INTRODUCTION 
					 The Greek and Roman Parallel Stories (sometimes
						called the Parallela Minora ) are a puzzle. The
						use of some strange and barbarous forms, the substitution of the aforesaid 
						 for the usual pronoun of reference (though this is, to be
						sure, a prominent characteristic of the work of Polybius), and above all the
						atrocious style in which the work is written make it impossible that this
						could reasonably be regarded as the work of Plutarch, though some
						scholars, fortunately unknown to Hartman, have actually regarded this work
						as one of the sins of Plutarch's otherwise stainless youth. 
					 Yet a work of this name is included in Lamprias's list, No. 128 under the
						title Διηγήσεις Παράλληλοι Ἑλληνικαὶ καὶ
							Ῥωμαϊκαὶ and several of these tales are quoted in full in almost the exact words of our ms.
						text by Joannes Stobaeus. But the excessive ineptitude of the language quite
						excludes the possibility that the work before us can be Plutarch's, if
						indeed he ever wrote a book of this sort. 
					 S. Luria,in Rheinisches Museum , lxxviii. (1929) p. 94, has suggested that the Parallela and the De Fluviis 
						 are parodies after the manner of Lucian's
							 True History ; and both Hercher and Hartman
						have expressed the opinion that both works are by the same anonymous author,
						chiefly because it is difficult to imagine thato such fools as the author of
						each discloses himself to be could ever have lived ! The confusion that the
						author (ingeniously?) introduces, the forced simplicity of his glaring
						misnomers, his many references to authorities that Hercher has
						attempted to show never existed, all have been thought to suggest that the Parallela is a parody of the
						comparisons in the Lives ; but J. Schlereth, in
						his excellent dissertation De Plutarchi
							quae feruntur Parallela Minora (Freiburg, 1931), has with great
						learning and acumen attempted to disprove this thesis. His work may
						be consulted by anyone who may be curious about the sources, the language,
						or the purpose of the Parallela
							Minora . 
					 Wilhelm Schmid ( Philologische
							Wochenschrift 1932, coll. 625-634) has reviewed Schlereth's work
						with great care. Both Schmid and Nachstädt hold that the citations from
						otherwise unknown authors are genuine, not
						falsifications of the compiler. Nachstädt, accordingly in the Teubner
						edition of 1934, gives all the references, and also adds, for convenient
						comparison, the most important passages from Stobaeus, Lydus, and a gnomologicum Parisinum , published
						by Sternbach in 1893, which seem to have the same original as the text of
						the present work.

The greater part of mankind think that tales of ancient events are inventions
						and myths because of the incredible elements which they contain. But since I
						have discovered that similar events have happened in this modern era, I have
						singled out crises of Roman history ; and, to parallel each ancient
						happening, I have subjoined a more modern instance. I have also recorded my
						authorities.

Datis, the Persian satrap, came to Marathon, a plain of Attica, with an army
						of three hundred thousand, encamped there, and declared war on the
						inhabitants of the country. The Athenians, however, contemning the barbarian
						host, sent out nine thousand men, and appointed as generals Cynegeirus,
						Polyzelus, Callimachus, and Miltiades. When this force had engaged the
						enemy, Polyzelus, having seen a supernatural vision, lost his sight, and
						became blind. Callimachus was pierced with so many spears that, dead though
						he was, he stood upright ; and Cynegeirus,
						seizing hold of a Persian ship that was putting out to sea, had his hand
						chopped off. 
						 
					 
					 Hasdrubal the king seized Sicily and declared war on the Romans. Metellus was
						elected general by the Senate and was victor in the battle in which Lucius
						Glauco, a patrician, seizing hold of Hasdrubal's ship, lost both his hands.
						This Aristeides the Milesian relates iii the first book of his Sicilian History ; from him Dionysius Siculus
						learned the facts.

Xerxes with five million men anchored near Artemisium and declared war on the
						inhabitants. The Athenians were in confusion and sent Agesilaüs, the brother
						of Themistocles, as a spy, although his father Neocles had seen in a dream
						his son deprived of both his hands. Agesilaüs, arriving among the barbarians
						in Persian garb, slew Mardonius, one of the king's bodyguards, supposing him
						to be Xerxes. He was arrested by the bystanders and led in bonds to the
						king. The aforesaid king was about to offer sacrifice at the altar of the
						Sun, and Agesilaüs placed his right hand upon the altar ; and when he had
						endured the cruel torture without a groan, he was freed from his bonds,
						whereupon he declared, All we Athenians are men of
							this sort; if you do not believe me, I will place my left hand also on
							the altar. Xerxes was frightened and gave command that he be kept
						under guard. This Agatharchides the Samian relates in the
						second book of his Persian History . 
					 Porsenna, king of the Etruscans, made a foray on the other side of the river
						Tiber and warred against the Romans ; he intercepted their abundant supply
							 of grain and oppressed the aforesaid with
							famine. 
						The senate was in confusion ; but Mucius one of the nobles, with the
						consuls' authorization, took four hundred men of his own age in civilian
						dress, and crossed the river. He observed one of the tyrant's bodyguards
						distributing provisions to the officers and, supposing him to be Porsenna,
						killed him. When he was led to the king, he put forth his right hand into
						the sacrificial fire ; and dissembling his torments with a stout heart, he
						said with a smile, Ruffian, I am free, whether you
							will or no. Know that there are against you even now in your camp four
							hundred of us that seek to slay you. Porsenna was frightened, and
						made a truce with the Romans. This
						Aristeides the Milesian relates in the third book of his Histories .

