@incollection{Aarsleff1974,
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}

@incollection{Aitchison2003,
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@incollection{Alter2001,
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    year = {2001},
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    author = {Alter, Stephen G.}
}

@incollection{Arens1975,
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@incollection{Balasundaram2008,
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@incollection{Basboell1988,
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@incollection{Baxter2000,
    publisher = {McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research},
    isbn = {1902937066},
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    year = {2000},
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@incollection{Baxter1998,
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@incollection{Beckmann1988,
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@incollection{Benedetto2000,
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@incollection{BermudezOtero2007,
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@incollection{Blank2000,
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@incollection{Blench2013,
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@incollection{Blevins2008,
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@incollection{Blust1996,
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@incollection{Blust2000,
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@incollection{Booij2009,
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@incollection{Borghouts2000,
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@incollection{Branner2000a,
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@incollection{Branner2006,
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@incollection{Branner2011a,
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@incollection{Branner2000,
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@book{Brugmann1897,
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@incollection{Bryant2001,
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@incollection{Bubenik2000,
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@incollection{Bybee2008,
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@incollection{Campbell1996,
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@incollection{Cardona2000,
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    title = {"Dǎng", "dǒng" zhī zhīxiǎo yìkǎo},
    journal = {Xiàndài Yǔwén 现代语文 [Modern Chinese]},
    author = {Chén Lín 陈琳},
    number = {12},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {132-134}
}

@article{Cui1994,
    title = {Hànyǔ héyīn xiànxiàng jiǎnlùn},
    journal = {Journal of Zhengzhou University},
    author = {Cuī Lí 崔黎},
    volume = {3},
    year = {1994},
    pages = {118-120}
}

@article{Cao2010,
    title = {Jiāng Yǒugào "Shījīng yùndú" yǔ Wáng Lì "Shījīng Yùndú" zài bǐjiào},
    journal = {Yánān Dàxué Xuébào 延安大学学报(社会科学版) [Journal of Yanan University (Social Science)]},
    author = {Cáo Qiāng 曹強},
    number = {3},
    volume = {32},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {106-109}
}

@book{Cen1958,
    publisher = {Kēxué 科学},
    author = {Cén Qíxiáng 岑麒祥},
    year = {1958},
    title = {Yúyánxué gàiyào},
    address = {Běijīng 北京}
}

@thesis{Cheng2009b,
    title = {An optimality theoretical account of contemporary Cantonese rhyming based on inferential statistics},
    author = {Cheng Siu Kei 郑绍基},
    year = {2009},
    institution = {Hong Kong University of Science and Technology},
    address = {Hong Kong}
}

@inproceedings{Cheng2004,
    title = {Cóng shùlǐ tǒngjì fāngfǎ kān yuè ōu yāyùn xìtǒng yú jìndài yuèyǔ yīnxì},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th Postgraduate Research Forum on Linguistics},
    author = {Cheng Siu Kei 郑绍基},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {184-192},
    address = {Hong Kong}
}

@thesis{Chen2009,
    title = {Dòngtáiyǔ héxīncí yánjiū},
    author = {Chén Xiǎolíng 陈孝玲},
    year = {2009},
    institution = {Huázhōng Kējì Dàxué 华中科技大学 [Huazhong University of Science & Technology]},
    address = {Wǔhàn 武汉}
}

@article{Cai2003,
    title = {Yóu Yángxióng Fāngyán kàn Mìyánghuà zhōng gǔyǔ de yíliú},
    journal = {Tiānzhòng Xuékān 天中学刊 [Journal of Tiānzhòng]},
    author = {Cài Xiăo 蔡晓},
    number = {3},
    volume = {18},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {98-100}
}

@article{Chen2011,
    journal = {Huáxī Yǔwén Xuékān 华西语文学刊 [West China Bulletin of Philology},
    title = {Gǔhànzì yǔ Gǔāijí Shèngshūzì zhōng de yīnbǔ xiànxiàng},
    year = {2011},
    number = {4},
    author = {Chén Yǒngshēng 陈永生}
}

@thesis{Deng2014,
    title = {Shījīng yāyùn jí xiāngguān wèntí yánjiū},
    author = {Dèng Kuí 邓葵},
    year = {2014},
    institution = {Nánkāi Dàxué 南开大学 [Nankai University]},
    address = {Tiānjìn 天津}
}

@article{Ding1933,
    title = {Shì fǒudìngcí `fú ́`bù},
    journal = {BIHP},
    author = {Dīng Shēngshù 丁声树},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1935},
    keywords = {Chinese, contraction, Old chinese},
    pages = {967-996}
}

@thesis{Deng2006,
    title = {Hànzàng yǔxì de yǔyán guānxi jí qí fēnlèi},
    author = {Dèng Xiǎohuá 邓晓华},
    year = {2006},
    institution = {Huázhōng Kējì Dàxué 华中科技大学 [Huazhong University of Science & Technology]},
    address = {Wǔhàn 武汉}
}

@article{Fang2012,
    title = {Dèngfēng fāngyán de héyīncí yǔ fēnyīncí},
    journal = {Journal of Puyang Vocational and Technical College},
    author = {Fāng Shǎopéng 方少鹏},
    number = {1},
    volume = {25},
    year = {2012},
    keywords = {Chinese, contraction},
    pages = {64-67}
}

@article{Gong2000,
    title = {Cóng Hànzàngyǔ de bǐjiào kàn Shànggǔ Hànyǔ de cítóu wèntí},
    journal = {Language and Linguistics},
    abstract = {This paper discusses the prefixes *s-, *r-, and *N- in Old Chinese on the basis of etymological relationships among words in Chinese and the comparison of cognate words between Chinese and Tibeto-Burman. The study of the prefix *s- has a long history and abundunt literature. This paper reviews past studies and presents the writer’s view from the perspective of the comparative study of Sino-Tibetan languages. The prefix *r- is proposed based on the reconstructions of *tr- and *tsr- in Old Chinese by Fang-kuei Li. The correspondences between Chinese and Tibeto-Burman reveal that *r- occurred before initial consonants and sometimes played the role of a prefix. The hypothesis of the prefix *N- in Old Chinese is put forward on the basis of Sino Tibetan comparison, in order to account for regular as well as irregular sound correspondences between Chinese and Tibetan, etymological relationships among Chinese words, Xie-sheng contacts in Chinese characters, and sound changes in Chinese as well as in Tibetan.},
    author = {Gong Hwang-cherng 龔煌城},
    number = {2},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2000},
    pages = {39-62}
}

@book{Geng2004,
    publisher = {Běijīng Dàxué 北京大學},
    author = {Gēng Zhènshēng 耿振生},
    year = {2004},
    title = {20 shìjì Hànyǔ yǔyīnxué fāngfǎ lùn},
    address = {Běijīng 北京}
}

@book{He2006,
    publisher = {Běijīng Dàxué 北京大學},
    author = {Hé Jiǔyíng 何九盈},
    year = {2006},
    title = {Zhōngguó gǔdài yǔyánxuéshǐ},
    address = {Běijīng 北京}
}

@book{Hou2002,
    publisher = {Shànghǎi Jiàoyù 上海教育},
    author = {Hóu Jīng 侯精},
    year = {2002},
    title = {Xiàndài Hànyu fangyan gàilùn},
    address = {Shànghǎi 上海}
}

@book{He1991,
    publisher = {Shāngwù 商務},
    author = {Hé Jiǔyíng 何九盈},
    year = {1991},
    title = {Shànggǔyīn},
    address = {Běijīng 北京}
}

@article{Huang1964,
    title = {Lùn shēngmǔ fēnhé (xù) "Yáng Xióng fāngyán yīnbiàn" wèntí zhīyī},
    journal = {Héběi dàxué xuébào (zhéxué shèhuì kēxué bǎn) 河北大学学报(哲学社会科学版) [Journal of Hebei University (Philosophy and Social Science)]},
    author = {Huáng Qǐ 黄绮},
    volume = {5},
    year = {1964},
    pages = {113-157}
}

@article{Hattori1954,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.11435/gengo1939.1954.26-27_29},
    title = {On the method of glottochronology and the time-depth of Proto-Japanese},
    journal = {GENGO KENKYU},
    author = {Hattori Shirō 服部四郎},
    number = {26-27},
    volume = {1954},
    year = {1954},
    pages = {29-77}
}

@article{Hua2007a,
    title = {Èrshí shìjì yǐlái de Fāngyán zhěnglǐ},
    journal = {Zhōngwén Zìxué Zhǐdǎo 中文字學指導 [Reviews and Research on Chinese Literatur]},
    author = {Huá Xuéchéng 华学诚},
    number = {5},
    volume = {195},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {3-9}
}

@article{Hua2007b,
    title = {Jìn 15 nián lái de Yáng Xióng Fāngyán yánjiū yǔ wǒmen duì Fāngyán de zhěnglǐ},
    journal = {Nánkāi Yǔyánxúe Kān 南開語言學刊},
    author = {Huá Xuéchéng 华学诚},
    number = {1},
    volume = {9},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {59-69}
}

@article{Hua2000a,
    title = {Yáng Xióng Fāngyán “qízì” kǎo (shàng)},
    journal = {Qīnzhōu Shīfàn Gāodǎi Zhuānkē Xuéjiào Xuébào 钦州师范高等专科学校学报 Journal of Qīnzhōu Teachers College},
    author = {Huá Xuéchéng 华学诚},
    number = {4},
    volume = {15},
    year = {2000},
    pages = {44–48}
}

@article{Hua2000b,
    title = {Yáng Xióng Fāngyán “qízì” kǎo (xià)},
    journal = {Qīnzhōu Shīfàn Gāodǎi Zhuānkē Xuéjiào Xuébào 钦州师范高等专科学校学报 Journal of Qīnzhōu Teachers College},
    author = {Huá Xuéchéng 华学诚},
    number = {4},
    volume = {15},
    year = {2000},
    pages = {46-50}
}

@book{Huang1993,
    publisher = {Shèhuì Kēxué Wénxiàn 社会科学文献},
    author = {Húang Xuězhēn 黄雪贞},
    year = {1993},
    title = {Jiāngyǒng fāngyán yánjiū},
    address = {Běijīng 北京}
}

@book{Jiang1759,
    series = {Yīnyùnxué Cóngshū},
    title = {Yīnxúe biànwēi},
    year = {1935},
    author = {Jiāng Yǒng 江永}
}

@incollection{Luo1956,
    publisher = {Kēxué Chūbǎnshè 科学出版社},
    author = {Luó Chángpéi 罗常培},
    booktitle = {Fāngyán jiàojiān},
    title = {Luó xù},
    year = {1956},
    editor = {Zhōu Zǔmó 周祖谟},
    address = {Shànghǎi 上海},
    pages = {I–V}
}

@article{Li2011a,
    title = {Lùn jiāncí yǔ héyīncí},
    journal = {Journal of Qinghai Normal University},
    author = {Lǐ Chūnlíng 李春玲},
    number = {2},
    volume = {33},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {105-108}
}

@article{Luo1931,
    title = {Qièyùn yúyú zhī yīnzhí jí qí suǒ jù fāngyīn kǎo. Gāo Běnhàn Qièyùn Yīndú shāngquán zhī yī},
    journal = {Zhōngyāng Yánjiūyuàn Lìshǐ Yǔyán Yánjiūsuǒ Jíkān 中央研究院歷史語言研究所集刊 [Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology Academia Sinica]},
    author = {Luó Chángpéi 羅常培},
    number = {3},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1931},
    pages = {358-385}
}

@article{Li1971,
    title = {Shànggǔyīn yánjiū},
    journal = {Qīnghuá Xuébào 清華學報},
    author = {Li Fang-kuei 李方桂},
    number = {1-2},
    volume = {9},
    year = {1971},
    pages = {1-60}
}

@article{Li1987,
    title = {Fāngyán zhōng de shǎoshù mínzú yǔcí shìxī},
    journal = {Mínzú Yǔwén 民族語文 [Minority Languages of China]},
    author = {Lǐ Jìngzhōng 李敬忠},
    volume = {3},
    year = {1987},
    pages = {64-68}
}

@article{Lin2012,
    title = {Táiwān Hànyǔ fāngyán yǔ guóyǔ yǔyán jiēchù yánjiū de zhòngyāo yìyì},
    journal = {Journal of Longyuan University 龙岩学院学报},
    abstract = {The standard Chinese has been popularized by the Kuomintang and spoken widely in Taiwan during the reign of Chiang and his son. At the same time, the standard Chinese has been mixed with the south Fujian dialect, Hak- ka dialect and other Chinese dialects so that a very particular phenomenon of language contact has been formed, which provides a valuable case for the study of Chinese dialects. Those basic expressions like “Chinese with local accent” and “substandard Chinese”can be used in the study of language contact of Chinese dialects in Taiwan with standard Chinese. It is significant for the study of modern Chinese language, history of Chinese language, cultural linguistics and teaching of Chinese language.},
    author = {Lín Qīngshū 林清书},
    number = {6},
    volume = {30},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {5-25}
}

@article{Lu2009,
    title = {A brief study of the methodology of the study of ancient rhyme. And Concurrently on the study of the rhyme of "Jinwen Shangshu"},
    journal = {Nányáng Shīfàn Dàxué Bào (Shèhuì Kēxué Bǎn) 南阳师范学院学报(社会科学版) [Journal of Nanyang Normal University (Social Sciences)]},
    author = {Lǚ Shèngnán 吕胜男},
    number = {2},
    volume = {8},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {57-61}
}

@book{Li2004a,
    publisher = {Bāshǔ Shūshè 巴蜀書社},
    author = {Lǐ Shùháo 李恕豪},
    year = {2004},
    title = {Yáng Xióng Fāngyán yǔ fāngyán dìlǐxué yánjiū},
    address = {Chéngdū 成都}
}

@article{Li1990,
    title = {Lùn Yáng Xióng Fāngyán zhōng de jǐgè wèntí},
    journal = {Gǔhànyǔ Yánjiū 古漢語研究 [Research on Classical Chinese]},
    author = {Lǐ Shùháo 李恕豪},
    volume = {3},
    year = {1990},
    pages = {59–74}
}

@book{Liu2006,
    publisher = {Běijīng Dàxué 北京大學},
    author = {Liú Xiǎonán 刘晓南},
    year = {2006},
    title = {Hànyǔ yīnyùn yánjiū jiàochéng},
    address = {Běijīng 北京}
}

@article{Li2005a,
    title = {Hànyǔ fānyán fēnqū fāngfǎ zài rènshi},
    journal = {Fāngyán 方言},
    author = {Lǐ Xiǎofán 李小凡},
    number = {4},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {356-363}
}

@incollection{Lin1933,
    publisher = {Kāimíng Shūjiàn 開明書店},
    author = {Lín Yǔtáng 林语堂},
    booktitle = {Yǔyánxué lùncóng},
    title = {Qiánhàn fāngyīn qūyù kǎo},
    year = {1933},
    editor = {Lín Yǔtáng 林语堂},
    address = {Shànghǎi 上海},
    pages = {16-44}
}

