Geoscience Ontology, Common

Abstract endurants do not occupy space nor time - they are aspatial and atemporal, e.g. numbers and other mathematical objects

Amounts of matter refer to volumes of substances such as some gold, wood, iron, water, air, etc. As per Lowe (1998), an amount of matter is either a chunk (unified "part") or heap (seperated and not unified "piece"). A unified chunk of matter is an integral whole (with a unifying condition), is mereologically invariant (can gain or lose parts without loss of identity), is discretely countable (the number of gold ore bodies or sandstone layers can be enumerated), has a single self-connected boundary upon which it is mutually ontologically dependent (the chunk cannot exist essentuially without the boundary, and the boundary cannot exist essentially without the chunk), and is a single entity (self-connected, unfragmented). Being an integral whole, a chunk of matter must then have some amount of matter as an essential part (Brodaric et al. 2019). In contrast, a nonunified heap is mereologically variant, uncountable, and not dependent on a boundary, e.g. a heap of gold grains in an ore body or sand particles on a beach. Moreover, each unified chunk of matter is constituted by an ununified heap of matter, as well as possibly by particles of lower granularity, and can constitute larger amounts of matter or objects: e.g. an amount of mineral is a disaggreated heap of individual unit mineral cells made up by a certain configuration of atoms, and this heap of minerals makes up a single chunk of mineral locked together under binding conditions; the chunk in turn makes up a rock material, which makes up a formation. Note that both chunks and heaps can thus constitute objects: a gold ring is constituted by the chunk and its heap of gold, and a formation is constituted by both the sandstone and its heap of sand and other particles. Even things that seem to be intrisically heaps, such as a dune, are constituted by both heaps and chunks of matter: e.g. by both a heap of sand particles and a chunk of sand (with a discrete shape and boundary). The chunk (of sand) differs from the object (the dune), in the sense that the dune has additional essential characteristics not held by the chunk, such as being a landform (i.e. located on the land surface), having a specific shape (hilly - even though the chunk has the shape, the shape is not essential to it, but is essential to the dune), and is formed by certain geomorphological processes such as wind or water flow (the sand chunk is formed by eroision and weathering). Distinguishing chunks from heaps is important to geology, as it enables chunks to have characteristics of unified matter, which otherwise would be restricted to objects, e.g. one could not then say, for example, some sandstone hosts a fault, but rather that the rock object part constituted by the sandstone hosts the fault. This then enables detailed representation of micro-scale geology, at the granularity of matter, in addition to representation of macro-scale entities such as units or basins.

A part that is a constituent relation to a whole

Example-- in a typical granite, Quartz, plagioclase, and K-feldspar are the dominant constituents.

The length of a time interval in some appropriate temporal reference system, e.g. 1 month or 10 Ma.

A feature for which the host participates in some perdurant (wave) i.e. some aspect of the host changes over time

An amount of elements: either a single atom or an aggregation of atoms of a particular element. All subtypes currently refer to an aggregation of atoms of a single element. An element is a species of atom having the same number of protons in its atomic nuclei (that is, the same atomic number, or Z). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element.

The main characteristic of endurants is that they are fully present at any timepoint they exist, but they can change from one timepoint to another - something can be red at one time, and pink at another time. Endurants have onl;y endurants as parts.

Feature constituted by a spatial or aspatial endurant.

A event is the thing that happens (an earthquake), and a process is how it happens (the ground shaking). Events are constituted by processes.

A designated example of something: a prototypical part of an instance, or a prototypical instance of a type. Derived from the exemplifies relation.

Reification of the exmplification relation (i.e. of exemplifying something).

A feature is ontologically dependent on at least two distinct things, a host and some essential part, and emerges from some relation holding between them. E.g. hole is hosted by some material entity and has spatial regions as parts (with regions changing as the host moves in space), and emerges from a spatial relation (adjacent containment) between them. A feature is made of parts of the same type, either endurants, perdurants, or possibly situations, so each feature is then itself also a perdurant, endurant or situation, e.g. a hole is also a spatial region.