When Argives and Spartans were contending for the Thyreatis, the Amphictyonic
						Assembly decreed that three hundred of each should fight, and the country
						should belong to the victors. The Spartans accordingly made Othryades their
						general, and the Argives made Thersander theirs. In the battle two of the
						Argives survived, Agenor and Chromius, who brought to their city the report
						of their victory. But when the battlefield was deserted, Othryades revived
						and, supporting himself on spear-shafts broken in two, despoiled and
						stripped the corpses of their shields ; and when he had erected a trophy, he
						wrote with his own blood upon it: ‘To Zeus,
						Guardian of Trophies.’ And when the two peoples still disputed over the
						victory, the Amphictyonic Assembly, after a personal inspection of the
						battlefield, decided in favour of the Spartans. Thus Chrysermus
						in the third book of his Peloponnesian History. 
					 
					 The Romans in a war with the Samnites elected Postumius Albinus general. He was ambushed at a place called
						the Caudine Forks (it is a very narrow pass) and lost three legions, and
						himself fell mortally wounded. But in the dead of night he revived for a
						little and despoiled the enemy's corpses of their shields. With these he set
						up a trophy and, dipping his hand in his blood, wrote upon it : The Romans from the Samnites to Jupiter
							Feretrius. But Maximus, surnamed the Glutton, was dispatched as general
						and when he had come to the place and had seen the trophy, he gladly
						accepted the omen. He attacked the enemy and conquered, and taking their
						king prisoner, sent him to Rome. Thus Aristeides the Milesian in the third
						book of his Italian Histories .

When the Persians were marching with five million men against Greece,
						Leonidas was sent by the Spartans to Thermopylae with three hundred men.
						While they were eating and drinking there, the barbarian host attacked them
						; and when Leonidas saw the barbarians, he said, Eat your lunch now as if you were to dine in the
							other world. 
						 And when he rushed against the barbarians, and was pierced
						by many a spear, he made his way up to Xerxes and snatched off his crown.
						When he was dead the barbarian king cut out his heart and found it covered
						with hair. So Aristeides in the first book of his Persian History . 
					 When the Romans were at war with the Carthaginians, they dispatched three
						hundred men and Fabius Maximus as their general. He attacked the enemy and
						lost all his men, but he himself, although mortally wounded, with a mad rush
						reached Hannibal and knocked down his crown, and so died with him. This
						Aristeides the Milesian relates.

At the city of Celaenae in Phrygia the earth yawned open, together with a
						heavy rain, and dragged down many homesteads with their inhabitants into the
						depths. Midas the king received an oracle that if he should throw his most
						precious possession into the abyss, it would close. He cast in gold and
						silver, but this availed nothing. But Anchurus, the son of Midas, reasoning
						that there is nothing in life more precious than a human life, embraced his
						father and his wife Timothea, and rode on his horse into the abyss. When the
						earth had closed, Midas made an altar of Idaean Zeus golden by a touch of his hand. This altar becomes stone at that time of
						the year when this yawning of the earth occurred ; but when this limit of
						time has passed, it is seen to be golden. So Callisthenes in the second book of his Metamorphoses . 
					 Because of the wrath of Jupiter Tarpeius the Tiber coursed through the middle
						of the Forum, broke open a very large abyss and engulfed many houses. An
						oracle was given that this would end if they threw in their precious
						possession. As they were casting in gold and silver. Curtius, a youth of
						noble family, apprehended the meaning of the oracle, and, reasoning that
						human life is more precious, he hurled himself on horseback into the abyss,
						and saved his people from their miseries. So Aristeides in the fortieth
						book of his Italian History .

When the captains that accompanied Polyneices were feasting, an eagle swooped
						down and carried the spear of Amphiaraüs up to a height and then let it
						drop. The spear became fixed in the earth and was changed into a laurel. The
						next day, when the captains were fighting, at that very spot Amphiaraüs was
						swallowed up with his chariot, where now is the city that is called
							Harma. So Trisimachus in the third book of his Founding of Cities. 
					 
					 When the Romans were fighting against Pyrrhus of Epeirus, Aemilius Paulus
						received an oracle that he should be victorious if he would build an altar
						where he should see a man of the nobles with his
						chariot swallowed up in an abyss. Three days later Valerius Conatus in a
						dream saw a vision which commanded him to don his priestly raiment (he was,
						in fact, an expert augur). When he had led forth his men and slain many of
						the enemy, he was swallowed up by the earth. Aemilius built an altar, gained
						a victory, and sent back an hundred and sixty turreted elephants to Rome.
						The altar delivers oracles at that time of year when Pyrrhus was vanquished.
						This Critolaüs relates in the third book of his Epeirote History .

Pyraechmes, king of the Euboeans, was at war with the Boeotians. Heracles,
						while still a youth, vanquished him. He tied Pyraechmes to colts, tore his
						body into two parts, and cast it forth unburied. The place is called Colts of Pyraechmes. It is situated beside the
						river Heracleius, and it gives forth a sound of neighing when horses drink
						of it. So in the third book of Concerning
							Rivers . 
					 