@article{Liu2007a,
    title = {Shuō "tōngyǔ"},
    journal = {Lánzhōu 蘭州學刊 [Journal of Lánzhōu College]},
    author = {Liǔ Yùhóng 柳玉宏},
    number = {5},
    volume = {164},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {155f}
}

@book{Long2005,
    publisher = {Héběi Jiàoyù 河北教育},
    author = {Lóng Zhuāngwěi 龙庄伟},
    year = {2005},
    title = {Qièyùn yánjiū shǐgǎo},
    address = {Shíjiāzhuāng 石家庄}
}

@article{Meng2011,
    title = {Yīchuàn fāngyán li de héyīncí},
    journal = {Qīnchūn Suìyuè},
    author = {Mèng Yìguó 孟义国},
    volume = {16},
    year = {2011},
    keywords = {contraction, Chinese},
    pages = {69}
}

@article{Mai1999,
    title = {Suídài yāyùn cáiliào de shǔlǐ fēnxī},
    journal = {Yǔyán yánjiū 语言研究},
    author = {Mài Yún 麦耘},
    number = {2},
    volume = {37},
    year = {1999},
    pages = {112-128}
}

@book{Pan2000,
    publisher = {Shànghǎi Jiàoyù 上海教育},
    author = {Pān Wùyún 潘悟云},
    year = {2000},
    title = {Hànyǔ lìshǐ yīnyùnxué},
    address = {Shànghǎi 上海}
}

@book{Qian2007,
    publisher = {Wénhuì 文汇},
    author = {Qián Nǎiróng 钱乃荣},
    year = {2007},
    title = {Shànghǎi fāngyán},
    address = {Shànghǎi 上海}
}

@book{Qian2002,
    publisher = {Shànghǎi Shìjiè 上海世界},
    author = {Qián Nǎiróng 钱乃荣},
    year = {2002},
    title = {Gēn wǒ xué Shànghǎihuà},
    address = {Shànghǎi 上海}
}

@book{Qiu1988,
    publisher = {Shāngwù 商务},
    author = {Qiú Xīguī 裘錫圭},
    year = {2007},
    title = {Wénzìxué gàiyào},
    address = {Běijīng}
}

@book{Qian1993,
    publisher = {Shèhuìkēxué Wénxiàn Chūbǎnshè},
    author = {Qián Zēngyí 钱曾怡},
    year = {1993},
    title = {Bóshān fāngyán yánjiū},
    address = {Běijīng.}
}

@article{Sun2016,
    title = {Shànggǔyīn yánjiū de xīn shōuhuò. Dú Sòng Chénqīng "Gǔyīn xuányí tànlún shìshí yú fāngfǎ},
    journal = {International Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Sūn Jīngtào 孙景涛},
    number = {2},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {282-309}
}

@incollection{Shen2014,
    title = {Shuō "chì"},
    booktitle = {Gāo shān liú shuǐ: Zhèngzhāng Shàngfāng jiàoshòu bāshí shòudàn qìngzhù wénjí},
    author = {Shěn Ruìqīng 沈瑞清},
    editor = {Pān Wùyún 潘悟云},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {50-57}
}

@article{Shao1991,
    title = {Xiámǔzì shànggǔ yī fēnwéi èr shì xī},
    journal = {Yǔyán Yánjiū 语言研究 [Studies on Language]},
    author = {Shào Róngfēn 邵荣芬},
    number = {1},
    volume = {20},
    year = {1991},
    pages = {118-127}
}

@incollection{Shen2005,
    publisher = {Academia Sinica},
    author = {Shěn Zhōngwěi 沈鍾偉},
    booktitle = {Hànyǔ shǐ yánjiū jìniàn Lǐ Fāngguì xiānsheng bǎi nián míngdàn lùnwénjí},
    title = {Lǐ Fāngguì Shànggǔ yīnyùnbiǎo},
    year = {2005},
    editor = {Ting, Pang-Hsin and Yue, Anne O.},
    address = {Taipei and Seattle},
    pages = {571-588}
}

@article{Ting1982,
    title = {Hànyǔ fāngy qūfēn de tiáojiàn},
    journal = {Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies},
    author = {Ting Pang-Hsin 丁邦新},
    volume = {14},
    year = {1982},
    pages = {257-273}
}

@misc{Wikipedia2018,
    note = {[Misc; accessed 29-January-2018]},
    url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Phonetic_Alphabet&oldid=822828531},
    title = {International Phonetic Alphabet -- Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia},
    year = {2018},
    author = {Wikipedia contributors}
}

@book{Wang2011a,
    publisher = {Gāoděng Jiàoyù Chūbǎnshè 高等教育出版社 [Higher Education Press]},
    author = {Wáng Cǎiqín 王彩琴},
    year = {2011},
    title = {Yáng Xióng Fāngyán yòngzì yánjiū},
    address = {Běijīng 北京}
}

@article{Wang2010,
    title = {Yáng Xióng fāngyán zhōng de jìyīnzì yú fāngyáncí},
    journal = {Hénán shèhuì kēxué 河南社会科学 [Henan Social Sciences]},
    abstract = {扬雄《方言》在当时没有标音手段的历史条件下,大胆使用汉字记录了各地纷繁复杂的方言词语和方音,在用字记词方面很有特色。《方言》被解释语用字中的记 音字共519个。扬雄在记录方言词语时,既有用几个记音字记录同一个方言词的情况,也有用一个记音字记录几个不同的方言词的情况。这519个记音字所表记的512个方言词,实词507个 、虚词5个,单纯词505个、合成词7个。文章从《方言》记音字与所记词语的关系以及《方言》记音字所表词的词汇特点等方面进行了分析,并指出其价值和意义。},
    author = {Wáng Cǎiqín 王彩琴},
    number = {6},
    volume = {18},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {196-198}
}

@article{Wang1982,
    title = {Húnán Hùxī Wǎxiānghuà yǔyīn},
    journal = {Yǔyán Yánjiū 语言研究},
    author = {Wáng Fǔshì 王辅世},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1982},
    pages = {135-147}
}

@article{Wang2016,
    title = {Hànyǔ fāngyán sānshēn dàicí yǔ zhǐdàicí guānxì yánjiū},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Wáng Huàyún 汪化雲},
    number = {1},
    volume = {44},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {153-174}
}

@article{Wang2009,
    title = {Jiāngù yǎnbiàn, tuīpíng hé céncì de Hànyǔ fāngyán lìshǐ guānxì móxíng},
    journal = {Fāngyán 方言},
    author = {Wáng Hóngjūn 王洪君},
    number = {3},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {204-218}
}

@book{Wang1980,
    publisher = {Zhōnghuá Shūjú 中华书局},
    author = {Wáng Lì 王力},
    title = {Hànyǔ shǐgǎo},
    edition = {reprint},
    year = {2006},
    address = {Běijīng 北京}
}

@book{Wang1980a,
    publisher = {Shànghǎi Gǔjī 上海古籍},
    author = {Wáng Lì 王力},
    year = {1980},
    title = {Shījīng Yùndú},
    address = {Shànghǎi 上海}
}

@thesis{Wang2010b,
    title = {Hànyǔ hé Zàngyǔ fùyīncí gòucí bǐjiào yánjiū},
    author = {Wáng Yòngyuán 王用源},
    year = {2010},
    institution = {Nánkāi Dàxué 南开大学 [Nankai University]},
    address = {Tiānjìn 天津}
}

@article{Wang1989,
    title = {Yáng Xióng Fāngyán shuō zhuǎnyǔ tànwēi},
    journal = {Shíyàn Dàxué Xuébào 十堰大學學報 [Journal of Shíyàn College]},
    author = {Wáng Yījūn 王一军},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1989},
    pages = {24-26}
}

@article{Wang1960,
    title = {Chugoku godai hogen no bunretsu nendai no gengo-nendai-gaku teki shitan},
    journal = {Gengo Kenkyu 语言研究},
    author = {Wáng Yùdé 王育徳},
    volume = {38},
    year = {1960},
    pages = {33-105}
}

@book{Wang2011b,
    publisher = {Gāoděng Jiàoyù Chūbǎnshè 高等教育出版社 [Higher Education Press]},
    author = {Wáng Zhìqún 王智群},
    year = {2011},
    title = {Fāngyán yǔ Yáng Xióng cíhuìxué},
    address = {Běijīng 北京}
}

@book{Xu1991,
    publisher = {Shāngwù 商务},
    author = {Xū Tōngqiāng 徐通锵},
    year = {1991},
    title = {Lìshǐ yǔyánxúe},
    address = {Běijīng}
}

@book{Yuan1983,
    publisher = {Wénzì Gǎigé},
    author = {Yúan Jiāhuá 袁家骅},
    title = {Hànyǔ fāngyán gàiyào},
    edition = {2},
    year = {1983},
    address = {Běijīng}
}

@book{You1992,
    publisher = {Shànghǎi Jiàoyù 上海教育},
    author = {Yóu Rǔjié 游汝杰},
    year = {1992},
    title = {Hànyǔ fāngyánxué dǎolùn},
    address = {Shànghǎi 上海}
}

@article{Yang2008,
    title = {Fāngyán yǔ Lǔnán fāngyán cíyì de gǔjīn chuánchéng},
    journal = {Jìnán Zhíyè Xuéhuán Xuébào 济南职业学院学报 [Journal of Jìnán Vocational College]},
    author = {Yáng Xiǎohóng 杨晓红},
    number = {3},
    volume = {68},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {92–94}
}

@article{Zheng2007,
    title = {Jiǎgǔwén suǒ fǎnyìng de héxīn cí xiànxiàng},
    journal = {Guìlín Shīfàn Gāoděng Zhuānkē Xuéxiào Xuébào 桂林师范高等专科学校学报 [Journal of Guiling Normal College]},
    abstract = {Kernel words (content word) in Hundred Words Table (W.Swadesh) have been well manifested in oracle bone inscriptions. Kernel words in oracle bone inscriptions are the closest words to the ancients social life from both glossary and writing perspectives. It manifests the characteristics of kernel words, while Chinese kernel words originated since the period of Yin-Shang dynasty. Semantic field is one of the important research methodologies on kernel words.},
    author = {Zhēng Chūnlán 郑春兰},
    number = {1},
    volume = {21},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {68-71}
}

@article{Zheng2004,
    title = {Yīnyùnxué zhōng tǒngjìfǎ de bǐjiào},
    journal = {Studies in Language and Linguistics},
    author = {Zhèng Línxiào 郑林啸},
    number = {3},
    volume = {24},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {18-22}
}

@book{Zhengzhang2003,
    publisher = {Shànghǎi Jiàoyù 上海教育},
    author = {Zhèngzhāng Shàngfāng 郑张尚芳},
    year = {2003},
    title = {Shànggǔ yīnxì},
    address = {Shànghǎi 上海}
}

@article{Zhou2011,
    title = {Hànyǔ héyīncí shēnwēi},
    journal = {Journal of Anhui Agricultural University 安徽農業大學學報},
    author = {Zhōu Xiáng 周翔},
    number = {4},
    volume = {20},
    year = {2011},
    keywords = {contraction, Chinese},
    pages = {105-109}
}

@book{Zou2002,
    publisher = {Shànghǎi Císhū},
    author = {Zōu Xiǎolì 鄒曉麗},
    year = {2002},
    title = {Chuántǒng yīnyùnxué shíyòng jiàochéng},
    address = {Shànghǎi}
}

@book{Zhu1989,
    publisher = {Yǔwén 语文 [Language and Literature]},
    author = {Zhū Xiǎonóng 朱晓农},
    year = {1989},
    title = {Běisòng Zhōngyuán yùnzhé kǎo. Yīxiàng shùlǐ tǒngjì yánjiū},
    address = {Běijīng 北京}
}

@book{Chen1996,
    publisher = {Yǔwén 语文},
    author = {Chén Bǎoyà 陈保亚},
    year = {1996},
    title = {Lùn yǔyán jiēchù yǔ yǔyán liánméng},
    address = {Běijīng 北京}
}

@article{Luniewska2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0636-6},
    author = {Łuniewska, Magdalena and Haman, Ewa and Armon-Lotem, Sharon and Etenkowski, Bartłomiej and Southwood, Frenette and Anđelković, Darinka and Blom, Elma and Boerma, Tessel and Chiat, Shula and de Abreu, Pascale Engel and Gagarina, Natalia and Gavarró, Anna and Håkansson, Gisela and Hickey, Tina and de López, Kristine Jensen and Marinis, Theodoros and Popović, Maša and Thordardottir, Elin and Blažienė, Agnė and Sánchez, Myriam Cantú and Dabašinskienė, Ineta and Ege, Pınar and Ehret, Inger-Anne and Fritsche, Nelly-Ann and Gatt, Daniela and Janssen, Bibi and Kambanaros, Maria and Kapalková, Svetlana and Kronqvist, Bjarke and Kunnari, Sari and Levorato, Chiara and Nenonen, Olga and Fhlannchadha, Siobhán Nic and OT́oole, Ciara and Polišenská, Kamila and Pomiechowska, Barbara and Ringblom, Natalia and Rinker, Tanja and Roch, Maja and Savić, Maja and Slančová, Daniela and Tsimpli, Ianthi Maria and Ünal-Logacev, Özlem},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0636-6},
    abstract = {We present a new set of subjective age-of-acquisition (AoA) ratings for 299 words (158 nouns, 141 verbs) in 25 languages from five language families (Afro-Asiatic: Semitic languages; Altaic: one Turkic language: Indo-European: Baltic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Slavic, and Romance languages; Niger-Congo: one Bantu language; Uralic: Finnic and Ugric languages). Adult native speakers reported the age at which they had learned each word. We present a comparison of the AoA ratings across all languages by contrasting them in pairs. This comparison shows a consistency in the orders of ratings across the 25 languages. The data were then analyzed (1) to ascertain how the demographic characteristics of the participants influenced AoA estimations and (2) to assess differences caused by the exact form of the target question (when did you learn vs. when do children learn this word); (3) to compare the ratings obtained in our study to those of previous studies; and (4) to assess the validity of our study by comparison with quasi-objective AoA norms derived from the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (MB-CDI). All 299 words were judged as being acquired early (mostly before the age of 6 years). AoA ratings were associated with the raters ́social or language status, but not with the raters ́age or education. Parents reported words as being learned earlier, and bilinguals reported learning them later. Estimations of the age at which children learn the words revealed significantly lower ratings of AoA. Finally, comparisons with previous AoA and MB-CDI norms support the validity of the present estimations. Our AoA ratings are available for research or other purposes.},
    title = {Ratings of age of acquisition of 299 words across 25 languages: Is there a cross-linguistic order of words?},
    number = {3},
    pages = {1154-1177},
    volume = {48},
    year = {2016},
    keywords = {norm data, age of acquisition},
    journal = {Behavior Research Methods}
}

@article{Aarsleff1970,
    title = {The History of Linguistics and Professor Chomsky},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Aarsleff, Hans},
    number = {3},
    volume = {46},
    year = {1970},
    pages = {570-585}
}

