Properties

• Airstream Mechanism: "airstream"

  Description

  The airstream mechanism used to pronounce this Phoneme. Pulmonic (egressive) sounds are created by pushing air out of the lungs. Ejective sounds are glottalic egressive sounds where the air column is compressed by upward movement of the glottis. Implosive sounds are glottalic ingressives where air is pulled in by a downward movement of the glottis. Click sounds, i.e. lingual / velaric ingressive sounds, pull air in with a downward movement of the tongue.

  Type: string

  Allowed Values (enum)

  • "pulmonic"

  • "ejective"

  • "implosive"

  • "click"

• Allophones: "allophones"

  Description

  A list of allophones of this phoneme, following the same format as for phoneme objects.

  Type: array

  Unique items: true

  Items

  Allophone

  Must be an instance of the # schema.

• Backness: "backness"

  Description

  Describes the backness of a vowel.

  Type: string

  Allowed Values (enum)

  • "front"

  • "near-front"

  • "central"

  • "near-back"

  • "back"

• Features: "features"

  Description

  A list of the phonemically distinctive features of this Phoneme. These are what are listed under diacritics in the IPA chart. For example, if a language distinguishes between a palatalized /t/ and a plain /t/, the first should include the feature palatalized and the second plain (or no features). Note that most features are also a manner of articulation as well, so it up to the linguist to decide when a given phonetic detail is a manner, or when it is a feature (i.e. a diacritic). For example, a language might distinguish phonemically between a palatal plosive /c/ and a palatalized plosive /tʲ/. The first would list palatal as its place of articulation, while the second would list palatalized as a distinctive feature. Do not include features here if they are already used for manner, unless your analysis is that this feature is both a manner and a feature of this phoneme, e.g. a palatalized palatal stop. This field is used primarily for consonants, but may also apply to vowels as well (e.g. the close and open features).

  Type: array

  Unique items: true

  Items

  Feature

  Description

  A phonemically distinctive feature, taken from the set of features (diacritics) in the IPA chart.

  Type: string

  Allowed Values (enum)

  • "advanced"

  • "advanced tongue root"

  • "affricativized"

  • "alveolar"

  • "apical"

  • "aspirated"

  • "breathy"

  • "centralized"

  • "close"

  • "creaky"

  • "dental"

  • "fortis"

  • "fricativized"

  • "labialized"

  • "laminal"

  • "lateral release"

  • "lax"

  • "lenis"

  • "lightly aspirated"

  • "linguolabial"

  • "lowered"

  • "mid-centralized"

  • "nasal release"

  • "nasalized"

  • "no release"

  • "non-syllabic"

  • "open"

  • "palatalized"

  • "pharyngealized"

  • "plain"

  • "raised"

  • "retracted"

  • "retracted tongue root"

  • "retroflexed"

  • "rhotic"

  • "rounded"

  • "sibilant"

  • "syllabic"

  • "tense"

  • "unrounded"

  • "velarized"

  • "voiced"

  • "voiceless"

  • "weakly aspirated"

• Height: "height"

  Description

  The height of a vowel.

  Type: string

  Allowed Values (enum)

  • "close"

  • "near-close"

  • "close-mid"

  • "mid"

  • "open-mid"

  • "near-open"

  • "open"

• IPA Transcription: "IPA"

  Description

  The IPA representation of this Phoneme.

  Type: string

• Length: "length"

  Description

  The length of this phoneme, whether for consonants (e.g. short vs. geminate) or vowels.

  Type: string

  Allowed Values (enum)

  • "extra long"

  • "extra short"

  • "geminate"

  • "half long"

  • "long"

  • "short"

• Manner of Articulation: "manner"

  Description

  The manner of articulation, for consonants. Only one manner of articulation may be listed. Additional manners must be listed under the features attribute. For example, the lateral fricative ɬ might have a manner set to fricative and a feature lateral, or vice versa, depending on the linguist's analysis.

  Type: string

  Allowed Values (enum)

  • "approximate"

  • "flap"

  • "fricative"

  • "lateral"

  • "nasal"

  • "plosive"

  • "tap"

  • "trill"

• Notes: "notes"

  Description

  Notes about this Phoneme.

  Type: array

  Unique items: true

  Items

  Note

  Must be an instance of the Note schema.

• Place of Articulation: "place"

  Description

  The place of articulation for consonants. Only one place of articulation may be listed. Additional places must be listed as features under the features attribute. For example, a palatalized alveolar /tʲ/ would list alveolar under manner, and palatalized under features.

  Type: string

  Allowed Values (enum)

  • "bilabial"

  • "labiodental"

  • "labiovelar"

  • "dental"

  • "alveolar"

  • "lateral"

  • "post-alveolar"

  • "alveo-palatal"

  • "palato-alveolar"

  • "retroflex"

  • "palatal"

  • "velar"

  • "uvular"

  • "pharyngeal"

  • "glottal"

  • "epiglottal"

• Bibliographic References: "references"

  Type: array

  Unique items: true

  Items

  Reference

  Must be an instance of the Reference schema.

• rounding: "rounding"

• Tags: "tags"

  Must be an instance of the Tags schema.

• Dipthong Target 1: "target1"

  Description

  For diphthongs or triphthongs, this should be a phoneme object representing the features of the first target in the pronunciation of the diphthong/triphthong.

  Must be an instance of the # schema.

• Dipthong Target 2: "target2"

  Description

  For diphthongs or thriphthongs, this should be a phoneme object representing the features of the second target in the pronunciation of the diphthong/triphthong.

  Must be an instance of the # schema.

• Dipthong Target 3: "target3"

  Description

  For triphthongs, this should be a phoneme object representing the features of the third target in the pronunciation of the triphthong.

  Must be an instance of the # schema.

• Tone: "tone"

  Description

  An abstract representation of the tone of this phoneme, e.g. H, 13, falling, etc.

  Type: string

• Voicing: "voicing"

  Description

  Whether the phoneme is voiced, voiceless, or partially voiced.

  Type: string

  Allowed Values (enum)

  • "voiced"

  • "voiceless"

  • "partially voiced"