products and how risk beliefs, trait psychological reactance, and hunting experience affect these responses. In May 2017, we recruited 739 members of an online advocacy group of deer hunters to complete a web-based survey with experimental elements. Overall, participants held positive attitudes toward the proposed policy to ban these products and high intentions to cooperate. Participants also characterized CWD as an increasing risk that was associated with dread, well known to science, and observable. These risk beliefs were positively related to attitudes and behavioral intentions to comply with the policy. In contrast, trait psychological reactance and prior experience using urine-based scents were negatively related to attitudes and behavioral intentions. Findings indicate that wildlife management agency personnel communicating with the public may find better acceptance of controversial CWD policies by first establishing a shared understanding of its risks through thorough risk communication. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Song, Hwanseok and McComas, Katherine A. and Schuler, Krysten L.},
	year = {2019},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21593},
	keywords = {chronic wasting disease, deer hunting, psychological reactance, risk communication, risk perception},
	pages = {457--466},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1809/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{picardi_movement_2019,
	title = {Movement responses of roe deer to hunting risk},
	volume = {83},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2018},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21576},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21576},
	abstract = {Large herbivores respond to fluctuations in predation and hunting risk. The temporal scale of risk heterogeneity affects behavioral responses and determines the usefulness of metrics to quantify them. We present a conceptual framework to link anti-predator responses to risk fluctuations and appropriate metrics, based on temporal scale. We applied this framework to investigate movement responses of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) to hunting risk, measured using movement rate and home range size. Because movements are also affected by reproductive phases, we considered potential effects of the rut in parallel to hunting risk. We compared movements of male and female roe deer in a protected site versus 2 hunted sites during and outside the hunting season and rut. We detected differences in movement rates in response to different hunting management practices. We did not detect effects for hunting regimes or between sexes during the rut when using home range size as the response variable. During the hunting season, movement rates were lower in the hunted sites than in the protected site, irrespective of sex. We did not observe differences in movement rates among sites outside of the hunting season. Males had higher movement rates than females during the rut in only 1 site. Our findings supported the hypothesis that roe deer decrease movements when exposed to high hunting risk. The effect of the rut on movements was negligible except for 1 study site. We suggest that movement rate is a more useful metric than home range size for assessing movement responses to hunting. © 2018 The Wildlife Society},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Picardi, Simona and Basille, Mathieu and Peters, Wibke and Ponciano, José Miguel and Boitani, Luigi and Cagnacci, Francesca},
	year = {2019},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21576},
	keywords = {hunting, predator-prey interactions, anti-predator behavior, Capreolus capreolus, home range size, Italian Alps, large herbivores, movement rate, roe deer},
	pages = {43--51},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1811/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{ripple_collapse_2015-1,
	title = {Collapse of the world’s largest herbivores},
	volume = {1},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2015, The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.},
	issn = {2375-2548},
	url = {https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/4/e1400103},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1400103},
	abstract = {Large wild herbivores are crucial to ecosystems and human societies. We highlight the 74 largest terrestrial herbivore species on Earth (body mass ≥100 kg), the threats they face, their important and often overlooked ecosystem effects, and the conservation efforts needed to save them and their predators from extinction. Large herbivores are generally facing dramatic population declines and range contractions, such that {\textasciitilde}60\% are threatened with extinction. Nearly all threatened species are in developing countries, where major threats include hunting, land-use change, and resource depression by livestock. Loss of large herbivores can have cascading effects on other species including large carnivores, scavengers, mesoherbivores, small mammals, and ecological processes involving vegetation, hydrology, nutrient cycling, and fire regimes. The rate of large herbivore decline suggests that ever-larger swaths of the world will soon lack many of the vital ecological services these animals provide, resulting in enormous ecological and social costs.
The collapsing populations of large herbivores will have extensive ecological and social consequences.
The collapsing populations of large herbivores will have extensive ecological and social consequences.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	author = {Ripple, William J. and Newsome, Thomas M. and Wolf, Christopher and Dirzo, Rodolfo and Everatt, Kristoffer T. and Galetti, Mauro and Hayward, Matt W. and Kerley, Graham I. H. and Levi, Taal and Lindsey, Peter A. and Macdonald, David W. and Malhi, Yadvinder and Painter, Luke E. and Sandom, Christopher J. and Terborgh, John and Valkenburgh, Blaire Van},
	month = may,
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
Section: Review},
	pages = {e1400103},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1813/Ripple et al. - 2015 - Collapse of the world’s largest herbivores.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1814/e1400103.html:text/html},
}

@article{antunes_empty_2016-1,
	title = {Empty forest or empty rivers? {A} century of commercial hunting in {Amazonia}},
	volume = {2},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2016, The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.},
	issn = {2375-2548},
	shorttitle = {Empty forest or empty rivers?},
	url = {https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/10/e1600936},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1600936},
	abstract = {The Amazon basin is the largest and most species-rich tropical forest and river system in the world, playing a pivotal role in global climate regulation and harboring hundreds of traditional and indigenous cultures. It is a matter of intense debate whether the ecosystem is threatened by hunting practices, whereby an “empty forest” loses critical ecological functions. Strikingly, no previous study has examined Amazonian ecosystem resilience through the perspective of the massive 20th century international trade in furs and skins. We present the first historical account of the scale and impacts of this trade and show that whereas aquatic species suffered basin-wide population collapse, terrestrial species did not. We link this differential resilience to the persistence of adequate spatial refuges for terrestrial species, enabling populations to be sustained through source-sink dynamics, contrasting with unremitting hunting pressure on more accessible aquatic habitats. Our findings attest the high vulnerability of aquatic fauna to unregulated hunting, particularly during years of severe drought. We propose that the relative resilience of terrestrial species suggests a marked opportunity for managing, rather than criminalizing, contemporary traditional subsistence hunting in Amazonia, through both the engagement of local people in community-based comanagement programs and science-led conservation governance.
Trend analysis of the massive international hide trade in Amazonia reveals differential resilience to hunting for aquatic and terrestrial wildlife.
Trend analysis of the massive international hide trade in Amazonia reveals differential resilience to hunting for aquatic and terrestrial wildlife.},
	language = {en},
	number = {10},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	author = {Antunes, André P. and Fewster, Rachel M. and Venticinque, Eduardo M. and Peres, Carlos A. and Levi, Taal and Rohe, Fabio and Shepard, Glenn H.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
Section: Research Article},
	pages = {e1600936},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1816/Antunes et al. - 2016 - Empty forest or empty rivers A century of commerc.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1817/e1600936.html:text/html},
}

@article{creel_questionable_2015,
	title = {Questionable policy for large carnivore hunting},
	volume = {350},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aac4768},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aac4768},
	language = {en},
	number = {6267},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Creel, S. and Becker, M. and Christianson, D. and Droge, E. and Hammerschlag, N. and Hayward, M. W. and Karanth, U. and Loveridge, A. and Macdonald, D. W. and Matandiko, W. and M'soka, J. and Murray, D. and Rosenblatt, E. and Schuette, P.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {1473--1475},
	file = {Creel et al. - 2015 - Questionable policy for large carnivore hunting.pdf:files/1818/Creel et al. - 2015 - Questionable policy for large carnivore hunting.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{artelle_hallmarks_2018-1,
	title = {Hallmarks of science missing from {North} {American} wildlife management},
	volume = {4},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.},
	issn = {2375-2548},
	url = {https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/3/eaao0167},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aao0167},
	abstract = {Resource management agencies commonly defend controversial policy by claiming adherence to science-based approaches. For example, proponents and practitioners of the “North American Model of Wildlife Conservation,” which guides hunting policy across much of the United States and Canada, assert that science plays a central role in shaping policy. However, what that means is rarely defined. We propose a framework that identifies four fundamental hallmarks of science relevant to natural resource management (measurable objectives, evidence, transparency, and independent review) and test for their presence in hunt management plans created by 62 U.S. state and Canadian provincial and territorial agencies across 667 management systems (species-jurisdictions). We found that most (60\%) systems contained fewer than half of the indicator criteria assessed, with more criteria detected in systems that were peer-reviewed, that pertained to “big game,” and in jurisdictions at increasing latitudes. These results raise doubt about the purported scientific basis of hunt management across the United States and Canada. Our framework provides guidance for adopting a science-based approach to safeguard not only wildlife but also agencies from potential social, legal, and political conflict.
Fundamental components of science are often lacking in U.S. state and Canadian provincial hunt management systems.
Fundamental components of science are often lacking in U.S. state and Canadian provincial hunt management systems.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	author = {Artelle, Kyle A. and Reynolds, John D. and Treves, Adrian and Walsh, Jessica C. and Paquet, Paul C. and Darimont, Chris T.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
Section: Research Article},
	pages = {eaao0167},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1821/Artelle et al. - 2018 - Hallmarks of science missing from North American w.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1822/eaao0167.html:text/html},
}

@article{benitez-lopez_impact_2017-2,
	title = {The impact of hunting on tropical mammal and bird populations},
	volume = {356},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2017, American Association for the Advancement of Science},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://science.sciencemag.org/content/356/6334/180},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aaj1891},
	abstract = {Quantifying hunting-induced defaunation
As the human population grows and increasingly encroaches on remaining wildlife habitat, hunting threatens many species. Benítez-López et al. conducted a large-scale meta-analysis of hunting trends and impacts across the tropics (see the Perspective by Brashares and Gaynor). Bird and mammal populations were considerably lower in areas where hunting occurred. Although commercial hunting and proximity to roads and urban centers were the most damaging factors, all hunting had worrying impacts, even in protected areas. Protection and alternative approaches for sustainable subsistence hunting must be implemented soon if we are to prevent further, rapid defaunation.
Science, this issue p. 180; see also p. 136
Hunting is a major driver of biodiversity loss, but a systematic large-scale estimate of hunting-induced defaunation is lacking. We synthesized 176 studies to quantify hunting-induced declines of mammal and bird populations across the tropics. Bird and mammal abundances declined by 58\% (25 to 76\%) and by 83\% (72 to 90\%) in hunted compared with unhunted areas. Bird and mammal populations were depleted within 7 and 40 kilometers from hunters’ access points (roads and settlements). Additionally, hunting pressure was higher in areas with better accessibility to major towns where wild meat could be traded. Mammal population densities were lower outside protected areas, particularly because of commercial hunting. Strategies to sustainably manage wild meat hunting in both protected and unprotected tropical ecosystems are urgently needed to avoid further defaunation.
Hunting of wildlife significantly affects mammal and bird populations across the tropics.
Hunting of wildlife significantly affects mammal and bird populations across the tropics.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6334},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Benítez-López, A. and Alkemade, R. and Schipper, A. M. and Ingram, D. J. and Verweij, P. A. and Eikelboom, J. a. J. and Huijbregts, M. a. J.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2017},
	pmid = {28408600},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
Section: Reports},
	pages = {180--183},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1825/180.html:text/html;Full Text:files/1826/Benítez-López et al. - 2017 - The impact of hunting on tropical mammal and bird .pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{estrada_impending_2017-1,
	title = {Impending extinction crisis of the world’s primates: {Why} primates matter},
	volume = {3},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2017, The Authors. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.},
	issn = {2375-2548},
	shorttitle = {Impending extinction crisis of the world’s primates},
	url = {https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/1/e1600946},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1600946},
	abstract = {Nonhuman primates, our closest biological relatives, play important roles in the livelihoods, cultures, and religions of many societies and offer unique insights into human evolution, biology, behavior, and the threat of emerging diseases. They are an essential component of tropical biodiversity, contributing to forest regeneration and ecosystem health. Current information shows the existence of 504 species in 79 genera distributed in the Neotropics, mainland Africa, Madagascar, and Asia. Alarmingly, {\textasciitilde}60\% of primate species are now threatened with extinction and {\textasciitilde}75\% have declining populations. This situation is the result of escalating anthropogenic pressures on primates and their habitats—mainly global and local market demands, leading to extensive habitat loss through the expansion of industrial agriculture, large-scale cattle ranching, logging, oil and gas drilling, mining, dam building, and the construction of new road networks in primate range regions. Other important drivers are increased bushmeat hunting and the illegal trade of primates as pets and primate body parts, along with emerging threats, such as climate change and anthroponotic diseases. Often, these pressures act in synergy, exacerbating primate population declines. Given that primate range regions overlap extensively with a large, and rapidly growing, human population characterized by high levels of poverty, global attention is needed immediately to reverse the looming risk of primate extinctions and to attend to local human needs in sustainable ways. Raising global scientific and public awareness of the plight of the world’s primates and the costs of their loss to ecosystem health and human society is imperative.
Impending extinction of the world’s primates due to human activities; immediate global attention is needed to reverse the trend.
Impending extinction of the world’s primates due to human activities; immediate global attention is needed to reverse the trend.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	author = {Estrada, Alejandro and Garber, Paul A. and Rylands, Anthony B. and Roos, Christian and Fernandez-Duque, Eduardo and Fiore, Anthony Di and Nekaris, K. Anne-Isola and Nijman, Vincent and Heymann, Eckhard W. and Lambert, Joanna E. and Rovero, Francesco and Barelli, Claudia and Setchell, Joanna M. and Gillespie, Thomas R. and Mittermeier, Russell A. and Arregoitia, Luis Verde and Guinea, Miguel de and Gouveia, Sidney and Dobrovolski, Ricardo and Shanee, Sam and Shanee, Noga and Boyle, Sarah A. and Fuentes, Agustin and MacKinnon, Katherine C. and Amato, Katherine R. and Meyer, Andreas L. S. and Wich, Serge and Sussman, Robert W. and Pan, Ruliang and Kone, Inza and Li, Baoguo},
	month = jan,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
Section: Review},
	pages = {e1600946},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1828/Estrada et al. - 2017 - Impending extinction crisis of the world’s primate.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1829/e1600946.html:text/html},
}

@article{strindberg_guns_2018-1,
	title = {Guns, germs, and trees determine density and distribution of gorillas and chimpanzees in {Western} {Equatorial} {Africa}},
	volume = {4},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.},
	issn = {2375-2548},
	url = {https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/4/eaar2964},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aar2964},
	abstract = {We present a range-wide assessment of sympatric western lowland gorillas Gorilla gorilla gorilla and central chimpanzees Pan troglodytes troglodytes using the largest survey data set ever assembled for these taxa: 59 sites in five countries surveyed between 2003 and 2013, totaling 61,000 person-days of fieldwork. We used spatial modeling to investigate major drivers of great ape distribution and population trends. We predicted density across each taxon’s geographic range, allowing us to estimate overall abundance: 361,900 gorillas and 128,700 chimpanzees in Western Equatorial Africa—substantially higher than previous estimates. These two subspecies represent close to 99\% of all gorillas and one-third of all chimpanzees. Annual population decline of gorillas was estimated at 2.7\%, maintaining them as Critically Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) Red List. We quantified the threats to each taxon, of which the three greatest were poaching, disease, and habitat degradation. Gorillas and chimpanzees are found at higher densities where forest is intact, wildlife laws are enforced, human influence is low, and disease impacts have been low. Strategic use of the results of these analyses could conserve the majority of gorillas and chimpanzees. With around 80\% of both subspecies occurring outside protected areas, their conservation requires reinforcement of anti-poaching efforts both inside and outside protected areas (particularly where habitat quality is high and human impact is low), diligent disease control measures (including training, advocacy, and research into Ebola virus disease), and the preservation of high-quality habitat through integrated land-use planning and implementation of best practices by the extractive and agricultural industries.
We quantify the impacts of poaching, Ebola, and habitat degradation on western lowland gorillas and central chimpanzees.
We quantify the impacts of poaching, Ebola, and habitat degradation on western lowland gorillas and central chimpanzees.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	author = {Strindberg, Samantha and Maisels, Fiona and Williamson, Elizabeth A. and Blake, Stephen and Stokes, Emma J. and Aba’a, Rostand and Abitsi, Gaspard and Agbor, Anthony and Ambahe, Ruffin D. and Bakabana, Parfait C. and Bechem, Martha and Berlemont, Antoine and Semboli, Bruno Bokoto de and Boundja, Patrick R. and Bout, Nicolas and Breuer, Thomas and Campbell, Genevieve and Wachter, Pauwel De and Akou, Marc Ella and Mba, Fidel Esono and Feistner, Anna T. C. and Fosso, Bernard and Fotso, Roger and Greer, David and Inkamba-Nkulu, Clement and Iyenguet, Calixte F. and Jeffery, Kathryn J. and Kokangoye, Max and Kühl, Hjalmar S. and Latour, Stephanie and Madzoke, Bola and Makoumbou, Calixte and Malanda, Guy-Aimé F. and Malonga, Richard and Mbolo, Victor and Morgan, David B. and Motsaba, Prosper and Moukala, Gabin and Mowawa, Brice S. and Murai, Mizuki and Ndzai, Christian and Nishihara, Tomoaki and Nzooh, Zacharie and Pintea, Lilian and Pokempner, Amy and Rainey, Hugo J. and Rayden, Tim and Ruffler, Heidi and Sanz, Crickette M. and Todd, Angelique and Vanleeuwe, Hilde and Vosper, Ashley and Warren, Ymke and Wilkie, David S.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
Section: Research Article},
	pages = {eaar2964},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1831/Strindberg et al. - 2018 - Guns, germs, and trees determine density and distr.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1832/eaar2964.html:text/html},
}

@article{spehar_orangutans_2018-1,
	title = {Orangutans venture out of the rainforest and into the {Anthropocene}},
	volume = {4},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.},
	issn = {2375-2548},
	url = {https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/6/e1701422},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1701422},
	abstract = {Conservation benefits from understanding how adaptability and threat interact to determine a taxon’s vulnerability. Recognizing how interactions with humans have shaped taxa such as the critically endangered orangutan (Pongo spp.) offers insights into this relationship. Orangutans are viewed as icons of wild nature, and most efforts to prevent their extinction have focused on protecting minimally disturbed habitat, with limited success. We synthesize fossil, archeological, genetic, and behavioral evidence to demonstrate that at least 70,000 years of human influence have shaped orangutan distribution, abundance, and ecology and will likely continue to do so in the future. Our findings indicate that orangutans are vulnerable to hunting but appear flexible in response to some other human activities. This highlights the need for a multifaceted, landscape-level approach to orangutan conservation that leverages sound policy and cooperation among government, private sector, and community stakeholders to prevent hunting, mitigate human-orangutan conflict, and preserve and reconnect remaining natural forests. Broad cooperation can be encouraged through incentives and strategies that focus on the common interests and concerns of different stakeholders. Orangutans provide an illustrative example of how acknowledging the long and pervasive influence of humans can improve strategies to preserve biodiversity in the Anthropocene.
Examining how 70,000 years of human interaction shaped orangutans provides insights into conservation in the Anthropocene.
Examining how 70,000 years of human interaction shaped orangutans provides insights into conservation in the Anthropocene.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	author = {Spehar, Stephanie N. and Sheil, Douglas and Harrison, Terry and Louys, Julien and Ancrenaz, Marc and Marshall, Andrew J. and Wich, Serge A. and Bruford, Michael W. and Meijaard, Erik},
	month = jun,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
Section: Review},
	pages = {e1701422},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1834/Spehar et al. - 2018 - Orangutans venture out of the rainforest and into .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1835/e1701422.html:text/html},
}

@article{parlee_undermining_2018-1,
	title = {Undermining subsistence: {Barren}-ground caribou in a “tragedy of open access”},
	volume = {4},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2018 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.},
	issn = {2375-2548},
	shorttitle = {Undermining subsistence},
	url = {https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/2/e1701611},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.1701611},
	abstract = {Sustaining arctic/subarctic ecosystems and the livelihoods of northern Indigenous peoples is an immense challenge amid increasing resource development. The paper describes a “tragedy of open access” occurring in Canada’s north as governments open up new areas of sensitive barren-ground caribou habitat to mineral resource development. Once numbering in the millions, barren-ground caribou populations (Rangifer tarandus groenlandicus/Rangifer tarandus granti) have declined over 70\% in northern Canada over the last two decades in a cycle well understood by northern Indigenous peoples and scientists. However, as some herds reach critically low population levels, the impacts of human disturbance have become a major focus of debate in the north and elsewhere. A growing body of science and traditional knowledge research points to the adverse impacts of resource development; however, management efforts have been almost exclusively focused on controlling the subsistence harvest of northern Indigenous peoples. These efforts to control Indigenous harvesting parallel management practices during previous periods of caribou population decline (for example, 1950s) during which time governments also lacked evidence and appeared motivated by other values and interests in northern lands and resources. As mineral resource development advances in northern Canada and elsewhere, addressing this “science-policy gap” problem is critical to the sustainability of both caribou and people.
Mineral resource development in the Canadian north has tragic consequences for both caribou and Indigenous people.
Mineral resource development in the Canadian north has tragic consequences for both caribou and Indigenous people.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	author = {Parlee, Brenda L. and Sandlos, John and Natcher, David C.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
Section: Research Article},
	pages = {e1701611},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1837/Parlee et al. - 2018 - Undermining subsistence Barren-ground caribou in .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1838/e1701611.html:text/html},
}

@article{jiguet_unravelling_2019-3,
	title = {Unravelling migration connectivity reveals unsustainable hunting of the declining ortolan bunting},
	volume = {5},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.},
	issn = {2375-2548},
	url = {https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/5/eaau2642},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aau2642},
	abstract = {In France, illegal hunting of the endangered ortolan bunting Emberiza hortulana has been defended for the sake of tradition and gastronomy. Hunters argued that ortolan buntings trapped in southwest France originate from large and stable populations across the whole of Europe. Yet, the European Commission referred France to the Court of Justice of the European Union (EU) in December 2016 for infringements to legislation (IP/16/4213). To better assess the impact of hunting in France, we combined Pan-European data from archival light loggers, stable isotopes, and genetics to determine the migration strategy of the species across continents. Ortolan buntings migrating through France come from northern and western populations, which are small, fragmented and declining. Population viability modeling further revealed that harvesting in southwest France is far from sustainable and increases extinction risk. These results provide the sufficient scientific evidence for justifying the ban on ortolan harvesting in France.
Targeting bird migration connectivity adressed a pressing conservation policy question to save ortolan buntings.
Targeting bird migration connectivity adressed a pressing conservation policy question to save ortolan buntings.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	author = {Jiguet, Frédéric and Robert, Alexandre and Lorrillière, Romain and Hobson, Keith A. and Kardynal, Kevin J. and Arlettaz, Raphaël and Bairlein, Franz and Belik, Viktor and Bernardy, Petra and Copete, José Luis and Czajkowski, Michel Alexandre and Dale, Svein and Dombrovski, Valery and Ducros, Delphine and Efrat, Ron and Elts, Jaanus and Ferrand, Yves and Marja, Riho and Minkevicius, Simonas and Olsson, Peter and Pérez, Marc and Piha, Markus and Raković, Marko and Schmaljohann, Heiko and Seimola, Tuomas and Selstam, Gunnar and Siblet, Jean-Philippe and Skierczyǹski, Michał and Sokolov, Alexandr and Sondell, Jan and Moussy, Caroline},
	month = may,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
Section: Research Article},
	pages = {eaau2642},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1840/Jiguet et al. - 2019 - Unravelling migration connectivity reveals unsusta.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1841/eaau2642.html:text/html},
}

@article{minin_identifying_2019,
	title = {Identifying global centers of unsustainable commercial harvesting of species},
	volume = {5},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial license, which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, so long as the resultant use is not for commercial advantage and provided the original work is properly cited.},
	issn = {2375-2548},
	url = {https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/5/4/eaau2879},
	doi = {10.1126/sciadv.aau2879},
	abstract = {Overexploitation is one of the main threats to biodiversity, but the intensity of this threat varies geographically. We identified global concentrations, on land and at sea, of 4543 species threatened by unsustainable commercial harvesting. Regions under high-intensity threat (based on accessibility on land and on fishing catch at sea) cover 4.3\% of the land and 6.1\% of the seas and contain 82\% of all species threatened by unsustainable harvesting and {\textgreater}80\% of the ranges of Critically Endangered species threatened by unsustainable harvesting. Currently, only 16\% of these regions are covered by protected areas on land and just 6\% at sea. Urgent actions are needed in these centers of unsustainable harvesting to ensure that use of species is sustainable and to prevent further species’ extinctions.
High-risk areas contain 82\% of all species and {\textgreater}80\% of the ranges of Critically Endangered species threatened by overexploitation.
High-risk areas contain 82\% of all species and {\textgreater}80\% of the ranges of Critically Endangered species threatened by overexploitation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Science Advances},
	author = {Minin, Enrico Di and Brooks, Thomas M. and Toivonen, Tuuli and Butchart, Stuart H. M. and Heikinheimo, Vuokko and Watson, James E. M. and Burgess, Neil D. and Challender, Daniel W. S. and Goettsch, Bárbara and Jenkins, Richard and Moilanen, Atte},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
Section: Research Article},
	pages = {eaau2879},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1843/Minin et al. - 2019 - Identifying global centers of unsustainable commer.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1844/eaau2879.html:text/html},
}

@article{cartro-sabate_anthropogenic_2019-1,
	title = {Anthropogenic lead in {Amazonian} wildlife},
	volume = {2},
	copyright = {2019 The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited},
	issn = {2398-9629},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-019-0338-7},
	doi = {10.1038/s41893-019-0338-7},
	abstract = {Lead levels and isotopic fingerprints in 315 free-ranging animals belonging to 18 wild game species in four remote areas of the Peruvian Amazon provide a comprehensive picture of anthropogenic lead pollution in tropical rainforests. The high average concentration of lead (0.49 mg kg−1 wet weight) in livers from Amazonian wild game is comparable to the levels of lead in industrialized countries and mining areas. Although hunting ammunition is probably the main source of lead in wildlife, oil-related pollution is also a major source of contaminant lead in areas in which oil is extracted. Owing to the extended use of lead shot in subsistence hunting worldwide and the ever-encroaching oil-extraction industry in tropical rainforests, these results uncover important health risks to tropical wildlife and local communities that rely on subsistence hunting.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Nature Sustainability},
	author = {Cartró-Sabaté, Mar and Mayor, Pedro and Orta-Martínez, Martí and Rosell-Melé, Antoni},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Number: 8
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	pages = {702--709},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1846/s41893-019-0338-7.html:text/html},
}

@article{scheffers_global_2019-1,
	title = {Global wildlife trade across the tree of life},
	volume = {366},
	copyright = {Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. http://www.sciencemag.org/about/science-licenses-journal-article-reuseThis is an article distributed under the terms of the Science Journals Default License.},
	issn = {0036-8075, 1095-9203},
	url = {https://science.sciencemag.org/content/366/6461/71},
	doi = {10.1126/science.aav5327},
	abstract = {A heavy toll
Trade in wildlife, and their parts, is well recognized for a few key species, such as elephants and rhinos, but it occurs globally, across a wide array of species. Scheffers et al. looked across tens of thousands of vertebrate species and found that one in every five species is affected by trade of some sort. The impacts of trade tend to be concentrated in certain phylogenetic groups, thus the potential for long-term impact on certain lineages is substantial. This analysis allows for prediction of potential for trade where it does not yet occur, facilitating proactive prevention.
Science, this issue p. 71
Wildlife trade is a multibillion dollar industry that is driving species toward extinction. Of {\textgreater}31,500 terrestrial bird, mammal, amphibian, and squamate reptile species, {\textasciitilde}24\% (N = 7638) are traded globally. Trade is strongly phylogenetically conserved, and the hotspots of this trade are concentrated in the biologically diverse tropics. Using different assessment approaches, we predict that, owing to their phylogenetic replacement and trait similarity to currently traded species, future trade will affect up to 4064 additional species—totaling 11,702 species at risk of extinction from trade. Our assessment underscores the need for a strategic plan to combat trade with policies that are proactive rather than reactive, which is especially important because species can quickly transition from being safe to being endangered as humans continue to harvest and trade across the tree of life.
The wildlife trade affects one in every five vertebrate species.
The wildlife trade affects one in every five vertebrate species.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6461},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Science},
	author = {Scheffers, Brett R. and Oliveira, Brunno F. and Lamb, Ieuan and Edwards, David P.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	pmid = {31604304},
	note = {Publisher: American Association for the Advancement of Science
Section: Research Article},
	pages = {71--76},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1848/Scheffers et al. - 2019 - Global wildlife trade across the tree of life.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1850/71.html:text/html},
}

@article{booth_guidelines_2015-1,
	title = {Guidelines for improving the administration of sustainable hunting in sub-{Saharan} {Africa}},
	url = {https://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=XF2017002676},
	abstract = {AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INFORMATION},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	author = {Booth, V. and Chardonnet, P.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: FAO},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1852/search.html:text/html},
}

@article{reimoser_iswiman_2021,
	title = {{ISWIMAN} – {Integrated} {Sustainable} {Wildlife} {Management} – {Principles}, {Criteria} and {Indicators} for {Hunting}, {Forestry}, {Agriculture}, {Recreation}},
	volume = {25},
	issn = {24716774},
	url = {https://juniperpublishers.com/artoaj/ARTOAJ.MS.ID.556312.php},
	doi = {10.19080/ARTOAJ.2021.25.556312},
	abstract = {Tools for an integral sustainability assessment of four different land user groups have been developed in the Austrian model region “ViennaWoods Biosphere Reserve”. Focusing on the cross-cutting issue of wildlife management, the step from sector-specific towards cross-sectoral integrated assessment of sustainable use has been taken for the first time. The assessment tools are also suitable for wider application if indicators are adapted to the specific region.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {ARTOAJ},
	author = {Reimoser, Friedrich},
	month = mar,
	year = {2021},
	file = {Reimoser - 2021 - ISWIMAN – Integrated Sustainable Wildlife Manageme.pdf:files/1853/Reimoser - 2021 - ISWIMAN – Integrated Sustainable Wildlife Manageme.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{kanstrup_hunting_2018-1,
	title = {Hunting with lead ammunition is not sustainable: {European} perspectives},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {1654-7209},
	shorttitle = {Hunting with lead ammunition is not sustainable},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-018-1042-y},
	doi = {10.1007/s13280-018-1042-y},
	abstract = {Much evidence demonstrates the adverse effects of lead ammunition on wildlife, their habitats and human health, and confirms that the use of such ammunition has no place within sustainable hunting. We identify the provisions that define sustainable hunting according to European law and international treaties, together with their guidance documents. We accept the substantial evidence for lead’s actual and potential effects on wildlife, habitats and health as persuasive and assess how these effects relate to stated provisions for sustainability and hunting. We evaluate how continued use of lead ammunition negatively affects international efforts to halt loss of biodiversity, sustain wildlife populations and conserve their habitats. We highlight the indiscriminate and avoidable health and welfare impacts for large numbers of exposed wild animals as ethically unsustainable. In societal terms, continued use of lead ammunition undermines public perceptions of hunting. Given the existence of acceptable, non-toxic alternatives for lead ammunition, we conclude that hunting with lead ammunition cannot be justified under established principles of public/international policy and is not sustainable. Changing from lead ammunition to non-toxic alternatives will bring significant nature conservation and human health gains, and from the hunter’s perspective will enhance societal acceptance of hunting. Change will create opportunities for improved constructive dialogue between hunting stakeholders and others engaged with enhancing biodiversity and nature conservation objectives.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Ambio},
	author = {Kanstrup, Niels and Swift, John and Stroud, David A. and Lewis, Melissa},
	month = dec,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {846--857},
	file = {Full Text:files/1857/Kanstrup et al. - 2018 - Hunting with lead ammunition is not sustainable E.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{wilkie_unsustainable_2019,
	title = {Unsustainable vs. {Sustainable} {Hunting} for {Food} in {Gabon}: {Modeling} {Short}- and {Long}-{Term} {Gains} and {Losses}},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2296-701X},
	shorttitle = {Unsustainable vs. {Sustainable} {Hunting} for {Food} in {Gabon}},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2019.00357/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fevo.2019.00357},
	abstract = {Today, rural people continue to consume wild animals (aquatic and terrestrial) because they are often cheaper and more available than farmed livestock and fish. In many places where the meat from wild animals is an important source of food and income for poor rural families, the capture, consumption or trade of wild animals is illegal and remains within the informal sector and outside of national accounting and regulatory systems. Few studies exist to help policy makers and wildlife managers develop and implement systems designed to halt unsustainable hunting, prevent species loss, and maintain, over the long term, flows of wildlife available to people as a source of food and income. This paper uses empirical data from a tropical forest area in Gabon within a heuristic simulation model to explore how hunter capture rates would need to change over time to halt unsustainable hunting and to maximize the nutritional and economic value of wildlife as a source of food and income over the long term. Results show that sustainable hunting of wildlife populations that are at or near 50\% of carrying capacity (0.5K) generates more biomass available for consumption and income generation over 25 years than either hunting to maintain current population densities or continuing to hunt unsustainably. Unsustainable hunting generates more biomass than sustainable hunting but only for the first 1 to 3 years after which offtake dwindles rapidly. Achieving sustainable hunting will require that hunters reduce their offtake for 3-13 years until depleted populations recover, which may be unlikely unless they have access to alternative sources of food and income.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Front. Ecol. Evol.},
	author = {Wilkie, David S. and Wieland, Michelle and Poulsen, John R.},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Frontiers},
	keywords = {hunting, Bushmeat, protein deficit, Simulations, Unsustainable},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1859/Wilkie et al. - 2019 - Unsustainable vs. Sustainable Hunting for Food in .pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{fa_integrating_2014-2,
	title = {Integrating {Sustainable} {Hunting} in {Biodiversity} {Protection} in {Central} {Africa}: {Hot} {Spots}, {Weak} {Spots}, and {Strong} {Spots}},
	volume = {9},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	shorttitle = {Integrating {Sustainable} {Hunting} in {Biodiversity} {Protection} in {Central} {Africa}},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0112367},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0112367},
	abstract = {Wild animals are a primary source of protein (bushmeat) for people living in or near tropical forests. Ideally, the effect of bushmeat harvests should be monitored closely by making regular estimates of offtake rate and size of stock available for exploitation. However, in practice, this is possible in very few situations because it requires both of these aspects to be readily measurable, and even in the best case, entails very considerable time and effort. As alternative, in this study, we use high-resolution, environmental favorability models for terrestrial mammals (N = 165) in Central Africa to map areas of high species richness (hot spots) and hunting susceptibility. Favorability models distinguish localities with environmental conditions that favor the species' existence from those with detrimental characteristics for its presence. We develop an index for assessing Potential Hunting Sustainability (PHS) of each species based on their ecological characteristics (population density, habitat breadth, rarity and vulnerability), weighted according to restrictive and permissive assumptions of how species' characteristics are combined. Species are classified into five main hunting sustainability classes using fuzzy logic. Using the accumulated favorability values of all species, and their PHS values, we finally identify weak spots, defined as high diversity regions of especial hunting vulnerability for wildlife, as well as strong spots, defined as high diversity areas of high hunting sustainability potential. Our study uses relatively simple models that employ easily obtainable data of a species' ecological characteristics to assess the impacts of hunting in tropical regions. It provides information for management by charting the geography of where species are more or less likely to be at risk of extinction from hunting.},
	language = {en},
	number = {11},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Fa, John E. and Olivero, Jesús and Farfán, Miguel Ángel and Márquez, Ana Luz and Vargas, Juan Mario and Real, Raimundo and Nasi, Robert},
	month = nov,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
	keywords = {Conservation science, Gorillas, Mammals, Population density, Rainforests, Species diversity, Sustainability science, Wildlife},
	pages = {e112367},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1861/Fa et al. - 2014 - Integrating Sustainable Hunting in Biodiversity Pr.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1862/article.html:text/html},
}