@article{OpenScience2015,
    title = {Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science},
    journal = {Science},
    author = {Aarts, A. A. and Anderson, J. E. and Anderson, C. J. and Attridge, P. R. and Attwood, A. and Axt, J. and Babel, M. and Bahnik, ? and Baranski, E. and Barnett-Cowan, M. and Bartmess, E. and Beer, J. and Bell, R. and Bentley, H. and Beyan, L. and Binion, G. and Borsboom, D. and Bosch, A. and Bosco, F. A. and Bowman, S. D. and Brandt, M. J. and Braswell, E. and Brohmer, H. and Brown, B. T. and Brown, K. and Bruning, J. and Calhoun-Sauls, A. and Callahan, S. P. and Chagnon, E. and Chandler, J. and Chartier, C. R. and Cheung, F. and Christopherson, C. D. and Cillessen, L. and Clay, R. and Cleary, H. and Cloud, M. D. and Cohn, M. and Cohoon, J. and Columbus, S. and Cordes, A. and Costantini, G. and Cramblet Alvarez, L. D. and Cremata, E. and Crusius, J. and DeCoster, J. and DeGaetano, M. A. and Della Penna, N. and den Bezemer, B. and Deserno, M. K. and Devitt, O. and Dewitte, L. and Dobolyi, D. G. and Dodson, G. T. and Donnellan, M. and Donohue, R. and Dore, R. A. and Dorrough, A. and Dreber, A. and Dugas, M. and Dunn, E. W. and Easey, K. and Eboigbe, S. and Eggleston, C. and Embley, J. and Epskamp, S. and Errington, T. M. and Estel, V. and Farach, F. J. and Feather, J. and Fedor, A. and Fernandez-Castilla, B. and Fiedler, S. and Field, J. G. and Fitneva, S. A. and Flagan, T. and Forest, A. L. and Forsell, E. and Foster, J. D. and Frank, M. C. and Frazier, R. S. and Fuchs, H. and Gable, P. and Galak, J. and Galliani, E. M. and Gampa, A. and Garcia, S. and Gazarian, D. and Gilbert, E. and Giner-Sorolla, R. and Glockner, A. and Goellner, L. and Goh, J. X. and Goldberg, R. and Goodbourn, P. T. and Gordon-McKeon, S. and Gorges, B. and Gorges, J. and Goss, J. and Graham, J. and Grange, J. A. and Gray, J. and Hartgerink, C. and Hartshorne, J. and Hasselman, F. and Hayes, T. and Heikensten, E. and Henninger, F. and Hodsoll, J. and Holubar, T. and Hoogendoorn, G. and Humphries, D. J. and Hung, C. O. and Immelman, N. and Irsik, V. C. and Jahn, G. and Jakel, F. and Jekel, M. and Johannesson, M. and Johnson, L. G. and Johnson, D. J. and Johnson, K. M. and Johnston, W. J. and Jonas, K. and Joy-Gaba, J. A. and Kappes, H. B. and Kelso, K. and Kidwell, M. C. and Kim, S. K. and Kirkhart, M. and Kleinberg, B. and Kne?evi?, G. and Kolorz, F. M. and Kossakowski, J. J. and Krause, R. W. and Krijnen, J. and Kuhlmann, T. and Kunkels, Y. K. and Kyc, M. M. and Lai, C. K. and Laique, A. and Lakens, D. and Lane, K. A. and Lassetter, B. and Lazarevi?, L. B. and LeBel, E. P. and Lee, K. J. and Lee, M. and Lemm, K. and Levitan, C. A. and Lewis, M. and Lin, L. and Lin, S. and Lippold, M. and Loureiro, D. and Luteijn, I. and Mackinnon, S. and Mainard, H. N. and Marigold, D. C. and Martin, D. P. and Martinez, T. and Masicampo, E. J. and Matacotta, J. and Mathur, M. and May, M. and Mechin, N. and Mehta, P. and Meixner, J. and Melinger, A. and Miller, J. K. and Miller, M. and Moore, K. and Moschl, M. and Motyl, M. and Muller, S. M. and Munafo, M. and Neijenhuijs, K. I. and Nervi, T. and Nicolas, G. and Nilsonne, G. and Nosek, B. A. and Nuijten, M. B. and Olsson, C. and Osborne, C. and Ostkamp, L. and Pavel, M. and Penton-Voak, I. S. and Perna, O. and Pernet, C. and Perugini, M. and Pipitone, R. N. and Pitts, M. and Plessow, F. and Prenoveau, J. M. and Rahal, R. M. and Ratliff, K. A. and Reinhard, D. and Renkewitz, F. and Ricker, A. A. and Rigney, A. and Rivers, A. M. and Roebke, M. and Rutchick, A. M. and Ryan, R. S. and Sahin, O. and Saide, A. and Sandstrom, G. M. and Santos, D. and Saxe, R. and Schlegelmilch, R. and Schmidt, K. and Scholz, S. and Seibel, L. and Selterman, D. F. and Shaki, S. and Simpson, W. B. and Sinclair, H. C. and Skorinko, J. L. and Slowik, A. and Snyder, J. S. and Soderberg, C. and Sonnleitner, C. and Spencer, N. and Spies, J. R. and Steegen, S. and Stieger, S. and Strohminger, N. and Sullivan, G. B. and Talhelm, T. and Tapia, M. and te Dorsthorst, A. and Thomae, M. and Thomas, S. L. and Tio, P. and Traets, F. and Tsang, S. and Tuerlinckx, F. and Turchan, P. and Vala?ek, M. and van t́ Veer, A. E. and Van Aert, R. and van Assen, M. and van Bork, R. and van de Ven, M. and van den Bergh, D. and van der Hulst, M. and van Dooren, R. and van Doorn, J. and van Renswoude, D. R. and van Rijn, H. and Vanpaemel, W. and Vasquez Echeverria, A. and Vazquez, M. and Velez, N. and Vermue, M. and Verschoor, M. and Vianello, M. and Voracek, M. and Vuu, G. and Wagenmakers, E. J. and Weerdmeester, J. and Welsh, A. and Westgate, E. C. and Wissink, J. and Wood, M. and Woods, A. and Wright, E. and Wu, S. and Zeelenberg, M. and Zuni, K.},
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    volume = {349},
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}

@article{Aberle1984,
    title = {The language family as a field for historical reconstruction},
    journal = {Journal of Anthropological Research},
    author = {Aberle, David F.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {40},
    year = {1984},
    pages = {129-136}
}

@article{Abrams2003,
    title = {Modelling the dynamics of language death},
    journal = {Nature},
    abstract = {(Whole article): Thousands of the world’s languages are vanishing at an alarming rate, with 90% of them being expected to disappear with the current generation1. Here we develop a simple model of language competition that explains historical data on the decline of Welsh, Scottish Gaelic, Quechua (the most common surviving indigenous language in the Americas) and other endangered languages. A linguistic parameter that quantifies the threat of language extinction can be derived from the model and may be useful in the design and evaluation of language-preservation programmes. Previous models of language dynamics have focused on the transmission and evolution of syntax, grammar or other structural properties of a language itself 2–7. In contrast, the model we describe here idealizes languages as fixed, and as competing with each other for speakers. For simplicity, we also assume a highly connected population,with no spatial or social structure, in which all speakers are monolingual. Consider a system of two competing languages, X and Y,in which the attractiveness of a language increases with both its number of speakers and its perceived status8 (a parameter that reflects the social or economic opportunities afforded to its speakers). Suppose an individual converts from Y to X with a probability, per unit of time, of Pyx(x,s), where x is the fraction of the population speaking X, and 0s1 is a measure of X’s relative status. A minimal model for language change is therefore d—xyPyx(x,s)xPxy(x,s) (1) dt where y1x is the complementary fraction of the population speaking Y at time t. By symmetry, interchanging languages should yield the same transition probability as a swap in the fraction of speakers and relative status; thus Pxy(x,s)Pyx(1x,1s). We also assume that no one will adopt a language that has no speakers (Pyx(0,s)0) or no status (Pyx(x,0)0), and that Pyx is smooth and monotonically increasing in both arguments. These mild assumptions imply that equation (1) generically has three fixed points.Of these, only x0 and x1 are stable. The model therefore predicts that two languages cannot coexist stably — one will eventually drive the other to extinction. To test our model, we collected data on the number of speakers of endangered languages in 42 regions of Peru,Scotland,Wales, Bolivia, Ireland and Alsace-Lorraine, four instances of which are shown in Fig. 1.We fit the model’s solutions to the data, assuming transition functions of the forms Pyx(x,s)cxas and Pxy(x,s)c(1x)a(1s). Unexpectedly, the exponent a was found to be roughly constant across cultures, with a1.310.25 (meanstandard deviation; further details are available from the authors). Of the remaining parameters, status, s, is the most relevant linguistically; it could serve as a useful measure of the threat to a given language. Quechua, for example, still has many speakers in Huanuco, Peru, but its low status is driving a rapid shift to Spanish, which leads to an unfortunate situation in which a child cannot communicate with his or her grandparents. Contrary to the model’s stark prediction, bilingual societies do, in fact, exist. But the histories of countries where two languages coexist today generally involve split populations that lived without significant interaction, effectively in separate, monolingual societies. Only recently have these communities begun to mix, allowing language competition to begin. So what can be done to prevent the rapid disintegration of our world’s linguistic heritage? The example of Quebec French demonstrates that language decline can be slowed by strategies such as policy-making, education and advertising, in essence increasing an endangered language’s status. An extension to equation (1) that incorporates such control on s through active feedback does indeed show stabilization of a bilingual fixed point.},
    author = {Abrams, Daniel M. and Strogatz, Steven H.},
    volume = {424},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {900}
}

@incollection{Abramson2004,
    publisher = {Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press},
    author = {Abramson, A. S.},
    booktitle = {From traditional phonology to modern speech processing: Festschrift for Professor Wu Zongjiś 95th birthday},
    title = {The plausibility of phonetic explanations of tonogenesis},
    year = {2004},
    editor = {Fant, Gunnar and Fujisaki, Hiroya and CAo, Jianfen and Xu, Yi},
    address = {Beijing},
    pages = {17-29}
}

@article{Adamou2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1163/19552629-00903004},
    title = {Borrowing and contact intensity: A corpus-criven approach from four Slavic minority languages},
    author = {Evangelia Adamou and Walter Breu and Lenka Scholze and Rachel Xingjia Shen},
    volume = {9},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {513-542}
}

@misc{Adams2007,
    howpublished = {Literature Review for Language & Statistics II.},
    title = {Cognate identification and phylogenetic inference},
    year = {2007},
    author = {Adams, Jason and Agarwal, Abhaya}
}

@book{Adelaar2007,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {978-0-19-920783-1},
    author = {Adelaar, Willem F. H.},
    series = {Explorations in linguistic typology},
    booktitle = {Grammars in contact: A cross-linguistic typology},
    title = {The Quechua impact in Amuesha, an Arawak language of the Peruvian Amazon},
    year = {2007},
    volume = {4},
    editor = {Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and Dixon, Robert M. W.},
    address = {Oxford},
    keywords = {Sprachkontakt;areal diffusion;Areallinguistik},
    pages = {290-312}
}

@book{Adelung1815,
    publisher = {Friedrich Drechsler},
    author = {von Adelung, F.},
    year = {1815},
    title = {Catherinens der Grossen Verdienste um die vergleichende Sprachenkunde},
    address = {Sankt Petersburg}
}

@book{IIALC1930,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {International Institute of African Languages and Cultures},
    url = {http://www.bisharat.net/Documents/poal30.htm},
    title = {Practical orthography of African languages. Revised edition},
    year = {1930},
    address = {London}
}

@article{Agha2015,
    title = {An introduction to registers of communication},
    journal = {Studia Fennica Linguistica},
    author = {Agha, Asif and Frog, Mister},
    volume = {18},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {13-27}
}

@article{Ahmadinejad2007,
    title = {Genome history in the symbiotic hybrid Euglena gracilis},
    journal = {Gene},
    author = {Ahmadinejad, Nahal and Dagan, Tal and Martin, William},
    number = {402},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {35-39}
}

@article{Ahn2010,
    title = {Link communities reveal multiscale complexity in networks},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {Ahn, Y. Y. and Bagrow, J. P. and Lehmann, S.},
    number = {7307},
    volume = {466},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {761-764}
}

@incollection{Aikhenvald2007,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {978-0-19-920783-1},
    author = {Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.},
    series = {Explorations in linguistic typology},
    booktitle = {Grammars in contact: A cross-linguistic typology},
    title = {Semantics and pragmatics of grammatical relations in the Vaups linguistic area},
    year = {2007},
    volume = {4},
    editor = {Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and Dixon, Robert M. W.},
    address = {Oxford},
    keywords = {Sprachkontakt;areal diffusion;Areallinguistik},
    pages = {237-266}
}

@incollection{Aikhenvald2007b,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.},
    booktitle = {Grammars in contact},
    title = {Grammars in contact. A cross-linguistic perspective},
    year = {2007},
    editor = {Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and Dixon, Robert M. W.},
    address = {Oxford},
    pages = {1-66}
}

@incollection{Aikhenvald2006,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {0-19-829981-8},
    author = {Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.},
    booktitle = {Areal diffusion and genetic inheritance: Problems in comparative linguistics},
    title = {Areal diffusion, genetic inheritance, and problems of sub-grouping: A North Arawak case study},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and Dixon, Robert M. W.},
    address = {Oxford},
    keywords = {Areallinguistik;areal diffusion;sub-grouping},
    pages = {105-133}
}

@book{Dixon2002,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {9780198299813,0198299818,0199283087,9780199283088,9780191515750},
    author = {Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R. M. W. Dixon},
    url = {http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php?md5=82E142AF42BDF7FF5A9A71398FC492FC},
    title = {Areal diffusion and genetic inheritance: Problems in comparative linguistics},
    year = {2002},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@incollection{Aikio2007,
    publisher = {John Benjamins},
    author = {Aikio, A.},
    booktitle = {Saami Linguistics},
    title = {Etymological nativization of loanwords: A case study of Saami and Finnish},
    year = {2007},
    editor = {Ida Toivonen and Diane Nelson},
    address = {Amsterdam and New York},
    pages = {17-52}
}

@book{Aitchison2004,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    isbn = {978-0-521-79535-7},
    author = {Aitchison, Jean},
    series = {Cambridge approaches to linguistics},
    title = {Language change},
    year = {2004},
    edition = {3},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@article{Alderete2013,
    title = {Samoan root phonotactics. Digging deeper into the data},
    journal = {Linguistic Discovery},
    author = {John Alderete and Mark Bradshaw},
    number = {13},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {1-21}
}

@incollection{Alighieri2007,
    publisher = {ibidem},
    isbn = {978-3-89821-710-1},
    author = {Alighieri, Dante},
    booktitle = {Dante Alighieri. De vulgari eloquentia: Mit der italienischen Übersetzung von Gian Giorgio Trissino (1529): Deutsche Übersetzung von Michael Frings und Johannes Kramer},
    title = {De vulgari eloquentia},
    year = {2007},
    editor = {Frings, Michael and Kramer, Johannes},
    address = {Stuttgart}
}