					 Tullus Hostilius, King of the Romans, waged war with the Albans, whose
						kingwas Metius Fufetius. And Tullus repeatedly postponed battle. But the
						Albans, assuming his defeat, betook themselves to feasting and drinking.
						When they were overcome by wine, Tullus attacked them, and, tying their king
						to two colts, tore him apart. So Alexarchus in the fourth book of his Italian
							History.

Philip wished to plunder Methonê and Olynthus and, while he was attempting to
						force a crossing at the Sandanus river, his eye was
						pierced by an arrow from the bow of a certain Olynthian named Aster, who
						uttered these words : Aster to Philip sends this
							deadly shaft. But Philip swam back to his friends and was saved,
						although he lost his eye. So Callisthenes in the third book of his Macedonian
							History . 
					 Porsenna, king of the Etruscans, made a foray on the other side of the river
						Tiber and warred against the Romans, and, by intercepting their abundant
						supply of grain, he oppressed the aforesaid with famine. But Horatius Codes, who was
						elected general, took possession of the Wooden Bridge and checked the
						barbarian horde that sought to cross. But as he was being worsted by the
						enemy, he ordered his subordinates to cut down the bridge, and so thwarted
						the barbarian horde that sought to cross. When his eye was struck by an
						arrow, he threw himself into the river and swam across to his friends. So
						Theotimus in the second book of his Italian
							History .

The story of Icarius who entertained Dionysus : Eratosthenes in his Erigonê . 
					 
					 Saturn, when once he was entertained by a farmer who had a
						fair daughter named Entoria, seduced her and begat Janus, Hymnus, Faustus,
						and Felix. He then taught Icarius the use of wine and viniculture, and told him that he should share his knowledge
						with his neighbours also. When the neighbours did so and drank more than is
						customary, they fell into an unusually deep sleep. Imagining that they had
						been poisoned, they pelted Icarius with stones and killed him ; and his
						grandchildren in despair ended their lives by hanging themselves. When a
						plague had gained a wide hold among the Romans, Apollo gave an oracle that
						it would cease if they should appease the wrath of Saturn and the spirits of
						those who had perished unlawfully. Lutatius Catulus, one of the nobles,
						built for the god the precinct which lies near the Tarpeian Rock. He made
						the upper altar with four faces, either because of Icarius's grandchildren
						or because the year has four parts ; and he designated a month January.
						Saturn placed them all among the stars. The others are called Harbingers of
						the Vintage, but Janus rises
						before them. His star is to be seen just in front of the feet of Virgo. So
						Critolaüs in the fourth book of his Phaenomena .

When the Persians were plundering Greece, Pausanias, the Spartan general,
						accepted five hundred talents of gold from Xerxes and intended to betray
						Sparta. But when he was detected, Agesilaüs, 
						his father, helped to pursue him to the temple of Athena of the Brazen House
						; the father walled up the doors of the shrine with bricks and killed his
						son by starvation. His mother also
						cast his body forth unburied. So
						Chrysermus in the second book of his Histories . 
					 The Romans in their war with the inhabitants of Latium elected Publius Decius
						general. A certain poor, but noble, youth named Cassius Brutus wished to
						open the gates at night for a stated sum of money. He was detected and fled
						to the temple of Minerva Auxiliaria. Cassius Signifer, his father, shut him
						in, killed him by starvation, and cast him forth unburied. So Cleitonymus in
						his Italian History .

When Darius the Persian had fought with Alexander at the Granicus, and had
						lost seven satraps and five hundred and two scythe-bearing chariots, he
						intended to attack again on the next day. But Ariobarzanes, his son, who was
						kindly disposed toward Alexander, promised to betray his father. But the
						father fell into a rage and cut off his head. So Aretades of Cnidus in the
						third book of his Macedonian History . 
					 Brutus, unanimously elected consul, drove into exile Tarquin the Proud, who
						was comporting himself despotically. Tarquin went to the Etruscans and began
						to wage war against the Romans. But Tarquini sons wished to betray their
						father. But they were detected, and Tarquin cut off their heads. So
						Aristeides the Milesian in his Italian History .

Epameinondas, the Theban general, when he was waging
						war against the Spartans, returned home at the season of the elections,
						giving orders to his son Stesimbrotus not to engage the enemy. But the
						Spartans learned of Epameinondas's absence and taunted the youth with lack
						of manliness. He became indignant and, forgetting his father's command,
						engaged the enemy and conquered. But his father being deeply offended,
						crowned the youth and cut off his head. This
						Ctesiphon relates in the third book of his Boeotian
							History . 
					 When the Romans were engaged in war against the Samnites, they appointed
						Manlius, called Imperiosus, general. As he was journeying to Rome for the
						consular elections, he ordered his son not to engage the enemy. But the
						Samnites learned of this and insultingly called the youth a nobody. He was
						provoked and defeated them, but Manlius cut off his head. This Aristeides
						the Milesian relates.