@article{caro_improving_2015,
	title = {Improving decision-making for sustainable hunting: regulatory mechanisms of hunting pressure in red-legged partridge},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {1862-4057},
	shorttitle = {Improving decision-making for sustainable hunting},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-015-0302-z},
	doi = {10.1007/s11625-015-0302-z},
	abstract = {Knowledge about how hunting pressure is determined, and the relative efficacy of different mechanisms to regulate harvest, can help to improve the managers’ decision-making process. We developed a general framework about the decision-making process that regulates red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) hunting pressure in central Spain based on information from a focus group and individual interviews with game managers. We also used available information to compare the efficiency of different tools thus improving some decision steps. We evaluated the cost-effectiveness of different population monitoring methods as a way to reduce uncertainty on partridge availability to hunters. Additionally, we investigated the relationship between annual harvest and various regulatory mechanisms of partridge hunting pressure used in the study area to identify the most potentially useful one to limit annual take-off. Game managers usually set hunting pressure after a qualitative assessment on population abundance prior to the hunting season, but this decision was frequently modified during the course of the hunting season according to variations in catch or perceived abundance at that time. Our results showed that kilometric abundance indices (counting partridges from cars along line transects) was a simple cost-efficient and reliable estimate of partridge density (estimated by Distance sampling). A variety of regulatory mechanisms were used by managers. The variables that most affected annual harvest (in addition to partridge abundance) were the number of driven-shooting days, and hunter density in walked-up hunting days, suggesting that their adjustment will be the most efficient regulatory mechanisms. We conclude that adequate monitoring on population abundance should be a critical step for managers’ decision-making, and that a better understanding of the relative value of regulatory mechanisms, combining social and ecological approaches, would help improving our understanding of any human-mediated system, thus leading to better management recommendations.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Sustain Sci},
	author = {Caro, Jesús and Delibes-Mateos, Miguel and Viñuela, Javier and López-Lucero, Juan Francisco and Arroyo, Beatriz},
	month = jul,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {479--489},
	file = {Submitted Version:files/1864/Caro et al. - 2015 - Improving decision-making for sustainable hunting.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{el_bizri_breeding_2018,
	title = {Breeding seasonality in the lowland paca ({Cuniculus} paca) in {Amazonia}: interactions with rainfall, fruiting, and sustainable hunting},
	volume = {99},
	issn = {0022-2372},
	shorttitle = {Breeding seasonality in the lowland paca ({Cuniculus} paca) in {Amazonia}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyy102},
	doi = {10.1093/jmammal/gyy102},
	abstract = {The resilience of a given species to hunting is conditioned by the effect of potential threats upon the more sensitive periods in its life history, such as when animals are breeding. We investigated the environmental drivers of breeding seasonality in the lowland paca (Cuniculus paca), and the potential impact of hunting on the species. As part of a participative study with hunters in 2 Amazonian sites, we obtained reproductive organs of pacas as well as information on the hunters’ daily wild meat extraction. Using data on rainfall, river water level, and fruiting phenology from the 2 study sites, we applied generalized additive models for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS) to examine the effect of climatic and environmental factors on paca reproduction. Forest fruiting was directly linked to higher pregnancy rates in pacas, and when lactation and weaning of offspring mostly occurred. Hunting was highly seasonal in all studied years and positively correlated with higher levels of river water. The coincidence between hunting patterns and paca reproductive cycles during the wet season resulted in more pregnant females being harvested. In addition to the known slow reproductive rate of pacas, the disproportionate offtake of pregnant females may affect the long-term sustainability of hunting of this species. Reducing hunting during the flooded season may not be feasible because the lowland paca provides most of the wild meat consumed by thousands of rural Amazonians during this period. However, options to offset the negative effects of killing of pregnant females could include the zoning of hunting areas or encouraging hunters to target primarily males. Our results indicate that strategies for the sustainable harvest of pacas and other heavily hunted Amazonian mammals should consider the interaction between the species’ reproductive cycles and hunting by local people in order to enhance conservation and management efforts.A resiliência de uma espécie à caça é condicionada pela sua capacidade reprodutiva intrínseca e pelo efeito de potenciais ameaças durante os períodos mais sensíveis de sua história de vida, como o período reprodutivo. Neste trabalho, nós investigamos os fatores ambientais que determinam a sazonalidade reprodutiva da paca (Cuniculus paca) e o potencial impacto da caça sobre a espécie. Em um estudo participativo de 15 anos em duas áreas da Amazônia, obtivemos órgãos reprodutivos de pacas doados voluntariamente por caçadores, bem como informações sobre seus padrões diários de caça. Usando informações sobre precipitação, nível d’água dos rios e fenologia de frutificação, nós aplicamos modelos aditivos generalizados (GAMLSS) para examinar o efeito de fatores climáticos e ambientais na reprodução da paca. A precipitação esteve positivamente ligada a uma maior frutificação, que por sua vez foi correlacionada com maiores taxas de prenhes da paca e com os períodos de lactação e desmame da prole. A caça de paca foi altamente cíclica ao longo dos anos e positivamente associada aos níveis d’água mais elevados. A convergência entre os padrões de caça e os ciclos reprodutivos de paca resulta na extração de um grande número de fêmeas grávidas. Juntamente com a lenta taxa de reprodução da espécie, a captura desproporcional de fêmeas grávidas pode afetar a sustentabilidade do uso da paca. Reduzir a caça durante os períodos de inundação pode não ser viável, pois a paca é a espécie responsável por fornecer grande parte da carne silvestre consumida por milhares de moradores rurais da Amazônia neste período. No entanto, ações para compensar os efeitos negativos da extração de pacas grávidas poderiam incluir o zoneamento de áreas de caça ou o incentivo aos caçadores em abater preferencialmente machos. Nossos resultados indicam que estratégias para a extração sustentável da paca e outras espécies cinegéticas amazônicas devem considerar a interação entre a reprodução e a caça pela população local, a fim de melhorar as ações de conservação e manejo no bioma.},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Journal of Mammalogy},
	author = {El Bizri, Hani R and Fa, John E and Bowler, Mark and Valsecchi, João and Bodmer, Richard and Mayor, Pedro},
	month = oct,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {1101--1111},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1866/5090125.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:files/1869/El Bizri et al. - 2018 - Breeding seasonality in the lowland paca (Cuniculu.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{harrison_impacts_2016-1,
	title = {Impacts of hunting on tropical forests in {Southeast} {Asia}},
	volume = {30},
	copyright = {© 2016 Society for Conservation Biology},
	issn = {1523-1739},
	url = {https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cobi.12785},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12785},
	abstract = {Although deforestation and forest degradation have long been considered the most significant threats to tropical biodiversity, across Southeast Asia (Northeast India, Indochina, Sundaland, Philippines) substantial areas of natural habitat have few wild animals ({\textgreater}1 kg), bar a few hunting-tolerant species. To document hunting impacts on vertebrate populations regionally, we conducted an extensive literature review, including papers in local journals and reports of governmental and nongovernmental agencies. Evidence from multiple sites indicated animal populations declined precipitously across the region since approximately 1980, and many species are now extirpated from substantial portions of their former ranges. Hunting is by far the greatest immediate threat to the survival of most of the region's endangered vertebrates. Causes of recent overhunting include improved access to forests and markets, improved hunting technology, and escalating demand for wild meat, wildlife-derived medicinal products, and wild animals as pets. Although hunters often take common species, such as pigs or rats, for their own consumption, they take rarer species opportunistically and sell surplus meat and commercially valuable products. There is also widespread targeted hunting of high-value species. Consequently, as currently practiced, hunting cannot be considered sustainable anywhere in the region, and in most places enforcement of protected-area and protected-species legislation is weak. The international community's focus on cross-border trade fails to address overexploitation of wildlife because hunting and the sale of wild meat is largely a local issue and most of the harvest is consumed in villages, rural towns, and nearby cities. In addition to improved enforcement, efforts to engage hunters and manage wildlife populations through sustainable hunting practices are urgently needed. Unless there is a step change in efforts to reduce wildlife exploitation to sustainable levels, the region will likely lose most of its iconic species, and many others besides, within the next few years.},
	language = {es},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	author = {Harrison, Rhett D. and Sreekar, Rachakonda and Brodie, Jedediah F. and Brook, Sarah and Luskin, Matthew and O'Kelly, Hannah and Rao, Madhu and Scheffers, Brett and Velho, Nandini},
	year = {2016},
	note = {\_eprint: https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/cobi.12785},
	keywords = {wild meat, wildlife trade, bushmeat, aplicación, bosque tropical, carne de animales silvestres, carne silvestre, defaunación, defaunation, enforcement, extinción, extinction, extirpación, extirpation, mercado de vida silvestre, overexploitation, sobreexplotación, tropical forest},
	pages = {972--981},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1868/cobi.html:text/html},
}

@article{begg_effective_2018,
	title = {Effective implementation of age restrictions increases selectivity of sport hunting of the {African} lion},
	volume = {55},
	copyright = {© 2017 The Authors. Journal of Applied Ecology © 2017 British Ecological Society},
	issn = {1365-2664},
	url = {https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1365-2664.12951},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12951},
	abstract = {Sport hunting of wildlife can play a role in conservation but can also drive population declines if not managed sustainably. Previous simulation modelling found that large felid species could theoretically be hunted sustainably by restricting harvests to older individuals that have likely reproduced. Several African countries currently use age-based hunting for lions although the outcomes have yet to be evaluated in a wild population. Here we provide the first empirical evidence that a system of incentives sufficiently encouraged age-based hunting and reduced offtake of a wild felid, thereby reducing the potential risk of unsustainable hunting on a threatened species. We examined long-term hunting data and the lion population trend in Niassa National Reserve, Mozambique. To incentivise hunter compliance, a “points” system was developed, which rewards operators that harvest lions older than the 6-year minimum trophy age recommended for sustainable hunting and penalises operators that hunt “underage” lions ({\textless}4 years). A key component of this system is the ecological application of key physical traits that predictably change with age in order to estimate (by hunters) and validate (by authorities) trophy individuals’ ages pre- and post-mortem, respectively. Analysis of 138 lion hunts and 87 lion trophies from 2003 to 2015 revealed that after enforcement of age restrictions in 2006, hunters shifted harvests to suitably aged lions ({\textgreater}6 years), from 25\% of offtakes in 2004 to 100\% by 2014. Simultaneously, the number of lions and percentage of quota harvested decreased, resulting in lower lion offtakes. Following an initial decrease after enforcement of the ageing system, the percentage of hunts harvesting lions stabilised, demonstrating that hunters successfully located and aged older lions. Synthesis and applications. Evidence suggests that age restrictions combined with an incentive-based points system regulated sport hunting and reduced pressure on the lion population. We attribute the successful implementation of this management system to: (1) committed, consistent enforcement by management authorities, (2) genuine involvement of all stakeholders from the start, (3) annual auditing by an independent third party, (4) the reliable, transparent, straightforward ageing process and (5) the simple, pragmatic points system for incentivising hunter compliance. Our study demonstrates that the use of age restrictions can increase the selectivity of sport hunting and lower trophy offtakes to reduce the possibility of unsustainable sport hunting negatively impacting species populations in the absence of reliable estimates of population size. It must be noted, however, that there was no measurable change in the lion numbers over the past decade that could be attributed to the implementation of this policy alone.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology},
	author = {Begg, Colleen M. and Miller, Jennifer R. B. and Begg, Keith S.},
	year = {2018},
	note = {\_eprint: https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1365-2664.12951},
	keywords = {trophy hunting, sport hunting, Panthera leo, African lion, age restrictions, age-based hunting, minimum age, Mozambique, Niassa National Reserve, sustainability},
	pages = {139--146},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1871/Begg et al. - 2018 - Effective implementation of age restrictions incre.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1872/1365-2664.html:text/html},
}

@article{gilmore_socio-cultural_2020,
	title = {The socio-cultural significance of mineral licks to the {Maijuna} of the {Peruvian} {Amazon}: implications for the sustainable management of hunting},
	volume = {16},
	issn = {1746-4269},
	shorttitle = {The socio-cultural significance of mineral licks to the {Maijuna} of the {Peruvian} {Amazon}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-020-00412-1},
	doi = {10.1186/s13002-020-00412-1},
	abstract = {The overhunting of wild species is a major threat to biodiversity in the Amazon; yet, managed, sustainable hunting is widely considered part of the solution to conserving wildlife populations. Hunting is both a culturally important activity for Indigenous people and provides an important food source. Mineral licks, a focal point of hunting in Amazonia, are naturally occurring areas in the forest where animals come to obtain essential minerals or clays that are thought to neutralize plant-based alkaloids. We sought to better understand the socio-cultural importance of mineral licks to the Maijuna Indigenous group to inform the sustainable management of this habitat and associated wildlife populations.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine},
	author = {Gilmore, Michael P. and Griffiths, Brian M. and Bowler, Mark},
	month = oct,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Mammals, Wildlife, Biodiversity, Conservation, Ethnoecology, Traditional ecological knowledge},
	pages = {59},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1874/Gilmore et al. - 2020 - The socio-cultural significance of mineral licks t.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1875/s13002-020-00412-1.html:text/html},
}

@article{redpath_dont_2017,
	title = {Don't forget to look down – collaborative approaches to predator conservation},
	volume = {92},
	copyright = {© 2017 Cambridge Philosophical Society},
	issn = {1469-185X},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/brv.12326},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12326},
	abstract = {Finding effective ways of conserving large carnivores is widely recognised as a priority in conservation. However, there is disagreement about the most effective way to do this, with some favouring top-down ‘command and control’ approaches and others favouring collaboration. Arguments for coercive top-down approaches have been presented elsewhere; here we present arguments for collaboration. In many parts of the developed world, flexibility of approach is built into the legislation, so that conservation objectives are balanced with other legitimate goals. In the developing world, limited resources, poverty and weak governance mean that collaborative approaches are likely to play a particularly important part in carnivore conservation. In general, coercive policies may lead to the deterioration of political legitimacy and potentially to non-compliance issues such as illegal killing, whereas collaborative approaches may lead to psychological ownership, enhanced trust, learning, and better social outcomes. Sustainable hunting/trapping plays a crucial part in the conservation and management of many large carnivores. There are many different models for how to conserve carnivores effectively across the world, research is now required to reduce uncertainty and examine the effectiveness of these approaches in different contexts.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Biological Reviews},
	author = {Redpath, Steve M. and Linnell, John D. C. and Festa-Bianchet, Marco and Boitani, Luigi and Bunnefeld, Nils and Dickman, Amy and Gutiérrez, R. J. and Irvine, R. J. and Johansson, Maria and Majić, Aleksandra and McMahon, Barry J. and Pooley, Simon and Sandström, Camilla and Sjölander-Lindqvist, Annelie and Skogen, Ketil and Swenson, Jon E. and Trouwborst, Arie and Young, Juliette and Milner-Gulland, E. J.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/brv.12326},
	keywords = {hunting, conservation, bottom-up, carnivores, collaboration, conflict, predator management, top-down},
	pages = {2157--2163},
	file = {Accepted Version:files/1877/Redpath et al. - 2017 - Don't forget to look down – collaborative approach.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1878/brv.html:text/html},
}

@article{edwards_data-poor_2014-1,
	title = {Data-poor management of {African} lion hunting using a relative index of abundance},
	volume = {111},
	copyright = {©  . Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/111/1/539},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1219615110},
	abstract = {Sustainable management of terrestrial hunting requires managers to set quotas restricting offtake. This often takes place in the absence of reliable information on the population size, and as a consequence, quotas are set in an arbitrary fashion, leading to population decline and revenue loss. In this investigation, we show how an indirect measure of abundance can be used to set quotas in a sustainable manner, even in the absence of information on population size. Focusing on lion hunting in Africa, we developed a simple algorithm to convert changes in the number of safari days required to kill a lion into a quota for the following year. This was tested against a simulation model of population dynamics, accounting for uncertainties in demography, observation, and implementation. Results showed it to reliably set sustainable quotas despite these uncertainties, providing a robust foundation for the conservation of hunted species.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {PNAS},
	author = {Edwards, Charles T. T. and Bunnefeld, Nils and Balme, Guy A. and Milner-Gulland, E. J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2014},
	pmid = {24344299},
	note = {ISBN: 9781219615117
Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Section: Biological Sciences},
	keywords = {control rule, management strategy evaluation, matrix model, operating model},
	pages = {539--543},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1880/Edwards et al. - 2014 - Data-poor management of African lion hunting using.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1882/539.html:text/html},
}

@article{paulson_place_2012-1,
	title = {The {Place} of {Hunters} in {Global} {Conservation} {Advocacy}},
	volume = {10},
	issn = {0972-4923},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/26393063},
	abstract = {Hunters consider themselves conservationists, but they also think of themselves as hunters first. Some environmentalists perceive this as a paradox. This hunting-conservation paradox is typically reconciled in very similar ways across the hunting world, and for many they do so through associational life. Specifi cally, the sustainable hunting model of governance is promoted by hunters; proponents argue that revenue from hunting increases the funding, and therefore efficacy, of conservation efforts at various scales. While conservation worldwide has benefitted tremendously by this governance, there have been variations in the levels of success of different expected social and economic outcomes. Such variation could be explored through greater incorporation of sustainable hunting in global conservation dialogue, while simultaneously broadening conservation advocacy worldwide. However, this does not typically occur due to low levels of trust, stemming from divides in values and styles of reasoning among various environmentalists and hunting advocates. This paper provides insight into such limitations and, hopefully, informs and encourages further dialogue to improve sustainable hunting governance worldwide and expand the breadth of global conservation advocacy},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Conservation and Society},
	author = {Paulson, Nels},
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: [Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Wolters Kluwer India Pvt. Ltd.]},
	pages = {53--62},
}

@article{miller_aging_2016-1,
	title = {Aging traits and sustainable trophy hunting of {African} lions},
	volume = {201},
	issn = {0006-3207},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320716302671},
	doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2016.07.003},
	abstract = {Trophy hunting plays a significant role in wildlife conservation in some contexts in various parts of the world. Yet excessive hunting is contributing to species declines, especially for large carnivores. Simulation models suggest that sustainable hunting of African lions may be achieved by restricting offtakes to males old enough to have reared a cohort of offspring. We tested and expanded criteria for an age-based approach for sustainably regulating lion hunting. Using photos of 228 known-age males from ten sites across Africa, we measured change in ten phenotypic traits with age and found four age classes with distinct characteristics: 1–2.9years, 3–4.9years, 5–6.9years, and ≥7years. We tested the aging accuracy of professional hunters and inexperienced observers before and after training on aging. Before training, hunters accurately aged more lion photos (63\%) than inexperienced observers (48\%); after training, both groups improved (67–69\%). Hunters overestimated 22\% of lions {\textless}5years as 5–6.9years (unsustainable) but only 4\% of lions {\textless}5years as ≥7years (sustainable). Due to the lower aging error for males ≥7years, we recommend 7years as a practical minimum age for hunting male lions. Results indicate that age-based hunting is feasible for sustainably managing threatened and economically significant species such as the lion, but must be guided by rigorous training, strict monitoring of compliance and error, and conservative quotas. Our study furthermore demonstrates methods for identifying traits to age individuals, information that is critical for estimating demographic parameters underlying management and conservation of age-structured species.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Miller, Jennifer R. B. and Balme, Guy and Lindsey, Peter A. and Loveridge, Andrew J. and Becker, Matthew S. and Begg, Colleen and Brink, Henry and Dolrenry, Stephanie and Hunt, Jane E. and Jansson, Ingela and Macdonald, David W. and Mandisodza-Chikerema, Roseline L. and Cotterill, Alayne Oriol and Packer, Craig and Rosengren, Daniel and Stratford, Ken and Trinkel, Martina and White, Paula A. and Winterbach, Christiaan and Winterbach, Hanlie E. K. and Funston, Paul J.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Age determination, Age-based hunting quota, aging, Minimum age threshold, Sustainable harvest},
	pages = {160--168},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/1885/S0006320716302671.html:text/html;Submitted Version:files/1886/Miller et al. - 2016 - Aging traits and sustainable trophy hunting of Afr.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{miller_aging_2016-2,
	title = {Aging traits and sustainable trophy hunting of {African} lions},
	volume = {201},
	issn = {0006-3207},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320716302671},
	doi = {10.1016/j.biocon.2016.07.003},
	abstract = {Trophy hunting plays a significant role in wildlife conservation in some contexts in various parts of the world. Yet excessive hunting is contributing to species declines, especially for large carnivores. Simulation models suggest that sustainable hunting of African lions may be achieved by restricting offtakes to males old enough to have reared a cohort of offspring. We tested and expanded criteria for an age-based approach for sustainably regulating lion hunting. Using photos of 228 known-age males from ten sites across Africa, we measured change in ten phenotypic traits with age and found four age classes with distinct characteristics: 1–2.9years, 3–4.9years, 5–6.9years, and ≥7years. We tested the aging accuracy of professional hunters and inexperienced observers before and after training on aging. Before training, hunters accurately aged more lion photos (63\%) than inexperienced observers (48\%); after training, both groups improved (67–69\%). Hunters overestimated 22\% of lions {\textless}5years as 5–6.9years (unsustainable) but only 4\% of lions {\textless}5years as ≥7years (sustainable). Due to the lower aging error for males ≥7years, we recommend 7years as a practical minimum age for hunting male lions. Results indicate that age-based hunting is feasible for sustainably managing threatened and economically significant species such as the lion, but must be guided by rigorous training, strict monitoring of compliance and error, and conservative quotas. Our study furthermore demonstrates methods for identifying traits to age individuals, information that is critical for estimating demographic parameters underlying management and conservation of age-structured species.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Biological Conservation},
	author = {Miller, Jennifer R. B. and Balme, Guy and Lindsey, Peter A. and Loveridge, Andrew J. and Becker, Matthew S. and Begg, Colleen and Brink, Henry and Dolrenry, Stephanie and Hunt, Jane E. and Jansson, Ingela and Macdonald, David W. and Mandisodza-Chikerema, Roseline L. and Cotterill, Alayne Oriol and Packer, Craig and Rosengren, Daniel and Stratford, Ken and Trinkel, Martina and White, Paula A. and Winterbach, Christiaan and Winterbach, Hanlie E. K. and Funston, Paul J.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2016},
	keywords = {Age determination, Age-based hunting quota, aging, Minimum age threshold, Sustainable harvest},
	pages = {160--168},
	file = {Submitted Version:files/1888/Miller et al. - 2016 - Aging traits and sustainable trophy hunting of Afr.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{wanger_trophy_2017-1,
	title = {Trophy hunting certification},
	volume = {1},
	copyright = {2017 The Author(s)},
	issn = {2397-334X},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-017-0387-0},
	doi = {10.1038/s41559-017-0387-0},
	abstract = {Adaptive certification is the best remaining option for the trophy hunting industry in Africa to demonstrate sustainable and ethical hunting practices that benefit local communities and wildlife conservation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {12},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Nature Ecology \& Evolution},
	author = {Wanger, Thomas C. and Traill, Lochran W. and Cooney, Rosie and Rhodes, Jonathan R. and Tscharntke, Teja},
	month = dec,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Number: 12
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	pages = {1791--1793},
	file = {Accepted Version:files/1890/Wanger et al. - 2017 - Trophy hunting certification.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1891/s41559-017-0387-0.html:text/html},
}

@article{forti_sustainable_nodate,
	title = {Sustainable hunting plan as a tool of wildlife management: the {Italian} case},
	abstract = {Sustainable hunting plan is an interesting tool for managing game species in order to avoid potential conflicts with other ecosystem services (biodiversity conservation, recreation and the preservation of economies and cultures in rural areas). If wildlife population increases too much, natural ecosystems functionality can be threatened by ungulates' browsing and grubbing. Conversely, when species conservation is at risk, the hunting itself needs to be limited. Sustainable hunting plans can managed emerging conflicts. The aim of this study is to analyze hunting in Italy - through the provision of up-to-date statistics - in order to inform local planners and managers for the developing of local sustainable hunting plans. The results show that the main hunted large mammals species are wild boar in Central Italy and red deer and roe deer in North Italy, while the main hunted small mammals are wild rabbit and European hare.},
	language = {en},
	author = {Forti, Lucrezia and Notaro, Sandra and Paletto, Alessandro},
	pages = {6},
	file = {Forti et al. - Sustainable hunting plan as a tool of wildlife man.pdf:files/1892/Forti et al. - Sustainable hunting plan as a tool of wildlife man.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{jr_hunting_2012,
	title = {Hunting in {Ancient} and {Modern} {Amazonia}: {Rethinking} {Sustainability}},
	volume = {114},
	copyright = {© 2012 by the American Anthropological Association},
	issn = {1548-1433},
	shorttitle = {Hunting in {Ancient} and {Modern} {Amazonia}},
	url = {https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1548-1433.2012.01514.x},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1433.2012.01514.x},
	abstract = {We use a recently developed computerized modeling technique to explore the long-term impacts of indigenous Amazonian hunting in the past, present, and future. The model redefines sustainability in spatial and temporal terms, a major advance over the static “sustainability indices” currently used to study hunting in tropical forests. We validate the model's projections against actual field data from two sites in contemporary Amazonia and use the model to assess various management scenarios for the future of Manu National Park in Peru. We then apply the model to two archaeological contexts, show how its results may resolve long-standing enigmas regarding native food taboos and primate biogeography, and reflect on the ancient history and future of indigenous people in the Amazon.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {American Anthropologist},
	author = {Jr, Glenn H. Shepard and Levi, Taal and Neves, Eduardo Góes and Peres, Carlos A. and Yu, Douglas W.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {\_eprint: https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1548-1433.2012.01514.x},
	keywords = {subsistence hunting, Amazon prehistory, community-based conservation, indigenous peoples, Manu Biosphere Reserve, protected areas management, source–sink dynamics, Xingú River},
	pages = {652--667},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1895/j.1548-1433.2012.01514.html:text/html},
}

@article{paulson_legitimating_2017,
	title = {Legitimating {Knowledge} in the {Modern} {World} {Polity}: a {Study} of {INGOs} and {Sustainable} {Hunting}},
	volume = {30},
	issn = {1573-3416},
	shorttitle = {Legitimating {Knowledge} in the {Modern} {World} {Polity}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10767-016-9216-8},
	doi = {10.1007/s10767-016-9216-8},
	abstract = {This paper looks at globalization as a cultural construct that is neither homogeneous nor inclusive of a broad range of perspectives. It does so by analyzing the process of how knowledge claims are legitimated within international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), showing how political globalization likely limits the ability of global civil society to effectively facilitate diverse knowledge, values, and styles of reasoning. Sustainable hunting is the topical focus for understanding what scientific knowledge is promoted by environmental INGOs, how knowledge is legitimated, and what that legitimation process means for globalization and civil society. This exploratory, qualitative analysis of four environmental INGOs identifies the mechanisms for knowledge legitimation, including funding and several aspects of trust. This paper discusses how contradictory conditions of these mechanisms make inclusive and effective decision-making difficult, which may help explain problems INGOs have in adaptively working with local peoples and environments.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Int J Polit Cult Soc},
	author = {Paulson, Nels},
	month = mar,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {43--61},
}

@article{van_vliet_managing_2015-1,
	title = {Managing hunting under uncertainty: from one-off ecological indicators to resilience approaches in assessing the sustainability of bushmeat hunting},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1708-3087},
	shorttitle = {Managing hunting under uncertainty},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270261},
	abstract = {ABSTRACT. Despite the fact that sustainability of bushmeat hunting in tropical areas is of major concern for conservation and development practitioners, we still know very little about how to measure sustainability and how to put in place sustainable bushmeat hunting systems. We review the current limits of traditional methods used to investigate sustainability of bushmeat hunting, discuss the need to incorporate the characteristics of complex systems into sustainability assessments, and suggest how resilience theories could assist in understanding bushmeat sustainability and more effective conservation of wildlife in tropical areas. Traditional methods used to assess the sustainability of bushmeat hunting include demographic models of population growth, one-off biological indicators, population trend methods, harvest-based indicators, and comparisons of demographic parameters between sites. These traditional biological sustainability indices have proved inadequate for measuring the impact of bushmeat hunting because sustainability is treated as a static, binary (yes or no) question, thus ignoring stochastic processes, the inherent variability of natural systems, and the complexity of hunting systems. We suggest that bushmeat hunting systems in tropical areas should be regarded as social-ecological systems in which the impacts of hunting on prey populations are not the only focus. Instead, the analysis of resilience aims at understanding the complex and dynamic relationships between the hunting ground, its resources, the stakeholders, and the different exogenous drivers of change that affect the components of the system at different scales. The main implication of using the resilience theory in the context of bushmeat hunting is the shift from the need to assess stocks with imprecise measures to the incorporation of the uncertainty and stochasticity inherent to complex systems in participatory and adaptive management processes. As such, the resilience analysis provides an unprecedented opportunity for the sustainable use of bushmeat and allows the identification of strategies to strengthen resilience when the system is found to be close to a given threshold, instead of reinforcing fortress conservation.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Ecology and Society},
	author = {van Vliet, Nathalie and Fa, John and Nasi, Robert},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Resilience Alliance Inc.},
}

@article{van_der_merwe_economic_2014,
	title = {The economic impact of hunting: {A} regional approach},
	volume = {17},
	issn = {2222-3436},
	shorttitle = {The economic impact of hunting},
	url = {http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S2222-34362014000400002&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences},
	author = {van der Merwe, Petrus and Saayman, Melville and Rossouw, Riaan},
	month = apr,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: AOSIS Publishing},
	pages = {379--395},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1899/van der Merwe et al. - 2014 - The economic impact of hunting A regional approac.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1900/scielo.html:text/html},
}

@article{pangau-adam_wildmeat_2012-2,
	title = {Wildmeat or {Bushmeat}? {Subsistence} {Hunting} and {Commercial} {Harvesting} in {Papua} ({West} {New} {Guinea}), {Indonesia}},
	volume = {40},
	issn = {0300-7839, 1572-9915},
	shorttitle = {Wildmeat or {Bushmeat}?},
	url = {http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10745-012-9492-5},
	doi = {10.1007/s10745-012-9492-5},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Hum Ecol},
	author = {Pangau-Adam, Margaretha and Noske, Richard and Muehlenberg, Michael},
	month = aug,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {611--621},
	file = {Pangau-Adam et al. - 2012 - Wildmeat or Bushmeat Subsistence Hunting and Comm.pdf:files/1901/Pangau-Adam et al. - 2012 - Wildmeat or Bushmeat Subsistence Hunting and Comm.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{shaffer_integrating_2018-1,
	title = {Integrating {Ethnography} and {Hunting} {Sustainability} {Modeling} for {Primate} {Conservation} in an {Indigenous} {Reserve} in {Guyana}},
	volume = {39},
	issn = {1573-8604},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-018-0066-2},
	doi = {10.1007/s10764-018-0066-2},
	abstract = {Indigenous reserves are increasingly common throughout the tropical world. This is particularly true in Amazonia, where they make up {\textgreater}50\% of protected land area. While these reserves offer tremendous opportunities for conservation, hunting represents a considerable threat to primate populations. As eliminating hunting may not be feasible, conservationists must work collaboratively with indigenous groups to promote sustainable management. This requires an understanding of the sociocultural drivers of hunting, quantitatively assessing sustainability, and developing co-management strategies that are commensurable with indigenous ontologies. In this article, we integrate ethnography with sustainability modeling to assess the importance of primate hunting to the livelihoods and culture of indigenous Waiwai in the Konashen Community-Owned Conservation Area, Guyana and to simultaneously promote sustainable co-management. We collected quantitative data on Waiwai harvesting through hunter self-monitoring and used semistructured interviews, unstructured interviews, and participant observation to understand the cultural importance of hunting to Waiwai society. We incorporated these data into spatially explicit biodemographic models to assess sustainability for four primate species. Primates, particularly spider monkeys (Ateles pansicus), were among the most important Waiwai prey and primate hunting played an important role in the construction of both individual and collective Waiwai identity. Our biodemographic models indicated that hunting will cause relatively little depletion for most primates in 20 years, although spider monkeys are predicted to disappear from a majority of the Waiwai catchment area. We argue that successful co-management of hunting in indigenous reserves requires truly integrative approaches that combine quantitative sustainability assessments with detailed concurrent ethnographic research.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Int J Primatol},
	author = {Shaffer, Christopher A. and Milstein, Marissa S. and Suse, Phillip and Marawanaru, Elisha and Yukuma, Charakura and Wolf, Tiffany M. and Travis, Dominic A.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {945--968},
}

@article{alexandra_misconceptions_2018-1,
	title = {Misconceptions of hunting},
	volume = {2018},
	issn = {2064-759X},
	url = {https://uni-bge.hu/Kutatasi-tevekenyseg/Folyoiratok_kiadvanyok/Prosperitas-folyoirat},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Prosperitas},
	author = {Alexandra, Kalandarishvili},
	year = {2018},
	note = {Number: 4
Publisher: Budapesti Gazdasági Főiskola},
	pages = {62--70},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1905/Alexandra - 2018 - Misconceptions of hunting.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1906/1527.html:text/html},
}

@article{fischer_multifunctionality_2013,
	title = {On the multifunctionality of hunting – an institutional analysis of eight cases from {Europe} and {Africa}},
	volume = {56},
	issn = {0964-0568},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2012.689615},
	doi = {10.1080/09640568.2012.689615},
	abstract = {In many contemporary societies, multiple functions are connected to hunting. Here, we use the concept of multifunctionality to investigate the role of hunting beyond its traditional function of supplying meat. Hunting may contribute, for example, to biodiversity conservation, recreation and the preservation of economies and cultures in rural areas. Our comparative analysis of hunting in eight study sites in Europe and Africa examines the tensions and trade-offs between these ecological, economic and social functions of hunting, and investigates the interplay between the institutions regulating these functions to better understand conflicts over hunting. Based on this analysis, we present institutional arrangements that have developed to address these challenges of multifunctionality, and explore the institutional change brought about by such arrangements. Finally, we discuss the implications of this study for policy and institutional design.},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Planning and Management},
	author = {Fischer, Anke and Sandström, Camilla and Delibes-Mateos, Miguel and Arroyo, Beatriz and Tadie, Degu and Randall, Deborah and Hailu, Fetene and Lowassa, Asanterabi and Msuha, Maurus and Kereži, Vesna and Reljić, Slaven and Linnell, John and Majić, Aleksandra},
	month = may,
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
\_eprint: https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2012.689615},
	keywords = {hunting, conservation, culture, governance, institutional interplay, institutions, multifunctionality},
	pages = {531--552},
	file = {Submitted Version:files/1908/Fischer et al. - 2013 - On the multifunctionality of hunting – an institut.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1909/09640568.2012.html:text/html},
}