@book{Allen2007,
    url = {http://www.sil.org/silesr/2007/silesr2007-012.pdf},
    publisher = {SIL International},
    title = {Bai Dialect Survey},
    year = {2007},
    author = {Allen, B.}
}

@book{Allen2007b,
    publisher = {Chapman & Hall/CRC},
    author = {Allen, Uri},
    year = {2007},
    title = {Introduction to systems biology: Design principles of biological cuircuits},
    address = {London}
}

@article{Allen1953,
    journal = {Transactions of the Phylological Society},
    title = {Relationship in comparative linguistics},
    year = {1953},
    pages = {52-108},
    author = {Allen, W. S.}
}

@incollection{Allwood2003,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    author = {Allwood, Jens},
    booktitle = {Cognitive approaches to lexical semantics},
    title = {Meaning potentials and context: Some consequences for the analysis of variation in meaning},
    year = {2003},
    editor = {Cuyckens, Hubert and Dirven, René and Taylor, John R.},
    address = {Berlin and New York},
    pages = {29-65}
}

@inproceedings{Almeida2011,
    publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23780-5_13},
    isbn = {978-3-642-23780-5},
    author = {Almeida, Hélio and Guedes, Dorgival and Meira, Wagner and Zaki, Mohammed J.},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23780-5_13},
    booktitle = {Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases: European Conference, ECML PKDD 2011, Athens, Greece, September 5-9, 2011. Proceedings, Part I},
    title = {Is There a Best Quality Metric for Graph Clusters?},
    year = {2011},
    editor = {Gunopulos, Dimitrios and Hofmann, Thomas and Malerba, Donato and Vazirgiannis, Michalis},
    address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
    pages = {44-59}
}

@inproceedings{Alonso2004,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation},
    title = {Multiple sequence alignment for characterizing the linear structure of revision},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {403-406},
    author = {Alonso, Laura and Castellon, Irene and Escribano, Jordi and Xavier, Messeguer and Padro, Lluís}
}

@article{Alonso2005,
    title = {Subjective age-of-acquisition norms for 7,039 Spanish words},
    journal = {Behav Res Methods},
    abstract = {Subjective estimations of age of acquisition (AoA) for a large pool of Spanish words were collected from college students in Spain. The average score for each word (based on 50 individual responses, on a scale from 1 to 11) was taken as an AoA indicator, and normative values for a total of 7,039 single words are provided as supplemental materials. Beyond its intrinsic value as a standalone corpus, the largest of its kind for Spanish, the value of the database is enhanced by the fact that it contains most of the words that are currently included in other normative studies, allowing for a more complete characterization of the lexical stimuli that are usually employed in studies with Spanish-speaking participants. The norms are available for downloading as supplemental materials with this article.},
    author = {Alonso, M. A. and Fernandez, A. and Diez, E.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {47},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {268-274}
}

@article{Alpher1999,
    title = {Lexical replacement and cognate equilibrium in Australia},
    journal = {Australian Journal of Linguistics: Journal of the Australian Linguistic Society},
    author = {Alpher, Barry and Nash, David},
    number = {1},
    volume = {19},
    year = {1999},
    pages = {5-56}
}

@incollection{Altmann1976,
    publisher = {Waldemar Kramer},
    author = {Altmann, G.},
    booktitle = {Evoluierende Systeme I und II},
    title = {Homologiekriterien in der Linguistik und der Biologie},
    year = {1976},
    editor = {Schäfer, Wilhelm},
    address = {Frankfurt (Main)},
    keywords = {PRÜFEN}
}

@article{Altschul1990,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2},
    author = {Stephen F. Altschul and Warren Gish and Webb Miller and Eugene W. Myers and David J. Lipman},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022283605803602},
    abstract = {A new approach to rapid sequence comparison, basic local alignment search tool (BLAST), directly approximates alignments that optimize a measure of local similarity, the maximal segment pair (MSP) score. Recent mathematical results on the stochastic properties of MSP scores allow an analysis of the performance of this method as well as the statistical significance of alignments it generates. The basic algorithm is simple and robust; it can be implemented in a number of ways and applied in a variety of contexts including straight-forward DNA and protein sequence database searches, motif searches, gene identification searches, and in the analysis of multiple regions of similarity in long DNA sequences. In addition to its flexibility and tractability to mathematical analysis, BLAST is an order of magnitude faster than existing sequence comparison tools of comparable sensitivity. },
    title = {Basic local alignment search tool},
    number = {3},
    pages = {403 - 410},
    volume = {215},
    year = {1990},
    keywords = {BLAST},
    journal = {Journal of Molecular Biology}
}

@article{Alva2015,
    publisher = {eLife Sciences Publications Limited},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09410},
    author = {Alva, Vikram and Söding, Johannes and Lupas, Andrei N},
    journal = {eLife},
    title = {A vocabulary of ancient peptides at the origin of folded proteins},
    volume = {4},
    editor = {Kuriyan, John},
    year = {2015},
    abstract = {The seemingly limitless diversity of proteins in nature arose from only a few thousand domain prototypes, but the origin of these themselves has remained unclear. We are pursuing the hypothesis that they arose by fusion and accretion from an ancestral set of peptides active as co-factors in RNA-dependent replication and catalysis. Should this be true, contemporary domains may still contain vestiges of such peptides, which could be reconstructed by a comparative approach in the same way in which ancient vocabularies have been reconstructed by the comparative study of modern languages. To test this, we compared domains representative of known folds and identified 40 fragments whose similarity is indicative of common descent, yet which occur in domains currently not thought to be homologous. These fragments are widespread in the most ancient folds and enriched for iron-sulfur- and nucleic acid-binding. We propose that they represent the observable remnants of a primordial RNA-peptide world.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09410.001}
}

@article{Alvarez-Ponce2013,
    title = {Gene similarity networks provide tools for understanding eukaryote origins and evolution},
    journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.},
    author = {Alvarez-Ponce, D. and Lopez, P. and Bapteste, E. and McInerney, J. O.},
    number = {17},
    volume = {110},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {E1594-1603}
}

@article{Alves2009,
    title = {Evolution based on domain combinations: the case of glutaredoxins},
    journal = {BMC Evolutionary Biology},
    author = {Alves, R. and Vilaprinyo, E. and Sorribas, A. and Herrero, E.},
    volume = {9},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {66}
}

@article{Amancio2012,
    title = {Using complex networks to quantify consistency in the use of words},
    journal = {Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment},
    abstract = {In this paper we have quantified the consistency of word usage in written texts represented by complex networks, where words were taken as nodes, by measuring the degree of preservation of the node neighborhood. Words were considered highly consistent if the authors used them with the same neighborhood. When ranked according to the consistency of use, the words obeyed a log-normal distribution, in contrast to Zipfś law that applies to the frequency of use. Consistency correlated positively with the familiarity and frequency of use, and negatively with ambiguity and age of acquisition. An inspection of some highly consistent words confirmed that they are used in very limited semantic contexts. A comparison of consistency indices for eight authors indicated that these indices may be employed for author recognition. Indeed, as expected, authors of novels could be distinguished from those who wrote scientific texts. Our analysis demonstrated the suitability of the consistency indices, which can now be applied in other tasks, such as emotion recognition.},
    author = {Amancio, D. R. and O. N. Oliveira Jr. and L. da F. Costa},
    number = {01},
    volume = {2012},
    url = {http://stacks.iop.org/1742-5468/2012/i=01/a=P01004},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {P01004}
}

@incollection{Ameka2007,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {978-0-19-920783-1},
    author = {Ameka, Felix K.},
    series = {Explorations in linguistic typology},
    booktitle = {Grammars in contact: A cross-linguistic typology},
    title = {Grammars in contact in the Volta Basin (West Africa)},
    year = {2007},
    volume = {4},
    editor = {Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and Dixon, Robert M. W.},
    address = {Oxford},
    keywords = {areal diffusion;Sprachkontakt;Areallinguistik},
    pages = {114-142}
}

@article{Amigo2009,
    publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
    author = {Amigó, Enrique and Gonzalo, Julio and Artiles, Javier and Verdejo, Felisa},
    journal = {Information Retrieval},
    title = {A comparison of extrinsic clustering evaluation metrics based on formal constraints},
    year = {2009},
    number = {4},
    volume = {12},
    address = {Hingham, MA, USA},
    keywords = {Clustering, Evaluation metrics, Formal constraints},
    pages = {461-486}
}

@article{Andreopoulos2009,
    title = {A roadmap of clustering algorithms: finding a match for a biomedical application},
    journal = {Briefings in Bioinformatics},
    abstract = {Clustering is ubiquitously applied in bioinformatics with hierarchical clustering and k-means partitioning being the most popular methods. Numerous improvements of these two clustering methods have been introduced, as well as completely different approaches such as grid-based, density-based and model-based clustering. For improved bioinformatics analysis of data, it is important to match clusterings to the requirements of a biomedical application. In this article, we present a set of desirable clustering features that are used as evaluation criteria for clustering algorithms. We review 40 different clustering algorithms of all approaches and datatypes. We compare algorithms on the basis of desirable clustering features, and outline algorithms ́benefits and drawbacks as a basis for matching them to biomedical applications.},
    author = {Andreopoulos, Bill and An, Aijun and Wang, Xiaogang and Schroeder, Michael},
    number = {3},
    volume = {10},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {297-314}
}

@inproceedings{Angluin2010,
    title = {Inferring social networks from outbreaks},
    pages = {104-118},
    author = {Angluin, Dana and Aspnes, James and Reyzin, Lev}
}

@article{Aniba2010,
    title = {Issues in bioinformatics benchmarking: the case study of multiple sequence alignment},
    journal = {Nucleic Acids Research},
    author = {Aniba, Mohamed Radhouene and Poch, Olivier and Thompson, Julie D.},
    number = {21},
    volume = {38},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {7353–7363}
}

@unpublished{Anonymous2018a,
    note = {anonymous preprint under review},
    journal = {OpenReview Preprint},
    title = {Automatic Inference of Sound Correspondence Patterns Across Multiple Languages},
    year = {2018},
    author = {Anonymous}
}

@misc{Anonymous2014,
    title = {Index Diachronica},
    year = {2014},
    author = {Anonymous}
}

@article{Anthony2015,
    title = {The Indo-European homeland from linguistic and Archaeological perspectives},
    journal = {Annual Review of Linguistics},
    author = {Anthony, David W. and Ringe, Don},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {199-219}
}

@article{Antonsen1965,
    title = {On defining stages in prehistoric Germanic},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/411849},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Antonsen, Elmer H.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {41(1)},
    year = {1965},
    pages = {19-36}
}

@inproceedings{Anttila1990,
    author = {Anttila, Raimo},
    booktitle = {Diachrony within synchrony: Language history and Cognition},
    title = {Field theory of meaning and semantic change},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Günter Kellerman and Michael D. Morrissey},
    address = {Frankfurt am Main and Berlin and Bern and New York and Paris and Wien},
    pages = {23-83}
}

@book{Anttila1972,
    publisher = {Macmillan},
    isbn = {90-272-3556-2},
    author = {Anttila, Raimo},
    title = {An introduction to historical and comparative linguistics},
    year = {1972},
    address = {New York},
    keywords = {historische Linguistik;komparative Methode;Sprachwandel;philologische Rekonstruktion;internal reconstruction;etymology;Linguistik und Biologie;semantic change;Rekonstruktion;phonological reconstruction;semantic reconstruction;grammatical reconstruction}
}

@article{AO1991,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0388-0001(91)90022-S},
    author = {Benjamin Ao},
    journal = {Language Sciences},
    abstract = {This paper is a report of the preliminary results of an attempt to reconstruct Proto-Chinese based on linguistic data from modern Chinese dialects. Ever since Karlgren, Etudes sur la phonologie chinoise. Archives dé́tudes orientales. (1915), studies in Chinese historical linguistics have been following the same approach: take one of the ancient rhyme tables as the starting point and give a phonetic representation to each of the sound categories in the table, drawing evidence from sources such as modern dialects, Sinoxenic pronunciations, etc. This approach has been sharply criticized by Norman, Chinese. (1988), who suggested an alternative approach: ignore the ancient rhyme dictionaries and rhyme tables and work backward from modern dialects on. This paper supports and argues for this position. Based on systematic cognate correspondence sets in 17 Chinese dialects collected from Hanyu Fangyan Zihui [A Collection of Chinese Characters with Dialectal Pronunciations], a Proto-Chinese sound system is reconstructed with 29 onsets and 74 rhymes, which is simpler and more natural than the 37 onset and 139 rhyme system Karlgren reconstructed. Various rules of sound change are proposed to account for the modern dialectal reflexes of the proto-forms. Irregularities are discussed in light of recent theories of language change, in particular the theory of lexical diffusion. Based on the proposed rules of sound change, a family tree model is built to illustrate the subgrouping relationship among the dialects under investigation.},
    title = {Comparative reconstruction of Proto-Chinese revisited},
    number = {3},
    volume = {13},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/038800019190022S},
    year = {1991},
    pages = {335 - 379}
}

@thesis{Ao1993,
    title = {Phonetics and phonology of Nantong Chinese},
    author = {Benjamin Xiaoping Ao},
    year = {1993},
    institution = {The Ohio State University},
    address = {Columbus}
}

@article{Aoun1993,
    title = {Wh-Elements in Situ: Syntax or LF?},
    journal = {Linguistic Inquiry},
    author = {Aoun, Joseph and Li, Yen-hui Audrey},
    number = {2},
    volume = {24},
    year = {1993},
    pages = {199-238}
}

@article{Aoun1993b,
    title = {On Some Differences between Chinese and Japanese Wh-Elements},
    journal = {Linguistic Inquiry},
    author = {Aoun, Joseph and Li, Yen-hui Audrey},
    number = {2},
    volume = {24},
    year = {1993},
    pages = {365-372}
}

@book{Arapov1983,
    publisher = {Brockmeyer},
    author = {Arapov, M. V. and Cherc, M. M.},
    year = {1983},
    title = {Mathematische Methoden in der historischen Linguistik},
    address = {Bochum}
}

@book{Arapov1974,
    publisher = {Nauka},
    author = {Arapov, M. V. and Xerc, M. M.},
    year = {1974},
    title = {Matematičeskie metody v istoričeskoj lingvistike},
    address = {Moscow}
}

@article{Arbib2015,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12104},
    title = {From action to typology? A neuro-evolutionary perspective},
    journal = {Language and Linguistics Compass},
    author = {Arbib, Michael A.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {9},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {102-117}
}

@incollection{Arcodia2007,
    publisher = {Cascadilla Proceedings Project},
    author = {Arcodia, Giorgio Francesco},
    booktitle = {Selected Proceedings of the 5th Décembrettes: Morphology in Toulouse},
    title = {Chinese: A language of compound words?},
    year = {2007},
    address = {Somerville},
    pages = {79-90}
}