Heracles failed in his suit for Iolê's hand and sacked Oechalia. Iole threw
						herself down from the wall; but it came about, since her garment was
						billowed out by the wind, that she suffered no harm. This Nicias of Mallus
						relates. 
					 When the Romans were warring against the Etruscans, they elected Valerius
						Torquatus general. When he beheld the king's daughter, whose name was
						Clusia, he asked the Etruscan for his daughter ; but when he failed to
						obtain her, he attempted to sack the city . Clusia threw herself down from
						the battlements ; but by the foresight of Venus her garment billowed out,
						and she came safely to the ground. The general
						violated her, and for all these reasons was banished by public decree of the
						Romans to Corsica, an island off Italy. So Theophilus in the third book of
						his Italian History .

When the Carthaginians and Siceliots were negotiating an alliance against the
						Romans, Vesta was the only divinity to whom Metellus, the general, did not
						sacrifice. She, accordingly, sent a contrary wind against his ships. Gaius
						Julius, the augur, said that it would abate if Metellus should sacrifice his
						daughter. Forced by necessity, he brought forward his daughter Metella. But
						Vesta took pity, substituted a heifer, transported the maiden to
							Lanuvium, and
						appointed her priestess of the serpent that is worshipped by the people
						there. So Pythocles in the third book of his Italian
							History . 
					 The like fate of Iphigeneia at Aulis in Boeotia Menyllus relates in the first
						book of his Boeotian History .

Brennus, king of the Gauls, when he was ravaging Asia, came to Ephesus and
						fell in love with a maiden Demonice. She promised to satisfy his desires and
						also to betray Ephesus, if he would give her the Gauls' bracelets and
						feminine ornaments. But Brennus required his soldiers to throw into the lap
						of the avaricious woman the gold which they were wearing. This they did, and
						she was buried alive by the abundance of gold. 
						This Cleitophon relates in the first book of his Gallic
							History . 
					 Tarpeia, one of the maidens of honourable estate, was the guardian of the
						Capitol when the Romans were warring against the Sabines. She promised
						Tatius that she would give him entry to the Tarpeian Rock if she received as
						pay the necklaces 
						which the Sabines wore for adornment. The Sabines understood the import and
						buried her alive. So Aristeides the Milesian in his Italian History .

When a war between the Tegeans and the Pheneans had continued for a long
						time, it was agreed to send triplet brothers to determine the victory by
						their fighting. The Tegeans accordingly chose to represent them the sons of
						Rheximachus, and the Pheneans the sons of Demostratus. When battle was
						joined, two of Rheximachus's sons were slain. But the third, Critolaüs by
						name, by a stratagem succeeded in surviving his two brothers. For he devised
						the ruse of simulated flight, and so killed one after another of his
						pursuers. And when he came home all the rest rejoiced with him ; but his
						sister Demodicê alone did not rejoice, for he had slain her betrothed,
						Demodicus. Critolaüs, smarting under such undeserved treatment, killed her.
						He was prosecuted for murder by his mother, but was
						acquitted of the charge. So Demaratus in the second book of his Arcadian History . 
					 When the Romans and the Albans were at war, they chose triplets as their
						champions, the Albans the Curiatii, the Romans the Horatii. When the battle
						was joined, the Curiatii killed two of their opponents ; but the survivor
						made use of simulated flight to help him, and killed one after another of
						his pursuers. Amid the universal rejoicing his sister Horatia alone did not
						rejoice with him ; for he had slain her betrothed, Curiatius. So Horatius
						killed his sister. This
						Aristeides the Milesian narrates in his Italian
							History .

When the shrine of Athena in Ilium was in flames. Hus rushed up and seized
						the Palladium, a statue which had fallen from heaven, and was blinded : for
						the Palladium might not be looked upon by man. But later, when he had
						placated the goddess, he regained his sight. So Dereyllus in the first book
						of his Foundations of Cities . 
					 When Antylus, one of the noblemen,
						was on his way to the outskirts of the city, he was checked by crows which
						struck at him with their wings. Frightened by the omen, he returned to Rome.
						He saw that the shrine of Vesta was on fire, seized the Palladium, and was
						blinded. But later he regained his sight when he had placated the goddess.
						So Aristeides the Milesian in his Italian
							History .

When the Thracians were at war with the Athenians, they received an oracle
						that they would be victorious if they should spare Codrus ; but Codrus took
						a scythe and, in the guise of a poor man, went to meet the enemy. He slew
						one and was killed by the second, and thus the Athenians gained the
							victory. So Socrates in the second book of his Thracian History . 
					 When Publius Decius, a Roman, was warring against the Albans, he saw in a
						dream that, if he should die, his death would bring strength to the Romans.
						He went into the thick of the battle, slew many, and was himself slain. In
						like manner did his son Decius also save the Romans in the war against the
							Gauls. So
						Aristeides the Milesian.

To Dionysus alone did Cyanippus, a Syracusan, omit to sacrifice. The god was
						angry and cast upon him a fit of drunkenness, in which he violated his
						daughter Cyanê in a dark place. She took off his ring and gave it to her
						nurse to be a mark of recognition. When the Syracusans were oppressed by a
						plague, and the Pythian god pronounced that they should sacrifice the
						impious man to the Averting Deities, the rest had no understanding of the
						oracle ; but Cyanê knew, and seized her father by the hair and dragged him
						forth; and when she had herself cut her fathers throat, she killed herself
						upon his body in the same manner. So Dositheüs in the third book of his
							 Sicilian History . 
					 When the Bacchanalian revels were being celebrated at Rome, Aruntius, who had
						been from birth a water-drinker, set at naught the power of the god. But
						Dionysus cast a fit of drunkenness upon him, and he
						violated his daughter Medullina. But she recognized from a ring his
						relationship and devised a plan wiser than her years ; making her father
						drunk, and crowning him with garlands, she led him to the altar of Divine
							Lightning, and there, dissolved in tears, she slew the man who
						had plotted against her virginity. So Aristeides in the third book of his
							 Italian History .