@article{kamgaing_declining_2019-1,
	title = {Declining {Ungulate} {Populations} in an {African} {Rainforest}: {Evidence} {From} {Local} {Knowledge}, {Ecological} {Surveys}, and {Bushmeat} {Records}},
	volume = {7},
	issn = {2296-701X},
	shorttitle = {Declining {Ungulate} {Populations} in an {African} {Rainforest}},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2019.00249/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fevo.2019.00249},
	abstract = {Human activities alter the composition and abundance of wildlife populations. A common awareness of these changes by stakeholders, including local people is essential for sustainable management. Hunters (n= 255) from two adjacent community hunting zones (CHZs) in Southeast Cameroon were interviewed about the species composition of the animals caught in snare traps during their beginnings in hunting and in 2015- 2016. The comparison of the trends in game composition to those from transect surveys and bushmeat records conducted in the area since the nineties revealed the followings: (1) hunters are aware of the coarse changes in prey abundance, even for the species for which population density is difficult to estimate using classic survey methods; (2) in southeast Cameroon and in forests regions with similar fauna, the bay duiker and the Peter’s duiker are clearly more abundant than the white-bellied and black fronted duiker; (3) the two sites surveyed are under different stages of prey depletion trajectory, and (4) the ranking of prey abundance by local hunters is consistent with village-based bushmeat records and is likely to reflect more the species compositions in anthropogenic forest mosaics, where hunting pressure is higher. Hunters’ interviews constitute a valuable means to rapidly assess the trends in animal populations. However, the discrepancies between perceptions and prey composition in remote forest areas draw attention to the need of caution when using local knowledge to generalize trends in fauna assemblages over large geographical scales.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {Front. Ecol. Evol.},
	author = {Kamgaing, Towa Olivier William and Dzefack, Zeun's Célestin Brice and Yasuoka, Hirokazu},
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Frontiers},
	keywords = {hunting, Bushmeat, Duiker, Local perception, Snare trapping, species composition},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1911/Kamgaing et al. - 2019 - Declining Ungulate Populations in an African Rainf.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{diekert_how_2016,
	title = {How constraints affect the hunter’s decision to shoot a deer},
	volume = {113},
	copyright = {©  . Freely available online through the PNAS open access option.},
	issn = {0027-8424, 1091-6490},
	url = {https://www.pnas.org/content/113/50/14450},
	doi = {10.1073/pnas.1607685113},
	abstract = {Hunting is the predominant way of controlling many wildlife populations devoid of large carnivores. It subjects animals to mortality rates that far exceed natural rates and that differ markedly in which age, sex, or size classes are removed relative to those of natural predators. To explain the emerging selection pattern we develop behavioral microfoundations for a hunting model, emphasizing in particular the constraints given by the formal and informal norms, rules, and regulations that govern the hunter’s choice. We show how a shorter remaining season, competition among hunters, lower sighting probabilities, and higher costs all lead to lower reservation values, i.e., an increased likelihood of shooting a particular animal. Using a unique dataset on seen and shot deer from Norway, we test and confirm the theoretical predictions in a recreational and meat-motivated hunting system. To achieve sustainability, future wildlife management should account for this predictable selection pressure.},
	language = {en},
	number = {50},
	urldate = {2021-05-25},
	journal = {PNAS},
	author = {Diekert, Florian K. and Richter, Andries and Rivrud, Inger Maren and Mysterud, Atle},
	month = dec,
	year = {2016},
	pmid = {27911775},
	note = {Publisher: National Academy of Sciences
Section: Biological Sciences},
	keywords = {hunter behavior, hunting selection, optimal stopping, social dilemma},
	pages = {14450--14455},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1913/Diekert et al. - 2016 - How constraints affect the hunter’s decision to sh.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1915/14450.html:text/html},
}

@article{reyna-hurtado_hunting_2010,
	title = {Hunting and the conservation of a social ungulate: the white-lipped peccary {Tayassu} pecari in {Calakmul}, {Mexico}},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {1365-3008, 0030-6053},
	shorttitle = {Hunting and the conservation of a social ungulate},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/hunting-and-the-conservation-of-a-social-ungulate-the-whitelipped-peccary-tayassu-pecari-in-calakmul-mexico/B2B7FB71F1A90BFCEED9C77A407C636A},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605309990664},
	abstract = {The white-lipped peccary Tayassu pecari is a social ungulate that forms the largest groups documented for any tropical forest ungulate species. Since the 1950s the species has become increasingly rare in Mesoamerica, and the more frequent reporting of smaller groups may be related to increased hunting pressure. Here we address the conservation status of this species in terms of its group size and structure, breeding season, population density, and relationship with hunting patterns in the Calakmul region of southern Mexico. Group sizes, age structure and breeding season were recorded in one large non-hunted site (Calakmul Biosphere Reserve) and four adjacent hunted sites. Population density was estimated in the Reserve and hunting patterns were recorded from three adjacent villages. Results indicate that hunting pressure affects peccary populations by reducing group size. White-lipped peccary groups were larger in the Reserve (median = 25) than in the hunted areas (median = 16) but groups were generally smaller than those reported in other forests. These smaller group sizes indicate conservation concern for this species in the Calakmul region. In addition, the estimated population (0.43 km2) is one of the lowest reported for this species. Hunting occurs mainly in the dry season, which is the peak of the breeding season and when peccary groups visit water bodies, where they are more easily hunted.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Reyna-Hurtado, Rafael and Naranjo, Eduardo and Chapman, Colin A. and Tanner, George W.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {hunting, Tayassu pecari, white-lipped peccary, density, Calakmul, group size, Mexico},
	pages = {89--96},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1917/Reyna-Hurtado et al. - 2010 - Hunting and the conservation of a social ungulate.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{randrianandrianina_hunting_2010-2,
	title = {Hunting and consumption of mammals and birds by people in urban areas of western {Madagascar}},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {1365-3008, 0030-6053},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/hunting-and-consumption-of-mammals-and-birds-by-people-in-urban-areas-of-western-madagascar/2D81097EF9C634D584FBDD93CBF1A25C#},
	doi = {10.1017/S003060531000044X},
	abstract = {We assessed the consumption and hunting of wild animals by people in urban areas of western Madagascar using structured questionnaires in households and direct observations. Six wild mammal and five wild bird species were reported, or observed, to be sources of bushmeat although fish and domestic animals were the preferred and cheapest sources of animal protein. Bushmeat accounted for 10\% of the meat consumed the day before our questionnaires were completed. Common tenrec Tenrec ecaudatus and bush pig Potamochoerus larvatus were the preferred wild meat and the former was also the most expensive type of meat. Taboos and strong dislikes limited the consumption of domestic pigs, bush pigs, goats, lemurs and fruit bats. Game species were hunted according to their availability, which coincided with the legal hunting season for fruit bats but only partly so for the other game species. Illegal hunting of Verreauxi’s sifaka Propithecus verreauxi is cause for concern and assessments of primate consumption may have been underestimated because of reluctance of interviewees to admit illegal activities.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Randrianandrianina, Félicien H. and Racey, Paul A. and Jenkins, Richard K. B.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {hunting, Bushmeat, fruit bat, lemur, Madagascar, taboo},
	pages = {411--415},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1919/2D81097EF9C634D584FBDD93CBF1A25C.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:files/1920/Randrianandrianina et al. - 2010 - Hunting and consumption of mammals and birds by pe.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{foerster_human_2011,
	title = {Human livelihoods and protected areas in {Gabon}: a cross-sectional comparison of welfare and consumption patterns},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1365-3008, 0030-6053},
	shorttitle = {Human livelihoods and protected areas in {Gabon}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/human-livelihoods-and-protected-areas-in-gabon-a-crosssectional-comparison-of-welfare-and-consumption-patterns/785CB78DFCD3C0534452592946D9D8A4},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605310001791},
	abstract = {Understanding the role that protected areas play in the livelihood security of local communities is essential to ensure that local people are not left shouldering the costs of what is a public good, and to help maintain robust local and national constituencies for biodiversity conservation. To provide baseline data for a longitudinal study on the effects of newly established national parks on human livelihoods in Gabon we conducted a cross-sectional study that compared livelihood indicators between communities that do, and do not, use natural resources within protected areas. We interviewed 2,035 households in 117 villages at four sites, recording income, consumption, education, health indicators and social capital, and village characteristics such as distance to markets, distance to park boundaries, and land cover within a 5-km radius. Our results indicated that closed rainforest coverage was greater around park than control villages and that this difference was associated with a greater reliance of park households on forest resources. However, we found no systematic differences in most livelihood measures between park and control households. Instead, the relationship between household livelihood measures and proximity to parks varied in idiosyncratic ways between sites, suggesting that determinants of human welfare are highly localized and cannot be generalized to larger spatial scales.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Foerster, Steffen and Wilkie, David S. and Morelli, Gilda A. and Demmer, Josefien and Starkey, Malcolm and Telfer, Paul and Steil, Matthew},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {Consumption, Gabon, household surveys, human livelihoods, poverty, protected areas, tropical forests},
	pages = {347--356},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1922/Foerster et al. - 2011 - Human livelihoods and protected areas in Gabon a .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1923/785CB78DFCD3C0534452592946D9D8A4.html:text/html},
}

@article{kanapaux_livelihood_2011,
	title = {Livelihood activities in a {Namibian} wildlife conservancy: a case study of variation within a {CBNRM} programme},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1365-3008, 0030-6053},
	shorttitle = {Livelihood activities in a {Namibian} wildlife conservancy},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/livelihood-activities-in-a-namibian-wildlife-conservancy-a-case-study-of-variation-within-a-cbnrm-programme/2800CF281773BF04F4FCA1ABA9917FA6},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605310000815},
	abstract = {Approaches to community-based natural resource management tend to vary among programmes based on the needs and characteristics of the communities in which the programmes operate. Variation also exists within individual programmes, creating the potential for conflict if management does not recognize that these differences can indicate competing interests and needs. In this study we examine livelihood activities at the household level in a wildlife conservancy along the Kwando River in the Caprivi region of Namibia. We ask how people in the conservancy make their livelihoods and what differences exist between the conservancy’s riverside and inland populations. The study finds that the inland population, c. 20 km from the river on slightly heavier soils, engages in fewer livelihood activities and has greater food security than does the riverside population. We further establish that differences between the two populations are significant enough to indicate two distinct combinations of livelihood activities with different environmental interactions. These findings suggest that any management action taken by the conservancy will affect household livelihoods differently based on location and that these differences must be considered if the conservancy is to make a successful transition from a subsistence-based agricultural system to a wildlife-based economy.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Kanapaux, William and Child, Brian},
	month = jul,
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {CBNRM, food security, human–wildlife conflict, livelihoods, Namibia},
	pages = {365--372},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1925/Kanapaux and Child - 2011 - Livelihood activities in a Namibian wildlife conse.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{carvalho_hunting_2010,
	title = {Hunting of jaguars and pumas in the {Tapajós}–{Arapiuns} {Extractive} {Reserve}, {Brazilian} {Amazonia}},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {1365-3008, 0030-6053},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/hunting-of-jaguars-and-pumas-in-the-tapajosarapiuns-extractive-reserve-brazilian-amazonia/5B952EC15D812990D7A7FED995CF005B},
	doi = {10.1017/S003060531000075X},
	abstract = {We surveyed the Tapajós–Arapiuns Extractive Reserve in Brazilian Amazonia to investigate hunting of jaguars Panthera onca and pumas Puma concolor. We interviewed 115 people in 45 villages in 2007–2008, and recorded numbers of jaguars and pumas killed and the circumstances associated with each killing. At least 32 jaguars and 22 pumas were killed in the Reserve, most within the last 10 years. However, these are underestimates because people probably did not mention all kills during interviews. The first-order jackknife suggests that the actual mortality for the two species is almost double that reported. Using data from 2006–2007 as a reference we estimated a minimum mortality of 12 jaguars and seven pumas per year in the Reserve. Most animals were killed during chance encounters, a large number of these elicited by domestic dogs. Hunting motivated by livestock predation or perceived risks to human life were rare. Hunters kill large carnivores on sight and thus one alternative to reduce hunting is to take measures that will decrease encounter rates, such as forbidding hunting with dogs. Education and extension programmes are needed to ensure the long-term coexistence of humans and large carnivores in this Reserve.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Carvalho, Elildo A. R. and Pezzuti, Juarez C. B.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {hunting, Brazil, Puma concolor, human–wildlife conflict, Panthera onca, Tapajós–Arapiuns Extractive Reserve},
	pages = {610--612},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1927/Carvalho and Pezzuti - 2010 - Hunting of jaguars and pumas in the Tapajós–Arapiu.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1928/5B952EC15D812990D7A7FED995CF005B.html:text/html},
}

@article{lindsell_impact_2011,
	title = {The impact of civil war on forest wildlife in {West} {Africa}: mammals in {Gola} {Forest}, {Sierra} {Leone}},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1365-3008, 0030-6053},
	shorttitle = {The impact of civil war on forest wildlife in {West} {Africa}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/impact-of-civil-war-on-forest-wildlife-in-west-africa-mammals-in-gola-forest-sierra-leone/334CED2136626C93B7FC616D8949D1A4},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605310000347},
	abstract = {Human conflicts may sometimes benefit wildlife by depopulating wilderness areas but there is evidence from Africa that the impacts tend to be negative. The forested states of West Africa have experienced much recent human conflict but there have been no assessments of impacts on the wildlife. We conducted surveys of mammals in the 710-km2 Gola Forest reserves to assess the impact of the 1991–2001 civil war in Sierra Leone. Gola is the most important remaining tract of lowland forest in the country and a key site for the conservation of the highly threatened forests of the Upper Guinea region. We found that Gola has survived well despite being in the heart of the area occupied by the rebels. We recorded 44 species of larger mammal, including 18 threatened, near-threatened and endemic species, accounting for all species recorded in pre-war surveys and adding several more (African buffalo Syncerus caffer nanus and water chevrotain Hyemoschus aquaticus). Populations of primates were healthy with little evidence of decline. Duiker detection rates were low and further work is required to confirm their numbers as they include five species endemic (or near endemic) to the Upper Guinea region, three of which are threatened. However, the population of African forest elephants Loxodonta cyclotis has collapsed, with only a few individuals remaining from c. 110 in the mid 1980s. We conclude that peacetime pressures from the bushmeat trade, clearance for agriculture, logging and mining are likely to be far greater for Gola than the pressures from the civil war.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Lindsell, Jeremy A. and Klop, Erik and Siaka, Alhaji M.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {tropical forest, Cercopithecus, distance, Gola forest, Hexaprotodon liberiensis, Loxodonta cyclotis, Sierra Leone, war},
	pages = {69--77},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1930/Lindsell et al. - 2011 - The impact of civil war on forest wildlife in West.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{desbiez_invasive_2011-1,
	title = {Invasive species and bushmeat hunting contributing to wildlife conservation: the case of feral pigs in a {Neotropical} wetland},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1365-3008, 0030-6053},
	shorttitle = {Invasive species and bushmeat hunting contributing to wildlife conservation},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/invasive-species-and-bushmeat-hunting-contributing-to-wildlife-conservation-the-case-of-feral-pigs-in-a-neotropical-wetland/6D6CB1BEFA19509EA927E437A7829F32},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605310001304},
	abstract = {An unusual combination of two major conservation threats, invasive species and bushmeat hunting, has had a positive outcome for wildlife conservation in the Brazilian Pantanal. The Pantanal is a wetland and one of the few non-protected areas in the Neotropics where people live but rarely hunt native wildlife. To understand why wildlife hunting is not a major conservation issue in the Pantanal an exploratory survey, semi-structured interviews, skull collection and tooth wear analysis of feral pig Sus scrofa, white-lipped peccary Tayassu pecari and collared peccary Pecari tajacu were conducted, and hunting registers distributed, in the central region of the Pantanal. The results showed that feral pigs are the main hunting target. Feral pigs are effectively acting as a replacement species for hunting of native wildlife because the pigs provide a constant, culturally acceptable, readily available and free source of meat and oil to remote ranches. We cannot evaluate, however, if the buffer from hunting that feral pigs provide to native wildlife outweigh this species’ potential negative ecological impacts.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Desbiez, Arnaud Leonard Jean and Keuroghlian, Alexine and Piovezan, Ubiratan and Bodmer, Richard Ernest},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {hunting, Sus scrofa, Bushmeat, Brazil, invasive species, feral pig, Pantanal},
	pages = {78--83},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1932/Desbiez et al. - 2011 - Invasive species and bushmeat hunting contributing.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1933/6D6CB1BEFA19509EA927E437A7829F32.html:text/html},
}

@article{lindsey_dynamics_2011,
	title = {Dynamics and underlying causes of illegal bushmeat trade in {Zimbabwe}},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1365-3008, 0030-6053},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/dynamics-and-underlying-causes-of-illegal-bushmeat-trade-in-zimbabwe/C9396B364311A02DA7191FEB6F8DFBF0},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605310001274},
	abstract = {The prevalence and impacts of the illegal trade in bushmeat are under appreciated in Southern Africa, despite indications that it constitutes a serious conservation threat in parts of the region. Bushmeat trade has emerged as a severe threat to wildlife conservation and the viability of wildlife-based land uses in Zimbabwe during a period of political instability and severe economic decline. We conducted a study around Savé Valley Conservancy in the South-East Lowveld of Zimbabwe to investigate the dynamics and underlying causes of the bushmeat trade, with the objective of developing solutions. We found that bushmeat hunting is conducted mainly by unemployed young men to generate cash income, used mostly to purchase food. Bushmeat is mainly sold to people with cash incomes in adjacent communal lands and population centres and is popular by virtue of its affordability and availability. Key drivers of the bushmeat trade in the South-East Lowveld include: poverty, unemployment and food shortages, settlement of wildlife areas by impoverished communities that provided open access to wildlife resources, failure to provide stakes for communities in wildlife-based land uses, absence of affordable protein sources other than illegally sourced bushmeat, inadequate investment in anti-poaching in areas remaining under wildlife management, and weak penal systems that do not provide sufficient deterrents to illegal bushmeat hunters. Each of these underlying causes needs to be addressed for the bushmeat trade to be tackled effectively. However, in the absence of political and economic stability, controlling illegal bushmeat hunting will remain extremely difficult and the future of wildlife-based land uses will remain bleak.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Lindsey, P. A. and Romañach, S. S. and Matema, S. and Matema, C. and Mupamhadzi, I. and Muvengwi, J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {Bushmeat, game ranching, land reform, private land, Savé Valley Conservancy, snaring, trade, Zimbabwe},
	pages = {84--95},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1935/Lindsey et al. - 2011 - Dynamics and underlying causes of illegal bushmeat.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1936/C9396B364311A02DA7191FEB6F8DFBF0.html:text/html},
}

@article{stevens_large_2011,
	title = {Large mammals surviving conflict in the eastern forests of {Afghanistan}},
	volume = {45},
	issn = {1365-3008, 0030-6053},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/large-mammals-surviving-conflict-in-the-eastern-forests-of-afghanistan/BFF29EA42F6114D6782007EFDA1D3332},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605310000517},
	abstract = {We used transect and camera-trap surveys and DNA identification of scat samples to provide the first update since 1977 of large mammals in the montane forests of the conflict-ridden province of Nuristan in eastern Afghanistan. Nuristan contains a range of habitats from oak Quercus spp. forests to treeless alpine steppes that historically hosted populations of markhor Capra falconeri, Asiatic black bear Ursus thibetanus, grey wolf Canis lupus and common leopard Panthera pardus, among others. Surveys conducted in 2006–2009 in an area of 1,100 km2 by the Wildlife Conservation Society confirmed the presence of some of these species, and also recorded the common palm civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus, previously unknown from Afghanistan; this extends the westernmost boundary for this species. The most commonly recorded species, as determined by direct sightings, scat identification or camera-trap photographs, were the Indian crested porcupine Hystrix indica, red fox Vulpes vulpes and a canid (grey wolf or golden jackal Canis aureus). Despite indications of significant habitat loss and unsustainable hunting, globally important species persist in the area and targeted conservation programmes are required for the protection of these species, the forests they inhabit and the surrounding communities who depend on both for their survival.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Stevens, Kara and Dehgan, Alex and Karlstetter, Maria and Rawan, Farid and Tawhid, Muhammad Ismail and Ostrowski, Stephane and Ali, Jan Mohammad and Ali, Rita},
	month = apr,
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {wildlife, Afghanistan, camera trap, civet, DNA analysis, Nuristan, post-conflict},
	pages = {265--271},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1938/Stevens et al. - 2011 - Large mammals surviving conflict in the eastern fo.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1939/BFF29EA42F6114D6782007EFDA1D3332.html:text/html},
}

@article{aiyadurai_wildlife_2010,
	title = {Wildlife hunting by indigenous tribes: a case study from {Arunachal} {Pradesh}, north-east {India}},
	volume = {44},
	issn = {1365-3008, 0030-6053},
	shorttitle = {Wildlife hunting by indigenous tribes},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/wildlife-hunting-by-indigenous-tribes-a-case-study-from-arunachal-pradesh-northeast-india/FDFFD119BA65F7160E32FE7883B650BA},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605309990937},
	abstract = {Hunting is a serious threat to wildlife worldwide. The rainforest-rich Arunachal Pradesh state of India, a biodiversity hotspot, is an area severely affected by indigenous hunting. The state has several indigenous tribes who hunt for food, trade, culture and leisure. Using semi-structured interviews and questionnaires we surveyed 184 individuals in 51 villages across four tribes for information on species hunted and hunting practices. A total of 33 mammalian species are reportedly hunted, of which only 11 were reported by hunters during formal interviews. The other 22 species were observed during casual visits, festivals and informal discussions. Of the species hunted 20 are Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List. Villagers now travel longer distances to hunt than they did a decade ago, suggesting a decline in wildlife populations around villages. The extent of offtake of mammals was related to the altitude of the village and the use of guns. Villagers living at higher altitudes and with guns appeared to hunt more. We also documented the importance of ritualistic hunting by some tribes. Additional research is required to estimate offtake and consumption rates of wild meat. Increasing conservation awareness and community-based conservation projects may assist in controlling the severity and extent of this hunting problem.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Aiyadurai, Ambika and Singh, Navinder J. and Milner-Gulland, E. J.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {hunting, India, mammals, culture, Arunachal Pradesh, Himalayas, indigenous, tribes},
	pages = {564--572},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1941/Aiyadurai et al. - 2010 - Wildlife hunting by indigenous tribes a case stud.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1942/FDFFD119BA65F7160E32FE7883B650BA.html:text/html},
}

@article{razafimanahaka_novel_2012,
	title = {Novel approach for quantifying illegal bushmeat consumption reveals high consumption of protected species in {Madagascar}},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1365-3008, 0030-6053},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/novel-approach-for-quantifying-illegal-bushmeat-consumption-reveals-high-consumption-of-protected-species-in-madagascar/C4D7AF872EB60642C5E3803BE6E6A4D2},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605312000579},
	abstract = {Information on the extent of bushmeat hunting is needed to assess the likely impact on hunted species, to provide information on the opportunity cost to local people of conservation, and to judge the efficacy of interventions at reducing pressure. However, where hunting is illegal, or socially unacceptable, respondents may not answer honestly to direct questions about hunting or consumption of bushmeat. We adapted a specialized method for investigating sensitive behaviours (the randomized response technique, RRT) and questioned 1,851 people in Madagascar about their consumption of six species, using either RRT or direct questions. For most species at most sites RRT and direct questions returned similar estimates of the proportion of the population who had consumed bushmeat in the previous year. However, RRT resulted in significantly higher estimates of bushmeat consumption in communities surrounding a protected area, where conservation activities made such questions sensitive. RRT has been predominately used in Europe and the USA; we demonstrate that it can provide a valuable approach for studying rule-breaking among people with poor literacy in low income countries. Between 12 and 33\% of people across our sites had eaten brown lemur (Eulemur spp.), and 12–29\% had eaten sifaka (Propithecus spp.) in the previous year. These results add to the growing body of evidence that hunting of protected species in Madagascar is a serious problem requiring urgent action. Conservation interventions to tackle bushmeat hunting will make questions about hunting or consumption more sensitive, increasing the need for researchers to use appropriate approaches for asking sensitive questions.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Razafimanahaka, Julie H. and Jenkins, Richard K. B. and Andriafidison, Daudet and Randrianandrianina, Félicien and Rakotomboavonjy, Victor and Keane, Aidan and Jones, Julia P. G.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {hunting, Bushmeat, poaching, enforcement, lemur, Madagascar, conservation effectiveness, randomized response technique},
	pages = {584--592},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1944/Razafimanahaka et al. - 2012 - Novel approach for quantifying illegal bushmeat co.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{vliet_bushmeat_2012,
	title = {The bushmeat market in {Kisangani}, {Democratic} {Republic} of {Congo}: implications for conservation and food security},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1365-3008, 0030-6053},
	shorttitle = {The bushmeat market in {Kisangani}, {Democratic} {Republic} of {Congo}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/bushmeat-market-in-kisangani-democratic-republic-of-congo-implications-for-conservation-and-food-security/9E1A7707926AFA122CBDD207A2A0FE13},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605311000202},
	abstract = {Given the important contribution of urban consumption in bushmeat trade, information on bushmeat sales in urban markets can provide valuable insights for understanding the dynamics of this trade and its implications for conservation and food security. We monitored bushmeat traded in the market of Kisangani (the provincial capital of the Province Orientale in the Democratic Republic of Congo) and compared data collected in surveys in 2002 and 2008–2009. In both periods more than two-thirds of the carcasses sold were of rodents and ungulates. From 2002 to 2008–2009 the number of carcasses increased by 44\% but the equivalent biomass by only 16\% because of a significant decrease in medium-sized species (10–50 kg) and an increase in small species ({\textless}10 kg). The number of carcasses of large species increased between the two periods and those of diurnal monkeys increased fourfold. In both periods smoked bushmeat was one of the cheapest sources of protein available year-round, together with caterpillars, which were only available during the rainy season, and pork. Prices of other domestic meat were significantly higher. This study identified an increase in the market of highly threatened species such as okapi Okapia johnstoni and small diurnal monkeys and the continued presence of protected species, and also highlights the food security role that bushmeat plays for poor urban people who cannot afford alternative sources of protein.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Vliet, Nathalie van and Nebesse, Casimir and Gambalemoke, Sylvestre and Akaibe, Dudu and Nasi, Robert},
	month = apr,
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {food security, Bushmeat trade, Democratic Republic of Congo, DRC, urban market data, wildlife conservation},
	pages = {196--203},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1946/Vliet et al. - 2012 - The bushmeat market in Kisangani, Democratic Repub.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1947/9E1A7707926AFA122CBDD207A2A0FE13.html:text/html},
}

@article{lindsey_benefits_2013,
	title = {Benefits of wildlife-based land uses on private lands in {Namibia} and limitations affecting their development},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/benefits-of-wildlifebased-land-uses-on-private-lands-in-namibia-and-limitations-affecting-their-development/81D1F5E8D48E2CCDE15FACCA7F7FF398},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605311001049},
	abstract = {Legislative changes during the 1960s–1970s granted user rights over wildlife to landowners in southern Africa, resulting in a shift from livestock farming to wildlife-based land uses. Few comprehensive assessments of such land uses on private land in southern Africa have been conducted and the associated benefits are not always acknowledged by politicians. Nonetheless, wildlife-based land uses are growing in prevalence on private land. In Namibia wildlife-based land use occurs over c. 287,000 km2. Employment is positively related to income from ecotourism and negatively related to income from livestock. While 87\% of meat from livestock is exported ≥ 95\% of venison from wildlife-based land uses remains within the country, contributing to food security. Wildlife populations are increasing with expansion of wildlife-based land uses, and private farms contain 21–33 times more wildlife than in protected areas. Because of the popularity of wildlife-based land uses among younger farmers, increasing tourist arrivals and projected impacts of climate change on livestock production, the economic output of wildlife-based land uses will probably soon exceed that of livestock. However, existing policies favour livestock production and are prejudiced against wildlife-based land uses by prohibiting reintroductions of buffalo Syncerus caffer, a key species for tourism and safari hunting, and through subsidies that artificially inflate the profitability of livestock production. Returns from wildlife-based land uses are also limited by the failure to reintroduce other charismatic species, failure to develop fully-integrated conservancies and to integrate black farmers sufficiently.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Lindsey, P. A. and Havemann, C. P. and Lines, R. M. and Price, A. E. and Retief, T. A. and Rhebergen, T. and Waal, C. Van der and Romañach, S. S.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {wildlife, trophy hunting, Namibia, private land, Ecotourism, fencing, transfrontier},
	pages = {41--53},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1949/Lindsey et al. - 2013 - Benefits of wildlife-based land uses on private la.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{velho_hunting_2013-1,
	title = {Hunting practices of an {Indo}-{Tibetan} {Buddhist} tribe in {Arunachal} {Pradesh}, north-east {India}},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/hunting-practices-of-an-indotibetan-buddhist-tribe-in-arunachal-pradesh-northeast-india/E3304014F13B5166B936DA60DA9A0E13},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605313000252},
	abstract = {Hunting is a serious threat to Indian wildlife. We used semi-structured interviews to assess hunting practices, cultural contexts and village-level governance within a Buddhist Indo-Tibetan tribe in the biologically rich region of Arunachal Pradesh. A large majority (96\%) of the 50 respondents preferred wild meat over domestic meat, and most hunted for recreation. Species such as the Asian elephant Elephas maximus are still considered taboo to hunters but other species that were once taboo (such as gaur Bos gaurus) are now hunted. A month-long ban was previously instituted to prohibit tribal hunting during the wildlife breeding season each year but this has now decreased to 16-days duration. A multi-level governance framework is needed to resolve a mismatch between national policy in India and grass-roots governance for managing wildlife hunting.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Velho, Nandini and Laurance, William F.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {hunting, India, bushmeat, Arunachal Pradesh, biodiversity hotspot, tribal governance},
	pages = {389--392},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1951/Velho and Laurance - 2013 - Hunting practices of an Indo-Tibetan Buddhist trib.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1952/E3304014F13B5166B936DA60DA9A0E13.html:text/html},
}

@article{goldman_beyond_2013-2,
	title = {Beyond ritual and economics: {Maasai} lion hunting and conservation politics},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	shorttitle = {Beyond ritual and economics},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/beyond-ritual-and-economics-maasai-lion-hunting-and-conservation-politics/5872D7AE49E17FB99A13BDC9D9657A8D},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605312000907},
	abstract = {Populations of the African lion Panthera leo are declining dramatically, with the species’ survival in some areas closely linked to levels of tolerance by rural communities. In Tanzania and Kenya several of the remaining lion populations outside protected areas reside adjacent to rural communities, where they are hunted. As many of these communities are Maasai, research and conservation efforts have focused on understanding and curbing Maasai lion hunting practices. Much of this work has been informed by a dichotomous explanatory model of Maasai lion hunting as either a ‘cultural’ ritual or a ‘retaliatory’ behaviour against predation on livestock. We present qualitative data from interviews (n = 246) in both countries to illustrate that lion hunting by Maasai is related to overlapping motivations that are simultaneously social, emotional and political (in response to conservation initiatives). Additional case study material from Tanzania highlights how politics associated with conservation activities and age-set dynamics affect lion hunting in complex and overlapping ways. Our findings contribute an ethnographic perspective on Maasai lion hunting, people–predator relations, and how these relations are linked to conservation politics.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Goldman, Mara J. and Pinho, Joana Roque de and Perry, Jennifer},
	month = oct,
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {Tanzania, Panthera leo, Conservation politics, ethnography, Kenya, lion, Maasai},
	pages = {490--500},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1954/Goldman et al. - 2013 - Beyond ritual and economics Maasai lion hunting a.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{nelson_trophy_2013,
	title = {Trophy hunting and lion conservation: a question of governance?},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	shorttitle = {Trophy hunting and lion conservation},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/trophy-hunting-and-lion-conservation-a-question-of-governance/5C7B42A9594CB8F93E398D3589412D7E},
	doi = {10.1017/S003060531200035X},
	abstract = {Lion Panthera leo populations and distributions in Africa have contracted considerably in the past 30 years. Recent policy debates focus on restricting trophy hunting as a measure to address concerns about excessive offtakes of lions. We review the impact of trophy hunting in relation to lion conservation goals, using comparative case studies from Southern and East Africa, which together contain most of Africa's remaining lion populations. The comparison demonstrates that the impact of trophy hunting on lion populations is variable and shaped by the way trophy hunting is managed and wildlife is governed in different range states. In Tanzania, the most important lion range state, hunting produces significant revenues but weaknesses in how hunting is managed and revenues are distributed undermine the potential of hunting and encourage overharvesting. In Southern Africa linkages are stronger between revenue generated by trophy hunting and lion conservation outcomes on private and communal lands. Trophy hunting is most beneficial to lion conservation where revenues and user rights over wildlife are devolved, ensuring benefits from lion hunting compensate for their costs to local people, and where hunting is managed through long-term and competitively allocated concession systems. Policy interventions should focus on supporting trophy hunting as a conservation tool where it is effective and well-managed, and work to promote reform of hunting and wildlife governance elsewhere.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Nelson, Fred and Lindsey, Peter and Balme, Guy},
	month = oct,
	year = {2013},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {wildlife, trophy hunting, Panthera leo, governance, lion, Africa, international trade},
	pages = {501--509},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1956/Nelson et al. - 2013 - Trophy hunting and lion conservation a question o.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1957/5C7B42A9594CB8F93E398D3589412D7E.html:text/html},
}