@article{Ardila2007,
    volume = {22},
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2007.01.016},
    author = {Alfredo Ardila},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S088761770700011X},
    abstract = {Developing a cross-linguistic naming test has represented a challenge in language evaluation. In this paper, it is proposed that a cross-linguistic naming test should fulfill at least the following three criteria: (1) include only “universal” words found across different languages. The basic cross-linguistic core vocabulary is usually referred as the “Swadesh word list”; (2) include different semantic categories (e.g., living and nonliving elements); and (3) avoid the confounding of perceptual difficulties. Departing from the Swadesh word list, a cross-linguistic naming test was developed, including six different semantic categories: (a) body-parts (10 words), (b) natural phenomena (non-touchable) (5 words), (c) external objects (potentially known through the sight and the touch) (5 words), (d) animals (5 words), (e) colors (5 words), and (f) actions (10 words). A total of 40 color pictures were selected to represent these basic words. It is emphasized that this test has two major advantages: on one hand, it is readily available in hundreds of different languages; and, on the other hand, it is not a “fixed” test, but it includes photographs that can be replaced. Theoretically, norms are not required, and it represents a low-ceiling test. Word frequency can be used as a criterion of the level of difficulty. The next step will be to find the performance profile in different language pathologies, as well as the decline pattern in cases of dementia. },
    title = {Toward the development of a cross-linguistic naming test},
    number = {3},
    pages = {297 - 307},
    note = {Special Issue: Cultural Diversity},
    year = {2007},
    keywords = {Anomia},
    journal = {Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology}
}

@book{Arens1969,
    publisher = {Alber},
    author = {Arens, H.},
    year = {1955},
    title = {Sprachwissenschaft},
    address = {Freiburg}
}

@article{Arita1998,
    volume = {4},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1162/106454698568477},
    author = {Arita, T and Koyama, Y},
    journal = {ARTIFICIAL LIFE},
    title = {Evolution of linguistic diversity in a simple communication system},
    number = {1},
    note = {6th International Conference on Artificial Life, UNIV CALIF LOS ANGELES, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA, JUN 26-29, 1998},
    year = {1998},
    pages = {109-124}
}

@inproceedings{Ark2007,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the RANLP Workshop on Acquisition and Management of Multilingual Lexicons},
    title = {Preliminary identification of language groups and loan words in Central Asia},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {13-20},
    author = {van der Ark, René and Mennecier, Philippe and Nerbonne, John and Manni, Franz}
}

@book{Arlotto1972,
    publisher = {Mifflin},
    author = {Arlotto, Anthony},
    year = {1972},
    title = {Introduction to historical linguistics},
    address = {Boston}
}

@article{Armstrong2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/s10988-015-9185-9},
    author = {Armstrong, Josh},
    journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy},
    abstract = {In a series of papers, Donald Davidson (Synthese 59(1):3-17, 1984, The philosophical grounds of rationality, 1986, Midwest Stud Philos 16:1-12, 1991) developed a powerful argument against the claim that linguistic conventions provide any explanatory purchase on an account of linguistic meaning and communication. This argument, as I shall develop it, turns on cases of what I call lexical innovation: cases in which a speaker uses a sentence containing a novel expression-meaning pair, but nevertheless successfully communicates her intended meaning to her audience. I will argue that cases of lexical innovation motivate a dynamic conception of linguistic conventions according to which background linguistic conventions may be rapidly expanded to incorporate new word meanings or shifted to revise the meanings of words already in circulation. I argue that this dynamic account of conventions both resolves the problem raised by cases of lexical innovation and that it does so in a way that is preferable to those who--like Davidson--deny important explanatory roles for linguistic conventions.},
    title = {The problem of lexical innovation},
    number = {2},
    volume = {39},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {87-118}
}

@inproceedings{Arnaud2017,
    publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
    title = {Identifying cognate sets across dictionaries of related languages},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
    author = {Arnaud, Adam S. and Beck, David and Kondrak, Grzegorz},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {2509-2518}
}

@article{Arndt1959,
    title = {The Performance of Glottochronology in Germanic},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Arndt, Walter W.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {35},
    year = {1959},
    pages = {180-192}
}

@book{IPA1912,
    publisher = {Paul Passy & Daniel Jones},
    author = {IPA (International Phonetic Association)},
    url = {https://archive.org/details/principlesofinte00inteuoft},
    title = {The Principles of the International Phonetic Association},
    year = {1912},
    address = {Bourg-la-Reine & London}
}

@misc{Atherton,
    title = {The Language Evolution Blog},
    author = {Atherton, Chris}
}

@incollection{Atkinson2006,
    publisher = {McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research},
    isbn = {9781902937335},
    author = {Atkinson, Quentin D. and Gray, Russell D.},
    booktitle = {Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages},
    title = {How old is the Indo-European language family? Illumination or more moths to the flame?},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Forster, Peter and Renfrew, Colin},
    address = {Cambridge and Oxford and Oakville},
    keywords = {relative chronology;Rekonstruktion;Glottochronologie},
    pages = {91-109}
}

@incollection{Atkinson2005,
    publisher = {Aldine},
    author = {Atkinson, Quentin D. and Gray, Russell D.},
    booktitle = {Mapping our Ancestry: Phylogenetic Methods in Anthropology and Prehistory},
    title = {Are accurate dates an intractable problem for historical linguistics?},
    year = {2005},
    editor = {Lipo, C. and OB́rien, M. and Shennan, Stephen and Collard, M.},
    address = {Chicago},
    pages = {269-296}
}

@article{Atkinson2005a,
    title = {Curious Parallels and Curious Connections: Phylogenetic Thinking in Biology and Historical Linguistics},
    journal = {Systematic Biology},
    author = {Atkinson, Quentin D. and Gray, Russell D.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {54},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {513-526}
}

@article{Atkinson2008,
    title = {mtDNA Variation Predicts Population Size in Humans and Reveals a Major Southern Asian Chapter in Human Prehistory},
    url = {doi:10.1093/molbev/msm277},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    author = {Atkinson, Quentin D. and Gray, Russell D. and Drummond, Alexei J.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {25},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {468-474}
}

@article{Atkinson2008a,
    title = {Languages evolve in punctuational bursts},
    url = {DOI: 10.1126/science.1149683},
    journal = {Science},
    author = {Atkinson, Quentin D. and Meade, Andrew and Venditti, Chris and Pagel, Mark D.},
    number = {5863},
    volume = {319},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {588}
}

@article{Atkinson2005d,
    title = {From words to dates: Water into wine, mathemagic or phylogenetic inference?},
    journal = {Transactions of the Philological Society},
    author = {Atkinson, Quentin D. and Nicholls, Geoff K. and Welch, D. and Gray, Russell D.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {103},
    year = {2005},
    keywords = {Gray;Linguistik und Biologie},
    pages = {193-219}
}

@article{Atkinson1875,
    publisher = {Trinity College Dublin},
    title = {Comparative grammar of the Dravidian languages},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/23036430},
    journal = {Hermathena},
    author = {Atkinson, Robert},
    number = {3},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1875},
    pages = {60-106}
}

@article{Atteia2006,
    title = {Pyruvate:formate lyase and a novel route of eukaryotic ATP-synthesis in anaerobic Chlamydomonas mitochondria},
    journal = {Journal of Biological Chemistry},
    author = {Atteia, A. and van Lis, R. and Gelius-Dietrich, G. and Adrait, A. and Garin, J. and Joyard, J. and Rolland, N. and Martin, William},
    number = {281},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {9909-9918}
}

@article{Atteia2003,
    title = {Bifunctional aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase (ADHE) in chlorophyte algal mitochondria},
    journal = {Plant Molecular Biology},
    author = {Atteia, A. and van Lis, R. and Mendoza-Hernández, G. and Henze, K. and Martin, William and Riveros-Rosas, H. and González-Halphen, D.},
    number = {53},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {175-188}
}

@incollection{Auroux1990,
    publisher = {Benjamins},
    isbn = {90-272-4532-0},
    author = {Auroux, Silvain},
    series = {Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science},
    booktitle = {Leibniz, Humboldt, and the origins of comparativism},
    title = {Representation and the place of linguistic change before comparative grammar},
    year = {1990},
    volume = {49},
    editor = {Mauro, Tullio and Formigari, Lia and Petrilli, Raffaella and Thornton, Anna Maria},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft;Sprachwandel},
    pages = {213-238}
}

@book{Austin1962,
    publisher = {Clarendon Press},
    author = {Austin, J. L.},
    year = {1955[1962]},
    title = {How to do things with words. The William James Lectures delivered at Harvard University (1955)},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@article{Auty1963,
    publisher = {the Modern Humanities Research Association and University College London, School of Slavonic and East European Studies},
    title = {The Formation of the Slovene Literary Language against the Background of the Slavonic National Revival},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4205468},
    journal = {The Slavonic and East European Review},
    author = {Auty, Robert},
    number = {97},
    volume = {41},
    year = {1963},
    pages = {391-402}
}

@incollection{Auwera2005,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {van der Auwera, J. and Malchukov, Andrej},
    booktitle = {Secondary predication and adverbial modification. The typology of depictive constructions},
    title = {A semantic map for depictive adjectivals},
    year = {2005},
    editor = {Himmelmann, N. P. and Schultze-Berndt, E.},
    address = {Oxford},
    pages = {393-423}
}

@article{Axelsen2014,
    publisher = {The Royal Society},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.1179},
    title = {River density and landscape roughness are universal determinants of linguistic diversity},
    journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
    author = {Axelsen, Jacob Bock and Manrubia, Susanna},
    number = {1788},
    volume = {281},
    year = {2014}
}

@book{Back1991,
    publisher = {Franz Steiner Verlag},
    author = {Back, Michael},
    year = {1991},
    title = {Die synchrone Prozessbasis des natürlichen Lautwandels},
    address = {Stuttgart}
}

@book{Bakstrom1992,
    publisher = {National Institute of Pakistan Studies},
    author = {Peter C. Backstrom and Carla F. Radloff},
    series = {Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan},
    title = {Languages of Northern Areas},
    year = {1992},
    volume = {2},
    address = {Islamabad}
}

@inproceedings{Backurs2015,
    title = {Edit Distance Cannot Be Computed in Strongly Subquadratic Time (unless SETH is false)},
    url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1412.0348},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Forty-Seventh Annual ACM on Symposium on Theory of Computing},
    author = {Backurs, Arturs and Indyk, Piotr},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {51-58}
}

@inproceedings{Bagga1998,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics},
    title = {Entity-based cross-document coreferencing using the vector space model},
    year = {1998},
    pages = {79-85},
    author = {Bagga, Amit and Baldwin, Breck}
}

@book{Baehr1983,
    publisher = {Fink},
    author = {Dieter Bähr},
    series = {UTB},
    title = {Einführung ins Mittelenglische},
    year = {1983},
    number = {361},
    editor = {Dieter Bähr},
    address = {München}
}

@article{Baixeries2012,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2011.11.010},
    author = {Jaume Baixeries and Antoni Hernández-Fernández and Ramon Ferrer-i-Cancho},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0303264711001924},
    abstract = {Recently, a random breakage model has been proposed to explain the negative correlation between mean chromosome length and chromosome number that is found in many groups of species and is consistent with Menzerath–Altmann law, a statistical law that defines the dependency between the mean size of the whole and the number of parts in quantitative linguistics. Here, the central assumption of the model, namely that genome size is independent from chromosome number is reviewed. This assumption is shown to be unrealistic from the perspective of chromosome structure and the statistical analysis of real genomes. A general class of random models, including that random breakage model, is analyzed. For any model within this class, a power law with an exponent of −1 is predicted for the expectation of the mean chromosome size as a function of chromosome length, a functional dependency that is not supported by real genomes. The random breakage and variants keeping genome size and chromosome number independent raise no serious objection to the relevance of correlations consistent with Menzerath–Altmann law across taxonomic groups and the possibility of a connection between human language and genomes through that law. },
    title = {Random models of Menzerath–Altmann law in genomes},
    number = {3},
    pages = {167 - 173},
    volume = {107},
    year = {2012},
    keywords = {Random breakage},
    journal = {Biosystems}
}

@article{Baker2017,
    title = {Reproducibility: Check your chemistry},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {Baker, M.},
    number = {7668},
    volume = {548},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {485-488}
}

@incollection{Baker2000,
    publisher = {John Benjamins},
    author = {Baker, Philip},
    booktitle = {Degrees of restructuring in Creole languages},
    title = {Theories of creolization and the degree and nature of restructuring},
    note = {ISBN 9027252440},
    edition = {Creole language library (22)},
    editor = {Neumann-Holzschuh, Ingrid and Schneider, Edgar W.},
    year = {2000},
    pages = {41 - 63}
}

@article{Bakker2009,
    title = {Adding typology to lexicostatistics: a combined approach to language classification},
    journal = {Linguistic Typology},
    author = {Bakker, Dik and Müller, André and Velupillai, Viveka and Wichmann, Søren and Brown, Cecil H. and Brown, Pamela and Egorov, Dimitry and Mailhammer, Robert and Grant, Anthony and Holman, Eric W.},
    volume = {13},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {167-179}
}

@incollection{Bakker2003,
    publisher = {de Gryuter},
    isbn = {3-11-017776-5},
    author = {Bakker, P.},
    booktitle = {The Mixed Language Debate},
    title = {Mixed Languages as autonomous systems},
    year = {2003},
    editor = {Matras, Yaron and Bakker, P.},
    address = {Berlin},
    keywords = {Mischsprachen}
}

@incollection{Bammesberger1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Bammesberger, Alfred},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {Phonology and morphology at the crossroads},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Phonologie;Morphologie},
    pages = {275-288}
}

@article{Bandelt1992,
    title = {Split decomposition: a new and useful approach to phylogenetic analysis of distance data},
    journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
    author = {Bandelt, H. J. and Dress, A. W.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1992},
    pages = {242-252}
}

@article{Bank2017,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/s11525-016-9295-2},
    author = {Bank, Sebastian},
    journal = {Morphology},
    abstract = {Morphological analyses usually prefer `deriving ́form-identities as systematic syncretism over just stating them in terms of accidental homophony. While such anti-homophony is mostly assumed implicitly, Müller (2004) spells it out more explicitly as violable Syncretism Principle guiding both language acquisition and linguistic analysis (`same form same meaning)́. However, as soon as the child or linguist decomposes word forms into smaller formatives (morpheme segmentation, subanalysis), it is unclear what instances of form-identity exactly are to be avoided (e.g. substring-identities?). This paper frames the logical space of possible Syncretism Principle interpretations, which relate to their functional motivation (ambiguity avoidance) demonstrating their concrete consequences for analysis with a paradigm learning algorithm offering segmentation and meaning assignment.},
    title = {Segmentation: a remark on the Syncretism Principle},
    number = {1},
    volume = {27},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11525-016-9295-2},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {1-20}
}

@misc{Bao2010,
    howpublished = {Internet ressource},
    note = {Misc available under: http://narnia.cs.ttu.edu/drupal/node/119},
    title = {Python implementation of Feng-Doolittle Algorithm for multiple sequence alignment},
    year = {2010},
    author = {Bao, Forrest}
}

@article{Bao1999a,
    title = {Tonal Contour and Register Harmony in Chaozhou},
    journal = {Linguistic Inquiry},
    author = {Bao, Zhiming},
    number = {3},
    volume = {30},
    year = {1999},
    pages = {485-493}
}