Matter that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress, or external force. Fluids are a phase of matter and include liquids, gases and plasmas. They are substances with zero shear modulus, or, in simpler terms, substances which cannot resist any shear force applied to them. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluid)

An amount of matter in a fluid state.

Gas is a state of matter that has no fixed shape and no fixed volume. Gases have lower density than other states of matter, such as solids and liquids. There is a great deal of empty space between particles, which have a lot of kinetic energy. The particles move very fast and collide into one another, causing them to diffuse, or spread out, until they are evenly distributed throughout the volume of the container. (https://www.livescience.com/53304-gases.html)

A coordinate reference system for locating positions relative to the Earth.

A physical void with a self-connected (non-scattered) host, consisting of some depression or cavity within the host. E.g. vug, vesicle, miariolitic cavity.

A dependent place feature that is immaterial. E.g. voids, shadows and relational features such as traffic intersections (meeting of roads). MPF(x) <--> DPF(x) ^ not mat(x)

An Inherent is a thing that occupies space indirectly and depends for its existence on some bearer. The inherent is associated with the bearer via the InheresIn relation. An Inherent is an Endurant because it is present in its totality at any time that it exists. Note: inherants are summative: our colour (the sum of your colour and mine) inheres in us (the sum of you and me).

based on quality inhering in (essential relation) host. The quality is the focal; Quality inheres in both the feature and the host. Morphologic feature -- focal is a specific shape (river bend, fold)

A nearly incompressible fluid that conforms to the shape of its container but retains a (nearly) constant volume independent of pressure. The only state of matter with a definite volume but no fixed shape. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid)

point, line or surface in 3-D space; a line or point in a 2-D space, a point in a 1-D space.

Material endurants are physical things that occupy space (e.g. a rock), but are not the spatial region being occupied.

Material Feature (MF): A dependent place feature that is material. - my house's backyard, frontyard.

Material Objects things constituted by some amounty of matter, but are not an amount of matter themselves, nor can constitute matter.

A determinate value of a quality. SubClasses for numeric, spatial coordinate, and temporal coordinate value types. Use this generic value type for free text values e.g. "some text". Categorical values should be subclassed from gsoc:Named_Value

Constituent is ubiquitous but not abundant

A named value of some quality,e.g. thin or thick.

An endurant that does not occupy space directly, but might occupy space indirectly or not occupy space at all. Indirect spatial occupants have physical endurant parts or are ontologically dependent on physical endurants. Examples of things that indirectly occupy some space, due to such ontological dependence, include physical qualities (my height) and physical relators (reified physical relations). It even includes thoughts, poems, digital files, and datasets, whose existence is tied to being manifest in some physical object (brain, book, storage media). Also includes fictional entities such as unicorns, which must be so manifested to exist.

A feature that is not a part of its host, but characterized by the form or structure of the host: Morphological features can have morphological properties e.g. orientation, thickness, fold profile, etc. Examples: - smile or frown / lips. - mountain / planet surface (protrusion in the planet surface). - graben and horst / planet surface (protrusion or depression in the planet surface caused by faulting).

A reference system for non-physical quality values.

Notional endurants do not occupy space, neither directly nor indirectly, e.g. ghosts, some dieties, or numbers. Notional endurants may occupy time (e.g. ghosts, assuming ghosts have finite existence), or may not occupy time (e.g. numbers, which are atemporal). Notional endurants can be part of physical things (e.g. when dieties are held to be part of people), but cannot have physical parts (e.g. when dieties do not have people as parts).

Quality that specifies a numeric value for some quality

The part in a whole-part relation

Reification of the parthood relation (i.e. to be in a whole-part relation).

Any individual, e.g. this rock or that event. Individuals are not types and cannot have instances.

A feature that denotes a manifestation of a pattern. A pattern in GSO is a relation, in two senses: (1) an abstract pattern is a template, which can be expressed as an n-ary predicate with some variables as relata; (2) a manifested pattern is an occurence of the template in some host, and can be expressed as either (a) an n-ary relation with only constants as relata, or (b) an instance of the reification of this relation (i.e. a Relator instance). E.g. wood grain is hosted by some wood matter and the pattern is the reified relation between its wood fibres. Different wood grains are then different (reified and instantiated) relations between its fibres.