@article{groom_surveys_2014,
	title = {Surveys of lions {Panthera} leo in protected areas in {Zimbabwe} yield disturbing results: what is driving the population collapse?},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	shorttitle = {Surveys of lions {Panthera} leo in protected areas in {Zimbabwe} yield disturbing results},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/surveys-of-lions-panthera-leo-in-protected-areas-in-zimbabwe-yield-disturbing-results-what-is-driving-the-population-collapse/CD851BE3FFA555AA3E1EF615FFA7CC23},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605312001457},
	abstract = {The African lion Panthera leo is an iconic species but it has faced dramatic range reductions and possibly as few as 30,000 individuals remain in the wild. In the absence of detailed ground-based surveys, lion populations may be estimated using regression models based on prey biomass availability but these often overestimate lion densities as a result of a variety of compounding factors. Anthropogenic factors can be key drivers of lion population dynamics and in areas with high human impact lion numbers may be significantly lower than those predicted by prey biomass models. This was investigated in two protected areas in Zimbabwe, where lion population densities were found to be significantly lower than would have been predicted by prey-availability models. High hunting quotas either within or around the protected areas are the most likely cause of the low lion numbers, with quotas in some areas being as high as seven lions per 1,000 km2 in some years. Other factors, including persecution, poisoning and problem animal control, as well as disease and competition with spotted hyaenas Crocuta crocuta, are also discussed.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Groom, Rosemary J. and Funston, Paul J. and Mandisodza, Roseline},
	month = jul,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {trophy hunting, Panthera leo, African lion, snaring, Zimbabwe, call-up survey, edge effects, prey-biomass models},
	pages = {385--393},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1959/Groom et al. - 2014 - Surveys of lions Panthera leo in protected areas i.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1960/CD851BE3FFA555AA3E1EF615FFA7CC23.html:text/html},
}

@article{tobler_estimates_2014,
	title = {Estimates of density and sustainable harvest of the lowland tapir {Tapirus} terrestris in the {Amazon} of {French} {Guiana} using a {Bayesian} spatially explicit capture–recapture model},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/estimates-of-density-and-sustainable-harvest-of-the-lowland-tapir-tapirus-terrestris-in-the-amazon-of-french-guiana-using-a-bayesian-spatially-explicit-capturerecapture-model/26D427C2558CD05D18586178A21BDACF},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605312001652},
	abstract = {The Amazonian moist forest, which covers most of French Guiana, is one of the core habitats for the lowland tapir Tapirus terrestris. Tapirs are hunted in French Guiana, although a law introduced in 2011 restricts hunting to one animal per person per hunting trip. We carried out camera-trap surveys in the Nouragues Nature Reserve for 4 years, with the goal of estimating tapir densities in undisturbed conditions and determining sustainable harvest levels for tapirs in French Guiana. We analysed our data with a Bayesian spatially explicit capture–recapture model, with parameter sharing across surveys to improve estimates, and used the model to calculate derived parameters such as maximum sustainable harvest levels. Density estimates for all four surveys were similar and the model indicated a difference in encounter rates for the two camera models used but no difference in encounter rates or home range sizes for males and females or between years. Based on the calculated density of 0.32 tapir km−2 we estimated sustainable harvest levels at 0.009 tapir km−2. Comparing this value to hunting surveys from 11 sites between 1999 and 2006, we found that hunting levels were unsustainable in at least seven villages. We conclude that even the new restrictive hunting law will not prevent overhunting of tapirs in certain areas and thus stronger regulations are needed. However, because of the remoteness of tapir habitat in many parts of French Guiana tapirs are not immediately threatened in the country as a whole.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Tobler, Mathias W. and Hibert, Fabrice and Debeir, Laure and Richard-Hansen, Cécile},
	month = jul,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {hunting, Amazonian moist forest, Bayesian analysis, camera traps, Nouragues Nature Reserve, South America, spatially explicit capture–recapture model},
	pages = {410--419},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1962/Tobler et al. - 2014 - Estimates of density and sustainable harvest of th.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1963/26D427C2558CD05D18586178A21BDACF.html:text/html},
}

@article{tierney_use_2014,
	title = {Use it or lose it: measuring trends in wild species subject to substantial use},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	shorttitle = {Use it or lose it},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/use-it-or-lose-it-measuring-trends-in-wild-species-subject-to-substantial-use/CA216E019050DCED46F33C8317A0EC76},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605313000653},
	abstract = {The unsustainable use of wild animals and plants is thought to be a significant driver of biodiversity loss in many regions of the world. The international community has therefore called for action to ensure the sustainable use of living resources and safeguard them for future generations. Indicators that can track changes in populations of species used by humans are essential tools for measuring progress towards these ideals and informing management decisions. Here we present two indicators that could be used to track changes in populations of utilized vertebrate species and levels of harvest sustainability. Preliminary results based on sample data both at the global level and for the Arctic show that utilized species are faring better than other species overall. This could be a consequence of better management of these populations, as indicated by more sustainable harvest levels in recent decades. Limitations of the indicators are still apparent; in particular, there is a lack of data on harvested populations of some vertebrate classes and from certain regions. Focusing monitoring efforts on broadening the scope of data collected and identifying interactions with other potential drivers of decline will strengthen these indicators as policy tools and improve their potential to be incorporated into future sets of indicators to track progress towards global biodiversity targets.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Tierney, Megan and Almond, Rosamunde and Stanwell-Smith, Damon and McRae, Louise and Zöckler, Christoph and Collen, Ben and Walpole, Matt and Hutton, Jon and Bie, Steven de},
	month = jul,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {sustainable use, Arctic, Aichi Targets, biodiversity indicators, Convention on Biological Diversity, population trends},
	pages = {420--429},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1965/Tierney et al. - 2014 - Use it or lose it measuring trends in wild specie.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1966/CA216E019050DCED46F33C8317A0EC76.html:text/html},
}

@article{atuo_effects_2014-1,
	title = {Effects of hunting camps on breeding grey-necked picathartes {Picathartes} oreas in south-east {Nigeria}},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/effects-of-hunting-camps-on-breeding-greynecked-picathartes-picathartes-oreas-in-southeast-nigeria/2719E2FB3E6BC9BB98E646291162BC70},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605313000719},
	abstract = {The dependence of forest communities on bushmeat as a source of protein and income is a challenge to wildlife conservation in Sub-Saharan Africa. We investigated the use of caves and overhanging rocks as hunting camps and the consequences for breeding grey-necked picathartes Picathartes oreas in the forests of Cross River in south-east Nigeria. We recorded 84 nesting colonies during guided and random searches. We found 14 (16.7\%) breeding sites that had been used as hunting camps, with evidence including fire stands, sleeping spots, cooking utensils and drying racks. Fire stands were the most frequently recorded evidence of camping and were found in 11 of the camps. At the 14 breeding sites only two nesting attempts were made by P. oreas during the survey. Thirty-seven nests (c. 95\%) recorded in hunting camps were empty and showed no evidence of ongoing or potential breeding activities, suggesting that the nests may have been abandoned. We attributed the low nesting attempt rate to disturbance caused by hunters, who also affected breeding success through direct removal of eggs and fledglings from nests. We encourage conservation education for the protection of P. oreas and other threatened species in the region and recommend strict enforcement of wildlife laws and disciplinary sanctions. Given the role of the forests of Cross River as a critical habitat for several endemic and threatened species, management efforts targeted at improving the integrity of the forest will benefit grey-necked picathartes and other avian species of conservation concern.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Atuo, Fidelis Akunke and Ivande, Samuel T. and Wala, Zingfa and O'Connell, Timothy J.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {Bushmeat, caves, Cross River, grey-necked picathartes, hunting camps, Nigeria, overhanging rocks, Picathartes oreas},
	pages = {460--464},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1968/Atuo et al. - 2014 - Effects of hunting camps on breeding grey-necked p.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1969/2719E2FB3E6BC9BB98E646291162BC70.html:text/html},
}

@article{macmillan_factors_2014,
	title = {Factors influencing the illegal harvest of wildlife by trapping and snaring among the {Katu} ethnic group in {Vietnam}},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/factors-influencing-the-illegal-harvest-of-wildlife-by-trapping-and-snaring-among-the-katu-ethnic-group-in-vietnam/25388892553DD3F9A9614C991FA52941},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605312001445},
	abstract = {The harvest of wildlife through hunting, trapping and snaring is illegal in Vietnam but remains widespread and is understood to be the major threat to many species. Clandestine activities such as trapping and snaring, which are deeply embedded in the culture and economy, are difficult to investigate and this study is the first to carry out in-depth research into the illegal capture and sale of wildlife by a major ethnic group in Vietnam. The research focused on two villages of the Katu, a forest-dwelling people living close to the boundary of the newly created Saola Nature Reserve, and involved collecting data from a focus group, 30 semi-structured interviews with trappers, and a number of informal, unstructured interviews with local forest rangers, forest officers and village headmen. We find that trapping is widespread and motivated by financial gain and non-pecuniary benefits such as social esteem and enjoyment, rather than by poverty per se. Trappers’ awareness of wildlife protection law was low and animals were killed indiscriminately in traps and snares designed to catch a range of animal species. With demand for wildlife and wildlife products expected to increase we believe that new approaches will be required to protect threatened species in Vietnamese protected areas.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {MacMillan, Douglas C. and Nguyen, Quoc Anh},
	month = apr,
	year = {2014},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {trapping, snaring, Illegal wildlife trade, Katu people, Vietnam},
	pages = {304--312},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1971/MacMillan and Nguyen - 2014 - Factors influencing the illegal harvest of wildlif.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1972/25388892553DD3F9A9614C991FA52941.html:text/html},
}

@article{alexander_role_2015,
	title = {The role of bushmeat in a {West} {African} agricultural landscape},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/role-of-bushmeat-in-a-west-african-agricultural-landscape/403AC5C99A8251C5DEF17980698CFBE1},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605313001294},
	abstract = {There is little information on the changing role of bushmeat hunting in the agricultural areas of West Africa. We assessed the status and role of bushmeat hunting and rural consumption in three communities in Ghana, through household surveys (n = 250), and interviews with hunters (n = 69), eatery owners (n = 18) and bushmeat traders (n = 3). Hunting was embedded within dynamic livelihood strategies, with two broad categories of hunters identified: a large group who targeted pests on their own farms using traps, and a smaller group of professional hunters. The professional hunters included a group of young men who hunted with dogs, and another group of older firearm hunters who tended to be members of Hunters’ Associations. All professional hunters reported a decline in bushmeat availability and expressed concerns about the viability of hunting as a livelihood. The frequency of consumption of bushmeat increased with distance from the region's main urban centre, Kumasi, but bushmeat was not found to be a major component of the diet in any of the villages. Few men self-identified as hunters, although bushmeat hunting continued to play an important role in the rural economy, primarily for crop protection. Conservation efforts need to consider the full spectrum of hunting behaviours. Specific measures should target forest-based hunters, who are more likely to damage forest ecosystems than crop pest hunters but also show more concern for the sustainability of hunting, and commitment to hunting as an institution.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Alexander, Justine Shanti and McNamara, James and Rowcliffe, J. Marcus and Oppong, James and Milner-Gulland, E. J.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {hunting, bushmeat, livelihoods, Agriculture, consumption, Ghana, West Africa},
	pages = {643--651},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1974/Alexander et al. - 2015 - The role of bushmeat in a West African agricultura.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{snyman_effect_2015,
	title = {The effect of alternative forms of hunting on the social organization of two small populations of lions {Panthera} leo in southern {Africa}},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/effect-of-alternative-forms-of-hunting-on-the-social-organization-of-two-small-populations-of-lions-panthera-leo-in-southern-africa/6EAA3BEFC79F0932A41B2A2B59AB8A50},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605313001336},
	abstract = {African lion Panthera leo populations have declined as a result of various anthropogenic factors, and most extant populations are small, which further compromises their persistence. Lions in unfenced areas are more exposed to illegal hunting, snaring and poisoning, and populations in fenced reserves are subject to population control by removal of selected individuals from particular age and sex classes. During 2000–2011 19 lions from the mostly unfenced Northern Tuli Game Reserve in Botswana were shot, snared or poisoned. By contrast, only one lioness was shot outside the fenced Venetia Limpopo Nature Reserve 10 km away, in South Africa, where 29 lions were trophy hunted or culled. We found that the mean population size, sex ratio and litter size were the same for both reserves but population density, pride size and cub survival rate were significantly higher in the fenced reserve. The size of the population in Northern Tuli was constrained by a high rate of indiscriminate anthropogenic mortality, with 94.7\% of adult mortality occurring outside the reserve. The different forms of anthropogenic suppression in evidence at the two reserves resulted in different population-level responses, which will ultimately affect population viability. As conservation strategies are attempting to remove fences and establish larger conservation areas, this study indicates how fences can influence population dynamics in areas where human presence threatens large carnivores.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Snyman, Andrei and Jackson, Craig R. and Funston, Paul J.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {hunting, trophy hunting, Panthera leo, demography, human–wildlife conflict, lion, Carnivore, social structure},
	pages = {604--610},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1976/Snyman et al. - 2015 - The effect of alternative forms of hunting on the .pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1977/6EAA3BEFC79F0932A41B2A2B59AB8A50.html:text/html},
}

@article{thorn_determinants_2015-1,
	title = {Determinants of attitudes to carnivores: implications for mitigating human–carnivore conflict on {South} {African} farmland},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	shorttitle = {Determinants of attitudes to carnivores},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/determinants-of-attitudes-to-carnivores-implications-for-mitigating-humancarnivore-conflict-on-south-african-farmland/25A4FE8C6802060818479D67E136A223},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605313000744},
	abstract = {Human–wildlife conflict is increasingly prevalent, particularly in relation to carnivores in non-protected areas of Africa. Quantifying the attitudes of land owners towards carnivores and understanding the factors that influence these attitudes are instrumental in conservation planning and reducing persecution-related threats to carnivores. However, information about attitudes to carnivores in Africa, and South Africa in particular, is scarce. To obtain such data we interviewed 170 commercial game and livestock farmers in two ecologically important rural areas of northern South Africa. Responses to statements about carnivore management, stock protection and predation were generally positive. However, 62\% of respondents believed carnivores to be financially damaging and 35\% thought them overly abundant. Many respondents (41\%) were unwilling to tolerate even low levels of predation and considered persecution of carnivores to be the cheapest form of stock protection (31\%). Attitudes were significantly more positive among respondents who did not kill carnivores than among those who did. Generalized linear regression coupled with information-theoretic analysis showed that attitudes to carnivores were determined by a combination of cultural and land-use attributes more than by economic factors such as stock holdings or predation losses. The results elucidate potential targets for mitigation activities and facilitate the development of communication, education and extension activities specifically designed to appeal to intended recipients and address prevalent motives for persecuting carnivores.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Thorn, Michelle and Green, Matthew and Marnewick, Kelly and Scott, Dawn M.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {Human–wildlife conflict, perception, predation, questionnaire interview, South Africa},
	pages = {270--277},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1979/Thorn et al. - 2015 - Determinants of attitudes to carnivores implicati.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1980/25A4FE8C6802060818479D67E136A223.html:text/html},
}

@article{carvalho_what_2015-2,
	title = {What motivates hunters to target exotic or endemic species on the island of {São} {Tomé}, {Gulf} of {Guinea}?},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/what-motivates-hunters-to-target-exotic-or-endemic-species-on-the-island-of-sao-tome-gulf-of-guinea/E1728FC9D03047BB8684D42B417E6E8A},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605313000550},
	abstract = {Hunting and invasive species are amongst the main causes of species extinctions on oceanic islands. On the island of São Tomé hunting of introduced mammals (monkeys, civets and pigs) and endemic bird species has contrasting effects in terms of conservation. Hunting of introduced mammals may benefit native fauna and flora but pressure on endemic birds poses a threat to some species. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 119 hunters to assess the relative importance of native and introduced prey species, gathering information on personal profiles, preference and practice, and hunters’ perceptions of trends in prey populations. Eleven species were hunted, including five invasive mammals and five endemic birds of high conservation importance. Based on species hunted, techniques used and final destination of the quarry we distinguished three groups of hunters, using cluster analyses: bird, monkey and feral-pig hunters. Bird hunters were all from urban areas but most pig hunters were rural. Monkey hunters were mostly rural workers but a small proportion were from urban areas. Bird and monkey hunters were primarily motivated by commercial gains but they also hunted for enjoyment and food. In general, hunting of mammals is an opportunistic activity that, if regulated, can be sustainable and contribute to mitigating the effects of invasive species on local fauna as well contributing to local livelihoods. Given the economic drivers involved in hunting of birds, intervention to reduce or eliminate this form of hunting will require enforcement of legislation and raising awareness of the issues involved.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Carvalho, Mariana and Palmeirim, Jorge M. and Rego, Francisco C. and Sole, Nelson and Santana, Aristides and Fa, John E.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {Endemic birds, Gulf of Guinea, hunter behaviour, invasive mammals, islands, São Tomé, semi-structured interview},
	pages = {278--286},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1982/Carvalho et al. - 2015 - What motivates hunters to target exotic or endemic.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1983/E1728FC9D03047BB8684D42B417E6E8A.html:text/html},
}

@article{rentsch_effect_2015,
	title = {The effect of bushmeat consumption on migratory wildlife in the {Serengeti} ecosystem, {Tanzania}},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/effect-of-bushmeat-consumption-on-migratory-wildlife-in-the-serengeti-ecosystem-tanzania/9E042F9E1B41E3FA7CDB0AFBF6C6A111},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605313001038},
	abstract = {Bushmeat hunting is a threat to wildlife populations in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, including to migratory wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus and other wildlife populations in the Serengeti ecosystem. Accurate assessments of offtake through bushmeat hunting are necessary to determine whether hunting pressure on the wildebeest population is unsustainable. We used a panel dataset of local bushmeat consumption to measure offtake of wildlife and examine the long-term threat to the Serengeti wildebeest population. Based on these data we estimate an annual offtake of 97,796–140,615 wildebeest (6–10\% of the current population), suggesting that previous estimates based on ecological models underestimated the effect of poaching on these populations.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Rentsch, Dennis and Packer, Craig},
	month = apr,
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {Serengeti, Bushmeat, consumption, Connochaetes taurinus, human population growth, offtake, wildebeest migration},
	pages = {287--294},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1985/Rentsch and Packer - 2015 - The effect of bushmeat consumption on migratory wi.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{doughty_local_2015,
	title = {Local hunting of carnivores in forested {Africa}: a meta-analysis},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	shorttitle = {Local hunting of carnivores in forested {Africa}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/local-hunting-of-carnivores-in-forested-africa-a-metaanalysis/69714D59961C234669C6D61D8BA62499},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605314000179},
	abstract = {We conducted a meta-analysis of local hunting practices affecting the carnivores of forested Africa and Madagascar to collate the information available on this subject and to assess underlying trends in offtake rates. We located 62 relevant articles in a detailed literature search; the data included taxa reported as hunted, the purpose of hunting and the hunting method. The families most reported as hunted were Herpestidae and Viverridae (excluding Civettictis civetta), with 32.7 and 19.2\% of total records, with C. civetta comprising 13.5\% of records and Nandina binotata 9.9\%. Hunting for consumption was the most commonly reported purpose (61.7\% of all records). Sale for consumption was associated with 60.5\% of all consumption records, and sale of any kind was reported for 56.6\% of all records. The number of carnivore carcasses or parts sold at urban markets rose by 8.2\% from the 1990s to the 2000s. The commonest hunting methods were traps (31.0\% of records) and guns (16.6\%). For records reporting the use of guns, 89.4\% also reported sale of some kind. We conclude that carnivores are hunted pervasively across the forested regions of mainland Africa and Madagascar, and offtake rates for both personal use and income are probably increasing. These findings have implications for efforts to protect dwindling forest ecosystems and to establish sustainable consumptive practices.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Doughty, Hunter L. and Karpanty, Sarah M. and Wilbur, Henry M.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {hunting, bushmeat, carnivore, sustainability, Madagascar, Africa},
	pages = {88--95},
	file = {Full Text:files/1987/Doughty et al. - 2015 - Local hunting of carnivores in forested Africa a .pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{borgerson_optimizing_2016,
	title = {Optimizing conservation policy: the importance of seasonal variation in hunting and meat consumption on the {Masoala} {Peninsula} of {Madagascar}},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	shorttitle = {Optimizing conservation policy},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/optimizing-conservation-policy-the-importance-of-seasonal-variation-in-hunting-and-meat-consumption-on-the-masoala-peninsula-of-madagascar/AE7C799E8782880B41583D9049AEED29},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605315000307},
	abstract = {Studying seasonal hunting patterns can be critical for developing sound actions for conservation and public health. As availability of funds to implement conservation policy is limited, it is essential to focus efforts during the most critical times of year. During July 2011–June 2012 I recorded direct observations of hunting of forest mammals, and conducted daily 24-hour recall surveys (2 weeks per month over 11 months: August 2011–June 2012), and interviews of all households in a focal village on the Masoala Peninsula of Madagascar to investigate (1) what drives seasonal hunting patterns and (2) how seasonal variation in consumption of wildlife and domestic meat affects native species and people. There is marked seasonal variation in hunting of forest mammals and in the consumption of fish and domesticated livestock on the Masoala Peninsula. Hunters target bushpigs Potamochoerus larvatus and tenrec and lemur species during the austral winter (March–August), whereas more native and introduced carnivorans, fish and domesticated livestock are consumed during the austral summer (September–February). The results suggest that seasonal variation in hunting patterns is driven by the physical and behavioural characteristics of prey rather than seasonal scarcity of alternative meat. Seasonal hunting and meat consumption on the Masoala Peninsula may amplify the negative impact of hunting on native carnivorans and tenrecs (which are hunted when they are pregnant and lactating), and the positive impact of consumption of lemurs, bushpigs and tenrecs on human health. This study highlights an important aspect of hunting on the Masoala: the decision whether or not to hunt is made independently of decisions regarding when to hunt particular species.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Borgerson, Cortni},
	month = jul,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {hunting, incentives, Bushmeat, Madagascar, Masoala Peninsula, optimal conservation management, seasonal variation, threatened species},
	pages = {405--418},
	file = {Snapshot:files/1989/AE7C799E8782880B41583D9049AEED29.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:files/1990/Borgerson - 2016 - Optimizing conservation policy the importance of .pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{greengrass_commercial_2016,
	title = {Commercial hunting to supply urban markets threatens mammalian biodiversity in {Sapo} {National} {Park}, {Liberia}},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/commercial-hunting-to-supply-urban-markets-threatens-mammalian-biodiversity-in-sapo-national-park-liberia/966E75DF21F0B35866A643E0CEDBA0F5},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605315000095},
	abstract = {This survey was part of a situational analysis of bushmeat hunting and trade in Sapo National Park in south-east Liberia. Increased private-sector investment in natural resource extraction and industrial-scale agribusiness outside the Park is anticipated to increase hunting pressure and lead to further declines in biodiversity unless informed, assertive actions are taken to protect it more effectively. Two commercial hunting camps on the Park's southern boundary were surveyed for 1 month each. Information on the catch of all professional hunters in these camps was documented. The results revealed a high diversity of species but significant and probably unsustainable bushmeat extraction rates. Eighty-two chimpanzees Pan troglodytes verus, including eight live infants, were recorded in the survey. Most of the bushmeat harvested was destined for Monrovia and other major towns. A concerted effort needs to be made to shut down these commercial camps but the potentially significant contribution that commercial trade makes to urban areas suggests that this can only be achieved if Liberia develops alternative sectors in domestic meat production to feed the growing urban population.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Greengrass, Elizabeth},
	month = jul,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {Bushmeat, Liberia, Pan troglodytes verus, professional hunting, Sapo National Park},
	pages = {397--404},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1992/Greengrass - 2016 - Commercial hunting to supply urban markets threate.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1993/966E75DF21F0B35866A643E0CEDBA0F5.html:text/html},
}

@article{nielsen_how_2016,
	title = {How could the bushmeat trade in the {Kilombero} {Valley} of {Tanzania} be regulated? {Insights} from the rural value chain},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	shorttitle = {How could the bushmeat trade in the {Kilombero} {Valley} of {Tanzania} be regulated?},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/how-could-the-bushmeat-trade-in-the-kilombero-valley-of-tanzania-be-regulated-insights-from-the-rural-value-chain/D29F7919449A712C84609A0DC301D478},
	doi = {10.1017/S003060531400009X},
	abstract = {Bushmeat trade is a threat to biodiversity in Africa. Information about the bushmeat value chain can inform conservation policies, yet such knowledge is lacking for most of East Africa. We examine the structure and organization of bushmeat markets in three villages in the Kilombero Valley of Tanzania, where illegal hunting is widespread. We base our analysis on 1,855 observations of trade during 1 year (2008–2009) and questionnaire interviews with 325 individuals involved in the trade in 2011. Our results reveal that the trade is large-scale both in volume (1,100 animals, equivalent to 370,000 kg meat per year) and local turnover (USD 210,000 per year) and that several threatened species are hunted. There are no patron–client relationships and hunters, traders and retailers, which are the main actors involved, conduct only basic product upgrading (drying and making packages). The value chain is characterized by governance problems, including widespread rent-seeking and violent enforcement. Although hunting is open-access, lack of access to firearms constitutes an entry barrier, curbing supply and enabling actors to realize supernormal profits. Decentralization of management rights and responsibilities to communities, supplemented by improved firearms control, appears the most realistic option for regulating the trade and preventing further declines of wildlife.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Nielsen, Martin Reinhardt and Meilby, Henrik and Smith-Hall, Carsten},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {bushmeat, Bio-economic equilibrium, commodity chain, East Africa, illegal hunting, market},
	pages = {84--93},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1995/Nielsen et al. - 2016 - How could the bushmeat trade in the Kilombero Vall.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/1996/D29F7919449A712C84609A0DC301D478.html:text/html},
}

@article{whytock_large_2016-1,
	title = {Do large birds experience previously undetected levels of hunting pressure in the forests of {Central} and {West} {Africa}?},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/do-large-birds-experience-previously-undetected-levels-of-hunting-pressure-in-the-forests-of-central-and-west-africa/D81910BC88349E50F636A9C8C438562F},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605314000064},
	abstract = {The commercial bushmeat trade threatens numerous species in the forests of West and Central Africa. Hunters shoot and trap animals, which are transported to rural and urban markets for sale. Village-based surveys of hunter offtake and surveys of bushmeat markets have shown that mammals and reptiles are affected most, followed by birds. However, hunters also consume some animals in forest camps and these may have been overlooked in surveys that have focused on bushmeat extracted from the forest. A number of studies have used indirect methods, such as hunter diaries, to quantify this additional offtake but results can be difficult to verify. We examined discarded animal remains at 13 semi-permanent hunting camps in the Ebo Forest, Cameroon, over 272 days. Twenty-one species were identified from 49 carcasses, of which birds constituted 55\%, mammals 43\% and other taxa 2\%. The mammals identified were typical of those recorded in previous bushmeat studies but we recorded several species of birds rarely recorded elsewhere. Offtake of bird species increased with mean body mass. We extrapolated our results to the 34 known hunting camps in the Ebo Forest and estimated that a minimum of 97 birds are hunted annually in a catchment area of c. 479 km2. We conclude that some bird species may be hunted more frequently than previous research suggests and this has important conservation implications for larger-bodied species such as raptors and hornbills.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Whytock, Robin C. and Buij, Ralph and Virani, Munir Z. and Morgan, Bethan J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {hunting, bushmeat, Africa, birds, Cameroon, hornbills, raptors},
	pages = {76--83},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/1998/Whytock et al. - 2016 - Do large birds experience previously undetected le.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{foster_wild_2016,
	title = {Wild meat: a shared resource amongst people and predators},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	shorttitle = {Wild meat},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/wild-meat-a-shared-resource-amongst-people-and-predators/4511FBBF92434FBD23A5233AFE428FA6},
	doi = {10.1017/S003060531400060X},
	abstract = {Millions of people throughout the tropics consume wild meat. Overhunting reduces food security for people and large predators, yet little is known of the impact of hunting in systems where people and predators target the same prey species. We collate published data on predator diet in Belize with interview data about the consumption of wild and domestic meat by Belizeans, to compare the wild-meat diets of humans, jaguars Panthera onca and pumas Puma concolor and assess the sustainability of the combined offtake by humans and jaguars. Six wild mammal species (nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus, paca Cuniculus paca, collared peccary Pecari tajacu, white-lipped peccary Tayassu pecari, red brocket deer Mazama americana and white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus) comprised 7\% of the animal-protein meals eaten by Belizeans. Overall, 80\% of these meals were eaten by 20\% of interviewees, suggesting a necessary role of wild meat for the minority. The same species were found in 69 and 86\% of jaguar and puma scats, respectively. We estimate a national annual harvest of c. 4,000 tonnes of these six wild mammals by humans and jaguars, of which 78\% is hunted by people. Sustainability is difficult to evaluate because prey population data are lacking in Belize. However, simple models suggest that a sustainable harvest at this rate would require higher prey population densities than averages recorded in hunted Neotropical forests. We emphasize the need for robust regional estimates of game species densities, to improve assessments of sustainability and inform hunting regulations. We recommend that the requirements of predators as well as those of people be considered when assessing wild meat harvests.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Foster, R. J. and Harmsen, B. J. and Macdonald, D. W. and Collins, J. and Urbina, Y. and Garcia, R. and Doncaster, C. P.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {wild meat, Hunting, puma, jaguar, Neotropical forest, prey, sustainable},
	pages = {63--75},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2000/Foster et al. - 2016 - Wild meat a shared resource amongst people and pr.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/2001/4511FBBF92434FBD23A5233AFE428FA6.html:text/html},
}

@article{ramos_age_2016-1,
	title = {Age structure of the {Vulnerable} white-lipped peccary {Tayassu} pecari in areas under different levels of hunting pressure in the {Amazon} {Forest}},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/age-structure-of-the-vulnerable-whitelipped-peccary-tayassu-pecari-in-areas-under-different-levels-of-hunting-pressure-in-the-amazon-forest/AC0811B91FEB4E96B2E1983953447CD7},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605314000350},
	abstract = {Subsistence hunting can change the demographic structure of wild mammal populations, increasing the proportion of young animals, inducing females to reproduce early and increasing litter sizes. We examined the relationship between hunting pressure and age structure in the Vulnerable white-lipped peccary Tayassu pecari, analysing the distribution of age classes at seven sites in the region Terra do Meio in the Brazilian Amazon. These sites differ in the number of human inhabitants and hence were subject to differing hunting pressures. We completed semi-structured interviews with local people to assess the importance of hunting and of the white-lipped peccary as food. We also estimated the age of hunted white-lipped peccaries by assessing tooth eruption and tooth wear in skulls of hunted individuals. Our results indicated that the white-lipped peccary was the most frequently hunted terrestrial animal in the region. Fishing, followed by hunting, provided the main sources of animal protein. Our data suggest there is no relationship between age structure and hunting at the study sites. The social structure and mobility of white-lipped peccaries seem to minimize the effects of hunting on age structure. Our results, similar to previous studies, show that the age structure of the white-lipped peccary is robust to hunting impacts. Other factors may have stronger effects on age structure than subsistence hunting. We suggest that deforestation may explain the prevalence of older individuals in peccary populations to the north of our study sites.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Ramos, Rossano Marchetti and Pezzuti, Juarez C. B. and Vieira, Emerson M.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {hunting, Age structure, Amazon Forest, Brazil, Tayassu pecari, Terra do Meio, white-lipped peccary},
	pages = {56--62},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2003/Ramos et al. - 2016 - Age structure of the Vulnerable white-lipped pecca.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{siren_effects_2016,
	title = {The effects of ammunition price on subsistence hunting in an {Amazonian} village},
	volume = {50},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/effects-of-ammunition-price-on-subsistence-hunting-in-an-amazonian-village/EC179FC2EC876A441775C91A65990398},
	doi = {10.1017/S003060531400026X},
	abstract = {Research has shown that consumers of wildlife are price sensitive and that the quantity of meat purchased is influenced by the cost of bushmeat and its substitutes. Although there is evidence that hunter-gatherers are optimal foragers whose behaviour is influenced by costs associated with foraging, there is a paucity of studies on whether the behaviour of bushmeat hunters, like that of consumers, is cost sensitive. This paper reports data on the practices of indigenous bushmeat hunters in the lowland forests of Ecuador before and after a national tax on firearms and ammunition was increased by 300\%. Results show that hunters' behaviour is, as predicted by optimal foraging theory, responsive to price signals. After a substantial increase in the national tax on shotgun cartridges, hunters modified the set of species considered worth hunting, dropping smaller-bodied species from the set of species they target during a hunt and switching the technology used for hunting, increasingly using muzzle loader shotguns and thus avoiding the cost of expensive cartridges.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Sirén, Anders H. and Wilkie, David S.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {Amazon, Ecuador, bushmeat, ammunition price, hunting costs, optimal foraging},
	pages = {47--55},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2005/Sirén and Wilkie - 2016 - The effects of ammunition price on subsistence hun.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/2006/EC179FC2EC876A441775C91A65990398.html:text/html},
}

@article{hegerl_using_2017-3,
	title = {Using camera trap data to assess the impact of bushmeat hunting on forest mammals in {Tanzania}},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/using-camera-trap-data-to-assess-the-impact-of-bushmeat-hunting-on-forest-mammals-in-tanzania/2C87B0ECAA992EB3E3DCB7BC0821B9AE},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605315000836},
	abstract = {Bushmeat hunting is a pantropical threat to rainforest mammals. Understanding its effects on species richness, community composition and population abundance is of critical conservation relevance. As data on the pre-hunting state of mammal populations in Africa are not generally available, we evaluated the impacts of illegal bushmeat hunting on the mammal community of two ecologically similar forests in the Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania. The forests differ only in their protection status: one is a National Park and the other a Forest Reserve. We deployed systematic camera trap surveys in these forests, amounting to 850 and 917 camera days in the Forest Reserve and the National Park, respectively, and investigated differences between the two areas in estimated species-specific occupancies, detectabilities and species richness. We show that the mammal community in the Forest Reserve is degraded in all aspects relative to the National Park. Species richness was almost 40\% lower in the Forest Reserve (median 18 vs 29 species, highest posterior density intervals 15–30 and 23–47, respectively). Occupancy of most species was also reduced significantly and the functional community appeared significantly altered, with an increase in rodents, and loss of large carnivores and omnivores. Overall, our results show how ineffective reserve management, with almost absent law enforcement, leads to uncontrolled illegal hunting, which in turn has a significant impact on the mammal fauna of globally important sites for conservation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Hegerl, Carla and Burgess, Neil D. and Nielsen, Martin R. and Martin, Emanuel and Ciolli, Marco and Rovero, Francesco},
	month = jan,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {Tanzania, Biodiversity conservation, bushmeat, Eastern Arc, poaching, rainforest, Udzungwa},
	pages = {87--97},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2008/Hegerl et al. - 2017 - Using camera trap data to assess the impact of bus.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/2009/2C87B0ECAA992EB3E3DCB7BC0821B9AE.html:text/html},
}