@article{Bapteste2012a,
    title = {Evolution of genetic diversity using networks: the human gut microbiome as a case study},
    journal = {Clin. Microbiol. Infect.},
    author = {Bapteste, E. and Bicep, C. and Lopez, P.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {18},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {40-43}
}

@article{Bapteste2013,
    title = {Networks: expanding evolutionary thinking},
    journal = {Trends in Genetics},
    abstract = {Networks allow the investigation of evolutionary relationships that do not fit a tree model. They are becoming a leading tool for describing the evolutionary relationships between organisms, given the comparative complexities among genomes.},
    author = {Bapteste, E. and van Iersel, L. and Janke, A. and Kelchner, S. and Kelk, S. and McInerney, J. O. and Morrison, D. A. and Nakhleh, L. and Steel, M. and Stougie, L. and Whitfield, J.},
    number = {8},
    volume = {29},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {439-441}
}

@article{Bapteste2012,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1206541109},
    author = {Bapteste, Eric and Lopez, Philippe and Bouchard, Frédéric and Baquero, Fernando and McInerney, James O. and Burian, Richard M.},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    abstract = {All evolutionary biologists are familiar with evolutionary units that evolve by vertical descent in a tree-like fashion in single lineages. However, many other kinds of processes contribute to evolutionary diversity. In vertical descent, the genetic material of a particular evolutionary unit is propagated by replication inside its own lineage. In what we call introgressive descent, the genetic material of a particular evolutionary unit propagates into different host structures and is replicated within these host structures. Thus, introgressive descent generates a variety of evolutionary units and leaves recognizable patterns in resemblance networks. We characterize six kinds of evolutionary units, of which five involve mosaic lineages generated by introgressive descent. To facilitate detection of these units in resemblance networks, we introduce terminology based on two notions, P3s (subgraphs of three nodes: A, B, and C) and mosaic P3s, and suggest an apparatus for systematic detection of introgressive descent. Mosaic P3s correspond to a distinct type of evolutionary bond that is orthogonal to the bonds of kinship and genealogy usually examined by evolutionary biologists. We argue that recognition of these evolutionary bonds stimulates radical rethinking of key questions in evolutionary biology (e.g., the relations among evolutionary players in very early phases of evolutionary history, the origin and emergence of novelties, and the production of new lineages). This line of research will expand the study of biological complexity beyond the usual genealogical bonds, revealing additional sources of biodiversity. It provides an important step to a more realistic pluralist treatment of evolutionary complexity.},
    title = {Evolutionary analyses of non-genealogical bonds produced by introgressive descent},
    number = {45},
    volume = {109},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {18266-18272}
}

@article{Bapteste2009,
    title = {Prokaryotic evolution and the tree of life are two different things},
    journal = {Biol. Direct},
    abstract = {The concept of a tree of life is prevalent in the evolutionary literature. It stems from attempting to obtain a grand unified natural system that reflects a recurrent process of species and lineage splittings for all forms of life. Traditionally, the discipline of systematics operates in a similar hierarchy of bifurcating (sometimes multifurcating) categories. The assumption of a universal tree of life hinges upon the process of evolution being tree-like throughout all forms of life and all of biological time. In multicellular eukaryotes, the molecular mechanisms and species-level population genetics of variation do indeed mainly cause a tree-like structure over time. In prokaryotes, they do not. Prokaryotic evolution and the tree of life are two different things, and we need to treat them as such, rather than extrapolating from macroscopic life to prokaryotes. In the following we will consider this circumstance from philosophical, scientific, and epistemological perspectives, surmising that phylogeny opted for a single model as a holdover from the Modern Synthesis of evolution. It was far easier to envision and defend the concept of a universal tree of life before we had data from genomes. But the belief that prokaryotes are related by such a tree has now become stronger than the data to support it. The monistic concept of a single universal tree of life appears, in the face of genome data, increasingly obsolete. This traditional model to describe evolution is no longer the most scientifically productive position to hold, because of the plurality of evolutionary patterns and mechanisms involved. Forcing a single bifurcating scheme onto prokaryotic evolution disregards the non-tree-like nature of natural variation among prokaryotes and accounts for only a minority of observations from genomes. Prokaryotic evolution and the tree of life are two different things. Hence we will briefly set out alternative models to the tree of life to study their evolution. Ultimately, the plurality of evolutionary patterns and mechanisms involved, such as the discontinuity of the process of evolution across the prokaryote-eukaryote divide, summons forth a pluralistic approach to studying evolution. This article was reviewed by Ford Doolittle, John Logsdon and Nicolas Galtier.},
    author = {Bapteste, E. and OḾalley, M. A. and Beiko, R. G. and Ereshefsky, M. and Gogarten, J. P. and Franklin-Hall, L. and Lapointe, F. J. and Dupre, J. and Dagan, T. and Boucher, Y. and Martin, W.},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {34}
}

@article{Bapteste09,
    volume = {4(34)},
    journal = {Biology Direct},
    title = {Prokaryotic evolution and the tree of life are two different things},
    year = {2009},
    author = {Bapteste, Eric and OḾalley, Maureen and Beiko, Robert and Ereshefsky, Marc and Gogarten, Peter and Franklin-Hall, Laura and Lapointe, François-Joseph and Dupré, John and Dagan, Tal and Boucher, Yan and Martin, William}
}

@article{Barbancon2013,
    title = {An experimental study comparing linguistic phylogenetic reconstruction methods},
    journal = {Diachronica},
    author = {Barbançon, F. and Evans, S. N. and Ringe, D. and Warnow, T.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {30},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {143–170}
}

@article{Barberis2003,
    title = {In search of an object: organicist sociology and the reality of society in fin-de-siecle France},
    journal = {History of the Human Sciences},
    author = {Barberis, D. S.},
    number = {16 (3)},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {51-72}
}

@book{Barbour1998,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    author = {Barbour, Stephen and Stevenson, Patrick},
    year = {1998},
    title = {Variation im Deutschen},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@article{Barbujani1997,
    title = {DNA variation and language affinities},
    journal = {American Journal of Human Genetics},
    author = {Barbujani, Guido},
    volume = {61},
    year = {1997},
    pages = {1011-1014}
}

@article{Barbujani1991,
    title = {What do languages tell us about human microevolution?},
    journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
    author = {Barbujani, Guido},
    volume = {6},
    year = {1991},
    pages = {151-156}
}

@article{Barbujani2001,
    title = {Genetics and the population history of Europe},
    url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/98/1/22.abstract},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    author = {Barbujani, Guido and Bertorelle, Giorgio},
    number = {1},
    volume = {98},
    year = {2001},
    pages = {22-25}
}

@article{Barbujani1993,
    title = {Genetic evidence on origin and dispersal of human populations speaking languages of the Nostratic macrofamily},
    journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci USA},
    author = {Barbujani, Guido and Pilastro, Andrea},
    volume = {90},
    year = {1993},
    pages = {4670-4673}
}

@article{Barbujani1990,
    title = {Zones of sharp genetic change in Europe are also linguistic boundaries},
    journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci USA},
    author = {Barbujani, Guido and Sokal, Robert},
    volume = {87},
    year = {1990},
    pages = {1813-1819}
}

@incollection{Barddal2012,
    publisher = {CSLI Publications},
    author = {Barðdal, Jóhanna and Eythórsson, Thórhallur},
    booktitle = {Sign-based construction grammar},
    title = {Reconstructing syntax: Construction grammar and the comparative method},
    year = {2012},
    editor = {Boas, Hans and Sag, Ivan A.},
    address = {Stanford},
    pages = {257-308}
}

@misc{Barigozzi2003,
    title = {Multiple string alignment},
    url = {http://www.econ-pol.unisi.it/paolopin/Other/Paolo_Pin_msa.pdf},
    author = {Barigozzi, Matteo and Pin, Paolo},
    note = {Masterś Thesis},
    year = {2003},
    keywords = {Levenshtein, String-Distance, String-Similarity, Alignment, Needlemann-Wunsch}
}

@incollection{Barnes1999,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Barnes, Janet},
    booktitle = {The Amazonian languages},
    title = {Tucano},
    year = {1999},
    editor = {Dixon, R. M. W. and Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.},
    address = {Cambridge},
    pages = {207-226}
}

@article{Barrachina2008,
    title = {Statistical approaches to computer-assisted translation},
    journal = {Computational Linguistics},
    author = {Barrachina, Sergio and Bender, Oliver and Casacuberta, Franciso and Civera, Jorge and Cubel, Elsa and Khadivi, Shahram and Lagarda, Antonio and Ney, Hermann and Tomás, Jesús and Vidal, Enrique and Vilar, Juan-Miguel},
    number = {1},
    volume = {35},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {3-28}
}

@article{Barrett2017,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw154},
    title = {The theory of constructed emotion: an active inference account of interoception and categorization},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsw154},
    journal = {Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience},
    author = {Barrett, Lisa Feldman},
    number = {1},
    volume = {12},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {1-23}
}

@article{Barry1987,
    title = {Statistical analysis of hominoid molecular evolution},
    journal = {Statistical Science},
    author = {Barry, Daniel and Hartigan, J. A.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1987},
    pages = {191-210}
}

@incollection{Barsalou1992,
    publisher = {Erlbaum},
    author = {Barsalou, Lawrence},
    booktitle = {Frames, fields and contrasts. New essays in semantic and lexical organization},
    title = {Frames, concepts and conceptual fields},
    year = {1992},
    editor = {Lehrer, Adrienne and Kittay, Eva F.},
    address = {Hillsdale, NH},
    pages = {21-74}
}

@article{Barton1987,
    title = {A strategy for the rapid multiple alignment of protein sequences},
    journal = {Journal of Molecular Biology},
    author = {Barton, Geoffrey J. and Sternberg, Michael J. E.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {198},
    year = {1987},
    pages = {327 - 337}
}

@article{Bashton2007,
    title = {The generation of new protein functions by the combination of domains},
    journal = {Structure},
    author = {Bashton, Matthew and Chothia, Cyrus},
    number = {1},
    volume = {15},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {85-99}
}

@book{Bassi2010,
    publisher = {CRC Press},
    author = {Bassi, Sebastian},
    year = {2010},
    title = {Python for bioinformatics},
    address = {Boca Raton and London and New York}
}

@inproceedings{Bastian2009,
    title = {Gephi: An Open Source Book for Exploring and Manipulating Networks},
    url = {http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/ICWSM/09/paper/view/154},
    abstract = {Gephi is an open source software for graph and network analysis. It uses a 3D render engine to display large networks in real-time and to speed up the exploration. A flexible and multi-task architecture brings new possibilities to work with complex data sets and produce valuable visual results. We present several key features of Gephi in the context of interactive exploration and interpretation of networks. It provides easy and broad access to network data and allows for spatializing, filtering, navigating, manipulating and clustering. Finally, by presenting dynamic features of Gephi, we highlight key aspects of dynamic network visualization.},
    author = {Mathieu Bastian and Sebastien Heymann and Mathieu Jacomy},
    year = {2009},
    keywords = {network;network science;visualization;graph exploration;open source;free software;dynamic network;interactive interface;graph;force vector;java;OpenGL;3-D visualization;user-centric;graph layout;complex graph rendering;network analysis;webatlas},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Third International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media}
}

@book{Bastin1999,
    publisher = {Musée royal de lÁfrique centrale},
    isbn = {9789075894271},
    author = {Bastin, Y. and Coupez, A. and Mann, M.},
    series = {Annales: Sciences humaines},
    title = {Continuity and divergence in the Bantu languages: perspectives from a lexicostatistic study},
    year = {1999},
    address = {Tervuren}
}

@article{Basu2008,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1101/gr.6943508},
    author = {Basu, Malay Kumar and Carmel, Liran and Rogozin, Igor B. and Koonin, Eugene V.},
    journal = {Genome Research},
    abstract = {Numerous eukaryotic proteins contain multiple domains. Certain domains show a tendency to occur in diverse domain architectures and can be considered “promiscuous.” These promiscuous domains are, typically, involved in protein–protein interactions and play crucial roles in interaction networks, particularly those that contribute to signal transduction. A systematic comparative-genomic analysis of promiscuous domains in eukaryotes is described. Two quantitative measures of domain promiscuity are introduced and applied to the analysis of 28 genomes of diverse eukaryotes. Altogether, 215 domains are identified as strongly promiscuous. The fraction of promiscuous domains in animals is shown to be significantly greater than that in fungi or plants. Evolutionary reconstructions indicate that domain promiscuity is a volatile, relatively fast-changing feature of eukaryotic proteins, with few domains remaining promiscuous throughout the evolution of eukaryotes. Some domains appear to have attained promiscuity independently in different lineages, for example, animals and plants. It is proposed that promiscuous domains persist within a relatively small pool of evolutionarily stable domain combinations from which numerous rare architectures emerge during evolution. Domain promiscuity positively correlates with the number of experimentally detected domain interactions and with the strength of purifying selection affecting a domain. Thus, evolution of promiscuous domains seems to be constrained by the diversity of their interaction partners. The set of promiscuous domains is enriched for domains mediating protein–protein interactions that are involved in various forms of signal transduction, especially in the ubiquitin system and in chromatin. Thus, a limited repertoire of promiscuous domains makes a major contribution to the diversity and evolvability of eukaryotic proteomes and signaling networks.},
    title = {Evolution of protein domain promiscuity in eukaryotes},
    number = {3},
    volume = {18},
    url = {http://genome.cshlp.org/content/18/3/449.full.pdf+html},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {449-461}
}

@article{Basu2009,
    title = {Domain mobility in proteins: functional and evolutionary implications},
    journal = {Brief. Bioinformatics},
    author = {Basu, Malay Kumar and Poliakov, Eugenia and Rogozin, Igor B.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {10},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {205-216}
}

@article{Batagelj1995,
    title = {Comparing resemblence measures},
    journal = {Journal of Classification},
    author = {Batagelj, Vladimir and Bren, Matevz},
    volume = {12},
    year = {1995},
    keywords = {distance calculation, jaccard},
    pages = {73-90}
}

@article{Batagelj2001,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8733(01)00035-1},
    author = {Vladimir Batagelj and Andrej Mrvar},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378873301000351},
    abstract = {In the paper a subquadratic (O(m), m is the number of arcs) triad census algorithm for large and sparse networks with small maximum degree is presented. The algorithm is implemented in the program Pajek.},
    title = {A subquadratic triad census algorithm for large sparse networks with small maximum degree},
    number = {3},
    pages = {237 - 243},
    volume = {23},
    year = {2001},
    keywords = {Large networks},
    journal = {Social Networks}
}

@book{Bauer2017,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Bauer, Laurie},
    series = {Cambridge Studies in Linguistics},
    title = {Compounds and Compounding},
    year = {2017},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@article{Bauer1988,
    title = {What is lenition?},
    journal = {Journal of Linguistics},
    author = {Bauer, Laurie},
    number = {2},
    volume = {24},
    year = {1988},
    pages = {381-392}
}

