The larval comparison was based mainly on Orr & Dow (2015b) supplemented with Fraser (1943); Lieftinck (1953); Eda (1965); Ishida (1996); Xu (2013); Orr & Dow (2016); Chen & Yu (2020); Saetung et al. (2020); Xu (2021).
1 Labium with one pair of premental setae................................................................... 2
1’ Labium with more than one pair of premental setae.......................................................... 6
2 Palpal setae with same length; vertical lamella caudal gills.................................................... 3
2’ Palpal setae with different length; triquetro - quadrate caudal gills (Fig. 13A), triradiate in transverse section.... Calicnemia
3 2–4 palpal setae; weakly and moderately produced ligula; caudal gills with or without petiole......................... 4
3’ 6 palpal setae; strongly produced ligula; foliate caudal gills with distinct petiole (Fig. 13G).................. Onychargia
4 3–4 palpal setae; moderately produced ligula; denodate or subnodate vertical lamella caudal gills..................... 5
4’ 2 palpal setae; weakly produced ligula (Fig. 12D); nodate vertical lamella caudal gills, oblong shaped (Fig. 13C)..... Nososticta
5 3 palpal setae; subnodate vertical lamella caudal gills, broad ovate shaped, with nodus on middle and distal thirds (Fig. 13F)............................................................................................. Caconeura
5’ 3–4 palpal setae; denodate vertical lamella caudal gills, ovate shaped, without nodus (Fig. 13K)............. Prodasineura
6 Labium with 2 pairs of premental setae.................................................................... 7
6’ Labium with more than 2 pairs of premental setae........................................................... 9
7 3–4 palpal setae; denodate vertical lamella caudal gills........................................................ 8
7’ 4 palpal setae; subnodate vertical lamella caudal gills (Fig. 13I) with fimbriated shape.......................... Copera
8 3 palpal setae; moderately produced ligula (Fig. 12G); presence of protuberance on occipital margin; body shorter than 1.3 x length of caudal gills........................................................................ Pseudocopera
8’ 3–4 palpal setae; strongly produced ligula (Fig. 12I); absence of protuberance on occipital margin; body longer than 1.5 x length of caudal gills......................................................................... Platycnemis
9 3–6 pairs of premental setae; 4–9 palpal setae; subdonate vertical lamella caudal gills.............................. 10
9’ 4 pairs of premental setae; 6–7 palpal setae; triquetro - quadrate type caudal gills (Fig. 13B), triradiate in transverse section.......................................................................................... Disparoneura
10 3–4 pairs of premental setae, 4–6 palpal setae; foliate to ovate caudal gills, with or without petiole (Figs. 13D, 13J) Coeliccia
10’ 5–6 pairs of premental setae, 8–9 palpal setae; ovate caudal gills, without petiole (Fig. 13H)................ Indocnemis