@article{bi_bushmeat_2017-1,
	title = {Bushmeat hunting around a remnant coastal rainforest in {Côte} d'{Ivoire}},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/bushmeat-hunting-around-a-remnant-coastal-rainforest-in-cote-divoire/039AA6067E154F5CF0632EE028537EFD},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605315001453},
	abstract = {For most Ivorian regions quantitative data on the exploitation of bushmeat by local communities are scarce. We studied hunting patterns around Dassioko Sud Forest Reserve, a remnant coastal forest in south-eastern Côte d'Ivoire, through a 6-month survey of nine restaurants, in three villages surrounding the Reserve. We collected quantitative and qualitative data on the bushmeat brought to restaurants, as well as the final price for which it was sold. We calculated mean prices over the study period and extrapolated to the whole year. A total of 376 mammals (98\%) and eight reptiles (2\%) were sold in the restaurants surveyed. Rodents and small antelopes represented 74\% of the mammals sold, probably reflecting the fact that reproductive strategists persist more successfully in heavily hunted and/or agricultural landscapes, such as the area around the Reserve. Our conservative estimate of the total biomass of bushmeat harvested annually around the Reserve is c. 40,428.03 kg (c. 11,886 animals), with a monetary value of c. FCFA 47,728,516 (c. USD 93,485.75 ), yielding an annual income of c. USD10,387.31 per person, which exceeds the mean annual income of cocoa farmers (FCFA 466,032/USD 932) more than tenfold. Although the sustainability of the bushmeat trade in the surveyed area remains unknown, we showed that hunters predominantly used cable snares, the Reserve was significantly affected by hunting activities (c. 53\% of the bushmeat originated there), and larger mammalian species had been extirpated. A lack of effective protection exposes the Reserve to multiple illegal activities, including hunting, a situation exacerbated by the political crisis in 2010.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Bi, S. Gonedelé and Koné, Inza and Béné, J. C. K. and Bitty, E. A. and Yao, K. A. and Kouassi, B. A. and Gaubert, P.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {wildlife conservation, Bushmeat market, coastal forest, Côte d'Ivoire, forest reserve},
	pages = {418--427},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2011/Bi et al. - 2017 - Bushmeat hunting around a remnant coastal rainfore.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/2012/039AA6067E154F5CF0632EE028537EFD.html:text/html},
}

@article{kachel_investigating_2017,
	title = {Investigating the potential impact of trophy hunting of wild ungulates on snow leopard {Panthera} uncia conservation in {Tajikistan}},
	volume = {51},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/investigating-the-potential-impact-of-trophy-hunting-of-wild-ungulates-on-snow-leopard-panthera-uncia-conservation-in-tajikistan/F4154206034F2CC49C89CD15282E0506},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605316000193},
	abstract = {Declining availability of prey is potentially a major factor limiting snow leopard Panthera uncia populations in Tajikistan and neighbouring states. Conservation initiatives to develop community-based trophy hunting programmes for ibex Capra sibirica and argali Ovis ammon polii aim to provide financial incentives for communities to limit poaching of wild ungulates. Such programmes could help to reverse local declines in ibex and argali populations, and consequently snow leopard populations, while simultaneously improving the economic status of local people. However, in practice the desired effect may not materialize. To investigate the premise, we estimated the population density of the snow leopard, using a spatial capture–recapture model based on camera trapping in two study areas (each c. 1,000 km2) in the Tajik Pamirs: a well-managed trophy hunting concession and an otherwise similar area where grazing and poaching are unmanaged. We used distance-truncated counts to assess relative densities of wild and domestic ungulates between sites, and faecal analyses to compare the dietary habits of snow leopards. Our data were limited in scope but suggested that the density of snow leopards and the relative density of wild and domestic ungulates may have been greater in the hunting concession, where wild ungulates accounted for a greater proportion of prey items. Our results provide preliminary evidence that trophy hunting of ungulates may be a viable tool for achieving snow leopard conservation goals; however, we conclude that further investigation is necessary to adequately address the question.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Kachel, Shannon M. and McCarthy, Kyle P. and McCarthy, Thomas M. and Oshurmamadov, Nuzar},
	month = oct,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {trophy hunting, Community-based conservation, poaching, livestock, diet, food habits, snow leopard, spatial capture–recapture},
	pages = {597--604},
}

@article{saif_who_2018,
	title = {Who is killing the tiger {Panthera} tigris and why?},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/who-is-killing-the-tiger-panthera-tigris-and-why/EE64F0C6E2310CD61B0DC090F38DBB9F},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605316000491},
	abstract = {We investigated the range of people involved in killing tigers Panthera tigris in the Bangladesh Sundarbans, their motives and methods, and their links to the commercial trade. Using snowball sampling we conducted 141 qualitative interviews with local people. We identified five categories (village residents, poachers, shikaris, trappers and pirates), each with different motives, methods and networks. Village residents kill tigers predominantly for safety, whereas others kill in the forest professionally or opportunistically. Poachers kill tigers for money, but for others the motives are more complex. The motives of local hunters are multifaceted, encompassing excitement, profit, and esteem and status arising from providing tiger parts for local medicine. Pirates kill tigers for profit and safety but also as a protection service to the community. The emerging international trade in tiger bones, introduced to the area by non-local Bangladeshi traders, provides opportunities to sell tiger parts in the commercial trade and is a motive for tiger killing across all groups.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Saif, Samia and Rahman, H. M. Tuihedur and MacMillan, Douglas Craig},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {wildlife trade, poaching, Bangladesh Sundarbans, Panthera tigris, qualitative research, tiger, traditional medicine},
	pages = {46--54},
}

@article{bashari_hunting_2018-1,
	title = {Hunting in {Afghanistan}: variation in motivations across species},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	shorttitle = {Hunting in {Afghanistan}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/hunting-in-afghanistan-variation-in-motivations-across-species/574404272A1FC7E75D850B44681D4471},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605316001174},
	abstract = {Illegal hunting is a widespread problem, with motivations varying across regions. We investigated the patterns and reasons for hunting in Afghanistan, where it is generally illegal but pervasive in the wake of decades of civil war. To assess motivations for hunting, firstly we conducted a systematic review of the literature, extracting information from 32 studies that discuss the relative importance of various reasons for hunting in Afghanistan; we analysed findings from these studies using the meta-analytic method of vote-counting. Secondly, using face-to-face interviews or a web-based questionnaire, we surveyed key informants in Afghanistan about the motivations identified in the literature. We obtained responses from 57 people familiar with hunting, including government officials, vendors in wildlife markets, and hunters. Findings from the meta-analysis and the survey were broadly consistent, both identifying the market for fur and other by-products as one of the most important motivations for hunting. However, much of the published literature focuses on hunting of carnivores, and emphasizes retaliation as a motivation for hunting. Key informants were more likely to cite subsistence consumption and to suggest that providing education and livelihood alternatives would reduce hunting. Our results highlight the importance of a multi-pronged policy response that recognizes variation in motivations for hunting different species.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Bashari, Mujtaba and Sills, Erin and Peterson, M. Nils and Cubbage, Frederick},
	month = jul,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {hunting, poaching, human–wildlife conflict, Afghanistan, meta-analysis, retaliation killing, subsistence},
	pages = {526--536},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2016/Bashari et al. - 2018 - Hunting in Afghanistan variation in motivations a.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{delisle_socio-cultural_2018,
	title = {The socio-cultural benefits and costs of the traditional hunting of dugongs {Dugong} dugon and green turtles {Chelonia} mydas in {Torres} {Strait}, {Australia}},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/sociocultural-benefits-and-costs-of-the-traditional-hunting-of-dugongs-dugong-dugon-and-green-turtles-chelonia-mydas-in-torres-strait-australia/DE8C9EDD2010F875E5CC551A9A440229},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605317001466},
	abstract = {Signatory states of the Convention on Biological Diversity must ‘protect and encourage the customary use of biological resources in accordance with traditional cultural practices that are compatible with conservation or sustainable use requirements’. Thus the management of traditional hunting of wildlife must balance the sustainability of target species with the benefits of hunting to traditional communities. Conservation policies usually define the values associated with wild meats in terms of income and nutrition, neglecting a wide range of social and cultural values that are important to traditional hunting communities. We elicited the community-defined benefits and costs associated with the traditional hunting of dugongs Dugong dugon and green turtles Chelonia mydas from communities on two islands in Torres Strait, Australia. We then used cognitive mapping and multidimensional scaling to identify separable groups of benefits (cultural services, provisioning services, and individual benefits) and demonstrate that traditional owners consider the cultural services associated with traditional hunting to be significantly more important than the provisioning services. Understanding these cultural values can inform management actions in accordance with the Convention on Biological Diversity. If communities are unable to hunt, important cultural benefits are foregone. Based on our results, we question the appropriateness of conservation actions focused on prohibiting hunting and providing monetary compensation for the loss of provisioning services only.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Delisle, Aurélie and Kim, Milena Kiatkoski and Stoeckl, Natalie and Lui, Felecia Watkin and Marsh, Helene},
	month = apr,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {Chelonia mydas, cognitive mapping, cultural values, dugong, Dugong dugon, green turtle, Torres Strait, traditional hunting},
	pages = {250--261},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2018/Delisle et al. - 2018 - The socio-cultural benefits and costs of the tradi.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/2019/DE8C9EDD2010F875E5CC551A9A440229.html:text/html},
}

@article{stien_motivating_2018-1,
	title = {Motivating and engaging volunteer hunters to control the invasive alien {American} mink {Neovison} vison in {Norway}},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/motivating-and-engaging-volunteer-hunters-to-control-the-invasive-alien-american-mink-neovison-vison-in-norway/BC98C499E6152C039CC02B6C2ECB48C6},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605316000879},
	abstract = {Invasive alien species can have widespread negative effects on native biodiversity. We investigated the prospects of engaging hunters in large-scale collaborative efforts to control non-native mink Neovison vison populations in Norway. We invited members of the Norwegian Association of Hunters and Anglers to complete an online questionnaire to ascertain their support for conservation and their level of effort to remove mink, in the context of hunting motivations and bounty payments. The general interest in mink control programmes was low but participants perceived the mink to be of conservation concern. Bounty payments influenced mink catches, with hunters who received payments catching a mean of 4.70 more individuals per hunter than those who did not receive payments (P {\textless} 0.001). Mink hunters who preferred to hunt alone and had no preference for hunting locally reportedly caught on average 1.87 more mink per hunter than those who preferred to hunt in company (P {\textless} 0.001). The majority of hunters preferred government-led programmes (47\%), and investment in bounty programmes (52\%) was their main recommendation to improve mink hunting. Hunters can be a valuable component of a mink removal task force and could decrease the likelihood of recolonization of mink in the buffer areas of core conservation target areas.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Stien, J. and Hausner, V. H.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {Alien species, conservation action, ground-nesting birds, invasive species, local community, mink, Neovison vison, predator},
	pages = {186--194},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2021/Stien and Hausner - 2018 - Motivating and engaging volunteer hunters to contr.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{jamwal_factors_2019,
	title = {Factors contributing to a striking shift in human–wildlife dynamics in {Hemis} {National} {Park}, {India}: 22 years of reported snow leopard depredation},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	shorttitle = {Factors contributing to a striking shift in human–wildlife dynamics in {Hemis} {National} {Park}, {India}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/factors-contributing-to-a-striking-shift-in-humanwildlife-dynamics-in-hemis-national-park-india-22-years-of-reported-snow-leopard-depredation/44DB49C02CF6095122C32C6102CB5B47},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605317001892},
	abstract = {Hemis National Park of the Trans-Himalayas is home to a large population of the snow leopard Panthera uncia and increasing numbers of agro-pastoralists. To persist in this harsh terrain, farmers have to either farm livestock or hunt free-ranging, native ungulates. The availability of more livestock and fewer natural prey created a dynamic whereby snow leopards depredated livestock, followed by retaliatory killing of snow leopards. In 1992, to assist farmers and wildlife, the government enacted a cost-compensation scheme. Following a decade with marginally fewer depredation events, in 2002, two additional strategies were implemented: predator-proof holding pens and the Himalayan Homestay Programme. We assessed 22 years (1992–2013) of depredation data, comparing the periods before and after the additional initiatives. Government records showed that during 1992–2013, 1,624 livestock were depredated from 339 sites, with c. USD 15,000 paid as compensation. There were significantly more kills annually before (a mean of 41) than after (3.5) the initiatives, and mass killings (≥ 5 animals killed per attack) were significantly reduced from 5.5 to 0.5 events per year. Goats and sheep (57\%) and horses (13\%) comprised the majority of losses. The marked reduction in depredation occurred whilst regulations against hunting were being enforced, probably resulting in an increase in the number of wild prey as alternative food. We conclude that together, cost-compensation, tighter hunting regulations, improved holding pens and the Homestay Programme helped support the well-being of the community while aiding conservation efforts.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Jamwal, Pushpinder S. and Takpa, Jigmet and Parsons, Michael H.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {Compensation scheme, human–wildlife dynamics, indigenous communities, livestock depredation, Panthera uncia, species},
	pages = {58--62},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2023/Jamwal et al. - 2019 - Factors contributing to a striking shift in human–.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/2024/44DB49C02CF6095122C32C6102CB5B47.html:text/html},
}

@misc{noauthor_socio-economics_nodate,
	title = {The socio-economics of artisanal mining and bushmeat hunting around protected areas: {Kahuzi}–{Biega} {National} {Park} and {Itombwe} {Nature} {Reserve}, eastern {Democratic} {Republic} of {Congo} - {ProQuest}},
	shorttitle = {The socio-economics of artisanal mining and bushmeat hunting around protected areas},
	url = {https://www.proquest.com/openview/42b02ba71a60f89cffa9c0cda994830b/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=37514},
	abstract = {Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	file = {Snapshot:files/2026/1.html:text/html},
}

@article{kouassi_bushmeat_2019-1,
	title = {Bushmeat consumption and environmental awareness in rural households: a case study around {Taï} {National} {Park}, {Côte} d'{Ivoire}},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	shorttitle = {Bushmeat consumption and environmental awareness in rural households},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0030605317000333/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605317000333},
	abstract = {Consumption of bushmeat, a staple food of people living in the vicinity of protected areas, is a challenge for the conservation of wildlife. The underlying factors driving this consumption are, however, relatively understudied, particularly among rural households, and improved understanding would facilitate the development of conservation strategies. We therefore aimed to identify the factors that influence bushmeat consumption in rural households to the west of Taï National Park, in Côte d’Ivoire. We carried out enquiries in a total of  rural households in  localities during July–December . Bushmeat, the majority of which comprised rodents and bovids, accounted for \% of the animal protein consumed in these households. This consumption was significantly higher in households in which poverty was more acute (low annual income and more dependent children). We found that repeated awareness campaigns involving theatre performances and/or film screenings (multimedia campaigns) contributed to a decrease in bushmeat consumption. This decrease exceeded \% after exposure to four multimedia campaigns. We highlight the importance of awareness campaigns for reducing consumption of wild animals, and demonstrate the importance of recurring multimedia campaigns to maximize the impact of such conservation activities in rural communities.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Kouassi, Joseph A. K. and Normand, Emmanuelle and Koné, Inza and Boesch, Christophe},
	month = apr,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {293--299},
	file = {Kouassi_et_al_2017.pdf:files/2027/Kouassi_et_al_2017.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{campera_does_2019,
	title = {Does forest management and researchers’ presence reduce hunting and forest exploitation by local communities in {Tsitongambarika}, south-east {Madagascar}?},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/does-forest-management-and-researchers-presence-reduce-hunting-and-forest-exploitation-by-local-communities-in-tsitongambarika-southeast-madagascar/B2B5A45CDE671497F7D2F148F86AA6FA},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605317001211},
	abstract = {Hunting of wildlife is one of the major threats to biodiversity. For effective conservation programmes in countries where hunting and shifting agriculture are the main sources of subsistence, forest management should aim to reduce hunting pressure and forest exploitation. The presence of researchers has been promoted as one of the main ways to mitigate anthropogenic pressures on wildlife populations. Our aim was to test whether local management and the establishment of a research station had a role in decreasing forest exploitation by local people living adjacent to a recently protected area in south-east Madagascar. We interviewed local people from nine villages at various distances from the recently established research station of Ampasy, in the northernmost portion of the Tsitongambarika Protected Area, to explore how people use the forest, with a particular focus on hunting. We also performed transect surveys to estimate snare and lemur encounter rates before local forest management began, at the establishment of the research station, and 1 year after. The impact of local communities on the forest seems to have decreased since the beginning of forest management, with a further decrease since the establishment of the research station. Participants from villages not involved in the local management were more reluctant to declare their illegal activities. We conclude that a combination of local management and related activities (e.g. installation of a research station) can assist in temporarily reducing forest exploitation by local communities; however, community needs and conservation plans should be integrated to maintain long-term benefits.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Campera, Marco and Phelps, Megan and Besnard, Fiona and Balestri, Michela and Eppley, Timothy M. and Nijman, Vincent and Donati, Giuseppe},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {hunting, Madagascar, Forest management, lemurs, pirogue, research station, snares, Tsitongambarika},
	pages = {677--686},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2030/Campera et al. - 2019 - Does forest management and researchers’ presence r.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/2031/B2B5A45CDE671497F7D2F148F86AA6FA.html:text/html},
}

@article{vliet_what_2019-1,
	title = {What do we know about the life-history traits of widely hunted tropical mammals?},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/what-do-we-know-about-the-lifehistory-traits-of-widely-hunted-tropical-mammals/72FA430F98C4B1E062063B66614E46E2},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605317001545},
	abstract = {We synthesize information on parameters useful for managing the hunting of two common mammal species that are important for local people in the Neotropics and Africa: Cuniculus paca and Philantomba monticola, respectively. We highlight the scarcity of data available on the parameters needed to manage these two species sustainably. As most of the studies were conducted {\textgreater} 40 years ago, we stress the need to supplement the information available using methodological and technical innovations. In particular, we call for new assessments covering the possible variations in parameter values across the species’ distribution ranges, and covering various anthropogenic contexts, to test density-dependent and compensatory processes that may explain the resilience of these species to hunting.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Vliet, Nathalie van and Nasi, Robert},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {Biological parameters, Cephalophus monticola, Cuniculus paca, life-history traits, Philantomba monticola, sustainability assessments},
	pages = {670--676},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2034/Vliet and Nasi - 2019 - What do we know about the life-history traits of w.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/2035/72FA430F98C4B1E062063B66614E46E2.html:text/html},
}

@article{carpenter_killing_2019,
	title = {The killing of {Cecil} the {Lion} as an impetus for policy change},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/killing-of-cecil-the-lion-as-an-impetus-for-policy-change/F646432E848BA5AA886EDD2BD67C9CFA},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605317001259},
	abstract = {The killing of Cecil the Lion in July 2015 generated considerable media attention worldwide. We measured public interest in Cecil's death to examine the degree to which this high-profile incident represented the type of focusing event that public policy scholars often emphasize as being important for triggering policy change. Finding that public interest in lion conservation spiked in the weeks immediately following the incident, we then analysed whether this focusing event led to policy changes to restrict trophy hunting in eight countries (USA, Spain, France, Russia, Canada, South Africa, Germany and Mexico) that most frequently import lion Panthera leo trophies. The surge in public attention seems to have had only a limited impact on the adoption of significant new policy, although it may have hastened changes in some countries.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Carpenter, Stefan and Konisky, David M.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {Panthera leo, Cecil the Lion, focusing event, lion conservation, policy change, policy window, trophy imports},
	pages = {698--706},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2037/Carpenter and Konisky - 2019 - The killing of Cecil the Lion as an impetus for po.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/2038/F646432E848BA5AA886EDD2BD67C9CFA.html:text/html},
}

@article{pereira_spatial_2019,
	title = {Spatial patterns of primate hunting in riverine communities in {Central} {Amazonia}},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/spatial-patterns-of-primate-hunting-in-riverine-communities-in-central-amazonia/FE9A6961496F7603F62796089B3D3B3C},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605317000199},
	abstract = {In many regions primates are an important dietary resource for isolated human populations, and they are among the most hunted species by traditional and indigenous communities in the Neotropics. Little is known about the characteristics or the spatial and temporal patterns of hunting, which limits a more detailed evaluation of its impact. We describe, quantify and analyse the spatial dynamics of primate hunting in the várzea (seasonally flooded forest) and paleovárzea (characterized by a series of low-lying ridges interspersed with flooded depressions, which result from cyclical depositional processes) environments of Central Amazonia, based on the monitoring of riverine communities at the Amanã and Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserves over an 11-year period. During this time 402 primate hunting events were recorded, involving the harvesting of 541 individuals of nine species: Alouatta juara, Aotus cf. vociferans, Ateles chamek, Cacajao ouakary, Callicebus lucifer, Cebus albifrons, Saguinus inustus, Saimiri cassiquiarensis and Sapajus macrocephalus. Two hundred and forty of these hunts occurred in the paleovárzea and 162 in the várzea. The distances travelled by the hunters from their communities to the kill sites were significantly different between the environments, with longer distances being covered in the paleovárzea. Hunters in the paleovárzea also hunted across significantly larger areas than those in the várzea. The continuous monitoring of hunting areas and the gathering of data on the exploitation of species are necessary to understand the effects of hunting, as well as to support decision making in the management of the local fauna by traditional communities, and the development of effective conservation strategies for the local game species.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Pereira, Priscila Maria and Valsecchi, João and Queiroz, Helder},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {Brazil, Amazonia, geographical information system, GIS, hunting monitoring, paleovárzea, várzea},
	pages = {165--173},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2040/Pereira et al. - 2019 - Spatial patterns of primate hunting in riverine co.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/2041/FE9A6961496F7603F62796089B3D3B3C.html:text/html},
}

@article{redpath_dont_2017-1,
	title = {Don't forget to look down – collaborative approaches to predator conservation},
	volume = {92},
	copyright = {© 2017 Cambridge Philosophical Society},
	issn = {1469-185X},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/brv.12326},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12326},
	abstract = {Finding effective ways of conserving large carnivores is widely recognised as a priority in conservation. However, there is disagreement about the most effective way to do this, with some favouring top-down ‘command and control’ approaches and others favouring collaboration. Arguments for coercive top-down approaches have been presented elsewhere; here we present arguments for collaboration. In many parts of the developed world, flexibility of approach is built into the legislation, so that conservation objectives are balanced with other legitimate goals. In the developing world, limited resources, poverty and weak governance mean that collaborative approaches are likely to play a particularly important part in carnivore conservation. In general, coercive policies may lead to the deterioration of political legitimacy and potentially to non-compliance issues such as illegal killing, whereas collaborative approaches may lead to psychological ownership, enhanced trust, learning, and better social outcomes. Sustainable hunting/trapping plays a crucial part in the conservation and management of many large carnivores. There are many different models for how to conserve carnivores effectively across the world, research is now required to reduce uncertainty and examine the effectiveness of these approaches in different contexts.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Biological Reviews},
	author = {Redpath, Steve M. and Linnell, John D. C. and Festa-Bianchet, Marco and Boitani, Luigi and Bunnefeld, Nils and Dickman, Amy and Gutiérrez, R. J. and Irvine, R. J. and Johansson, Maria and Majić, Aleksandra and McMahon, Barry J. and Pooley, Simon and Sandström, Camilla and Sjölander-Lindqvist, Annelie and Skogen, Ketil and Swenson, Jon E. and Trouwborst, Arie and Young, Juliette and Milner-Gulland, E. J.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/brv.12326},
	keywords = {hunting, conservation, bottom-up, carnivores, collaboration, conflict, predator management, top-down},
	pages = {2157--2163},
	file = {Accepted Version:files/2043/Redpath et al. - 2017 - Don't forget to look down – collaborative approach.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/2044/brv.html:text/html},
}

@article{treves_predators_2017,
	title = {Predators and the public trust},
	volume = {92},
	copyright = {© 2015 The Authors. Biological Reviews published by John Wiley \& Sons Ltd on behalf of Cambridge Philosophical Society.},
	issn = {1469-185X},
	url = {https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/brv.12227},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12227},
	abstract = {Many democratic governments recognize a duty to conserve environmental resources, including wild animals, as a public trust for current and future citizens. These public trust principles have informed two centuries of U.S.A. Supreme Court decisions and environmental laws worldwide. Nevertheless numerous populations of large-bodied, mammalian carnivores (predators) were eradicated in the 20th century. Environmental movements and strict legal protections have fostered predator recoveries across the U.S.A. and Europe since the 1970s. Now subnational jurisdictions are regaining management authority from central governments for their predator subpopulations. Will the history of local eradication repeat or will these jurisdictions adopt public trust thinking and their obligation to broad public interests over narrower ones? We review the role of public trust principles in the restoration and preservation of controversial species. In so doing we argue for the essential roles of scientists from many disciplines concerned with biological diversity and its conservation. We look beyond species endangerment to future generations' interests in sustainability, particularly non-consumptive uses. Although our conclusions apply to all wild organisms, we focus on predators because of the particular challenges they pose for government trustees, trust managers, and society. Gray wolves Canis lupus L. deserve particular attention, because detailed information and abundant policy debates across regions have exposed four important challenges for preserving predators in the face of interest group hostility. One challenge is uncertainty and varied interpretations about public trustees' responsibilities for wildlife, which have created a mosaic of policies across jurisdictions. We explore how such mosaics have merits and drawbacks for biodiversity. The other three challenges to conserving wildlife as public trust assets are illuminated by the biology of predators and the interacting behavioural ecologies of humans and predators. The scientific community has not reached consensus on sustainable levels of human-caused mortality for many predator populations. This challenge includes both genuine conceptual uncertainty and exploitation of scientific debate for political gain. Second, human intolerance for predators exposes value conflicts about preferences for some wildlife over others and balancing majority rule with the protection of minorities in a democracy. We examine how differences between traditional assumptions and scientific studies of interactions between people and predators impede evidence-based policy. Even if the prior challenges can be overcome, well-reasoned policy on wild animals faces a greater challenge than other environmental assets because animals and humans change behaviour in response to each other in the short term. These coupled, dynamic responses exacerbate clashes between uses that deplete wildlife and uses that enhance or preserve wildlife. Viewed in this way, environmental assets demand sophisticated, careful accounting by disinterested trustees who can both understand the multidisciplinary scientific measurements of relative costs and benefits among competing uses, and justly balance the needs of all beneficiaries including future generations. Without public trust principles, future trustees will seldom prevail against narrow, powerful, and undemocratic interests. Without conservation informed by public trust thinking predator populations will face repeated cycles of eradication and recovery. Our conclusions have implications for the many subfields of the biological sciences that address environmental trust assets from the atmosphere to aquifers.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Biological Reviews},
	author = {Treves, Adrian and Chapron, Guillaume and López-Bao, Jose V. and Shoemaker, Chase and Goeckner, Apollonia R. and Bruskotter, Jeremy T.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {\_eprint: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/brv.12227},
	keywords = {ecosystem services, Canis lupus, endangered species, wolf, carnivore, sustainability, environmental law, lethal management, policy},
	pages = {248--270},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2046/Treves et al. - 2017 - Predators and the public trust.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{carter_conceptual_2017,
	title = {A conceptual framework for understanding illegal killing of large carnivores},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1654-7209},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0852-z},
	doi = {10.1007/s13280-016-0852-z},
	abstract = {The growing complexity and global nature of wildlife poaching threaten the survival of many species worldwide and are outpacing conservation efforts. Here, we reviewed proximal and distal factors, both social and ecological, driving illegal killing or poaching of large carnivores at sites where it can potentially occur. Through this review, we developed a conceptual social–ecological system framework that ties together many of the factors influencing large carnivore poaching. Unlike most conservation action models, an important attribute of our framework is the integration of multiple factors related to both human motivations and animal vulnerability into feedbacks. We apply our framework to two case studies, tigers in Laos and wolverines in northern Sweden, to demonstrate its utility in disentangling some of the complex features of carnivore poaching that may have hindered effective responses to the current poaching crisis. Our framework offers a common platform to help guide future research on wildlife poaching feedbacks, which has hitherto been lacking, in order to effectively inform policy making and enforcement.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Ambio},
	author = {Carter, Neil H. and López-Bao, José Vicente and Bruskotter, Jeremy T. and Gore, Meredith and Chapron, Guillaume and Johnson, Arlyne and Epstein, Yaffa and Shrestha, Mahendra and Frank, Jens and Ohrens, Omar and Treves, Adrian},
	month = apr,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {251--264},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:files/2048/Carter et al. - 2017 - A conceptual framework for understanding illegal k.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{austin_identifying_2010-1,
	title = {Identifying conflicts and opportunities for collaboration in the management of a wildlife resource: a mixed-methods approach},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1448-5494, 1448-5494},
	shorttitle = {Identifying conflicts and opportunities for collaboration in the management of a wildlife resource},
	url = {https://www.publish.csiro.au/wr/WR10057},
	doi = {10.1071/WR10057},
	abstract = {Context The sustainable management of many common-pool ecological resources can be strengthened through collaboration among stakeholder groups. However, the benefits of collaborative management are often not realised because of conflicts of interest among stakeholders. Effective strategies for enhancing collaborative management require an understanding of the trade-offs that managers make between different management outcomes and an understanding of the socioeconomic and location-specific differences that drive these preferences. Approaches based on quantitative or qualitative methods alone often fail to reveal some of the underlying factors inhibiting collaboration. Aims Our aim was to understand the relative importance that private-sector deer managers attach to changes in the following three outcomes of deer management: deer numbers, deer-related road-traffic accidents (RTAs) and deer impacts on conservation woodlands. Methods We used a mixed-methods approach, combining choice-experiment methodology with qualitative analysis of focus-group discussions from 10 study regions throughout Britain. Key results Our results showed that most of the private-sector stakeholders responsible for deer-management decisions at the local level would prefer to see a future with fewer deer-related RTAs but do not want to see a future with lower deer population levels. This is especially the case for those stakeholders managing for sporting purposes and those that rely on deer as a financial resource. Conclusions The preferences of many private-sector stakeholders responsible for deer management are at odds with those of private landowners currently experiencing economic and conservation damage from deer, and with the aims of government and non-government bodies seeking to reduce grazing and browsing damage through lower deer densities. Similar barriers to collaborative management are likely to exist in any situations where ecological resources deliver an unequal distribution of benefits and costs among stakeholders. Implications Overcoming barriers to collaboration requires enhanced understanding of how different collaborative mechanisms are viewed amongst the stakeholder community and how collaborative management can be promoted. More holistic approaches to deer management, which include greater public awareness, additional road-traffic speed restrictions and appropriate fencing, or perhaps include deer-population reduction as only one of a suite of mechanisms for delivering multiple benefits from the land, are likely to gain more support from private-sector stakeholders. Mixed-methods approaches can provide an important first step in terms of both quantifying preferences in relation to the management of ecological resources and enabling detailed insights into the motivations and behaviours underlying them.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Wildl. Res.},
	author = {Austin, Zoë and Smart, James C. R. and Yearley, Steven and Irvine, R. Justin and White, Piran C. L. and Austin, Zoë and Smart, James C. R. and Yearley, Steven and Irvine, R. Justin and White, Piran C. L.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: CSIRO PUBLISHING},
	pages = {647--657},
	file = {Submitted Version:files/2050/Austin et al. - 2010 - Identifying conflicts and opportunities for collab.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/2051/WR10057.html:text/html},
}

@article{geldenhuys_gamebirds_2013,
	title = {Gamebirds: {A} sustainable food source in {Southern} {Africa}?},
	volume = {5},
	issn = {1876-4525},
	shorttitle = {Gamebirds},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-013-0245-0},
	doi = {10.1007/s12571-013-0245-0},
	abstract = {In order to alleviate the current food security situation the world is faced with, it is essential to investigate meat sources which have the potential to be used in a sustainable manner. This review provides substantial arguments to prove the viability of sport hunted wildfowl as a food source in Southern Africa. However, before the use of wildfowl meat can be realised, there are certain challenges to overcome in order to ensure meat of the best possible quality reaches the consumer. Important aspects to consider regarding the eating quality of wildfowl meat are identified and include the physical activity of the different portions and muscle fibre types, diet, breeding, age and gender as well as the post mortem handling/ageing of the meat. The safety issues involved in producing gamebird meat i.e. shot contamination (microbial or lead), are also discussed. Other areas that warrant scientific research include investigating the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that may have an influence on the ultimate meat quality and exploring possible techniques of improving the eating quality of wildfowl meat. The insights these investigations will provide have the potential to increase the commercial viability, directly or indirectly, of African wildfowl meat and thus contribute to food security.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Food Sec.},
	author = {Geldenhuys, Greta and Hoffman, Louwrens C. and Muller, Nina},
	month = apr,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {235--249},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:files/2053/Geldenhuys et al. - 2013 - Gamebirds A sustainable food source in Southern A.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{wilson_support_2010,
	title = {Support for {Indigenous} wildlife management in {Australia} to enable sustainable use},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1448-5494, 1448-5494},
	url = {https://www.publish.csiro.au/wr/WR09130},
	doi = {10.1071/WR09130},
	abstract = {Wildlife managers could play a greater role in ensuring that Indigenous wildlife harvesting is sustainable and helping to address community health and employment challenges facing Indigenous Australians in remote and rural areas. Wildlife managers need to listen more to what Indigenous people say they want from their country and for their people, such as increased game to supplement their diet and security for totemic species, to maintain culture. In pre-colonial Australia, adherence to customary law maintained wildlife species Indigenous Australians wanted. Today the long-term sustainability of Indigenous wildlife harvesting is threatened. Where Indigenous communities lack leadership and other social problems exist, their capacity to apply customary land-and sea-management practices and to operate cultural constraints on wildlife use is reduced. The Indigenous right to hunt should coexist with responsible management. Improved wildlife management that combines science and traditional knowledge has implications for Indigenous people worldwide. Western science can support Indigenous passion for caring for the land. It can draw on traditional Indigenous practice and, through reciprocal learning, help reinstate Indigenous law and culture in communities. In Australia, wildlife managers could be more engaged in supporting Indigenous Australians in activities such as surveying populations and estimating sustainable yields, identifying refuge areas, maximising habitat diversity, controlling weeds and feral animals, and exchanging information across regions. Although support for Indigenous land and wildlife management has risen in recent years, it remains a minor component of current Australian Government resource allocation for addressing Indigenous need. Wildlife management could be a stronger focus in education, training and employment programs. Proactive wildlife management conforms to both the western concept of conserving biodiversity and Indigenous wildlife management; it can support sustainable harvesting, provide employment and income, create learning and training opportunities and improve Indigenous health. If greater expenditure were directed to Indigenous wildlife management, wildlife managers, especially Indigenous wildlife managers, could become more engaged in cultural initiatives across traditional and scientific practices and so contribute to programs that address the health and motivational challenges facing Indigenous communities.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Wildl. Res.},
	author = {Wilson, George R. and Edwards, Melanie J. and Smits, Jennifer K. and Wilson, George R. and Edwards, Melanie J. and Smits, Jennifer K.},
	month = may,
	year = {2010},
	note = {Publisher: CSIRO PUBLISHING},
	pages = {255--263},
	file = {Snapshot:files/2055/wr09130.html:text/html},
}