Pause within an event or process, e.g. Intermission during hockey game or theater performance (host = playing process, constituent = time interval)

A perdurant is something that is not fully present at any timepoint, in the sense that an event, process or temporal interval exists over time, while an endurant exists in time. Perdurants are time regions, such as an interval or instant of time, or they are things that occur in time, such as events or processes. Perdurants have only perdurant parts, and can only have fixed qualities that have unchanging values (e.g. the duration of a time interval); if there is some quality that apparently changes for the perdurant, it is a fixed quality of a part of the perdurant, but is not a quality of the perdurant itself (e.g. the intensity of a process varies over the whole process, but has fixed values for certain time-indexed parts of the process).

An endurant that occupies space directly.

A feature for which the host is involved in some essential spatial relation,e g. adjacency, containment, intersection, contact.

A physical void with a scattered (disconnected) host, consisting of the spaces between the scattered parts of the host. e.g. porosity in a rock. {@en}

Quantifiers for dimensions of spatial regions or for location of spatial region in some reference frame.

A set of conventions for describing values of qualities of physical endurants.

A chunk of physical space adjacent to some material feature and surrounded by it. (holes,valleys, canyon, cave, gap, space between fingers). host must be self connected. An empty physical space in 3D. Distinct from abstract mathematical spaces, which include spaces made from various reference frames, including coordinate systems imposed on the earth (these are abstract imposed on real space). V(x) <--> IPF(x) ^ exists y [hosts-v (y,x)]

chunk of physical space (the focal); only hosted by and relative to a material entity, thus not fixed in space (host can move) (downtown, outside my house, personal space)

a gas of ions, atoms or molecules which have one or more orbital electrons stripped (or, rarely, an extra electron attached), and free electrons. Whether a given degree of ionization suffices to call the substance "plasma" depends on a specific phenomenon being considered. In other words, plasma is a matter which cannot be correctly described without the presence of charged particles taken into account. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_(physics))

A event is the thing that happens (an earthquake), and a process is how it happens (the ground shaking). Events are constituted by processes.

A quality denoting the fraction that a part composes a whole. Numeric values will range from 0 to 1 (0 to 100%); might also have categorical determinates like 'dominant', 'subordinate', 'minor', 'rare', 'absent'. Can only be the quality of a part role - only specifies how much a part makes up a whole.

Value of Proportion quality

A colour, mass, density, etc., that inheres in its bearer. Must have some quality values, and only quality values, as persistent parts, e.g. red or 2.0. These values can change over time, but can't be missing (i.e. a quality must a value to exist and retain identity). This means qualities cannot pause their existence: once they carry no value they cease to exist and cannot exist again, and if a similar quality resurfaces, it would be a different quality. For example, a sponge might have alternating qualities of softness (when wet) and hardness (when dry), with each being a distinct quality. Qualities can only have values as parts, not other things, but they can possess qualities, such as colour having the qualities hue, value, situation.

A value of (essential part of) a quality; can be a measured value (e.g. 2.0), named value (e.g. thick), or a range (e.g. 2.0-2.2 or thin-thick). Values exist within a reference system.

A range value for some quality, e.g. 2.0-3.0 or thin-thick

Example-- in a typical granite, zircon and apatite are rare constituents

Notional endurant that establishes a frame of reference for a quality value. Although typically mathematical, it is not necessarily abstract, because some reference systems are dependent on non-abstract endurants located in space or time; e.g. a spatial coordinate system for the earth (tied to the Earth's ellipsoid), or a temporal coordinate system tied to the Earth's moon or sun (i.e. lunar or solar calendar)

A relator is a reified relation: e.g. parthood reifying the whole-part relation, or meeting reifying the meets relation. Consists of static parts only, which are the roles played by each relata in the relation (with min 2 for a binary relation). A relator is thus specifically (statically) dependent on each role / part (min 2) and on each relata (min 2). Relators can also have qualities, which are also not parts, such as the intensity of the relation.