@article{Baxter2006,
    title = {Utterance selection model of language change},
    journal = {Physical Review E},
    abstract = {We present a mathematical formulation of a theory of language change. The theory is evolutionary in nature and has close analogies with theories of population genetics. The mathematical structure we construct similarly has correspondences with the Fisher-Wright model of population genetics, but there are significant differences. The continuous time formulation of the model is expressed in terms of a Fokker-Planck equation. This equation is exactly soluble in the case of a single speaker and can be investigated analytically in the case of multiple speakers who communicate equally with all other speakers and give their utterances equal weight. Whilst the stationary properties of this system have much in common with the single-speaker case, time-dependent properties are richer. In the particular case where linguistic forms can become extinct, we find that the presence of many speakers causes a two-stage relaxation, the first being a common marginal distribution that persists for a long time as a consequence of ultimate extinction being due to rare fluctuations.},
    author = {Baxter, G. J. and Blythe, R. A. and Croft, W. and McKane, A. J.},
    volume = {73},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {046118-1 - 046118-20}
}

@book{Baxter2000a,
    title = {An etymological dictionary of common Chinese characters. Preliminary draft of 28 October 2000},
    author = {Baxter, William Hubbard}
}

@article{Baxter2006a,
    title = {Mandarin dialect phylogeny},
    journal = {Cahiers de Linguistique - Asie Orientale},
    author = {Baxter, W. H.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {35},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {71-114}
}

@article{Baxter2000c,
    title = {Did Proto-Mandarin exist?},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Baxter, W. H.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {28},
    year = {2000},
    pages = {100-115}
}

@book{Baxter1992,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    author = {Baxter, William H.},
    year = {1992},
    title = {A handbook of Old Chinese phonology},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@article{Baxter1996,
    title = {Review: On calculating the factor of chance in language comparison. By Donald A. Ringe, Jr. Philadelphia: The American Philosophical Society, 1992. Pp. 110.},
    journal = {Diachronica},
    author = {Baxter, William H. and Manaster Ramer, Alexis},
    number = {2},
    volume = {8},
    year = {1996},
    pages = {371-384}
}

@misc{Baxter2011,
    url = {https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Appendix:Baxter-Sagart_Old_Chinese_reconstruction&oldid=36177615},
    title = {Baxter-Sagart Old Chinese reconstructions},
    year = {2011},
    editor = {Wiktionary},
    author = {Baxter, William H. and Sagart, Laurent}
}

@book{Baxter2014,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Baxter, William H. and Sagart, Laurent},
    url = {http://ocbaxtersagart.lsait.lsa.umich.edu/BaxterSagartOC2015-10-13.xlsx},
    title = {Old Chinese. A new reconstruction},
    year = {2014},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@misc{Baxter2009,
    howpublished = {online},
    note = {Misc available under: http://sitemaker.umich.edu/wbaxter/home},
    title = {Baxter-Sagart Chinese reconstructions},
    year = {2009},
    author = {Baxter, William H. and Sagart, Laurent}
}

@article{Beade1989,
    title = {Falsification and Falsifiability in Historical Linguistics},
    journal = {Philosophy of the Social Sciences},
    author = {Beade, Pedro},
    volume = {19},
    year = {1989},
    pages = {173-181}
}

@book{Beaugrande1981,
    publisher = {Niemeyer},
    author = {de Beaugrande, Robert-Alain and Dressler, Wolfgang},
    year = {1981},
    title = {Einführung in die Textlinguistik},
    address = {Tübingen}
}

@article{Beauregard-Racine2011,
    title = {Of woods and webs: possible alternatives to the tree of life for studying genomic fluidity in E. coli},
    abstract = {We introduce several forest-based and network-based methods for exploring microbial evolution, and apply them to the study of thousands of genes from 30 strains of E. coli. This case study illustrates how additional analyses could offer fast heuristic alternatives to standard tree of life (TOL) approaches. We use gene networks to identify genes with atypical modes of evolution, and genome networks to characterize the evolution of genetic partnerships between E. coli and mobile genetic elements. We develop a novel polychromatic quartet method to capture patterns of recombination within E. coli, to update the clanistic toolkit, and to search for the impact of lateral gene transfer and of pathogenicity on gene evolution in two large forests of trees bearing E. coli. We unravel high rates of lateral gene transfer involving E. coli (about 40% of the trees under study), and show that both core genes and shell genes of E. coli are affected by non-tree-like evolutionary processes. We show that pathogenic lifestyle impacted the structure of 30% of the gene trees, and that pathogenic strains are more likely to transfer genes with one another than with non-pathogenic strains. In addition, we propose five groups of genes as candidate mobile modules of pathogenicity. We also present strong evidence for recent lateral gene transfer between E. coli and mobile genetic elements. Depending on which evolutionary questions biologists want to address (i.e. the identification of modules, genetic partnerships, recombination, lateral gene transfer, or genes with atypical evolutionary modes, etc.), forest-based and network-based methods are preferable to the reconstruction of a single tree, because they provide insights and produce hypotheses about the dynamics of genome evolution, rather than the relative branching order of species and lineages. Such a methodological pluralism - the use of woods and webs - is to be encouraged to analyse the evolutionary processes at play in microbial evolution.This manuscript was reviewed by: Ford Doolittle, Tal Pupko, Richard Burian, James McInerney, Didier Raoult, and Yan Boucher.},
    author = {Beauregard-Racine, J. and Bicep, C. and Schliep, K. and Lopez, P. and Lapointe, F. J. and Bapteste, E.},
    number = {39},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2011},
    journal = {Biology Direct}
}

@book{Bee1962,
    publisher = {University of Sidney},
    author = {Bee, D. and Pence, A.},
    series = {Oceania Linguistic Monographs},
    title = {Toward standardization of a survey word list for Papua and New Guinea.},
    year = {1962},
    number = {6},
    address = {Sydney}
}

@incollection{Beekes1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Beekes, Robert S. P.},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {The historical grammar of Greek: A case study in the results of comparative linguistics},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Greek},
    pages = {305-329}
}

@book{Beekes1995,
    publisher = {John Benjamins},
    author = {Beekes, Robert S. P.},
    year = {1995},
    title = {Comparative Indo-European linguistics. An introduction},
    address = {Amsterdam and Philadelphia}
}

@incollection{Behr2005a,
    publisher = {Brill},
    author = {Behr, Wolfgang},
    booktitle = {Historical truth, historical criticism and ideology},
    title = {Language change in premodern China: Notes on its perception and impact on the idea of a "constant way"},
    year = {2005},
    editor = {Schmidt-Glintzer, Helwig and Mittag, Achim and Rüsen, Jörn},
    address = {Leiden and Boston},
    pages = {13-51}
}

@incollection{Behr2005,
    booktitle = {Essays in Chinese Historical Linguistics},
    title = {The Extent of Tonal Irregularity in Pre-Qín Inscriptional Rhyming},
    year = {2005},
    editor = {Ting, Pang-Hsin and Yue, Anne O.},
    author = {Behr, Wolfgang}
}

@article{Behr2015,
    title = {G Sampson, "A Chinese phonological enigma": Four comments},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Behr, Wolfgang},
    number = {2},
    volume = {43},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {719-732}
}

@article{Chen2015,
    title = {A paradox: compounding or merger - wich comes first? Comments on Geoffrey Sampsonś article},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Behr, Wolfgang},
    number = {2},
    volume = {43},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {692-696}
}

@misc{Behr1999,
    url = {https://web.archive.org/web/20110519085435/http://www.ruhr- uni-bochum.de/gpc/behr/HTML/Excellence.htm},
    title = {Odds on the Odes},
    year = {1999},
    author = {Behr, Wolfgang}
}

@article{Beiko2005,
    title = {Highways of gene sharing in prokaryotes},
    journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci USA},
    author = {Beiko, R. G. and Harlow, T. J. and Ragan, M. A.},
    number = {102 (40)},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {14332-14337}
}

@inproceedings{Beinborn2013,
    title = {ognate Production using Character-based Machine Translation},
    abstract = {Cognates are words in different languages that are associated with each other by language learners. Thus, cognates are important indicators for the prediction of the perceived difficulty of a text. We in- troduce a method for automatic cognate production using character-based machine translation. We show that our approach is able to learn production patterns from noisy training data and that it works for a wide range of language pairs. It even works across different alphabets, e.g. we obtain good results on the tested language pairs English-Russian, English-Greek, and English-Farsi. Our method performs significantly better than similarity measures used in previous work on cognates.},
    author = {Beinborn, Lisa and Zesch, Torsten and Gurevych, Iryna},
    editor = {Mitkov, Ruslan and Jong C. Park},
    year = {2013},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sixth International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing},
    pages = {883-891}
}

@book{Bell1867,
    url = {https://books.google.com.br/books?id=P1UJAAAAQAAJ},
    publisher = {Simpkin, Marshall},
    title = {Visible Speech: the Science of Universal Alphabetics: Or, Self-interpreting Physiological Letters, for the Writing of All Languages in One Alphabet. Illustrated by Tables, Diagrams, and Examples},
    year = {1867},
    author = {Bell, A.M.}
}

@article{Belle2007,
    title = {Worldwide Analysis of Multiple Microsatellites: Language Diversity has a Detectable Influence on DNA Diversity},
    url = {doi:10.1002/ajpa.20622},
    journal = {American Journal of Physical Anthropology},
    author = {Belle, Elise M. S. and Barbujani, Guido},
    volume = {133},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {1137-1146}
}

@article{Bellwood1994,
    title = {An Archaeologistś View of Language Macrofamily Relationships},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3623135},
    journal = {Oceanic Linguistics},
    author = {Bellwood, Peter},
    number = {2},
    volume = {33},
    year = {1994},
    pages = {391-406}
}

@article{Hamed2005,
    title = {Neighbour-Nets portray the Chinese dialect continuum and the linguistic legacy of Chinaś demic history},
    journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
    author = {Ben Hamed, Mahé},
    number = {1567},
    volume = {272},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {1015-1022}
}

@incollection{BenHamed2009,
    publisher = {John Benjamins},
    author = {Ben Hamed, Mahé and Flavier, Sébastien},
    journal = {Current Issues in Linguistic Theory},
    title = {A database for deriving diachronic universals},
    year = {2009},
    editor = {Dufresne, Monique and Dupuis, Fernande and Vocaj, Etleva},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    booktitle = {Historical Linguistics 2007: Selected papers from the 18th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Montreal, 6–11 August 2007},
    pages = {259–268}
}

@article{Hamed2006,
    title = {Stuck in the forest: Trees, networks and Chinese dialects},
    journal = {Diachronica},
    author = {Ben Hamed, Mahe and Wang, Feng},
    volume = {23},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {29-60}
}

@incollection{Benden2005,
    publisher = {Springer},
    author = {Benden, Christoph},
    booktitle = {Classification - the ubiquitous challenge},
    title = {Automated detection of morphemes using distributional measurements},
    year = {2005},
    editor = {Claus Weihs and Wolfgang Gaul},
    address = {Berlin and Heidelberg},
    pages = {490-497}
}

@incollection{Bender1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Bender, Lionel M.},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {A survey of Omotic grammemes},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion},
    pages = {661-695}
}

@article{Bender1971,
    title = {The Languages of Ethiopia: A New Lexicostatistic Classification and Some Problems of Diffusion},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/30029540},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Bender, M. L.},
    number = {5},
    volume = {13},
    year = {1971},
    pages = {165-288}
}

@article{Bender1969,
    title = {Chance CVC Correspondences in Unrelated Languages},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Bender, Marvin L.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {45},
    year = {1969},
    pages = {519-531}
}

@article{Benedict1976,
    publisher = {American Oriental Society},
    author = {Benedict, Paul K.},
    journal = {Journal of the American Oriental Society},
    abstract = {The main findings of another look (after Conspectus [1972] - reviews noted) are that Sino-Tibetan is now a well-established family; Tai and Miao-Yao must still be excluded, although each has made early borrowings (especially numerals) from Chinese dialects or related languages; lexical analysis (Swadesh 100-word list) supports the taxonomic arrangement (Conspectus) setting Chinese apart from Tibeto-Burman, but the position of Karen remains indeterminate; the Sino-Tibetan reconstruction (Conspectus) remains largely unchanged despite some refinements, but recent studies have uncovered an extensive prefixation pattern (mainly s-, also?- and m-) for Archaic Chinese, radically altering the ĺook ́of the language in the direction of Tibetan and other Tibeto-Burman languages; finally, a review of comparative Sino-Tibetan studies reveals that data (sources) are less often at fault than scholars.},
    title = {Sino-Tibetan: Another Look},
    number = {2},
    volume = {96},
    year = {1976},
    pages = {167-197}
}

@incollection{Bengio1990,
    publisher = {Morgan-Kaufmann},
    title = {A Neural Network to Detect Homologies in Proteins},
    url = {http://papers.nips.cc/paper/214-a-neural-network-to-detect-homologies-in-proteins.pdf},
    booktitle = {Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 2},
    author = {Bengio, Yoshua and Bengio, Samy and Yannick Pouliot and Patrick Agin},
    editor = {D. S. Touretzky},
    year = {1990},
    pages = {423-430}
}

@misc{Bengtson2017,
    title = {The Euskaro-Caucasian Hypothesis. Current model. A proposed genetic relationship between Basque (Vasconic) and the North Caucasian language family.},
    year = {2017},
    editor = {Association for the Study of Language in Prehistory},
    author = {Bengtson, John D.}
}

@book{Bengtson2017a,
    publisher = {Mother Tongue Press},
    author = {Bengtson, John D.},
    year = {2017},
    title = {Basque and its closest relatives: A new paradigm},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@incollection{Bengtson1994,
    publisher = {Stanford University Press},
    isbn = {0804723214},
    author = {Bengtson, John D. and Ruhlen, Merritt},
    booktitle = {On the origin of languages: Studies in linguistic taxonomy},
    title = {Global etymologies},
    year = {1994},
    editor = {Ruhlen, Merritt},
    address = {Stanford, Calif.},
    keywords = {long-range comparison;etymology;Massenvergleich},
    pages = {227-236}
}

@article{Bennet1976,
    title = {Some problems of Bantu lexicostatistics},
    journal = {Cahiers de lÍnstitut de Linguistique},
    author = {Bennet, P. R.},
    number = {5-6},
    volume = {3},
    year = {1976},
    pages = {147-173}
}

@article{Benson2013,
    title = {GenBank},
    journal = {Nucleic Acids Res.},
    author = {Benson, D. A. and Cavanaugh, M. and Clark, K. and Karsch-Mizrachi, I. and Lipman, D. J. and Ostell, J. and Sayers, E. W.},
    number = {Database issue},
    volume = {41},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {36-42}
}

@book{Bentley2001,
    publisher = {Brill},
    author = {John R. Bentley},
    series = {Brillś Japanese Studies Library},
    title = {A Descriptive Grammar of Early Old Japanese Prose},
    year = {2001},
    volume = {15},
    editor = {H. Bolihto and K. W. Radtke},
    address = {Leiden}
}