@article{ferreira_european_2012,
	title = {European rabbit research in the {Iberian} {Peninsula}: state of the art and future perspectives},
	volume = {58},
	issn = {1439-0574},
	shorttitle = {European rabbit research in the {Iberian} {Peninsula}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-012-0664-9},
	doi = {10.1007/s10344-012-0664-9},
	abstract = {The European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) is a high-profile prey, native from the Iberian Peninsula, the only region in the world where the two rabbit subspecies (O. cuniculus algirus and O. cuniculus cuniculus) currently co-exist in natural conditions. In this area, this important prey represents a keystone species and ecosystem engineer of Mediterranean landscapes, being also the most harvested and one of the most managed small-game species. Additionally, the species can create damage to crops in some parts of the Iberian Peninsula where it is regarded as an agricultural pest. The scientific interest towards the species is becoming increasingly apparent most likely as a repercussion of declining population trends over the last decades. The latter has been the result of the impact of habitat deterioration, viral diseases, unsustainable hunting, and predation. In this paper, I present a review of the scientific literature currently available on the European rabbit in the Iberian Peninsula. I discuss knowledge gaps and highlight priority research guidelines to suppress them, in an attempt to provide a general perspective to target research efforts more effectively. This analysis is particularly relevant due to the current vulnerability of rabbit populations in Iberia and to the recent news of cuts in scientific funding in most Mediterranean countries.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Eur J Wildl Res},
	author = {Ferreira, Catarina},
	month = dec,
	year = {2012},
	pages = {885--895},
}

@article{kanstrup_lessons_2019,
	title = {Lessons learned from 33 years of lead shot regulation in {Denmark}},
	volume = {48},
	issn = {1654-7209},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-018-1125-9},
	doi = {10.1007/s13280-018-1125-9},
	abstract = {Denmark was the first European country to completely ban lead shot for hunting and target shooting. This paper reviews the process behind this phase-out to document its history, successes, and pitfalls, and to make the Danish experiences accessible for the benefit of other countries, authorities, and stakeholders who face nature management challenges implementing similar change. A review of the content of magazines published by the three hunters’ organizations during the 1978–1992 transition period was carried out, to assess the general discourse and identify the primary concerns and attitudes during the phase-out of lead shot for hunting in Denmark. Hunters were initially negative towards the change. Resistance was driven by concern about the quality, safety issues, and expensive cost of non-toxic alternatives, compounded by lack of organizational leadership and tensions between stakeholders. As a result of the widening appreciation of the environmental effects of dispersed lead shot and the introduction of new generations of alternative shot types, hunter attitudes became positive and constructive. Change need not pose an obstruction to continued hunting opportunity. On the contrary, it is believed that the value from the enhancement of the public image of hunters resulting from the reduction in the environmental dispersal of a recognized contaminant is of paramount importance for the long-term political sustainability of hunting.},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Ambio},
	author = {Kanstrup, Niels},
	month = sep,
	year = {2019},
	pages = {999--1008},
	file = {Full Text:files/2058/Kanstrup - 2019 - Lessons learned from 33 years of lead shot regulat.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{meier_wild_2018,
	title = {Wild boar and infectious diseases: evaluation of the current risk to human and domestic animal health in {Switzerland}: {A} review},
	volume = {160},
	issn = {0036-7281, 1664-2848},
	shorttitle = {Wild boar and infectious diseases},
	url = {http://sat.gstsvs.ch/de/pubmed/?doi=10.17236/sat00168},
	doi = {10.17236/sat00168},
	abstract = {The Eurasian wild boar is widely distributed in Europe and hunting bags reveal a massive increase in the population. Since wild boar and domestic pigs are susceptible to the same pathogens and can infect each other, free-ranging wild boar populations are increasingly considered to be a threat to the pig industry. Switzerland has an outstanding veterinary health situation due to its official free-of-disease status for many diseases, and the role that wildlife could play as a source of infection for domestic animals is of particular concern. This article provides an overview of the current knowledge on wild boar health in Switzerland and discusses the health risk to domestic animals and humans currently posed by wild boar. It places the data in the context of the situation in neighbouring countries. The risk currently posed by wild boar within Switzerland is largely limited to swine brucellosis. The major threat coming from abroad originates from the expansion of African swine fever. To prevent pathogen introduction and transmission between wild boar and domestic pigs, it is essential to pursue efforts in 4 areas: disease surveillance in domestic pigs, biosecurity on pig farms, disease surveillance in wild boar, and sustainable wild boar management.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7-8},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {SAT},
	author = {Meier, R and Ryser-Degiorgis, M},
	month = jul,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {443--460},
	file = {Meier and Ryser-Degiorgis - 2018 - Wild boar and infectious diseases evaluation of t.pdf:files/2059/Meier and Ryser-Degiorgis - 2018 - Wild boar and infectious diseases evaluation of t.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{blackmore_public_2017,
	title = {Public trust doctrine, research and responsible wildlife management in {South} {Africa}},
	volume = {47},
	issn = {0006-8241},
	url = {http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0006-82412017000100003&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en},
	doi = {10.4102/abc.v47i1.2217},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Bothalia - African Biodiversity \&amp; Conservation},
	author = {Blackmore, Andrew C.},
	year = {2017},
	note = {Publisher: SANBI},
	pages = {1--9},
	file = {Snapshot:files/2062/scielo.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:files/2063/Blackmore - 2017 - Public trust doctrine, research and responsible wi.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{muposhi_ecological_nodate,
	title = {{ECOLOGICAL}, {PHYSIOLOGICAL}, {GENETIC} {TRADE}-{OFFS} {AND} {SOCIO}-{ECONOMIC} {IMPLICATIONS} {OF} {TROPHY} {HUNTING} {AS} {A} {CONSERVATION} {TOOL}: {A} {NARRATIVE} {REVIEW}},
	abstract = {Although the contribution of trophy hunting as a conservation tool is widely recognised, there is perpetual debate and polarization on its sustainability. This review integrates five themes mostly considered in isolation, as independent research fields in wildlife conservation: (1) trophy quality and population ecology of hunted species, (2) behavioural ecology of hunted populations and associated avoidance mechanisms, (3) physiological stress in hunted populations, (4) genetic variability and desirable traits, and (5) socio-economic imperatives in wildlife conservation. We searched for articles on search engines using specific key words and found 350 articles from which 175 were used for this review under five key themes. Population and trophy quality trends of commonly hunted species seem to be declining in some countries. Elevated hunting pressure is reported to influence the flight and foraging behaviour of wildlife thus compromising fitness of hunted species. Selective harvesting through trophy hunted is attributed to the decline in desirable phenotypic traits and increased physiological stress in most hunted species. Though it provides financial resources need for conservation in some countries, trophy hunting works well in areas where animal populations are healthy and not threatened by illegal harvesting and other disturbances. There remains much polarity on the sustainability of trophy hunting in modern-day conservation. More research need to be conducted across the five themes examined in this review for broader analytical analysis and comparison purposes. A new research agenda is needed regarding wildlife sustainable use principles and their sustainability and acceptability in modern-day conservation.},
	language = {en},
	author = {Muposhi, Victor K and Gandiwa, Edson and Makuza, Stanley M and Bartels, Paul},
	pages = {14},
	file = {Muposhi et al. - ECOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, GENETIC TRADE-OFFS AND .pdf:files/2064/Muposhi et al. - ECOLOGICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, GENETIC TRADE-OFFS AND .pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{brink_pets_2019,
	title = {Pets and pests: a review of the contrasting economics and fortunes of dingoes and domestic dogs in {Australia}, and a proposed new funding scheme for non-lethal dingo management},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1448-5494, 1448-5494},
	shorttitle = {Pets and pests},
	url = {https://www.publish.csiro.au/wr/WR19030},
	doi = {10.1071/WR19030},
	abstract = {Carnivore conservation and management is complex and expensive, and significant ongoing management costs may inhibit the development of new tools and any subsequent transition away from lethal control. We review and compare the economic costs and benefits of dingoes and domestic dogs in Australia and suggest that public affinity for domestic dogs may be co-opted into yielding more positive management outcomes for dingoes. Whereas Australians spend over AU\$10 billion annually on purchasing and maintaining 4.2 million domestic dogs, landowners and government spend at least AU\$30 million attempting to limit the density and distribution of dingoes, feral dogs, and their hybrids. These contrasting investments highlight the dual response of society towards domestic and wild members of the Canis genus. We suggest that a modest conservation levy on the sale of pet dogs or dog food, or both, could secure long-term funding to support efficacious non-lethal management of dingo impacts. A modest levy could generate AU\$30 million annually, funding the development of non-lethal dingo-management tools without compromising existing management practices while new tools are investigated. Ultimately, a transition away from controlling dingoes through culling or exclusion fencing, to managing the negative impacts of dingoes could result in both more successful and sustainable management outcomes of dingoes and support the ecological, cultural and economic benefits they confer as Australia’s apex predator.},
	language = {en},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Wildl. Res.},
	author = {Brink, Henry and Purcell, Brad V. and Letnic, Mike and Webster, Hugh S. and Appleby, Robert G. and Jordan, Neil R. and Brink, Henry and Purcell, Brad V. and Letnic, Mike and Webster, Hugh S. and Appleby, Robert G. and Jordan, Neil R.},
	month = jul,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: CSIRO PUBLISHING},
	pages = {365--377},
	file = {Snapshot:files/2067/WR19030.html:text/html;Full Text PDF:files/2068/Brink et al. - 2019 - Pets and pests a review of the contrasting econom.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{martinez_matrix_2017,
	title = {A matrix system using quality classes can be applied for managing sustainable wild ungulates populations: {Convergence} below optimum capacity},
	volume = {108},
	issn = {0925-8574},
	shorttitle = {A matrix system using quality classes can be applied for managing sustainable wild ungulates populations},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925857417304603},
	doi = {10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.07.043},
	abstract = {During last decades ungulates have increased their populations and distribution areas, this widespread has made habitat damage appear and some conflicts with human interests, for these reasons the development of an ecological sustainable control is necessary. This study introduces a mathematical matrix model for managing wild ungulate populations through a quantitative method, describing the steps for the complete managing process, This work describes and applies the method to a population of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in central Iberia (Spain), through a matrix system model organized by quality classes, based on physical characteristics and biological behavior, and it results in an improvement much more useful for wildlife managers than previous matrix methods The output provides essential information for the management, as the population density evolution by quality classes twice a year: after the reproductive season and the extraction season, population growth rate, stable population distribution and extraction rate to guarantee a heathy and sustainable population. The model describes a method to reach a stable Optimum Capacity, reducing conflicts with human societies and environment deterioration, giving meaning to two different concepts: Optimum capacity and Carrying capacity. The study simulates a real management case with the density below Optimum Capacity where there are no density dependent growth restrictions, and how to achieve and maintain the Optimum Density. The method allows a successful optimum management, improving a quantitative sustainable control of the population, and preserving ecological natural habitat characteristics, given an advantage over alternative models and management trends.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Ecological Engineering},
	author = {Martínez, Álvaro and Martín, Ángel Julián},
	month = nov,
	year = {2017},
	keywords = {Ungulate, Wildlife management, Conservation, Projection matrix model, Sustainability},
	pages = {10--16},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/2070/S0925857417304603.html:text/html},
}

@article{eikelboom_will_2020,
	title = {Will legal international rhino horn trade save wild rhino populations?},
	volume = {23},
	issn = {2351-9894},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989420306867},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e01145},
	abstract = {Wild vertebrate populations all over the globe are in decline, with poaching being the second-most-important cause. The high poaching rate of rhinoceros may drive these species into extinction within the coming decades. Some stakeholders argue to lift the ban on international rhino horn trade to potentially benefit rhino conservation, as current interventions appear to be insufficient. We reviewed scientific and grey literature to scrutinize the validity of reasoning behind the potential benefit of legal horn trade for wild rhino populations. We identified four mechanisms through which legal trade would impact wild rhino populations, of which only the increased revenue for rhino farmers could potentially benefit rhino conservation. Conversely, the global demand for rhino horn is likely to increase to a level that cannot be met solely by legal supply. Moreover, corruption is omnipresent in countries along the trade routes, which has the potential to negatively affect rhino conservation. Finally, programmes aimed at reducing rhino horn demand will be counteracted through trade legalization by removing the stigma on consuming rhino horn. Combining these insights and comparing them with criteria for sustainable wildlife farming, we conclude that legalizing rhino horn trade will likely negatively impact the remaining wild rhino populations. To preserve rhino species, we suggest to prioritize reducing corruption within rhino horn trade, increasing the rhino population within well-protected ’safe havens’ and implementing educational programmes and law enforcement targeted at rhino horn consumers.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Global Ecology and Conservation},
	author = {Eikelboom, Jasper A. J. and Nuijten, Rascha J. M. and Wang, Yingying X. G. and Schroder, Bradley and Heitkönig, Ignas M. A. and Mooij, Wolf M. and van Langevelde, Frank and Prins, Herbert H. T.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {South Africa, Conservation, CITES, Socioeconomics, Traditional Chinese medicine, Wildlife crime},
	pages = {e01145},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/2072/Eikelboom et al. - 2020 - Will legal international rhino horn trade save wil.pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/2073/S2351989420306867.html:text/html},
}

@article{mesinger_consumer_2020,
	title = {Consumer {Education} as an {Important} {Condition} for {Increasing} {Wild} {Animal} {Meat} {Consumption} in {The} {Context} of {Promoting} the {Idea} of {Sustainable} {Development} in {Poland}},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {1230-1485, 2083-5906},
	url = {http://www.pjoes.com/Consumer-Education-as-an-Important-Condition-nfor-Increasing-Wild-Animal-Meat-Consumption,117760,0,2.html},
	doi = {10.15244/pjoes/117760},
	abstract = {This paper analysed the need for fundamental education of consumers to create attitudes and behaviours favouring the promotion of the idea of sustainable development and sustainable consumption. The methodology applied included the use of logical analysis of secondary data available in research,...},
	language = {english},
	number = {5},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Pol. J. Environ. Stud.},
	author = {Mesinger, Dominika and Ocieczek, Aneta},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: HARD Publishing s.c. Jerzy Radecki, Hanna Radecka},
	pages = {3485--3492},
	file = {Full Text:files/2075/Mesinger and Ocieczek - 2020 - Consumer Education as an Important Condition for I.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{brink_sustainability_2016-1,
	title = {Sustainability and {Long} {Term}-{Tenure}: {Lion} {Trophy} {Hunting} in {Tanzania}},
	volume = {11},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	shorttitle = {Sustainability and {Long} {Term}-{Tenure}},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0162610},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0162610},
	abstract = {It is argued that trophy hunting of large, charismatic mammal species can have considerable conservation benefits but only if undertaken sustainably. Social-ecological theory suggests such sustainability only results from developing governance systems that balance financial and biological requirements. Here we use lion (Panthera leo) trophy hunting data from Tanzania to investigate how resource ownership patterns influence hunting revenue and offtake levels. Tanzania contains up to half of the global population of free-ranging lions and is also the main location for lion trophy hunting in Africa. However, there are concerns that current hunting levels are unsustainable. The lion hunting industry in Tanzania is run by the private sector, although the government leases each hunting block to companies, enforces hunting regulation, and allocates them a species-specific annual quota per block. The length of these leases varies and theories surrounding property rights and tenure suggest hunting levels would be less sustainable in blocks experiencing a high turnover of short-term leases. We explored this issue using lion data collected from 1996 to 2008 in the Selous Game Reserve (SGR), the most important trophy hunting destination in Tanzania. We found that blocks in SGR with the highest lion hunting offtake were also those that experienced the steepest declines in trophy offtake. In addition, we found this high hunting offtake and the resultant offtake decline tended to be in blocks under short-term tenure. In contrast, lion hunting levels in blocks under long-term tenure matched more closely the recommended sustainable offtake of 0.92 lions per 1000 km2. However, annual financial returns were higher from blocks under short-term tenure, providing \$133 per km2 of government revenue as compared to \$62 per km2 from long-term tenure blocks. Our results provide evidence for the importance of property rights in conservation, and support calls for an overhaul of the system in Tanzania by developing competitive market-based approaches for block allocation based on long-term tenure of ten years.},
	language = {en},
	number = {9},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Brink, Henry and Smith, Robert J. and Skinner, Kirsten and Leader-Williams, Nigel},
	month = sep,
	year = {2016},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
	keywords = {Tanzania, Conservation science, Sustainability science, Wildlife, Biodiversity, Africa, Hunting behavior, Lions},
	pages = {e0162610},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2077/Brink et al. - 2016 - Sustainability and Long Term-Tenure Lion Trophy H.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/2078/article.html:text/html},
}

@article{van_vliet_ride_2015,
	title = {Ride, shoot, and call: wildlife use among contemporary urban hunters in {Três} {Fronteiras}, {Brazilian} {Amazon}},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1708-3087},
	shorttitle = {Ride, shoot, and call},
	url = {https://www.jstor.org/stable/26270228},
	abstract = {ABSTRACT. Most bushmeat studies in the Amazon region focus on hunting patterns of indigenous populations in rural settings. Our study describes the existence of urban hunters in medium-sized towns. Using a variety of data collection methods, we describe the main socioeconomic characteristics of urban hunters in Benjamin Constant and Atalaia do Norte, Brazil. We analyze the patterns and motivations of urban hunters as well as the type of prey harvested and quantities traded. All interviewed hunters are caboclos, people of mixed Brazilian indigenous and European origins from rural areas who now live in urban and peri-urban areas. Living in these more populated spaces allows these hunters better market options for their harvest and allows them to alternate hunting with other economic activities. Only 29\% of the interviewed hunters relied solely on hunting. In total, 11.6 tons of bushmeat were harvested (of which 97\% was traded) by four hunters during the monitoring period (60 days). The most hunted species were terecay (Podocnemis unifilis), curassow (Crax sp.), paca (Cuniculus paca), and tapir (Tapirus terrestris). The ratio of bushmeat sold to that consumed, as well as the level of participation in the bushmeat market chain, allowed us to differentiate between specialized and diversified hunters. Specialized hunters sell 81\% of the bushmeat caught to known wholesalers in the city. Diversified hunters sell 21\% of their total catch to families, neighbors, or friends directly as fresh meat, avoiding intermediaries. For all hunters, hunting localities are associated with peri-urban roadways that are easily reached by motorbike or bicycle from the hunters’ houses in the urban areas or city fringes. Our results show that urban hunters in medium-sized towns exemplify how traditional hunting systems can be adapted in the face of globalization, by living close to the market, at relatively manageable distances from hunting grounds, and using modern methods of transportation and communication to bypass law enforcement.},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Ecology and Society},
	author = {van Vliet, Nathalie and Cruz, Daniel and Quiceno-Mesa, Maria Paula and de Aquino, Lindon Jonhson Neves and Moreno, Jessica and Ribeiro, Rairon and Fa, John},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Resilience Alliance Inc.},
}

@article{arroyo_reconciling_2016-1,
	title = {Reconciling economic and ecological sustainability: can non-intensive hunting of red-legged partridges be economically profitable?},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {1439-0574},
	shorttitle = {Reconciling economic and ecological sustainability},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-016-1073-2},
	doi = {10.1007/s10344-016-1073-2},
	abstract = {The red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa) is the most important gamebird in Spain. Due to population declines in recent decades, management approaches increasingly include the release of farm-reared partridges and the establishment of so-called intensive estates, where hunting is based on put-and-take partridges. The release of farm-reared partridges is controversial because these birds negatively affect wild populations. However, according to managers, releases are necessary to maintain commercial hunting. We analysed economic parameters using data provided by 20 red-legged partridge hunting estates with different management and economic aims in central Spain. We calculated total revenues, total expenses, benefits and profitability of these estates and simulated results under two different scenarios (prices for buying farm-reared partridges being 15 \% higher and prices for hunting in estates not using releases being 15 \% higher) attempting to mimic the internalization of some ecological costs of farm-reared birds or possible rewards from using wild populations sustainably. Non-commercial estates (n = 5), as expected, just broke even, with almost no benefits. Benefits of intensive estates, where massive releases throughout the hunting season allow a much higher harvest, were on average an order of magnitude higher (20,404 ± 24,413 €/km2, n = 8) than those of other commercial estates (1713 ± 1280 €/km2, n = 7). Benefits of non-intensive commercial estates using releases were on average lower than those of commercial estates without releases. In fact, profitability of non-intensive commercial estates not using releases was similar to that of intensive estates. Any of the two price scenarios considered led to non-intensive commercial estates not using releases being the most profitable on average. Thus, efforts should be made to identify ways of improving economic profitability of non-intensive estates, which may be important for promoting hunting management styles that are ecologically more beneficial.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Eur J Wildl Res},
	author = {Arroyo, Beatriz and Caro, Jesús and Muñoz-Adalia, E. Jordán and Díaz-Fernández, Silvia and Delibes-Mateos, Miguel and Díaz-Fernández, Miguel and Viñuela, Javier},
	month = dec,
	year = {2016},
	pages = {14},
	file = {Submitted Version:files/2081/Arroyo et al. - 2016 - Reconciling economic and ecological sustainability.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{deere_exploitation_2011-1,
	title = {Exploitation or {Conservation}? {Can} {The} {Hunting} tourism {Industry} in {Africa} {Be} {Sustainable}?},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0013-9157},
	shorttitle = {Exploitation or {Conservation}?},
	url = {https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00139157.2011.588550},
	doi = {10.1080/00139157.2011.588550},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development},
	author = {Deere, Nicolas Jordan},
	month = jun,
	year = {2011},
	note = {Publisher: Routledge
\_eprint: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00139157.2011.588550},
	pages = {20--32},
}

@article{daskin_warfare_2018,
	title = {Warfare and wildlife declines in {Africa}’s protected areas},
	volume = {553},
	copyright = {2018 Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature. All rights reserved.},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nature25194},
	doi = {10.1038/nature25194},
	abstract = {Assessment of the impact of armed conflict on large herbivores in Africa between 1946 and 2010 reveals that high conflict frequency is an important predictor of wildlife population declines.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7688},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Daskin, Joshua H. and Pringle, Robert M.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Number: 7688
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	pages = {328--332},
	file = {Snapshot:files/2084/nature25194.html:text/html},
}

@article{tilman_future_2017,
	title = {Future threats to biodiversity and pathways to their prevention},
	volume = {546},
	copyright = {2017 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/nature22900},
	doi = {10.1038/nature22900},
	abstract = {Tens of thousands of species are threatened with extinction as a result of human activities. Here we explore how the extinction risks of terrestrial mammals and birds might change in the next 50 years. Future population growth and economic development are forecasted to impose unprecedented levels of extinction risk on many more species worldwide, especially the large mammals of tropical Africa, Asia and South America. Yet these threats are not inevitable. Proactive international efforts to increase crop yields, minimize land clearing and habitat fragmentation, and protect natural lands could increase food security in developing nations and preserve much of Earth's remaining biodiversity.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7656},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Tilman, David and Clark, Michael and Williams, David R. and Kimmel, Kaitlin and Polasky, Stephen and Packer, Craig},
	month = jun,
	year = {2017},
	note = {Number: 7656
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	pages = {73--81},
	file = {Snapshot:files/2086/nature22900.html:text/html},
}

@article{graham-rowe_biodiversity_2011,
	title = {Biodiversity: {Endangered} and in demand},
	volume = {480},
	copyright = {2011 Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited. All Rights Reserved.},
	issn = {1476-4687},
	shorttitle = {Biodiversity},
	url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/480S101a},
	doi = {10.1038/480S101a},
	abstract = {With an ingredients list that includes rhino horn and tiger bone, traditional Asian medicine is on a collision course with wildlife preservation.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7378},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Nature},
	author = {Graham-Rowe, Duncan},
	month = dec,
	year = {2011},
	note = {Number: 7378
Publisher: Nature Publishing Group},
	pages = {S101--S103},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2088/Graham-Rowe - 2011 - Biodiversity Endangered and in demand.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/2089/480S101a.html:text/html},
}

@article{wilfred_legal_2014-1,
	title = {Legal subsistence hunting trends in the {Ugalla} ecosystem of western {Tanzania}},
	volume = {60},
	issn = {1439-0574},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-013-0778-8},
	doi = {10.1007/s10344-013-0778-8},
	abstract = {Sustainable legal subsistence hunting has a place in conservation. Nonetheless, the long-term success of such schemes depends on them being well managed. We assessed the effectiveness of legal subsistence hunting in the Ugalla ecosystem of western Tanzania using data from the local legal hunting scheme. The hunting in the ecosystem is conducted within the partially protected areas around Ugalla Game Reserve. The Wildlife Division of Tanzania supervises hunting activities in the area via local conservation authorities. We analysed hunting success (animals shot per quota per licence) across species in the period from 1997 to 2004. Our results revealed that 10,511 and 5,991 animals were licenced and shot, respectively. There were considerable variations in hunting success across wildlife species. With the exception of common duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia), hunting success trends for most of the species were declining. The documented decline in wildlife off-take should be further investigated to ensure the sustainable management of this area.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Eur J Wildl Res},
	author = {Wilfred, Paulo and MacColl, Andrew},
	month = apr,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {371--376},
}

@article{quiros-fernandez_hunters_2017,
	title = {Hunters serving the ecosystem: the contribution of recreational hunting to wild boar population control},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {1439-0574},
	shorttitle = {Hunters serving the ecosystem},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-017-1107-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s10344-017-1107-4},
	abstract = {The extractive nature of recreational hunting may provide a service to both the ecosystem and society, namely the control of problem species. We reviewed the annual wild boar hunting bag data from hunting sites in Asturias (Spain) from 2000/01 to 2013/14, paying particular attention to the evolution on hunting estates after ban periods. We hypothesized that the annual hunting bag after a hunting ban would be larger than that of the pre-ban period, and that this difference could provide an indication of hunters’ relative contribution to wild boar population regulation. The total hunting bag grew during the study period, from 3723 wild boar (0.39ind/km2) in the 2000/01 hunting year to 7593 in that of 2013/14 (0.79ind/km2)—a mean annual increase of 5.63\%. Low hunting quotas cannot be blamed for these growing trends, since no more than 50\% of the authorized animals are hunted. The growth of the mean annual pre-ban hunting bag on the estates on which hunting bans took place was 8.46\%. The hunting bag grew by 40.33\% immediately after the hunting ban ended—a growth rate seven times higher than that of the background hunting bag. This constitutes a proxy of the regulatory effect of hunters on wild boar population growth. Following the remarkable increase after the ban, the wild boar hunting bag attained values that were slightly lower than those of the pre-ban period, which indicates that hunters are able to reduce wild boar abundance. Hunting, therefore, provides an important service to both the ecosystem and society by contributing to regulating the growth of problem species such as the wild boar.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Eur J Wildl Res},
	author = {Quirós-Fernández, Francisco and Marcos, Jaime and Acevedo, Pelayo and Gortázar, Christian},
	month = may,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {57},
}

@article{garrido_control_2017,
	title = {Control hunting of wild animals: health, money, or pleasure?},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {1439-0574},
	shorttitle = {Control hunting of wild animals},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-017-1154-x},
	doi = {10.1007/s10344-017-1154-x},
	abstract = {In many parts of the world, millions of wildlife species are hunted for sport, food, skins, and other products. In recent years, a backlash has emerged from certain groups of society against this long-standing human pursuit. However, attitudes towards the control of wild animals to reduce the health risk to other animals, to lessen agricultural damage, or to protect game species, may generate a different reaction, where even killing is tolerated. In this paper, we analyze the public’s acceptance of control hunting in Andalusia (southern Spain). Our results suggest that lethal control to improve domestic animal health is highly accepted (75\%) is more controversial when animals are killed for damaging crops (59\% acceptance) and is highly unaccepted when the goal is to enhance game species numbers (22\% acceptance). Older people and males, in particular, accept more readily some of these control-hunting measures. These results are needed to understand better the public attitudes on which conservation managers can base their decisions when control hunting is required.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Eur J Wildl Res},
	author = {Garrido, Fernando E. and Castro, Francisca and Villafuerte, Rafael},
	month = nov,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {95},
	file = {Full Text:files/2093/Garrido et al. - 2017 - Control hunting of wild animals health, money, or.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{solino_behind_2017-1,
	title = {Behind the economics of hunting in {Andalusian} forests},
	volume = {63},
	issn = {1439-0574},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-017-1103-8},
	doi = {10.1007/s10344-017-1103-8},
	abstract = {Hunting in Spain represents an imperfect market in which some hunters pay a price that is below what would be paid or they simply do not pay a market price. This article evidences the welfare that hunting activities provide to hunters in the forests of southern Spain. To do so, a contingent valuation survey of 557 hunters was conducted, and their maximum willingness to pay (WTP) to maintain their hunting activity over a hunting season was obtained. Bids were established according to the individual expenditure in the hunting market, thereby incorporating heterogeneity into the very design of the valuation exercise. The results show an additional WTP of 212 euros per hunter during the 2009–2010 hunting season, meaning 24\% above their actual mean expenditure during that season. Likewise, the research shows how small game hunters are the ones who, in relative terms, would be willing to pay more for the hunting services.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Eur J Wildl Res},
	author = {Soliño, Mario and Farizo, Begoña A. and Campos, Pablo},
	month = apr,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {47},
}

@article{moro_stated_2015,
	title = {A stated preference investigation of household demand for illegally hunted bushmeat in the {Serengeti}, {Tanzania}},
	volume = {18},
	copyright = {© 2014 The Zoological Society of London},
	issn = {1469-1795},
	url = {https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/acv.12184},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12184},
	abstract = {Illegal hunting for bushmeat is regarded as an important cause of biodiversity decline in Africa. We use a ‘stated preferences’ method to obtain information on determinants of demand for bushmeat and two other protein sources, fish and chicken, in villages around the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Our study focuses particularly on the impact of price changes, as anticipating and understanding the impact of price changes (whether caused by conservation interventions or market changes) on demand for bushmeat enables effective responses to be planned. We estimate the effects of changes in the price of bushmeat and in the prices of two substitute protein sources – fish and chicken – on household demand for bushmeat. Results suggest that increasing the availability of lower priced protein substitutes would reduce demand for bushmeat, and therefore, potentially pressure on wildlife populations. However, raising the price of bushmeat (e.g. as a result of reducing illegal hunting) would reduce household demand to a greater degree than equivalent decreases in the price of alternative protein sources. In both cases, elasticity of demand parameters are reported, which summarize the relative response to households to these alternative interventions. A 10\% rise in bushmeat prices would reduce demand by around 6–7\%, while a 10\% fall in chicken or fish prices would reduce bushmeat demand by around 3–4\%. The response to price changes varied between ethnic groups, and also according to household size (with the direction of the effect depending on whether the substitute was chicken or fish), but was not significantly affected by wealth or income.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Animal Conservation},
	author = {Moro, M. and Fischer, A. and Milner-Gulland, E. J. and Lowassa, A. and Naiman, L. C. and Hanley, N.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {\_eprint: https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/acv.12184},
	keywords = {Serengeti, Tanzania, illegal hunting, alternative protein sources, conservation policy, illegal bushmeat, price elasticity of demand, stated preferences},
	pages = {377--386},
	file = {Submitted Version:files/2096/Moro et al. - 2015 - A stated preference investigation of household dem.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/2097/acv.html:text/html},
}

@article{crosmary_assessment_2015,
	title = {The assessment of the role of trophy hunting in wildlife conservation},
	volume = {18},
	copyright = {© 2015 The Zoological Society of London},
	issn = {1469-1795},
	url = {https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/acv.12205},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12205},
	abstract = {Read the Feature Paper: Does trophy hunting matter to long-term population trends in African herbivores of different dietary guilds? and the Commentaries on this Feature Paper: Monitoring required for effective sustainable use of wildlife; Hunting tourism and animal conservation},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Animal Conservation},
	author = {Crosmary, W.-G. and Côté, S. D. and Fritz, H.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {\_eprint: https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/acv.12205},
	pages = {136--137},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2099/Crosmary et al. - 2015 - The assessment of the role of trophy hunting in wi.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/2100/acv.html:text/html},
}

@article{buckley_hunting_2015-1,
	title = {Hunting tourism and animal conservation},
	volume = {18},
	copyright = {© 2015 The Zoological Society of London},
	issn = {1469-1795},
	url = {https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/acv.12204},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12204},
	abstract = {Read the Feature Paper: Does trophy hunting matter to long-term population trends in African herbivores of different dietary guilds?; other Commentaries on this paper: Monitoring required for effective sustainable use of wildlife and the Response from the authors: The assessment of the role of trophy hunting in wildlife conservation},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Animal Conservation},
	author = {Buckley, R. and Mossaz, A.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {\_eprint: https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/acv.12204},
	pages = {133--135},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2102/Buckley and Mossaz - 2015 - Hunting tourism and animal conservation.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/2103/acv.html:text/html},
}

@article{zhou_understanding_nodate-1,
	title = {Understanding the public debate about trophy hunting in {China} as a rural development mechanism},
	volume = {n/a},
	copyright = {© 2020 The Zoological Society of London},
	issn = {1469-1795},
	url = {https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/acv.12638},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12638},
	abstract = {The use of trophy hunting as a wildlife management option has been a highly controversial topic, especially in southern Africa, but trophy hunting has historically also taken place also throughout Asia. In China, trophy hunting was the topic of intense public discussion more than a decade ago, leading ultimately to the suspension of this practice in 2006. Yet, this debate was dominated by urban voices, with no formal consultation of rural populations from minorities such as the Tibetan herders who previously benefited financially from commercial trophy hunting acting as guides and who are also concerned about the negative impact of rising blue sheep numbers on livestock grazing. We used a discrete choice experiment econometric method to better understand the trade-offs made by both urban and rural populations across China in relation trophy hunting as a rural development and wildlife management tool. We find that trophy hunting is supported by the majority of rural residents but opposed by most urban residents, although there is heterogeneity within both these groups. We recommend that policy-making in this realm should be informed by a better understanding of the preferences of different stakeholders, including the local people who bear the costs of living with wildlife.},
	language = {en},
	number = {n/a},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Animal Conservation},
	author = {Zhou, X. and MacMillan, D. C. and Zhang, W. and Wang, Q. and Jin, Y. and Verissimo, D.},
	note = {\_eprint: https://zslpublications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/acv.12638},
	keywords = {Blue sheep, Community participation, Sustainable development, Tibet, Ungulate, Wildlife conservation},
	file = {Snapshot:files/2105/acv.html:text/html},
}