When Erechtheus was at war with Eumolpus, he
						learned that he would conquer if he sacrificed his daughter before the
						battle, and, communicating this to his wife Praxithea, he sacrificed his
							daughter. 
							Euripides records
						this in the Erechtheus . 
					 When Marius was fighting the Cimbri and was being worsted, he saw in a dream
						that he would conquer if he sacrificed his daughter before the battle ; for
						he had a daughter Calpurnia. Since he placed his fellow-citizens before the
						ties of nature, he did the deed and won the victory. And even to this day
						there are two altars in Germany which at that time of year send forth the
						sound of trumpets. So Dorotheüs in the fourth book of his Italian History .

Cyanippus, a Thessalian by birth, used continually to go forth to hunt, but
						his wife, whom he had but lately wed, suspected him of intimacy with another
						woman, because of his habit of frequently passing the night in the forest,
						and she followed on the track of Cyanippus. Hiding herself in a thicket, she awaited events. But some branches were shaken
						by her movements, and the dogs, thinking that she was a wild animal, rushed
						upon her and tore to pieces the loving wife like a brute beast. Cyanippus
						was a witness of this unexpected event and slew himself. So the poet Parthenius. 
					 
					 In Sybaris a city of Italy, a young man Aemilius, greatly admired for his
						beauty, was very fond of hunting. But his wife, whom he had but lately wed,
						thought that he was consorting with another woman and entered the dell. The
						trees were shaken by her movements and the dogs rushed upon her and tore her
						to pieces ; and her husband slew himself. So Cleitonymus in the second book
						of his History of Sybaris .

Through the wrath of Aphroditê, Smyrna, the daughter of Cinyras, fell in love
						with her father, and revealed to her nurse the all-compelling force of her
						love. The nurse led on her master by a trick ; for she declared that a
						neighbouring maiden was in love with him and was too modest to approach him
						openly ; and Cinyras consorted with her. But on one occasion, wishing to
						learn the identity of his mistress, he called for a light ; but when he saw
						her, sword in hand he pursued this most wanton woman. But by the foresight
						of Aphroditê she was changed into the tree that bears her name. So Theodorus
						in his Metamorphoses . 
					 Through the wrath of Venus, Valeria Tusculanaria 
						fell in love with her father Valerius, and imparted her secret to her nurse.
						The nurse deceived her master by a trick, saying that there was someone who
						was too modest to consort with him openly, but that she was a maiden of the
						neighbourhood. The father, sodden with wine, kept calling for a light; but
						the nurse was quick enough to wake the daughter, who went to the country,
						since she was with child. Once on a time she threw herself down from a
						cliff, but the child still lived. Returning home, she found her pregnancy
						inescapable, and in due time gave birth to Aegipan, called in the Roman
						tongue Silvanus. But Valerius, in a fit of despair, hurled himself down from
						the same cliff. So Aristeides the Milesian in the third book of his Italian History .

After the sack of Troy Diomedes was cast up on the Libyan coast where Lycus
						was king, whose custom it was to sacrifice strangers to his father Ares. But
						Callirrhoe, the king's daughter, fell in love with Diomedes and betrayed her
						father : loosing Diomedes from his bonds, she saved him. But he, without
						regard for his benefactor, sailed away, and she ended her life with a
						halter. So Juba in the third book of his Libyan
							History . 
					 Calpurnius Crassus, one of the noblemen who had campaigned with Regulus, was
						dispatched against the Massylians to sack a certain stronghold by name
						Garaetium, a place difficult to capture. He was taken captive and was
						destined to be sacrificed to Saturn ; but Bisaltia, daughter of the king,
						fell in love with him, betrayed her father, and gave her lover the victory. But when he returned home, the maiden slew
						herself. So Hesianax in the third book of his Libyan
							History .

Priam sent away Polydorus with gold to Thrace to his son-in-law Polymestor,
						because the city was on the point of being sacked. But, after its capture,
						Polymestor killed the child that he might gain the gold. Hecuba, however,
						came to the country and, tricking him with the promise of gold, put out his
						eyes with her own hands, assisted by the captive women. So Euripides the tragedian. 
					 When Hannibal was ravaging Campania, Lucius Tiberis placed his son Rustius
						together with his possessions in the hands of Valerius Gestius, who was his
						son-in-law ; but Hannibal was victorious. When the Campanian heard this,
						through his love of money he violated the rights of nature and slew the
						child. But when Tiberis was journeying through the country-side and came
						upon the body of his son, he sent to his son-in-law, pretending that he
						would show him treasures ; but when he came, Tiberis put out his eyes and
						nailed him to a cross. So Aristeides in the third book of his Italian History .