Roles are played by a relata in a relation, e.g. a person plays the role of employee in an employs relation. The relata playing the role is the RolePlayer and the other relata are RoleObjects. Because a role (Mary as employer, John as employee) is derived from a specific relation, e.g. Mary employs John, it mutully depends on a specific reified relation instance (Relator - the employment of John by Mary). Roles carry qualities - indeed, they are are a bundle of qualities.

A dislocated part of a thing, collected for some reason. Some samples are also examples of their whole (i.e. are prototypical) and others are not.

A setting is a situation that provies context, usually casual, for a some individual. E.g. Marine Setting and Alluvial Fan Setting are settings for things causally impacted by them. {@en

Property to specify the shape of an object. Lots of possible property spaces under this, e.g. (in geology) roundness, sphericity, aspect ratio. These are implemented as separate properties linked to gsoc:Shape via hasQuality

Place holder for category vocabularies to describe the shape of a morphological feature, e.g. fold, fold limb.

A situation is a fragment of the world with any particulars as parts and some criteria that unifies the parts into an integral whole. Situations overlap with perdurants and endurants: e.g. some situations are endurants (endurant parts only) or perdurants (perduranty parts only), and others are just situations (mixed endurant and perdurant parts). Because features are either endurants, perdurants or situations too, all situations with feature parts will also be one of these types. However, it is still tbd if situations comprised of features are features too.

Matter with a definite shape, mass, and volume, that does not conform to the shape of a container in which it is placed. Solids have a high density, meaning that the particles are tightly packed together. (https://www.livescience.com/46506-states-of-matter.html) A solid is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to a force applied to the surface. The atoms in a solid are bound to each other, either in a regular geometric lattice (crystalline solids, which include metals and ordinary ice), or irregularly (an amorphous solid such as common window glass). Solids cannot be compressed with little pressure whereas gases can be compressed with little pressure because the molecules in a gas are loosely packed. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid)

An amount of matter in a solid state

A physical property that specifies the position of an entity relative to some spatial reference system. Use WKT strings (ogc:WKTLiteral, https://www.w3.org/2011/02/GeoSPARQL.pdf) as data values.

A chunk of space, either 0-3 dimensional.

A degenerate spatial region that is a single point.

A spatial region that is defined as a segment of a line.

Apatial region that is a surface.

A spatial region with volume.

A spatial location value in some spatial reference system

State of matter qualities include State_Of_Matter_Value and should also include the pressure and temperature conditions that apply. If none are stated, default is standard temperature and pressure. Since 1982, STP is defined as a temperature of 273.15 K (0 °C, 32 °F) and an absolute pressure of exactly 105 Pa (100 kPa, 1 bar) (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_conditions_for_temperature_and_pressure)

Constituent is less abundant than dominant constituent, but present in sufficient abundance to be an obvious constituent

examples: start of Jan. host = Jan; constituent = start datetime of every Jan

A feature for which either the constituent is a Perdurant

Gap in time between perdurants, E.g. offseason = time between end of sports season and beginning of next; hosts = sports seasons (2020 and 2021 NHL campaign events), constituent = time interval; relation = temporally disjoint

The location of a time region within a temporal reference system. Has temporal values such as 21 Jan 2020 or 100 Ma - 200 Ma.

Quality that specifies the temporal location or duration that is the extent of some TimeRegion

Quality that specifies a quality value for a Temporal Location that is a time interval with a start and end temporal value

A reference system for temporal values.

Quality that specifies a temporal location

A time instant is a point in time.

quality the specifies the temporal coordinates of a time instant in some temporal reference system

A region of time that has a duration greater than 0.

quality the specifies the temporal coordinates of the beginning and end of time interval in some temporal reference system

Quality that specifies a temporal location with a temporal coordinate or an xsd dateTime

A chunk of time, either an instant or interval, with a temporal location quality.

Unit of measure categories; profile from QUDT ontology (http://qudt.org/2.1/vocab/unit).

Text string to specify a spatial location according to ISO/IEC 13249-3:2016 (Information technology – Database languages – SQL multimedia and application packages – Part 3: Spatial (5th ed.), ISO, 2016-01-15, retrieved 2019-01-28)

The whole in a whole-part relation.