@article{nogueira_wildlife_2011-3,
	title = {Wildlife farming: an alternative to unsustainable hunting and deforestation in {Neotropical} forests?},
	volume = {20},
	issn = {1572-9710},
	shorttitle = {Wildlife farming},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-011-0047-7},
	doi = {10.1007/s10531-011-0047-7},
	abstract = {Wild animals have been a source of food and income through subsistence hunting by forest-dwelling people in Neotropical countries in spite of the fact that hunting appears to be unsustainable as it leads to the depletion of wild fauna. Laws in Brazil and other Latin American countries forbid hunting but allow the commercial use of captive-bred animals. Notwithstanding the fact that this is a controversial topic among conservationists, in this paper we propose that wildlife farming in the Neotropics can be an alternative to the over-hunting and deforestation that are carried out for the production of traditional food and pastures for livestock. This review sets out this proposal, and discusses the implications for tropical forest integrity and rural population dependency on forest resources. We discuss the ecological and economical advantages of wildlife farming and its constraints as a conservation tool, using collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) farming in the Amazon region as a model. Productivity levels may reach 19,000 times higher than those obtained from the management of peccaries from forests in the Amazon region. This can be achieved with an easily obtainable diet composed of forest fruits and locally available agricultural by-products. Therefore, establishing captive management programs for peccaries is an effective way of avoiding wild stock depletion, deforestation, and guaranteeing the livelihood of forest dwellers in the Neotropics. However, it is essential that governmental and/or non-governmental agencies be involved in providing subsides to establish peccary farms, provide technical assistance, and introducing peccary captive breeding centers to supply founder stock.},
	language = {en},
	number = {7},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Biodivers Conserv},
	author = {Nogueira, Selene S. C. and Nogueira-Filho, Sérgio L. G.},
	month = jun,
	year = {2011},
	pages = {1385--1397},
}

@article{van_velden_bushmeat_2020-1,
	title = {Bushmeat hunting and consumption is a pervasive issue in {African} savannahs: insights from four protected areas in {Malawi}},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {1572-9710},
	shorttitle = {Bushmeat hunting and consumption is a pervasive issue in {African} savannahs},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-020-01944-4},
	doi = {10.1007/s10531-020-01944-4},
	abstract = {The hunting and consumption of wild meat (bushmeat) is recognized as a key threat to the world’s biodiversity and there are indications this threat may extend to much of the African continent. However, this problem is understudied in African savannah systems—particularly in southern Africa. Due to its illicit nature, little research on the drivers behind hunting and consumption exists, especially using methods appropriate to the topic’s sensitivity. We explored the prevalence of hunting and consumption of wild meat in the low-income country of Malawi, by conducting 1562 interviews in communities neighbouring four different protected areas. We identified characteristics of households illegally hunting and consuming wild meat, using the unmatched count technique and socio-demographic variables in linear models. Consumption had a higher prevalence than hunting, reaching up to 39\% of the population, while 4–19\% of the population engaged in hunting. Consumption was more prevalent in poorer households, while hunting was more prevalent in wealthier households. Increased involvement in community projects initiated by protected areas did not always lead to reduced consumption or hunting, including at protected areas with substantial outside investment, indicating these projects need a clearer link to conservation outcomes. A preference for the taste of wild meat and for added diversity in diet were key drivers of consumption, whereas hunting was primarily motivated by the need for income. Our results highlight the disparity between drivers of hunting and consumption of wild meat and the pervasive nature of this threat, despite considerable investment into community projects and enforcement.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Biodivers Conserv},
	author = {van Velden, Julia L. and Wilson, Kerrie and Lindsey, Peter A. and McCallum, Hamish and Moyo, Boyson H. Z. and Biggs, Duan},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1443--1464},
}

@article{tagg_long-term_2020-1,
	title = {Long-term trends in wildlife community structure and functional diversity in a village hunting zone in southeast {Cameroon}},
	volume = {29},
	issn = {1572-9710},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-019-01899-1},
	doi = {10.1007/s10531-019-01899-1},
	abstract = {Hunting may be the greatest threat to wildlife populations across the Congo basin. Large-bodied species are the most vulnerable; alterations in assemblages of such keystone species can affect many important ecological functions. There may be a reduction or loss of ecological services, such as seed dispersal. Monitoring functional diversity within a wildlife community alongside descriptions of wildlife community structure (abundances and species richness) increases understanding of how well a system can withstand disturbance, or recover following it (i.e., its ecological resilience). Between 2002 and 2016, changes in wildlife abundance and diversity of functional traits related to resource use and energy flow were monitored in a tropical forest wildlife community in southeast Cameroon, where hunting activities have escalated in the last decade. Wildlife abundances significantly decreased by 2009, and species richness and functional diversity declined by 2016. This reduction in functional diversity suggests that the wildlife community has been considerably altered, compromising ecological functions, and indicating the start of ecological decay. The study found a significant reduction in keystone species, such as great apes and elephants, suggesting that their decline as a result of hunting is leading to ecological imbalance. The results suggest that, beyond a certain threshold of wildlife decline, wildlife community collapse and ecological decay are likely. Identifying such thresholds can inform sustainable wildlife management and help monitor the health or integrity of the ecosystem, and its ability to provide globally significant ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration and storage.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Biodivers Conserv},
	author = {Tagg, Nikki and Kuenbou, Jacques Keumo and Laméris, Daan Willem and Meigang, Fany Michelle Kamkeng and Kekeunou, Sévilor and Epanda, Manfred Aimé and Dupain, Jef and Mbohli, Donald and Redmond, Ian and Willie, Jacob},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {571--590},
}

@article{nijman_over-exploitation_2012,
	title = {Over-exploitation and illegal trade of reptiles in {Indonesia}},
	volume = {22},
	abstract = {We report on the commercial trade in three reptile species harvested for different purposes in western Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan) for international markets: (1) Tokay geckos, Gekko gecko, traded for medicinal uses, (2) Javan filesnakes, Acrochordus javanicus,
harvested for skins, and (3) Asiatic softshell turtles, Amyda cartilaginea, harvested for meat; each species is also exploited for the pet trade, but to a lesser extent. All three species are harvested from wild populations. None of these species are protected by Indonesian law, but
there is a national harvest and export quota system in place to prevent overexploitation. For each species, we collected data from catchers, middlemen and exporters on harvest volumes, catching locales, turn-over and prices, and compared these figures with the quota allocated by the Indonesian
authorities. The trade in G. gecko from Central and East Java (3 traders, 2006) amounts to around 1.2 million individuals annually, greatly exceeding the national quota of 50,000 G. gecko for the entire year and representing a monetary value for exporters of around one million
USD / year. The annual trade in A. javanicus (in five cities in East and South Kalimantan, and North Sumatra, Riau (central Sumatra) and South Sumatra, 2005–6) was estimated at around 300,000 individuals from Kalimantan and 30,000 from Sumatra, exceeding the national quota of
200,000 individuals / year and representing a monetary value for exporters of at least three million USD / year. The trade in A. cartilaginea was monitored in three cities in North Sumatra and Riau in 1999: 200– 450,000 individuals were traded in 1998 and 1999, greatly exceeding
the national quota of 10,000, with a monetary value for exporters in excess of ten million USD / year. We conclude that implementation of wildlife trade regulations by and large are not abided by many reptile traders and are not sufficiently enforced by the Indonesian authorities. We further
note that the quota-setting process rarely involves non-detriment findings based on reliable biological information. In order for reptile trade to be sustainable in Indonesia, it is paramount that non-detriment findings are undertaken and existing regulations are sufficiently enforced.},
	number = {2},
	journal = {The Herpetological Journal},
	author = {Nijman, Vincent and Shepherd, Chris R. and {Mumpuni} and Sanders, Kate L.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2012},
	keywords = {CITES, BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION, LAW ENFORCEMENT, WILDLIFE TRADE},
	pages = {83--89},
}

@article{vliet_bushmeat_2012-1,
	title = {The bushmeat market in {Kisangani}, {Democratic} {Republic} of {Congo}: implications for conservation and food security},
	volume = {46},
	issn = {1365-3008, 0030-6053},
	shorttitle = {The bushmeat market in {Kisangani}, {Democratic} {Republic} of {Congo}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/bushmeat-market-in-kisangani-democratic-republic-of-congo-implications-for-conservation-and-food-security/9E1A7707926AFA122CBDD207A2A0FE13},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605311000202},
	abstract = {Given the important contribution of urban consumption in bushmeat trade, information on bushmeat sales in urban markets can provide valuable insights for understanding the dynamics of this trade and its implications for conservation and food security. We monitored bushmeat traded in the market of Kisangani (the provincial capital of the Province Orientale in the Democratic Republic of Congo) and compared data collected in surveys in 2002 and 2008–2009. In both periods more than two-thirds of the carcasses sold were of rodents and ungulates. From 2002 to 2008–2009 the number of carcasses increased by 44\% but the equivalent biomass by only 16\% because of a significant decrease in medium-sized species (10–50 kg) and an increase in small species ({\textless}10 kg). The number of carcasses of large species increased between the two periods and those of diurnal monkeys increased fourfold. In both periods smoked bushmeat was one of the cheapest sources of protein available year-round, together with caterpillars, which were only available during the rainy season, and pork. Prices of other domestic meat were significantly higher. This study identified an increase in the market of highly threatened species such as okapi Okapia johnstoni and small diurnal monkeys and the continued presence of protected species, and also highlights the food security role that bushmeat plays for poor urban people who cannot afford alternative sources of protein.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Vliet, Nathalie van and Nebesse, Casimir and Gambalemoke, Sylvestre and Akaibe, Dudu and Nasi, Robert},
	month = apr,
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {food security, Bushmeat trade, Democratic Republic of Congo, DRC, urban market data, wildlife conservation},
	pages = {196--203},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2111/Vliet et al. - 2012 - The bushmeat market in Kisangani, Democratic Repub.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/2112/9E1A7707926AFA122CBDD207A2A0FE13.html:text/html},
}

@article{sung_demographic_2013,
	title = {Demographic {Evidence} of {Illegal} {Harvesting} of an {Endangered} {Asian} {Turtle}},
	volume = {27},
	copyright = {© 2013 Society for Conservation Biology},
	issn = {1523-1739},
	url = {https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cobi.12102},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12102},
	abstract = {Harvesting pressure on Asian freshwater turtles is severe, and dramatic population declines of these turtles are being driven by unsustainable collection for food markets, pet trade, and traditional Chinese medicine. Populations of big-headed turtle (Platysternon megacephalum) have declined substantially across its distribution, particularly in China, because of overcollection. To understand the effects of chronic harvesting pressure on big-headed turtle populations, we examined the effects of illegal harvesting on the demography of populations in Hong Kong, where some populations still exist. We used mark-recapture methods to compare demographic characteristics between sites with harvesting histories and one site in a fully protected area. Sites with a history of illegal turtle harvesting were characterized by the absence of large adults and skewed ratios of juveniles to adults, which may have negative implications for the long-term viability of populations. These sites also had lower densities of adults and smaller adult body sizes than the protected site. Given that populations throughout most of the species’ range are heavily harvested and individuals are increasingly difficult to find in mainland China, the illegal collection of turtles from populations in Hong Kong may increase over time. Long-term monitoring of populations is essential to track effects of illegal collection, and increased patrolling is needed to help control illegal harvesting of populations, particularly in national parks. Because few, if any, other completely protected populations remain in the region, our data on an unharvested population of big-headed turtles serve as an important reference for assessing the negative consequences of harvesting on populations of stream turtles. Evidencia Demográfica de la Captura Ilegal de una Tortuga Asiática en Peligro},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	author = {Sung, Yik-Hei and Karraker, Nancy E. and Hau, Billy C. H.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {\_eprint: https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/cobi.12102},
	keywords = {overexploitation, sobreexplotación, big-headed turtle, China, overcollection, Platysternon megacephalum, sobrecolecta},
	pages = {1421--1428},
	file = {Snapshot:files/2114/cobi.html:text/html},
}

@article{zimmer-shaffer_modeling_2014,
	title = {Modeling the {Effects} of {Commercial} {Harvest} on {Population} {Growth} of {River} {Turtles}},
	volume = {13},
	issn = {1071-8443},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.2744/CCB-1109.1},
	doi = {10.2744/CCB-1109.1},
	abstract = {Commercial turtle harvest is considered one of the major contributing factors to declines in turtle populations. Few long-term studies have evaluated turtle population response to harvest and little is known about demographic rates for many turtle species. We gathered demographic rates from the literature for snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina), smooth softshells (Apalone mutica), and spiny softshells (Apalone spinifera), which are harvested in Missouri, and developed deterministic, density-independent, stage-based matrix models to assess turtle population response to plausible harvest rates we estimated from field sampling. Further, we used population modeling to determine annual harvest rates that would result in λ  =  1 for each demographic scenario. We developed one model for snapping turtles and another for both softshell species combined due to the lack of available species-specific demographic data for either softshell species. Using mean demographic rates for survival and fecundity, snapping turtle populations had a growth rate (λ) of 1.023; at minimum demographic rates λ  =  0.891 and at maximum demographic rates λ  =  1.199. When we applied plausible, field-estimated annual harvest rates under mean demographic rates, populations decreased in all instances except when harvesting only juveniles at the minimum harvest rate. At mean demographic rates, annual harvest of both adults and juveniles should be ≤ 2.3\% to maintain a stationary population (λ  =  1). For softshell turtles, λ was 0.952 at mean demographic rates, 0.838 at minimum demographic rates, and 1.163 at maximum demographic rates. Under mean and minimum demographic rates, no field-estimated harvest could be sustained, as any annual harvest rate resulted in λ \&lt; 1. For both snapping turtles and softshells, harvest was sustainable when demographic rates were at the maximum values, which are highly improbable to occur frequently: annual harvest of 16.3\% of both adult and juvenile softshells and 18.6\% of adult and juvenile snapping turtles resulted in λ ≥ 1. In both species, elasticity analyses demonstrated that adults, which are the most vulnerable to commercial harvest, were the most important segment of the population demographically. These results corroborate the findings of other studies which indicate that even low annual harvest rates may have detrimental effects on the long-term sustainability of turtle populations at localized scales.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Chelonian Conservation and Biology},
	author = {Zimmer-Shaffer, Stephanie A. and Briggler, Jeffrey T. and Millspaugh, Joshua J.},
	month = dec,
	year = {2014},
	pages = {227--236},
	file = {Snapshot:files/2116/Modeling-the-Effects-of-Commercial-Harvest-on.html:text/html},
}

@article{vega_contrasts_2013,
	title = {Contrasts in {Livelihoods} and {Protein} {Intake} between {Commercial} and {Subsistence} {Bushmeat} {Hunters} in {Two} {Villages} on {Bioko} {Island}, {Equatorial} {Guinea}},
	volume = {27},
	copyright = {© 2013 Society for Conservation Biology},
	issn = {1523-1739},
	url = {https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cobi.12067},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12067},
	abstract = {Across West and Central Africa, wildlife provides a source of food and income. We investigated the relation between bushmeat hunting and household wealth and protein consumption in 2 rural communities in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea. One village was dedicated to commercial hunting, the other trapped game primarily for food. We tested whether commercial-hunter households were nutritionally advantaged over subsistence-hunter households due to their higher income from the bushmeat trade and greater access to wild-animal protein. We conducted bushmeat-offtake surveys in both villages (captures by hunters and carcasses arriving to each village). Mammals (including threatened primates: black colobus [Colobus satanas], Preussi's guenon [Allochrocebus preussi], and russet-eared guenon [Cercopithecus erythrotis]), birds, and reptiles were hunted. The blue duiker (Philantomba monticola), giant pouched rat (Cricetomys emini), and brush-tailed porcupine (Atherurus africanus) contributed almost all the animal biomass hunted, consumed, or sold in both villages. Monkeys and Ogilbyi's duikers (Cephalophus ogilbyi) were hunted only by commercial hunters. Commercial hunters generated a mean of US\$2000/year from bushmeat sales. Households with commercial hunters were on average wealthier, generated more income, spent more money on nonessential goods, and bought more products they did not grow. By contrast, households with subsistence hunters spent less on market items, spent more on essential products, and grew more of their own food. Despite these differences, average consumption of vegetable protein and domestic meat and bushmeat protein did not differ between villages. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the socioeconomic and nutritional context of commercial and subsistence bushmeat hunting to correctly interpret ways of reducing their effects on threatened species and to enable the sustainable offtake of more productive taxa. Contrastes en el Sustento y la Ingesta de Proteínas entre Carne de Caza de Subsistencia y Comercial en Dos Aldeas en Isla Bioko, Guinea Ecuatorial},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Conservation Biology},
	author = {Vega, María Grande and Carpinetti, Bruno and Duarte, Jesús and Fa, John E.},
	year = {2013},
	note = {\_eprint: https://conbio.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/cobi.12067},
	keywords = {offtake, Bioko, extracción, gastos domésticos, household expenditure, ingesta de proteínas, protein intake, riqueza familiar, wealth},
	pages = {576--587},
	file = {Snapshot:files/2118/cobi.html:text/html},
}

@article{carpio_hunting_2017,
	title = {Hunting as a source of alien species: a {European} review},
	volume = {19},
	issn = {1573-1464},
	shorttitle = {Hunting as a source of alien species},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-016-1313-0},
	doi = {10.1007/s10530-016-1313-0},
	abstract = {Hunting activities are responsible for the translocation and restocking of millions of animals throughout Europe, including the introduction of alien species. In a context of the growing use of game translocations and of increasing concern about the impact of biological invasions, our goal is to review the role of alien species introduced primarily for hunting purposes on the European scale. In particular, we explore: (1) the relative importance of game species in the context of alien species introductions; (2) the temporal evolution of the number of species introduced for hunting purposes; (3) the contribution of different taxa; (4) the pattern of introduced game species composition across countries (in terms of similarity), and (5) the underlying human demographic factors driving the diversity of introduced game species per country. According to our results, 24.3\% of the mammals and 30.2\% of the birds introduced into Europe during the last century were released primarily for hunting purposes, in total, 93 species (63 birds and 36 mammals), the most important taxa being Artiodactyls, Anseriformes and Galliformes. The species composition differed among countries, with a higher diversity of introduced game species in larger countries and in those with a higher human population density and proportion of hunters. This review stresses that hunting was a significant pathway for the introduction of invasive species into Europe in the last century. Since some of the game species introduced have had severe environmental impacts on many European regions, and introductions of non-native game species are still occurring, it is essential to improve regulations and increase public awareness regarding invasive game animals. This will help to preserve biodiversity and improve the sustainability of current hunting schemes in increasingly managed European ecosystems.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Biol Invasions},
	author = {Carpio, Antonio J. and Guerrero-Casado, José and Barasona, José A. and Tortosa, Francisco S. and Vicente, Joaquín and Hillström, Lars and Delibes-Mateos, Miguel},
	month = apr,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {1197--1211},
}

@article{amavet_mating_2012,
	title = {Mating system and population analysis of the broad-snouted caiman ({Caiman} latirostris) using microsatellite markers},
	volume = {33},
	issn = {1568-5381, 0173-5373},
	url = {https://brill.com/view/journals/amre/33/1/article-p83_8.xml},
	doi = {10.1163/156853812X624423},
	abstract = {{\textless}section class="abstract"{\textgreater}{\textless}p{\textgreater}
 The knowledge about reproductive strategies of a species contributes to their conservation. Multiple paternity is a reproductive behavior increasing effective population size, which could increase genetic diversity particularly in populations submitted to bottlenecks events. In Argentina, wild populations of {\textless}em{\textgreater}Caiman latirostris{\textless}/em{\textgreater} are subject of a management plan devoted to their preservation and sustainable utilization based on its commercial interest. This program started in response to the evident numeric reduction of the populations, as a consequence of hunting pressure and habitat modification; it had a remarkable success in population recovery allowing the commercial use of {\textless}em{\textgreater}C. latirostris{\textless}/em{\textgreater}. Data on reproductive behavior of {\textless}em{\textgreater}C. latirostris{\textless}/em{\textgreater} are limited because mating occurs in the water and the information about their genetic diversity is scarce too. Our specific aims were to study the mating system and population genetic structure applying microsatellite markers in twelve {\textless}em{\textgreater}C. latirostris{\textless}/em{\textgreater} families. The obtained results showed highly significant difference among populations and a lack of correspondence between geographical distance and genetic differentiation suggesting that populations of {\textless}em{\textgreater}C. latirostris{\textless}/em{\textgreater} represent unstable metapopulations. In the paternity analysis was detected more than one father in two nests, which could be explained by capacity of storage sperm, proposed in females of a related species. The behavior of multipaternity could contribute to maintain viable populations of {\textless}em{\textgreater}C. latirostris{\textless}/em{\textgreater}, since the maintenance of genetic variability within populations could help increase their capacity to respond to selective pressure. Further studies employing genetic and behavioral framework are needed to better understand the reproductive biology of {\textless}em{\textgreater}C. latirostris{\textless}/em{\textgreater}.
{\textless}/p{\textgreater}{\textless}/section{\textgreater}},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Amphibia-Reptilia},
	author = {Amavet, Patricia Susana and Vilardi, Juan César and Rueda, Eva Carolina and Larriera, Alejandro and Saidman, Beatriz Ofelia},
	month = jan,
	year = {2012},
	note = {Publisher: Brill
Section: Amphibia-Reptilia},
	pages = {83--93},
	file = {Snapshot:files/2121/article-p83_8.html:text/html},
}

@article{cajaiba_wild_2015,
	title = {Wild animals used as food resource in rural settlements in the municipality of {Uruará}, {Pará}, {Brazil}.},
	volume = {34},
	issn = {1518-952X},
	url = {https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20153319975},
	abstract = {The consumption of hunting animals is of fundamental importance for human subsistence in different tropical areas. Knowing the chosen species, the techniques of capture and the quantity are fundamental aspects to understand how to use and the degree of threat of hunting on each wild species. In this perspective, the objective of this work was to record the wild animal species most commonly used...},
	language = {Portuguese},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Desenvolvimento e Meio Ambiente},
	author = {Cajaiba, R. L. and Silva, W. B. da and Piovesan, P. R. R.},
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Universidade Federal do Paraná},
	pages = {157--168},
}

@article{de_souza_alcantara_effects_2013,
	title = {Effects of the {Hydrological} {Cycle} and {Human} {Settlements} on the {Population} {Status} of {Podocnemis} unifilis ({Testudines}: {Podocnemididae}) in the {Xingu} {River}, {Brazil}},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {1071-8443},
	shorttitle = {Effects of the {Hydrological} {Cycle} and {Human} {Settlements} on the {Population} {Status} of {Podocnemis} unifilis ({Testudines}},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.2744/CCB-0954.1},
	doi = {10.2744/CCB-0954.1},
	abstract = {Podocnemis unifilis is found throughout the Amazon basin, where it has been harvested as a highly valued source of animal protein since precolonial times. Harvesting rates are also lower during the flooding season due to the availability of habitat for turtle dispersal. This study investigated the effects of the hydrological cycle and human impacts on the abundance and population structure of the species on the middle Xingu River between September 2007 and March 2008. The highest density of basking turtles was recorded during the flooding period, while the number of specimens captured in hand nets was greater during low water. Density and capture rates varied positively with increasing distance from Altamira, the study area's main urban center. Consequently, the abundance of P. unifilis was affected negatively by proximity to urban centers. In the Great Bend area of the Xingu River, densities and abundance were lower, and the mean size of the animals was smaller. These results likely reflect the effects on local stocks of the presence of local gold-prospecting operations and, thus, more harvesting pressure on the P. unifilis population. The sex ratio was biased in favor of males (1.90∶1), possibly as a result of preferential harvesting of females, which are larger in size than males and are often laden with eggs. Further long-term studies are needed to better understand the impact of anthropogenic pressures on long-lived organisms such as turtles. In addition, such information would aid the ecological sustainability of turtles in the Amazon Basin that provide rural communities with subsistence resource.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Chelonian Conservation and Biology},
	author = {de Souza Alcântara, Aderson and da Silva, Daniely Félix and Pezzuti, Juarez Carlos Brito},
	month = jul,
	year = {2013},
	pages = {134--142},
	file = {Snapshot:files/2124/Effects-of-the-Hydrological-Cycle-and-Human.html:text/html},
}

@article{moore_growth_nodate,
	title = {{GROWTH} {AND} {VIABILITY} {OF} {A} {TRANSLOCATED} {POPULATION} {OF} {ALLIGATOR} {SNAPPING} {TURTLES} ({MACROCHELYS} {TEMMINCKII})},
	abstract = {Exploited for food, traditional medicine, and pets, many turtle populations have been over-harvested or even extirpated from historic ranges. Most turtles possess life-history characteristics that complicate conservation efforts. These characteristics include delayed sexual maturity and high embryo and juvenile predation rates. Restoration strategies include nest protection, head-starting, and translocations. We examined short-term results of these strategies on a reintroduced population of Alligator Snapping Turtles (Macrochelys temminckii) in southern Oklahoma. We released 16 hatchery-raised juveniles and 249 adult M. temminckii into pools adjacent to the Washita River near Lake Texoma on the border of Texas and Oklahoma, USA. We tracked mortality and conducted nest searches to document factors related to population sustainability. We used hoop nets to recapture individuals and track growth. We confirmed seven mortalities during 2007 and none in 2008. In 2007 we located eight nests, all of which were depredated, and 18 nests in 2008, one of which was detected before depredation and successfully protected until hatching. We compared growth rates of released juveniles and members of the same cohort that were kept in captivity. There was no significant difference in dimensional growth, but released juveniles gained more weight than those retained at the hatchery.},
	language = {en},
	journal = {Herpetological Conservation and Biology},
	author = {Moore, Daniel B and Ligon, Day B and Fillmore, Brian M and Fox, Stanley F},
	pages = {9},
	file = {Moore et al. - GROWTH AND VIABILITY OF A TRANSLOCATED POPULATION .pdf:files/2125/Moore et al. - GROWTH AND VIABILITY OF A TRANSLOCATED POPULATION .pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{dcruze_searching_2020,
	title = {Searching for snakes: ball python hunting in southern {Togo}, {West} {Africa}},
	volume = {38},
	issn = {1314-6947},
	shorttitle = {Searching for snakes},
	url = {https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8db88acb-ec99-48e6-bb0b-4085816a0ec8},
	abstract = {The ball python (Python regius) is the single most exported live CITES listed species from Africa, with a large proportion of snakes being sourced from Togo, West Africa, officially via a system considered nationally as “ranching”. This study represents the first in-depth review of ball python hunting being carried out by rural communities in Togo for nearly 15 years. Our approach, focused at the bottom of the trade chain, permitted extensive detailed data to be collected from hunters, and provides a unique insight into the practices, drivers and impacts associated with this type of large-scale commercial wildlife trade activity. We show that ball python hunting remains an economically valuable endeavour for these rural hunters. However, it also highlights a number of potential legal, conservation and animal welfare issues associated with the current hunting practices being carried out in Togo (and neighbouring range States) to supply the snake farms and ultimately the international exotic pet trade. Our findings suggest that the methods applied on the ground do not accurately reflect those being reported to national authorities and international regulatory mechanisms such as CITES. This irregular, if not illegal, trade may also be unsustainable, as suggested by hunters reporting that there are fewer ball pythons in the wild than there were five years previously. We recommend that additional scientific investigation (focusing on the size and status of the wild population), better management, and enforcement of regulations, are required to ensure that ball python populations are managed in a sustainable, legal and traceable way.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Nature Conservation},
	author = {D'Cruze, N. and Harrington, L. and Assou, D. and Ronfot, D. and Macdonald, D. W. and Segniagbeto, G. H. and Auliya, M.},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Pensoft Publishers},
	file = {Snapshot:files/2128/uuid8db88acb-ec99-48e6-bb0b-4085816a0ec8.html:text/html},
}

@article{saalfeld_nest_2012,
	title = {Nest success and hatchling survival of {American} alligators within inland wetlands of east {Texas}},
	volume = {76},
	copyright = {Copyright © The Wildlife Society, 2012},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.413},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.413},
	abstract = {Because of liberalization of American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) harvest management in Texas, estimates of nest success and hatchling survival for inland populations are essential for long-term, sustainable population and harvest management. To date, few studies have examined American alligator nest success and hatchling survival. We initiated a 3-year study from 2006 to 2008 to document alligator nest success and hatchling survival within several wetlands in east Texas. From June 2006 to August 2008, we located 30 nests from 3 wetlands within east Texas, where overall nest success was 44.2\% (95\% CI = 25.1–63.1\%), irrespective of year. Nest circumference and day during the nesting season exerted the greatest influence on nest success. Additionally, from August 2006 to August 2008 we captured, marked, and released 271 hatchling alligators at Little Sandy National Wildlife Refuge, and recaptured an additional 192 hatchling alligators during this time. We estimated yearly apparent survival at 6.0\% (95\% CI = 2.0–14.6\%) for hatchling alligators born in 2006 and 43.0\% (95\% CI = 28.4–57.8\%) for those hatched in 2007. Variation in nest success and hatchling survival was likely attributed to fluctuating water levels and habitat management practices. Alligator harvest regulations need to account for variability in nest success and hatchling survival by including site-specific estimates of these metrics into harvest models. Failing to account for spatial and temporal variation in nest success and hatchling survival may result in unsustainable harvest and/or overharvest. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Saalfeld, David T. and Conway, Warren C. and Calkins, Gary E.},
	year = {2012},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.413},
	keywords = {nest success, harvest models, Alligator mississippiensis, American alligator, hatchling survival, Texas},
	pages = {1568--1575},
	file = {Snapshot:files/2130/jwmg.html:text/html;Submitted Version:files/2131/Saalfeld et al. - 2012 - Nest success and hatchling survival of American al.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{latinne_characterizing_2020,
	title = {Characterizing and quantifying the wildlife trade network in {Sulawesi}, {Indonesia}},
	volume = {21},
	issn = {2351-9894},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235198941930678X},
	doi = {10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00887},
	abstract = {The island of Sulawesi in Indonesia is an important site for the wildlife trade that is currently undergoing rapid exploitation of its local fauna to supply wild meat markets of North Sulawesi. In this study, we used field surveys, ethnographic interviews, and daily counts in markets to document species of terrestrial wildlife on sale in North Sulawesi markets, and to identify the hunting sites, practices, and key actors within the wildlife trade. We quantify the volume of wild meat traded and their prices, with a particular focus on the flying fox trade. Wildlife meat was routinely available for sale in 73\% of the markets and supermarkets surveyed in North Sulawesi. The wildlife taxa most commonly found in these markets were flying foxes, wild pigs, rats and snakes. Wildlife hunting and trade networks extend to all provinces of the island through a well-organized, dynamic and easy to access network involving many actors. We identified 45 flying fox roosts in Sulawesi, 38 of which were under active hunting pressure. A third of the active hunting sites are located in Southeast Sulawesi, which acts as a hub for bat hunting and trade. We estimate that the number of flying foxes annually traded in Sulawesi ranges from 662,551 to more than one million individuals and conclude that current rates of flying fox harvest are unstainable. Stricter law enforcement, implementation of hunting quotas, and further research efforts are therefore urgently needed to improve the sustainability of the wildlife trade in Sulawesi.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Global Ecology and Conservation},
	author = {Latinne, Alice and Saputro, Suryo and Kalengkongan, Jusuf and Kowel, Citra Livi and Gaghiwu, Lidia and Ransaleleh, Tiltje Andretha and Nangoy, Meis Jacinta and Wahyuni, Indyah and Kusumaningrum, Tina and Safari, Dodi and Feferholtz, Yasha and Li, Hongying and Hagan, Emily and Miller, Maureen and Francisco, Leilani and Daszak, Peter and Olival, Kevin J. and Pamungkas, Joko},
	month = mar,
	year = {2020},
	keywords = {Hunting, Flying foxes, Indonesia, Sulawesi, Wildlife markets, Wildlife trade},
	pages = {e00887},
	file = {ScienceDirect Full Text PDF:files/2133/Latinne et al. - 2020 - Characterizing and quantifying the wildlife trade .pdf:application/pdf;ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/2134/S235198941930678X.html:text/html},
}

@article{jo_history_2017,
	title = {History and {Current} {Status} of {Invasive} {Nutria} and {Common} {Muskrat} in {Korea}},
	volume = {37},
	issn = {1943-6246},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-016-0867-z},
	doi = {10.1007/s13157-016-0867-z},
	abstract = {Nutria, or coypu (Myocastor coypus), were introduced to South Korea in 1985 and became an invasive species in the late 1990s. Despite being limited to the Nacdong River system, the nutria population is well established there. The common muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus) invaded North Korea via the Russian and Chinese borders during the 1960s, but the species is still confined to the extreme northeastern portion. In South Korea, muskrats were introduced in 2005. Although muskrat farms are not commercially viable, they have increased. Since 2009, local and federal governments have tried to remove nutria using trappers and bounty hunting. From 2011 to 2015, 11,258 nutrias were removed but a sustainable population still exists. Although complete nutria removal has been achieved in other countries, the eradication campaign in South Korea has not been strictly modeled on these successes. Despite the concern about muskrats, prevention against their possible release has never been implemented. We present the history of nutria and muskrat in Korea and examine the current eradication projects. We propose that unified science-based eradication strategies would be the most likely to succeed, and urge the South Korean government to initiate management designed to avert potentially harmful ecosystem effects of invasive muskrats.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Wetlands},
	author = {Jo, Yeong-Seok and Derbridge, Jonathan J. and Baccus, John T.},
	month = apr,
	year = {2017},
	pages = {363--369},
}

@article{eversole_theoretical_2018,
	title = {A {Theoretical} {Population} and {Harvest} {Model} for {American} {Alligators} ({Alligator} mississippiensis)},
	volume = {32},
	issn = {0733-1347},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1655/HERPMONOGRAPHS-D-17-00005},
	doi = {10.1655/HERPMONOGRAPHS-D-17-00005},
	abstract = {The American Alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) is a crocodilian species that was once listed as endangered in the United States but is now harvested both recreationally and commercially throughout its range in the southeastern United States. Harvest of alligators typically includes egg collecting and hunting. However, review of scientific literature reveals that the effects of harvest on alligator populations have received little scientific scrutiny. We built a theoretical simulation model to evaluate the impact of several harvest strategies on long-term (i.e., 100 yr) alligator population trends. We used system dynamics software to develop the model and acquired data for the model from literature and field studies on alligator ecology. Although widely applicable across the species range and for other crocodilians, we used the Texas alligator management program as an example for model use. Results of model simulations showed that current harvest (50\% egg harvest, 2\% subadult harvest, 2\% adult harvest) is sustainable, but alligator populations will stabilize at levels below population potential. The best harvest scenario for a sustainable harvest that maintains alligator populations at a relatively unchanging level is a 38\% egg harvest, 2\% subadult harvest, and 2\% adult harvest. An elevated egg harvest (80\%) can be sustained if no hunting harvest occurs. Contrarily, an increased hunting harvest (4\% subadult, 4\% adult) can be sustained with no egg harvest. This model identifies the function of current alligator harvest within populations and provides a tool for future use in determining the effect of changes in harvest or life-history characteristics on alligator population dynamics.},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Herpetological Monographs},
	author = {Eversole, Cord B. and Henke, Scott E. and Turner, Benjamin L. and Glasscock, Selma N. and Powell, Randy L. and Wester, David B. and Ballard, Bart M.},
	month = sep,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {22--33},
	file = {Snapshot:files/2137/A-Theoretical-Population-and-Harvest-Model-for.html:text/html},
}