Telamon led out to hunt Phocus, the beloved son of Aeacus by his wife
						Psamathê. When a boar appeared, Telamon threw his spear at his hated brother
						and killed him. But his father drove him into exile. So Dorotheus in the first book of his
							 Metamorphoses . 
					 Gaius Maximus had two sons, Similius and Rhesus, of
						whom this Rhesus, whom he begat from Ameria out of wedlock, killed his
						brother during a hunt; and when he returned home, he declared that the
						mischance was accidental, not deliberate. But his father recognized the
						truth and banished him. So Aristocles in the third book of his Italian History .

Ares consorted with Althaea and begat Meleager. . . . So Euripides in his Meleager. 
					 
					 Septimius Marcellus, who was wedded to Silvia, was much given to hunting.
						Mars, in the guise of a shepherd, violated the young bride, and got her with
						child. He acknowledged his identity and gave her a spear-shaft, declaring
						that with it the life of her child that was to be born was inseparably
						united. She duly bore for Septimius a son Tuscinus. Now the only divinity
						that Mamercus neglected when he was sacrificing to the gods for a bountiful
						harvest was Ceres, and she sent a wild boar. But Tuscinus assembled many
						huntsmen, slew it, and presented the head and the hide to his affianced
						bride ; but Scymbrates and Muthias, his mother's brothers, took them away
						from the maiden. Tuscinus was enraged and slew his kinsmen, but his mother
						burned the spear-shaft. So Menyllus in the third book of his Italian History .

Telamon, the son of Aeacus and Endeïs, came to Euboea, (violated the daughter
						of Alcothoüs, Eriboea) and escaped by night. But when her father discovered the matter and suspected someone
						of the citizens, he gave the girl to one of his guardsmen to be cast into
						the sea. But the guardsman took pity on her, and sold her into slavery. When
						the ship on which she was put in at Salamis, Telamon bought her, and she
						bore Ajax. So Aretades the Cnidian in the second book of his History of the Islands . 
					 Lucius Troscius had by Patris a daughter Florentia. Calpurnius, a Roman,
						violated her, and Lucius delivered over the maiden to be thrown into the
						sea. But she was pitied by the guardsman and sold into slavery; and by
						chance her ship put in at Italy, Calpurnius bought her, and had from her
						Contruscus.

Aeolus, king of the Etruscans, begat from Amphithea six daughters and the
						like number of sons. Macareus, the youngest, for love violated one of his
						sisters and she became pregnant. Her plight was discovered and her father
						sent her a sword ; she judged herself a law-breaker and made away wTith
						herself. Macareus also did likewise. 
						So Sostratus in the second book of his Etruscan
							History . 
					 Papirius Tolucer married Julia Pulchra and begat six daughters and the like
						number of sons. The eldest, Papirius Romanus, fell in love with his sister
						Canulia and got her with child. Their father learned of it and sent his
						daughter a sword. She killed herself; Romanus also
						did the same. So Chrysippus in the first book of his Italian History .

Aristonymus of Ephesus, the son of Demostratus, hated women and used to
						consort with an ass; and in due time the ass gave birth to a very beautiful
						maiden, Onoscelis by name. So Aristocles in the second book of
						his Strange Events . 
					 Fulvius Stellus hated women and used to consort with a mare and in due time
						the mare gave birth to a beautiful girl and they named her Epona. She is the
						goddess that is concerned with the protection of horses. So Agesilaüs in the
						third book of his Italian History .

The People of Sardis, when they were engaged in war against the people of
						Smyrna, encamped round about the walls, and sent word through ambassadors
						that they would never retire unless the people of Smyrna would agree to let
						their wives consort with them. The Smyrnaeans, because of the compelling
						necessity, were in a fair way to suffer grievously ; but there was a certain
						maid-servant to one of the better class who ran up to her master Philarchus
						and said, You must dress up the maid-servants and send
							them in place of free-born women. And this, in fact, they did. The
						men of Sardis were quite exhausted by the serving-maids, and so were taken
						captive ; whence even now the people of Smyrna have a festival called
						Eleutheria in which the maid-servants wear the adornments of free women. So
						Dositheiis in the third book of his Lydian
							History . 
					 
					 When Atepomarus, king of the Gauls, was at war with the Romans, he said he
						would never retire unless the Romans should surrender their wives for
						intercourse. But the Romans, on the advice of their maid-servants, sent
						slave-women; and the barbarians, exhausted by unremitting intercourse, fell
						asleep. But Rhetana (for she had been the author of this advice), by taking
						hold of a wild fig-tree, climbed upon the wall and informed the consuls ;
						and the Romans attacked and conquered. From this the Servants' Festival
						takes its name. So Aristeides the Milesian in the first book of his Italian History .

When the Athenians were engaged in a war against Eumolpus, and their supply of food was insufficient, Pyrander, the
						treasurer of the public funds, secretly reduced the unit of measure and
						distributed food very sparingly. But his countrymen suspected that he was a
						traitor and stoned him to death. So Callisthenes in the third book of his
							 Thracian History . 
					 When the Romans were waging war against the Gauls, and their supply of food
						was insufficient, Cinna secretly reduced the distribution of grain to the
						people. But the Romans stoned him to death on the suspicion that he had
						designs on the kingship. So Aristeides in the third book of his Italian History .

During the Peloponnesian War Peisistratus of Orchomenus hated the aristocracy
						and strongly favoured the poorer citizens. The members of the Council
						plotted to kill him ; they cut him up into bits, thrust these into the folds
						of their garments, and scraped the earth clean. But the crowd of commoners
							 caught a suspicion of this deed and hurried to
						the Council. Tlesimachus, however, the younger son of the king, was privy to
						the plot and drew the crowd away from the assembly by declaring that he had
						seen his father, endowed with more than mortal stature, being swiftly borne
						toward mount Pisa ; and thus the crowd was deceived. So Theophilus in the
						second book of his Peloponnesian History . 
					 Because of the wars with neighbouring States the Roman Senate had done away
						with the distribution of grain to the people ; but Romulus the king could
						not brook this, restored the dole to the people, and punished many of the
						more prominent men. They slew him in the Senate, cut him into bits, and
						thrust these into the folds of their garments; but the Roman people ran with
						fire to the Senate-house. Julius Proculus, however, one of the prominent
						men, declared that on a mountain he had seen Romulus with greater stature
						than any mortal's and that he had become a god. The Romans believed him and
							withdrew. So Aristobulus in the third book of his Italian History .

Pelops, the son of Tantalus and Euryanassa, married Hippodameia and begat
						Atreus and Thyestes; but by the nymph Danaïs he had Chrysippus, whom lie
						loved more than his legitimate sons. But Laïus the Theban conceived a desire
						for him and carried him off; and, although he was arrested by Thyestes and
						Atreus, he obtained mercy from Pelops because of his love. But Hippodameia
						tried to persuade Atreus and Thyestes to do away with Chrysippus, since she knew that he would be a contestant for
						the kingship ; but when they refused, she stained her hands with the
						pollution. For at dead of night, when Laïus was asleep, she drew his sword,
						wounded Chrysippus, and fixed the sword in his body. Laïus was suspected
						because of the sword, but was saved by Chrysippus who, though half-dead,
						acknowledged the truth. Pelops buried Chrysippus and banished
							Hippodameia. So Dositheüs in his Descendants of
							Pelops . 
					 Ebius Tolieix married Nuceria and had from her two sons ; and he had also,
						from a freedwoman, Firmus, conspicuous for his beauty, whom he loved more
						than his legitimate sons. Nuceria was disposed to hate her stepson and tried
						to persuade her sons to kill him ; but when they righteously refused, she
						herself effected the murder. By night she drew the sword of Firmus's
						body-guard and mortally wounded the boy as he slept, leaving the sword
						behind in his body. The guard was suspected, but the boy told the truth.
						Ebius buried his son and banished his wife. So Dositheüs in the third book
						of his Italian History .

Theseus, who was actually the son of Poseidon, begat a son Hippolytus from
						Hippolytê the Amazon and took a second wife, Phaedra, the daughter of Minos,
						who thus became a stepmother. Phaedra fell in love with her stepson, and
						sent her nurse to him ; but he left Athens and, coming to Troezen, devoted
						himself to hunting. But when the wanton woman failed to obtain her cherished
						desire, she indited a false letter against the
						chaste youth and ended her life with a halter. Theseus believed the letter
						and asked from Poseidon the destruction of Hippolyto as fulfilment of one of
						the three wishes which he had as a concession from Poseidon. The god sent a
						bull to confront Hippolyto as he was driving along the shore in his chariot
						and terrified the horses, which crushed Hippolytus. 
					 
					 Comminius Super of Laurentem begat a son Comminius from the nymph Egeria and
						took a second wife Gidica, who thus became a stepmother. She fell in love
						with her stepson and, failing to obtain her desire, put an end to her life
						with a halter, leaving behind her a lying letter. Comminius read the
						accusations, believed the invidious charge, and called upon Neptune, who
						placed a bull in the youth's path as he was riding in a chariot; and the
						young man's horses ran away with him and killed him. So Dositheüs in the
						third book of his Italian History .

When a Plague had overspread Sparta, the god gave an oracle that it would
						cease if they sacrificed a noble maiden each year. Once when Helen had been
						chosen by lot and had been led forward adorned for the sacrifice, an eagle
						swooped down, snatched up the sword, carried it to the herds of cattle, and
						let it fall on a heifer ; wherefore the Spartans refrained from the slaying
						of maidens. So Aristodemus in his Third
						Collection of Fables. 
					 When a Plague had gained a wide hold on the city of Falerii, and many
						perished of it, an oracle was given that the terror
						would abate if they sacrificed a maiden to Juno each year. This
						superstitious practice persisted and once, as a maiden chosen by lot,
						Valeria Luperca, had drawn the sword, an eagle swooped down, snatched it up,
						and placed a wand tipped with a small hammer upon the sacrificial offerings
						; but the sword the eagle cast down upon a certain heifer which was grazing
						near the shrine. The maiden understood the import: she sacrificed the
						heifer, took up the hammer, and went about from house to house, tapping the
						sick lightly with her hammer and rousing them, bidding each of them to be
						well again ; whence even to this day this mystic rite is performed. So
						Aristeides in the nineteenth book of his Italian
							History .