@article{corey_commercial_2018,
	title = {Commercial harvests of saltwater crocodile \textit{{Crocodylus} porosus} eggs by {Indigenous} people in northern {Australia}: lessons for long-term viability and management},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	shorttitle = {Commercial harvests of saltwater crocodile \textit{{Crocodylus} porosus} eggs by {Indigenous} people in northern {Australia}},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0030605317000217/type/journal_article},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605317000217},
	abstract = {Abstract
            
              Sustainable commercial use of native wildlife is an alternative economic means of land use by Indigenous people in remote rural areas. This situation applies within large tracts of land owned by Indigenous people across northern Australia. The commercial use of saltwater crocodiles
              Crocodylus porosus
              is a growing industry in Australia's Northern Territory. Although Indigenous people sell crocodile eggs and hatchlings, the majority of harvesting and incubation is done by non-indigenous people from less remote areas. One Indigenous community has been heavily involved in this industry and now manages its own harvest and incubation programme. We present a case study of this programme, which has transitioned from outside agencies managing the harvest, to complete local ownership and management. Egg harvests and incubation success rates declined by 40\% following the switch to local management. Income increased, as did production costs; in particular, royalty payments made to Indigenous landowners. The declines reflect the community's motives for engaging in the industry, which have been socially rather than commercially driven, and damage to nesting habitat by feral animals. The increase in royalties reflects the need to compete with non-indigenous harvesters from outside the township, who are strictly commercially driven. Harvesting, incubation and trade in crocodile eggs and hatchlings can form a viable and sustainable enterprise for remote Indigenous communities. However, efficiency needs to be improved to fulfil the need for a reliable and dependable supply chain, and regulatory institutions should give Indigenous harvesters sufficient freedom to pursue innovative and viable livelihood options.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Corey, B. and Webb, G.J.W and Manolis, S.C. and Fordham, A. and Austin, B.J. and Fukuda, Y. and Nicholls, D. and Saalfeld, K.},
	month = oct,
	year = {2018},
	pages = {697--708},
	file = {Corey et al. - 2018 - Commercial harvests of saltwater crocodile Croc.pdf:files/2138/Corey et al. - 2018 - Commercial harvests of saltwater crocodile Croc.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{henden_end-user_2020,
	title = {End-user involvement to improve predictions and management of populations with complex dynamics and multiple drivers},
	volume = {30},
	copyright = {© 2020 The Authors. Ecological Applications published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Ecological Society of America},
	issn = {1939-5582},
	url = {https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/eap.2120},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2120},
	abstract = {Sustainable management of wildlife populations can be aided by building models that both identify current drivers of natural dynamics and provide near-term predictions of future states. We employed a Strategic Foresight Protocol (SFP) involving stakeholders to decide the purpose and structure of a dynamic state-space model for the population dynamics of the Willow Ptarmigan, a popular game species in Norway. Based on local knowledge of stakeholders, it was decided that the model should include food web interactions and climatic drivers to provide explanatory predictions. Modeling confirmed observations from stakeholders that climate change impacts Ptarmigan populations negatively through intensified outbreaks of insect defoliators and later onset of winter. Stakeholders also decided that the model should provide anticipatory predictions. The ability to forecast population density ahead of the harvest season was valued by the stakeholders as it provides the management extra time to consider appropriate harvest regulations and communicate with hunters prior to the hunting season. Overall, exploring potential drivers and predicting short-term future states, facilitate collaborative learning and refined data collection, monitoring designs, and management priorities. Our experience from adapting a SFP to a management target with inherently complex dynamics and drivers of environmental change, is that an open, flexible, and iterative process, rather than a rigid step-wise protocol, facilitates rapid learning, trust, and legitimacy.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Ecological Applications},
	author = {Henden, John-André and Ims, Rolf A. and Yoccoz, Nigel G. and Asbjørnsen, Einar J. and Stien, Audun and Mellard, Jarad Pope and Tveraa, Torkild and Marolla, Filippo and Jepsen, Jane Uhd},
	year = {2020},
	note = {\_eprint: https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/eap.2120},
	keywords = {climate change, decision-making, food web, harvesting, near-term forecasting, population cycles, stakeholders, strategic foresight},
	pages = {e02120},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2142/Henden et al. - 2020 - End-user involvement to improve predictions and ma.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/2143/eap.html:text/html},
}

@article{rivera-milan_monitoring_2020,
	title = {Monitoring, modeling and harvest management of non-native invasive green iguanas on {Grand} {Cayman}, {Cayman} {Islands}},
	volume = {22},
	issn = {1573-1464},
	url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-020-02233-5},
	doi = {10.1007/s10530-020-02233-5},
	abstract = {The green iguana (Iguana iguana) was most likely introduced as a pet and became overabundant during the last 20 years on Grand Cayman. Because negative impacts were unmanageable (e.g., damage to buildings and other infrastructure), a harvest management strategy was developed and implemented, and over 874,252 green iguanas were removed between October 2018 and August 2019. Distance sampling surveys were conducted to estimate abundance in February 2019 and annually in August 2014–2019. Abundance estimates were used to develop a Bayesian state-space logistic model, generate the posterior distributions of population and harvest management parameters, and make future predictions of abundance for August 2020–2030. Abundance increased over fivefold between August 2014 and 2018, from an average of 254,162 to 1,319,939 green iguanas. However, after harvesting for 5 months, abundance declined to an average of 600,113 green iguanas in February 2019; and after 11 months, abundance declined to an average of 103,020 green iguanas in August 2019. Maximum population growth rate averaged 1.552, carrying capacity averaged 1,611,013, equilibrium abundance averaged 805,506, maximum sustainable total harvest averaged 628,491, and maximum sustainable harvest rate averaged 0.776. With harvest rates between 0.600 and 0.800, predicted abundance averaged 28,751 green iguanas for August 2020–2030. However, harvest mortality may have unforeseen outcomes due to the release from density dependence and overcompensation through high survival and fecundity rates. Because natural resource managers have partial control over harvesting and incomplete understanding of green iguana population dynamics, monitoring and modeling are essential to assess population response and guide harvest management decisions.},
	language = {en},
	number = {6},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Biol Invasions},
	author = {Rivera-Milán, Frank F. and Haakonsson, Jane},
	month = jun,
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1879--1888},
	file = {Springer Full Text PDF:files/2145/Rivera-Milán and Haakonsson - 2020 - Monitoring, modeling and harvest management of non.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{kanmiki_out--pocket_2019,
	title = {Out-of-pocket payment for primary healthcare in the era of national health insurance: {Evidence} from northern {Ghana}},
	volume = {14},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	shorttitle = {Out-of-pocket payment for primary healthcare in the era of national health insurance},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0221146},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0221146},
	abstract = {Background Ghana introduced a national health insurance program in 2005 with the goal of removing user fees, popularly called “cash and carry”, along with their associated catastrophic and impoverishment effects on the population and ensuring access to equitable health care. However, after a decade of implementation, the impact of this program on user fees and out-of-pocket payment (OOP) is not properly documented. This paper contributes to understanding the impact of Ghana’s health insurance program on out-of-pocket healthcare payments and the factors associated with the level of out-of-pocket payments for primary healthcare in a predominantly rural region of Ghana. Methods Using a five-year panel data of revenues accruing to public primary health facilities in seven districts, We employed mean comparison tests (t-test) to examine the trend in revenues accruing from out-of-pocket payments vis-à-vis health insurance claims for health services, medication, and obstetric care. Furthermore, generalized estimation equation regression models were used to assess the relationship between explanatory variables and the level of out-of-pocket payments and health insurance claims. Results Out-of-pocket payment for health services and medications declined by 63\% and 62\% respectively between 2010 and 2014. Insurance claims however increased by 16\% within the same period. There was statistically a significant mean reduction in out-of-pocket payment over the period. Factors significantly associated with out-of-pocket payments in a given district are the number of community health facilities, availability of a district hospital and the year of observation. Conclusion The study provides evidence that Ghana’s national health insurance program is significantly contributing to a reduction in out-of-pocket payment for primary healthcare in public health facilities. Efforts should therefore be put in place to ensure the sustainability of this policy as a major pathway for achieving universal health coverage in Ghana.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Kanmiki, Edmund Wedam and Bawah, Ayaga A. and Phillips, James F. and Awoonor-Williams, John Koku and Kachur, S. Patrick and Asuming, Patrick O. and Agula, Caesar and Akazili, James},
	month = aug,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
	keywords = {Ghana, Finance, Health care facilities, Health care policy, Health economics, Health insurance, Obstetrics and gynecology, Socioeconomic aspects of health},
	pages = {e0221146},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2147/Kanmiki et al. - 2019 - Out-of-pocket payment for primary healthcare in th.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/2148/article.html:text/html},
}

@article{rachmansah_population_2020,
	title = {Population dynamics and biological feasibility of sustainable harvesting as a conservation strategy for tropical and temperate freshwater turtles},
	volume = {15},
	issn = {1932-6203},
	url = {https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0229689},
	doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0229689},
	abstract = {Background Conservation strategies are urgently needed for tropical turtles that are increasingly threatened by unsustainable exploitation. Studies conducted exclusively in temperate zones have revealed that typical turtle life history traits (including delayed sexual maturity and high adult survivorship) make sustainable harvest programs an unviable strategy for turtle conservation. However, most turtles are tropical in distribution and the tropics have higher, more constant and more extended ambient temperature regimes that, in general, are more favorable for population growth. Methods To estimate the capacity of temperate and tropical turtles to sustain harvest, we synthesized life-history traits from 165 predominantly freshwater turtle species in 12 families (Carettochelydae, Chelidae, Chelydridae, Dermatemydidae, Emydidae, Geoemydidae, Kinosternidae, Pelomedusidae, Platysternidae, Podocnemididae, Staurotypidae and Trionychidae). The influence of climate variables and latitude on turtle life-history traits (clutch size, clutch frequency, age at sexual maturity, and annual adult survival) were examined using Generalized Additive Models. The biological feasibility of sustainable harvest in temperate and tropical species was evaluated using a sensitivity analysis of population growth rates obtained from stage-structured matrix population models. Results Turtles at low latitudes (tropical zones) exhibit smaller clutch sizes, higher clutch frequency, and earlier age at sexual maturity than those at high latitudes (temperate zones). Adult survival increased weakly with latitude and declined significantly with increasing bioclimatic temperature (mean temperature of warmest quarter). A modeling synthesis of these data indicates that the interplay of life-history traits does not create higher harvest opportunity in adults of tropical species. Yet, we found potential for sustainable exploitation of eggs in tropical species. Conclusions Sustainable harvest as a conservation strategy for tropical turtles appears to be as biologically problematic as in temperature zones and likely only possible if the focus is on limited harvest of eggs. Further studies are urgently needed to understand how the predicted population surplus in early life stages can be most effectively incorporated into conservation programs for tropical turtles.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {PLOS ONE},
	author = {Rachmansah, Angga and Norris, Darren and Gibbs, James P.},
	month = feb,
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Public Library of Science},
	keywords = {Bird eggs, Clutches, Eggs, Fresh water, Latitude, Population growth, Sustainable agriculture, Turtles},
	pages = {e0229689},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2150/Rachmansah et al. - 2020 - Population dynamics and biological feasibility of .pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{mohd_jani_ban_2020,
	title = {To {Ban} or {Not} to {Ban}? {Reviewing} an {Ongoing} {Dilemma} on {Sea} {Turtle} {Egg} {Trade} in {Terengganu}, {Malaysia}},
	volume = {6},
	issn = {2296-7745},
	shorttitle = {To {Ban} or {Not} to {Ban}?},
	url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2019.00762/full},
	doi = {10.3389/fmars.2019.00762},
	abstract = {Legal sea turtle and egg trade remains a reality in many countries where conservation of this marine endangered species does exist. This duality is a conflict to some who appeal for a total trade ban, which may have implications on local livelihoods. Using the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach, this paper considers the dilemma by empirically examining the context of the state’s legislation, particularly the Terengganu Turtle Enactment (TTE) and its “haves” - what is legally provided on paper, the available capitals in hand and the actual implementation carried out in practice - to elucidate whether the trade ban is indeed the immediate solution for improving sea turtle conservation in the state of Terengganu, Malaysia, an important rookery in Southeast Asia. Findings based on data collected through extensive archival research and in-depth interviews with officers of the state who manage sea turtles as well as those whose past and current livelihoods depend on the trade indicate that: (1) sea turtles are a transformative natural capital that the Terengganu legislation sophisticatedly supports on paper via a pro-conservation concession system; (2) in putting paper into practice, those involved in its implementation have strategically mobilised available resources to achieve a balanced outcome between conservation and livelihood; (3) institutional absenteeism, financial handicap and ambiguous legal protection status of nesting beaches are issues that need addressing to fulfil the true potential of this legislation. However, a better conservation outcome is administratively possible via a full conservation-concession system that lists all beaches under the TTE to ensure the sustainability of sea turtles and local livelihoods, in preparation for the ultimate long-term goal: a total conservation framework via a trade ban without which conservation of the species remain precarious not only at state but also at national and regional levels.},
	language = {English},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Front. Mar. Sci.},
	author = {Mohd Jani, Jarina and Jamalludin, Muhammad Allim and Long, Seh Ling},
	year = {2020},
	note = {Publisher: Frontiers},
	keywords = {Sea turtle conservation, southeast asia, Sustainable livelihoods approach, Terengganu, Trade ban, turtle egg concession},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2152/Mohd Jani et al. - 2020 - To Ban or Not to Ban Reviewing an Ongoing Dilemma.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{yen_conservation_2015,
	series = {Neuroscience * {Special} {Section}: {Insect} conservation},
	title = {Conservation of {Lepidoptera} used as human food and medicine},
	volume = {12},
	issn = {2214-5745},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214574515001662},
	doi = {10.1016/j.cois.2015.11.003},
	abstract = {Many butterflies and moths are of conservation concern and formally recognised as being at risk. There are nearly 400 species of Lepidoptera used as human food or medicine, and the demand for some species has increased to the extent that they are overexploited. Most are harvested in the wild, and there is a need to develop harvesting and habitat management protocols to ensure sustainability. Detailed scientific information on most species is lacking. Management plans to conserve selected species are necessary, and traditional knowledge is an important and valuable foundation. Some of the better known species could be excellent flagship taxa because they can be a symbol for food security, traditional knowledge and culture, conservation of insect biodiversity, and their habitats.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Current Opinion in Insect Science},
	author = {Yen, Alan L},
	month = dec,
	year = {2015},
	pages = {102--108},
	file = {ScienceDirect Snapshot:files/2154/S2214574515001662.html:text/html},
}

@article{cristo_trade_2017,
	title = {The trade of {Kinosternon} scorpioides on {Marajó} island, {Brazilian} {Amazon}: from hunting to consumption},
	volume = {27},
	shorttitle = {The trade of {Kinosternon} scorpioides on {Marajó} island, {Brazilian} {Amazon}},
	url = {https://www.thebhs.org/publications/the-herpetological-journal/volume-27-number-4-october-2017/1055-07-the-trade-of-i-kinosternon-scorpioides-i-on-marajo-island-brazilian-amazon-from-hunting-to-consumption},
	abstract = {pp. 361-367 Authors: Samuel Silva de Cristo, Pedro Chaves Baía Júnior, Joilson Silva da Silva, José Ribamar FelipeMarques \&amp; Diva Anelie...},
	language = {en-gb},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Herpetological Journal},
	author = {Cristo, Samuel Silva de and Júnior, Pedro Chaves Baía and Silva, Joilson Silva da and FelipeMarques, José Ribamar and Guimarães, Diva Anelie de Araújo},
	year = {2017},
	pages = {361--367},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2156/Cristo et al. - 2017 - The trade of Kinosternon scorpioides on Marajó isl.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/2157/1055-07-the-trade-of-i-kinosternon-scorpioides-i-on-marajo-island-brazilian-amazon-from-hunting.html:text/html},
}

@article{alvarenga_spatial_2015,
	title = {Spatial and temporal patterns of harvesting of the {Vulnerable} pig-nosed turtle {Carettochelys} insculpta in the {Kikori} region, {Papua} {New} {Guinea}},
	volume = {49},
	issn = {0030-6053},
	url = {https://researchers.cdu.edu.au/en/publications/spatial-and-temporal-patterns-of-harvesting-of-the-vulnerable-pig},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605313001646},
	language = {English},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Alvarenga, Carla Camilo Eisemberg De and Rose, Mark and Yaru, Benedict and Georges, Arthur},
	month = oct,
	year = {2015},
	note = {Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell},
	pages = {659--668},
	file = {Full Text:files/2159/Alvarenga et al. - 2015 - Spatial and temporal patterns of harvesting of the.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/2160/spatial-and-temporal-patterns-of-harvesting-of-the-vulnerable-pig.html:text/html},
}

@article{brown_freshwater_2011,
	title = {Freshwater turtle conservation in {Texas}: harvest effects and efficacy of the current management regime},
	volume = {75},
	copyright = {Copyright © The Wildlife Society, 2011},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	shorttitle = {Freshwater turtle conservation in {Texas}},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.73},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.73},
	abstract = {The collapse of Asian turtle populations led to the creation of a worldwide freshwater turtle market in the 1990s. Texas is one of several states in the United States that has capitalized on this market. The Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) recently instituted regulations designed to protect turtles from commercial harvest in public waters. Two counties in the Lower Rio Grande Valley (LRGV) accounted for 66.1\% of known wild turtle harvest in 1999, with no reported harvest in subsequent years. We sampled 60 sites in the LRGV to determine if we could detect harvest effects. We also investigated the potential for sustainable harvest under the new harvest guidelines using source-sink dynamics implemented in a Geographic Information System (GIS) approach. We detected differences congruent with harvest effects for red-eared sliders (Trachemys scripta) and Texas spiny softshells (Apalone spinifera). Based on a GIS analysis of water bodies throughout the entire state, we estimated that only 2.2\% of water bodies are protected under the current commercial harvest regulations. We determined source water bodies could supply 30.5\% of sink water bodies in the LRGV, and we concluded that long-term sustainable turtle harvest is unlikely under the current management regime due to the intensity of commercial harvests, the low number of protected water bodies, and non-robust or non-interactive protected populations. One solution to this would be modification of the regulations to include season and bag limits, a management strategy currently implemented in various forms by 14 states in the eastern half of the United States. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {3},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Brown, Donald J. and Farallo, Vincent R. and Dixon, James R. and Baccus, John T. and Simpson, Thomas R. and Forstner, Michael R. J.},
	year = {2011},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.73},
	keywords = {Texas, Apalone spp., commercial harvest, freshwater turtles, Geographic Information System (GIS), red-eared sliders, softshells, Trachemys scripta},
	pages = {486--494},
	file = {Snapshot:files/2162/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{bury_modifications_2011,
	title = {Modifications of traps to reduce bycatch of freshwater turtles},
	volume = {75},
	copyright = {This article is a U.S. Government work, and as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America. Copyright © 2011 The Wildlife Society},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.31},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.31},
	abstract = {Mortality of freshwater turtles varies among types and deployments of traps. There are few or no losses in hoop or fyke traps set where turtles may reach air, including placement in shallows, addition of floats on traps, and tying traps securely to a stake or to shore. Turtle mortality occurs when traps are set deep, traps are checked at intervals {\textgreater}1 day, and when turtles are captured as bycatch. Devices are available that exclude turtles from traps set for crab or game fish harvest. Slotted gates in front of the trap mouth reduce turtle entry, but small individuals still may be trapped. Incidental take of turtles is preventable by integrating several designs into aquatic traps, such as adding floats to the top of traps so turtles may reach air or an extension tube (chimney, ramp) that creates an escape route. © 2010 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Bury, R. Bruce},
	year = {2011},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.31},
	keywords = {mortality, bycatch, flotation devices, fyke traps, hoop traps, turtles},
	pages = {3--5},
	file = {Snapshot:files/2164/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{natusch_harvest_2020,
	title = {Harvest {Effects} on {Blood} {Pythons} in {North} {Sumatra}},
	volume = {84},
	copyright = {© 2019 The Wildlife Society},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21790},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21790},
	abstract = {Wildlife populations exposed to intense harvesting often exhibit shifts in attributes of the commercial offtake (e.g., numbers, body sizes, body condition, sex ratios, size at maturation, reproductive frequency). To look for such changes, we examined {\textgreater}2,500 specimens of field-collected blood pythons (Python brongersmai) brought to 2 processing facilities in North Sumatra over 2 survey periods (1996–1997 and 2014–2015). Over the 18 years between our surveys, approximately 900,000 blood pythons were taken from Indonesia for the commercial trade; North Sumatra accounted for about 35\% of that trade volume. Between survey periods, numbers of snakes brought to 1 processing facility decreased and mean body size increased, whereas at the second facility numbers and sizes of snakes remained the same. Overall, the pythons collected in 2015–2016 were thinner-bodied than in 1996–1997, with fewer immature animals and a reduced size at maturation and reproductive frequency among females. Clutch size relative to maternal size decreased also. These temporal shifts in python demographics likely reflect a response to harvesting, although ecosystem changes may have played a role. Compared to other squamate reptiles, blood pythons may be more vulnerable to over-harvesting because most snakes are intensively collected from discrete habitat patches (oil palm plantations), and the species can be targeted by specific hunting methods. To ensure sustainability of the harvest, we recommend minimum and maximum size limits for skins used in the commercial trade, and more intensive monitoring at processing facilities. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Natusch, Daniel J. D. and Lyons, Jessica A. and Mumpuni and Riyanto, Awal and Shine, Richard},
	year = {2020},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21790},
	keywords = {wildlife trade, sustainability, CITES, Indonesia, adaptation, Python curtus, short-tailed python},
	pages = {249--255},
	file = {Snapshot:files/2166/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{sardeshpande_sea_2019,
	title = {Sea turtles support sustainable livelihoods at {Ostional}, {Costa} {Rica}},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/sea-turtles-support-sustainable-livelihoods-at-ostional-costa-rica/E0764E549205AC7280C60D546B3182E9},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605317001855},
	abstract = {Ostional in Costa Rica is the second largest nesting site of the olive ridley sea turtle Lepidochelys olivacea, which is categorized as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List. In Ostional the local community helps maintain the nesting site and collects olive ridley eggs for consumption and trade within Costa Rica. Since its inception in 1987 the egg harvesting project has integrated sea turtle conservation with community development. We assessed the current status of this project in terms of community awareness, dependency, involvement and perceptions, using a household survey and semi-structured interviews with key informants. We also compared some of our findings with those of previous studies at the site, finding that the project has fewer dependents, primary livelihood activities have shifted towards tourism and hospitality, and respondents are more aware about environmental conservation and stewardship. We map outcomes of the project with the Sustainable Livelihoods Framework, and suggest that further capacity building for research and tourism could contribute towards sustaining the turtle population, local livelihoods, and the community-based conservation institution.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Sardeshpande, Mallika and MacMillan, Douglas},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {Community-based conservation, Costa Rica, legal wildlife trade, natural resource management, Ostional, sea turtles, sustainable livelihoods},
	pages = {81--91},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2168/Sardeshpande and MacMillan - 2019 - Sea turtles support sustainable livelihoods at Ost.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{delisle_socio-cultural_2018-1,
	title = {The socio-cultural benefits and costs of the traditional hunting of dugongs {Dugong} dugon and green turtles {Chelonia} mydas in {Torres} {Strait}, {Australia}},
	volume = {52},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/sociocultural-benefits-and-costs-of-the-traditional-hunting-of-dugongs-dugong-dugon-and-green-turtles-chelonia-mydas-in-torres-strait-australia/DE8C9EDD2010F875E5CC551A9A440229},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605317001466},
	abstract = {Signatory states of the Convention on Biological Diversity must ‘protect and encourage the customary use of biological resources in accordance with traditional cultural practices that are compatible with conservation or sustainable use requirements’. Thus the management of traditional hunting of wildlife must balance the sustainability of target species with the benefits of hunting to traditional communities. Conservation policies usually define the values associated with wild meats in terms of income and nutrition, neglecting a wide range of social and cultural values that are important to traditional hunting communities. We elicited the community-defined benefits and costs associated with the traditional hunting of dugongs Dugong dugon and green turtles Chelonia mydas from communities on two islands in Torres Strait, Australia. We then used cognitive mapping and multidimensional scaling to identify separable groups of benefits (cultural services, provisioning services, and individual benefits) and demonstrate that traditional owners consider the cultural services associated with traditional hunting to be significantly more important than the provisioning services. Understanding these cultural values can inform management actions in accordance with the Convention on Biological Diversity. If communities are unable to hunt, important cultural benefits are foregone. Based on our results, we question the appropriateness of conservation actions focused on prohibiting hunting and providing monetary compensation for the loss of provisioning services only.},
	language = {en},
	number = {2},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Delisle, Aurélie and Kim, Milena Kiatkoski and Stoeckl, Natalie and Lui, Felecia Watkin and Marsh, Helene},
	month = apr,
	year = {2018},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {Chelonia mydas, cognitive mapping, cultural values, dugong, Dugong dugon, green turtle, Torres Strait, traditional hunting},
	pages = {250--261},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2170/Delisle et al. - 2018 - The socio-cultural benefits and costs of the tradi.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@article{mendonca_caiman_2016,
	title = {Caiman hunting in {Central} {Amazonia}, {Brazil}},
	volume = {80},
	copyright = {© The Wildlife Society, 2016},
	issn = {1937-2817},
	url = {https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jwmg.21127},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/jwmg.21127},
	abstract = {Hunting caimans (Caiman spp.) with baited hooks in the Brazilian Amazon represents one of the largest illegal wildlife industries in the world. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of water level, distance from settlements, and hunting effort on caiman meat production. In 2008, we accompanied 31 caiman hunting expeditions in and around a wetland protected area located in the Amazon-Purus interfluve in Brazil. We measured and weighed all captured caimans. We used simple and multiple linear regressions to analyze our data. The hunting technique is not selective for the capture of spectacled caimans (Caiman crocodilus) or black caimans (Melanosuchus niger) and occurs throughout the year. Fresh-meat production was similarly correlated with individualś weights for both species. Hunting success was strongly related to river level, distance from human settlements, and hunting effort. We estimated an annual production of 37,050 kg of meat from the study area, representing 3,562 caimans harvested and gross earnings of \$18,500 (U.S.). Caiman hunting was the principal source of income for hunters and their families but resulted in low returns, and large black caiman were not taken, indicating possible overhunting. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.},
	language = {en},
	number = {8},
	urldate = {2021-05-30},
	journal = {The Journal of Wildlife Management},
	author = {Mendonça, Washington Carlos Da Silva and Marioni, Boris and Thorbjarnarson, John B. and Magnusson, William E. and Silveira, Ronis Da},
	year = {2016},
	note = {\_eprint: https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jwmg.21127},
	keywords = {hunting, Alligatoridae, Amazon River, Caiman crocodilus, Crocodylia, illegal wildlife trade, Melanosuchus niger},
	pages = {1497--1502},
	file = {Snapshot:files/2172/jwmg.html:text/html},
}

@article{castilho_hunting_2019,
	title = {Hunting of mammal species in protected areas of the southern {Bahian} {Atlantic} {Forest}, {Brazil}},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/hunting-of-mammal-species-in-protected-areas-of-the-southern-bahian-atlantic-forest-brazil/929B9137BD1144F87BB1DAF875A9EBBA},
	doi = {10.1017/S0030605317001247},
	abstract = {To investigate the practice of hunting by local people in the southern Bahia region of Brazil and provide information to support the implementation of the National Action Plan for Conservation of the Central Atlantic Forest Mammals, we conducted 351 interviews with residents of three protected areas and a buffer zone. Thirty-seven percent of respondents stated that they had captured an animal opportunistically, 16\% hunted actively and 47\% did not hunt. The major motivation for hunting was consumption but people also hunted for medicinal purposes, recreation and retaliation. The most hunted and consumed species were the paca Cuniculus paca, the nine-banded armadillo Dasypus novemcinctus and the collared peccary Pecari tajacu; threatened species were rarely hunted. Opinions varied on whether wildlife was declining or increasing; declines were generally attributed to hunting. Our findings suggest there is illegal hunting for consumption in and around protected areas of the region. Management efforts should prioritize fairness in the expropriation process for people who must be relocated, and adopt an approach to wildlife management that involves residents living around the protected areas, and considers their needs.},
	language = {en},
	number = {4},
	urldate = {2021-06-02},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Castilho, Luciana C. and Vleeschouwer, Kristel M. De and Milner-Gulland, E. J. and Schiavetti, Alexandre},
	month = oct,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {hunting, Brazil, wild meat, randomized response technique, wildlife conservation, protected area, semi-structured interviews, threatened mammals},
	pages = {687--697},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2174/Castilho et al. - 2019 - Hunting of mammal species in protected areas of th.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/2175/929B9137BD1144F87BB1DAF875A9EBBA.html:text/html},
}

@article{spira_socio-economics_2019,
	title = {The socio-economics of artisanal mining and bushmeat hunting around protected areas: {Kahuzi}–{Biega} {National} {Park} and {Itombwe} {Nature} {Reserve}, eastern {Democratic} {Republic} of {Congo}},
	volume = {53},
	issn = {0030-6053, 1365-3008},
	shorttitle = {The socio-economics of artisanal mining and bushmeat hunting around protected areas},
	url = {https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/oryx/article/socioeconomics-of-artisanal-mining-and-bushmeat-hunting-around-protected-areas-kahuzibiega-national-park-and-itombwe-nature-reserve-eastern-democratic-republic-of-congo/E311BA3CE96B578F773F29142E6A70F2},
	doi = {10.1017/S003060531600171X},
	abstract = {In the Democratic Republic of Congo artisanal and small-scale mining is estimated to provide a source of livelihood for 14–16\% of the population, or 8–10 million people. In the eastern part of the country it is one of the main threats to large mammal species and their habitats, including forest elephants Loxodonta cyclotis and great apes, such as the Critically Endangered Grauer's gorilla Gorilla beringei graueri and the Endangered eastern chimpanzee Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii. We used semi-structured questionnaires to survey mining communities in and around Kahuzi–Biega National Park and the Itombwe Nature Reserve to understand better the socio-economics of artisanal mining in the region, as well as the impacts of mining on bushmeat hunting. Minerals exploited at the sites surveyed included cassiterite, gold, coltan and wolframite, and most mines were controlled by armed groups. On average, miners earned significantly higher revenue than non-miners. However, mining was seen as a short-term activity and most miners were in favour of leaving the sector for better opportunities. Almost all respondents stated openly that they consumed bushmeat regularly because of the lack of alternatives and believed that bushmeat hunting had caused declines and local extinctions of some large mammal populations, including great apes. Respondents stated they would reduce their consumption of bushmeat if domestic meats became more available. We recommend that future interventions should target mine sites to address bushmeat hunting, by improving access to sustainable meat sources, establishing micro-financing mechanisms to help miners leave the mining sector, and working towards de-militarizing these sites to facilitate law enforcement.},
	language = {en},
	number = {1},
	urldate = {2021-06-02},
	journal = {Oryx},
	author = {Spira, Charlotte and Kirkby, Andrew and Kujirakwinja, Deo and Plumptre, Andrew J.},
	month = jan,
	year = {2019},
	note = {Publisher: Cambridge University Press},
	keywords = {bushmeat, livelihoods, DRC, Artisanal mining, chimpanzees, Grauer's gorillas, Itombwe, Kahuzi–Biega},
	pages = {136--144},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2177/Spira et al. - 2019 - The socio-economics of artisanal mining and bushme.pdf:application/pdf;Snapshot:files/2179/E311BA3CE96B578F773F29142E6A70F2.html:text/html},
}

@misc{noauthor_socio-economics_nodate-1,
	title = {The socio-economics of artisanal mining and bushmeat hunting around protected areas: {Kahuzi}–{Biega} {National} {Park} and {Itombwe} {Nature} {Reserve}, eastern {Democratic} {Republic} of {Congo} - {ProQuest}},
	shorttitle = {The socio-economics of artisanal mining and bushmeat hunting around protected areas},
	url = {https://www.proquest.com/openview/42b02ba71a60f89cffa9c0cda994830b/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=37514},
	abstract = {Explore millions of resources from scholarly journals, books, newspapers, videos and more, on the ProQuest Platform.},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-05-28},
}

@phdthesis{lavadinovic_analysis_2016-1,
	address = {Freiburg},
	title = {Analysis of the hunting sector in {Republic} of {Serbia}},
	url = {https://freidok.uni-freiburg.de/fedora/objects/freidok:12345/datastreams/FILE1/content},
	language = {English},
	school = {Albert-Ludwig University of Freiburg},
	author = {Lavadinović, Vukan},
	month = jun,
	year = {2016},
}

@misc{morell_ancient_2019,
	title = {Ancient humans hunted monkeys for tens of thousands of years},
	url = {https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/02/ancient-humans-hunted-monkeys-tens-thousands-years},
	abstract = {Tropical rainforests not a barrier to human world domination},
	language = {en},
	urldate = {2021-07-31},
	journal = {Science {\textbar} AAAS},
	author = {Morell, Virginia},
	month = feb,
	year = {2019},
	file = {Snapshot:files/2823/ancient-humans-hunted-monkeys-tens-thousands-years.html:text/html},
}

@article{webb_captive_nodate,
	title = {Captive {Breeding} and {Marketing} of {Turtles}},
	language = {en},
	author = {Webb, Grahame J W and Manolis, S Charlie and Gray, Michelle},
	pages = {62},
	file = {Webb et al. - Captive Breeding and Marketing of Turtles.pdf:files/2824/Webb et al. - Captive Breeding and Marketing of Turtles.pdf:application/pdf},
}

@book{madsen_guidelines_2015,
	title = {Guidelines on {Sustainable} {Harvest} of {Migratory} {Waterbirds}. {AEWA} {Conservation} {Guidelines} {No}. 5. (2015)},
	author = {Madsen, Jesper and Bunnefeld, Nils and Nagy, Szabolcs and Griffin, Cy and Defos Du Rau, Pierre and Mondain-Monval, Jean-Yves and Hearn, Richard and Czajkowski, Alexandre and Grauer, Andreas and Merkel, Flemming and Williams, James and Alhainen, Mikko and Guillemain, Matthieu and Middleton, Angus and Christensen, Thomas and Noe, Ole},
	month = nov,
	year = {2015},
	file = {Full Text PDF:files/2827/Madsen et al. - 2015 - Guidelines on Sustainable Harvest of Migratory Wat.pdf:application/pdf},
}