Phylonomê, the daughter of Nyctimus and Arcadia, was wont to hunt with
						Artemis ; but Ares, in the guise of a shepherd, got her with child. She gave
						birth to twin children and, fearing her father, cast them into the
						Erymanthus ; but by some divine providence they were borne round and round
						without peril, and found haven in the trunk of a hollow oaktree. A wolf,
						whose den was in the tree, cast her own cubs into the stream and suckled the
						children. A shepherd, Gyliphus, was witness of this event and, taking up the
						children, reared them as his own, and named them Lycastus and Parrhasio, the
						same that later succeeded to the throne of Arcadia. So
						Zopyrus of Byzantium in the third book of his Histories . 
					 Amulius, being despotically disposed toward his brother Numitor, killed his
						brother's son Aenitus in hunting, and his daughter
						Silvia, or Ilia, he made a priestess of Juno. But Mars got Silvia with
						child. She gave birth to twins and acknowledged the truth to the despot; he
						became frightened and threw both the children into the water by the banks of
						the Tiber. But they found a haven at a place where was the den of a wolf
						which had recently whelped. She abandoned her cubs and suckled the children.
						A shepherd Faustus was witness of this event and reared the children ; he
						named them Remus and Romulus, who became the founders of Rome. So Aristeides the Milesian in
						his Italian History .

After the capture of Troy Agamemnon together with Cassandra was slain. But
						Orestes was reared in the house of Strophius, and took vengeance on the
						murderers of his father. So Pyrander in the fourth book of his Peloponnesian History . 
					 Fabius Fabricianus, a kinsman of Fabius Maximus, sacked Tuxium, the chief
						city of the Samnites, and sent to Rome the statue of Venus Victrix, which
						was held in honour among the Samnites. His wife Fabia, debauched by a
						certain handsome youth whose name was Petronius Valentinus, slew her husband
						by treachery. But a daughter Fabia rescued from danger her brother
						Fabricianus, who was still a young child, and sent him away secretly to be
						reared elsewhere. When he reached manhood he slew his mother and her lover,
						and was absolved from guilt by the senate. This Dositheüs relates in the
						third book of his Italian History .

Busiris, the son of Poseidon and Anippê, daughter of the Nile, with
						treacherous hospitality was wont to sacrifice such persons as passed his
						way. But there came upon him vengeance for those that had perished by his
						hand. For Heracles attacked him with his club and slew him. So Agathon of Samos. 
					 When Hercules was driving through Italy the cattle of Geryon, he was
						entertained, by king Faunus, the son of Mercury, who was wont to sacrifice
						his guests to the god that was his father. But when he attacked Hercules, he
						was slain. So Dercyllus in the third book of his Italian History .

Phalaris, the tyrant of Agrigentum, used to inflict most cruel torture and
						torment upon the strangers that passed his way. Perillus, a bronze-founder
						by trade, made a bronze heifer and gave it to the king that he might burn
						the strangers in it alive. But Phalaris on this one occasion proved himself
						a just man and threw into it the artisan ; the heifer seemed to give forth a
						sound of bellowing. So in the second book of Causes . 
					 
					 In Segesta, a city of Sicily, there lived a certain cruel despot, Aemilius
						Censorinus, who used to reward with gifts those who invented more novel
						forms of torture ; and a certain Arruntius Paterculus constructed a horse of
						bronze and gave it as a gift to the aforesaid that he might cast the
						citizens therein. But on this occasion, for the first time, the despot behaved in a just manner and thrust first the giver of
						the gift into the horse, so that he himself should be the first to
						experience the torment which he had devised for others. Then he seized the
						man and hurled him from the Tarpeian Rock. It is believed that those who
						rule with great cruelty are called Aemilii from this Aemilius. So Aristeides
						in the fourth book of his Italian History .

Evenus, the son of Ares and Steropê;, married Alcippê, the daughter of
						Oenomaüs, and begat a daughter Marpessa, whom he endeavoured to keep a virgin. Idas, the son of
						Aphareus, seized her from a band of dancers and fled. Her father gave chase
						; but, since he could not capture them, he hurled himself into the
							Lycormas river and became immortal.
						So Dositheüs in the first book of his Aetolian
							History . 
					 Annius, king of the Etruscans, had a beautiful daughter named Salia, whom he
						endeavoured to keep a virgin. But Cathetus, one of the nobles, saw the
						maiden at play and fell in love with her ; nor could he control his passion,
						but seized her and set out with her for Rome. Her father gave chase, but
						since he could not capture them, he leaped into the river Pareüsium, and
						from him its name was changed to Anio. And Cathetus consorted with Salia and
						begat Latinus and Salius, from whom the most noble patricians traced their
						descent. So Aristeides the Milesian, and also Alexander Polyhistor in the
						third book of his Italian History .

Hegesistratus, an Ephesian, having murdered one of
						his kinsmen, fled to Delphi, and inquired of the god where he should make
						his home. And Apollo answered: Where you shall see
							rustics dancing, garlanded with olive-branches. When he had come to
						a certain place in Asia and had observed farmers garlanded with olive-leaves
						and dancing, there he founded a city and called it Elaeüs. So Pythocles the Samian in the third book of his Treatise on Husbandry . 
					 When Telegonus, the son of Odysseus and Circê, was sent to search for his
						father, he was instructed to found a city where he should see farmers
						garlanded and dancing. When he had come to a certain place in Italy, and had
						observed rustics garlanded with twigs of oak ( prininoi ) and diverting themselves with dancing, he founded a
						city, and from the coincidence named it Prinistum, which the Romans, by a
						slight change, call Praenestê. So Aristocles relates in the third book of
						his Italian History .