@incollection{Benveniste1968,
    publisher = {University of Texas Press},
    author = {Benveniste, Émile},
    booktitle = {Directions for historical linguistics: A symposium},
    title = {Mutations of linguistic categories},
    year = {1968},
    editor = {Lehmann, Winfred Philipp and Malkiel, Yakov},
    address = {Austin},
    keywords = {Sprachwandel;linguistic categories},
    pages = {83-94}
}

@inproceedings{Berdicevskis2016,
    publisher = {Misc at http://evolang.org/neworleans/papers/85.html},
    title = {Redundant Features Are Less Likely To Survive: Empirical Evidence From The Slavic Languages},
    abstract = {We test whether the functionality (non-redundancy) of morphological features can serve as a predictor of the survivability of those features in the course of language change. We apply a recently proposed method of measuring functionality of a feature by estimating its importance for the performance of an automatic parser to the Slavic language group. We find that the functionality of a Common Slavic grammeme, together with the functionality of its category, is a significant predictor of its survivability in modern Slavic languages. The least functional grammemes within the most functional categories are most likely to die out.},
    author = {Berdicevskis, Aleksandrs and Eckhoff, Hanne},
    editor = {S.G. Roberts and C. Cuskley and L. McCrohon and L. Barceló-Coblijn and O. Fehér and T. Verhoef},
    year = {2016},
    booktitle = {The Evolution of Language: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference (EVOLANGX11)}
}

@article{Berg2016,
    title = {A note on the relationship between Scandinavian and Low German},
    journal = {Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics},
    author = {Berg, Ivar},
    number = {2},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {189-210}
}

@book{Berg1998,
    publisher = {Clarendon Press},
    isbn = {9780198236726},
    author = {Berg, Thomas},
    url = {https://books.google.de/books?id=SOTGVOhNA28C},
    title = {Linguistic structure and change: An explanation from language processing},
    year = {1998},
    address = {Gloucestershire}
}

@inproceedings{Berg-Kirkpatrick2011,
    title = {Simple effective decipherment via combinatorial optimization},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
    author = {Berg-Kirkpatrick, Taylor and Klein, Dan},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {313–321},
    address = {Stroudsburg}
}

@incollection{Bergs2012,
    publisher = {Blackwell},
    author = {Bergs, Alexander},
    booktitle = {The handbook of historical sociolinguistics},
    title = {The uniformitarian principle and the reisk of anachronisms in language and social history},
    year = {2012},
    editor = {Hernández-Campoy, Juan M. and Conde-Silvestre, J. Camilo},
    address = {Malden and Oxford},
    pages = {80-99}
}

@article{Bergsland1962,
    title = {On the validity of glottochronology},
    journal = {Current Anthropology},
    author = {Bergsland, Knut and Vogt, Hans},
    number = {2},
    volume = {3},
    year = {1962},
    pages = {115-153}
}

@inproceedings{Bergsma2007,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the RANLP Workshop on Acquisition and Management of Multilingual Lexicons},
    title = {Multilingual cognate identification using integer linear programming},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {656-663},
    author = {Bergsma, Shane and Kondrak, Grzegorz}
}

@inproceedings{Bergsma2007a,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 45th Annual Meeting of the Association of Computational Linguistics},
    title = {Alignment-based discriminative string similarity},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {656-663},
    author = {Bergsma, Shane and Kondrak, Grzegorz}
}

@article{Bernardes2015,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1186/s12859-014-0445-4},
    author = {Bernardes, Juliana S. and Vieira, Fabio RJ and Costa, Lygia M. M. and Zaverucha, Gerson},
    journal = {BMC Bioinformatics},
    abstract = {An important problem in computational biology is the automatic detection of protein families (groups of homologous sequences). Clustering sequences into families is at the heart of most comparative studies dealing with protein evolution, structure, and function. Many methods have been developed for this task, and they perform reasonably well (over 0.88 of F-measure) when grouping proteins with high sequence identity. However, for highly diverged proteins the performance of these methods can be much lower, mainly because a common evolutionary origin is not deduced directly from sequence similarity. To the best of our knowledge, a systematic evaluation of clustering methods over distant homologous proteins is still lacking.},
    title = {Evaluation and improvements of clustering algorithms for detecting remote homologous protein families},
    number = {1},
    volume = {16},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12859-014-0445-4},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {1-14}
}

@article{Beuchat1911,
    title = {La famille Betoya ou tucano},
    journal = {Memoir de la Societé Linguistique de Paris},
    author = {Beuchat, Hnri and Rivet, Paul},
    volume = {17},
    year = {1911},
    pages = {117-36}
}

@article{Bezerianos2010,
    title = {GeneaQuilts: A system for exploring large genealogies},
    journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics},
    author = {Bezerianos, Anastasia and Dragicevic, Pierre and Fekete, Jean-Daniel and Bae, Juhee and Watson, Ben},
    number = {6},
    volume = {16},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {1073-1081}
}

@inproceedings{Bhargava2009,
    title = {Multiple word alignment with profile hidden Markov models},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2009 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
    author = {Bhargava, Aditya and Kondrak, Grzegorz},
    year = {2009},
    keywords = {profile based multiple alignment},
    pages = {43-48}
}

@article{Bhasker1991,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0898-1221(91)90001-K},
    author = {J. Bhasker and Tariq Samad},
    journal = {Computers & Mathematics with Applications},
    abstract = {We study the problem of clique-partitioning a graph. We prove a new general upper bound result on the number of clique-partitions. This upper bound is the best possible, given information of just the vertices and the number of edges. Next we show that there exists an optimal partition in which one of the cliques is a maximal clique. Finally we present two new efficient methods to clique-partition a graph. Since the clique-partitioning of a graph is equivalent to the coloring of the complement of the graph, any coloring algorithm can also be used to clique-partition a graph. We present detailed statistics comparing the performance of our algorithms against two of the best known coloring algorithms and against a recently published clique-partitioning algorithm. Both functional and timing comparisons are given and we show that our algorithms compare very favorably on both counts.},
    title = {The clique-partitioning problem},
    number = {6},
    volume = {22},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/089812219190001K},
    year = {1991},
    pages = {1 - 11}
}

@incollection{Bichakjian1997,
    publisher = {Routledge},
    isbn = {0415117607},
    author = {Bichakjian, Bernard H.},
    series = {One world archaeology},
    booktitle = {Archeology and Language I: Theoretical and methodological orientations},
    title = {Evolution and the biological correlates of linguistic features},
    year = {1997},
    volume = {27},
    editor = {Blench, Roger and Spriggs, Matthew},
    address = {London},
    pages = {31-42}
}

@incollection{Bickel2014fc,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Balthasar Bickel},
    booktitle = {The Oxford handbootk of linguistic analysis},
    title = {DiDistribution typology: statistical inquiries into the dynamics of linguistic diversity},
    year = {forthcoming},
    editor = {Bernd Heine and Heiko Narrog},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@article{Bickel2007,
    title = {Typology in the 21st century: Major current developments},
    url = {DOI:10.1515/LINGTY.2007.018},
    journal = {Linguistic Typology},
    author = {Bickel, Balthasar},
    number = {1},
    volume = {11},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {239-251}
}

@article{Bilu2006,
    title = {Faster algorithms for optimal multiple sequence alignment based on pairwise comparisons},
    journal = {IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational Biology and Bioinformatics},
    author = {Bilu, Yonatan and Agarwal, Pankaj K. and Kolodny, Rachel},
    number = {4},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2006},
    keywords = {multiple sequence alignment},
    pages = {408-422}
}

@article{Birchall2016,
    title = {A Combined Comparative and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Chapacuran Language Family},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/687383},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Joshua Birchall and Michael Dunn and Simon J. Greenhill},
    number = {3},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {255-284}
}

@article{Bird2001,
    title = {Age of acquisition and imageability ratings for a large set of words, including verbs and function words},
    journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
    abstract = {Age of acquisition and imageability ratings were collected for 2,645 words, including 892 verbs and 213 function words. Words that were ambiguous as to grammatical category were disambiguated: Verbs were shown in their infinitival form, and nouns (where appropriate) were preceded by the indefinite article (such as to crack and a crack). Subjects were speakers of British English selected from a wide age range, so that differences in the responses across age groups could be compared. Within the subset of early acquired noun/verb homonyms, the verb forms were rated as later acquired than the nouns, and the verb homonyms of high-imageability nouns were rated as significantly less imageable than their noun counterparts. A small number of words received significantly earlier or later age of acquisition ratings when the 20-40 years and 50-80 years age groups were compared. These tend to comprise words that have come to be used more frequently in recent years (either through technological advances or social change), or those that have fallen out of common usage. Regression analyses showed that although word length, familiarity, and concreteness make independent contributions to the age of acquisition measure, frequency and imageability are the most important predictors of rated age of acquisition.},
    author = {Bird, H. and Franklin, S. and Howard, D.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {33},
    year = {2001},
    pages = {73-79}
}

@book{Bird2009,
    publisher = {OŔeally Media},
    title = {Natural Language Processing with Python},
    year = {2009},
    author = {Bird, Steven and Klein, Ewan and Loper, Edward}
}

@book{Birnbaum1995,
    isbn = {0941694267},
    author = {Birnbaum, Henrik},
    series = {Journal of Indo-European studies : Monograph series},
    title = {Linguistic reconstruction: Its potentials and limitations in new perspective},
    year = {1995},
    volume = {2},
    edition = {[Nachdr. d. Ausg. 1977]},
    address = {Washington D.C.}
}

@book{Birnbaum1977,
    author = {Birnbaum, Henrik},
    series = {Journal of Indo-European Studies, Monograph Series},
    title = {Linguistic Reconstruction: its potential and limitations in new perspective},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1977},
    address = {Washington, DC}
}

@article{Birnbaum1975,
    title = {Review: Typological, Genetic, and Areal Linguistics: An Assessment of the State of the Art in the 1970s},
    journal = {Foundations of Language},
    author = {Birnbaum, Henrik},
    number = {2},
    volume = {13},
    year = {1975},
    pages = {267-291}
}

@book{Birnbaum1997,
    publisher = {Otto Sagner},
    author = {Birnbaum, Henrik and Schaeken, Jos},
    series = {Altkirchenslavische Studien},
    title = {Das altkirchenslavische Wort},
    year = {1997},
    number = {1},
    address = {München}
}

@inproceedings{Black2006,
    booktitle = {Selected papers from the 2005 converence of the Australian Linguistic Society},
    title = {Equilibrium theory applied to top end Australian languages},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Allan, Keith},
    author = {Black, Paul}
}

@incollection{Blake1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Blake, Barry J.},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {The significance of pronouns in the history of Australian languages},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Australian},
    pages = {435-450}
}

@article{Blanchard2009,
    title = {Networking phylogeny for Indo-European and Austronesian languages},
    journal = {Nature Precedings},
    author = {Blanchard, Philippe and Petroni, Filippo and Serva, Maurizio and Volchenkov, Dimitri},
    number = {1},
    volume = {3156},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {1-23}
}

@book{Blank1997,
    publisher = {Niemeyer},
    isbn = {3484522852},
    author = {Blank, Andreas},
    series = {Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für romanische Philologie},
    title = {Prinzipien des lexikalischen Bedeutungswandels am Beispiel der romanischen Sprachen},
    year = {1997},
    number = {285},
    address = {Tübingen},
    keywords = {Romanische Sprachen;Wortschatz Bedeutungswandel;Romance languages Semantics;Romance languages Vocabulary;Hochschulschrift}
}

@article{Blasi2016,
    title = {Sound–meaning association biases evidenced across thousands of languages},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America},
    author = {Damián E. Blasi and Wichmann, Søren and Hammarström, Harald and Stadler, Peter and Christiansen, Morten H.},
    number = {39},
    volume = {113},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {10818-10823}
}

@article{Blazek2007,
    title = {From August Schleicher to Sergei Starostin - On the development of the tree-diagram models of the Indo-European languages},
    journal = {Journal of Indo-European Studies (JIES)},
    author = {Blažek, Vaclav},
    number = {1-2},
    volume = {35},
    year = {2007},
    keywords = {Biologie;Linguistik und Biologie;Gray},
    pages = {82-109}
}

@incollection{Blench2008,
    publisher = {Taylor & Francis, Ltd.; Francis Ltd},
    isbn = {0415399238},
    author = {Blench, Roger and Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia and Ross, Malcolm D.},
    booktitle = {Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics},
    title = {Linking genetic, linguistic, and archaeological evidence},
    year = {2008},
    editor = {Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia and Blench, Roger and Ross, Malcolm D. and Peiros, Ilja and Lin, Marie},
    address = {New York},
    keywords = {Archäologie;Genetik;Linguistik},
    pages = {3-19}
}

@incollection{Blench1997a,
    publisher = {Routledge},
    isbn = {0415117607},
    author = {Blench, Roger and Spriggs, Matthew},
    series = {One world archaeology},
    booktitle = {Archeology and Language I: Theoretical and methodological orientations},
    title = {Preface},
    year = {1997},
    volume = {27},
    editor = {Blench, Roger and Spriggs, Matthew},
    address = {London}
}

@article{Blevins2006,
    title = {A theoretical synopsis of Evolutionary Phonology},
    url = {doi:10.1515/TL.2006.009},
    journal = {Theoretical Linguistics},
    author = {Blevins, Juliette},
    number = {2},
    volume = {32},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {117-166}
}

@book{Blevins2004,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Blevins, Juliette},
    year = {2004},
    title = {Evolutionary phonology. The emergence of sound patterns},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@book{Bloomfield1933,
    publisher = {Allen & Unwin},
    author = {Bloomfield, Leonard},
    title = {Language},
    year = {1973},
    keywords = {komparative Methode;philologische Rekonstruktion},
    address = {London}
}

@article{Bloomfield1928,
    title = {A note on sound-chang},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Bloomfield, Leonard},
    volume = {4},
    year = {1928},
    pages = {99-100}
}

@article{Bloomfield1926,
    title = {A set of postulates for the study of language},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Bloomfield, Leonard},
    number = {3},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1926},
    pages = {153-164}
}

@article{Bloomfield1925,
    title = {On the sound-system of Central Algonquian},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Bloomfield, Leonard},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1925},
    pages = {130-156}
}

@book{Blunden2012,
    publisher = {Brill},
    isbn = {9789004228481,9004228489},
    title = {Concepts : a critical approach},
    series = {Studies in critical social sciences 44.},
    author = {Blunden, Andy},
    year = {2012}
}

@incollection{Blust1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Blust, Robert},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {Patterns of sound change in the Austronesian languages},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Austronesian;sound change},
    pages = {231-270}
}

@inproceedings{Blust1999,
    publisher = {Academica Sinica},
    author = {Blust, Robert},
    booktitle = {Selected Papers from the 8th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics},
    title = {Subgrouping, circularity, and extinction: Some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics},
    year = {1999},
    address = {Taipei},
    pages = {31-94}
}

@misc{Blust1981,
    howpublished = {Unpublished paper presented at the Third International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Bali, January 1981},
    note = {Manuscript, 83 pages},
    title = {Variation in retention rate among Austronesian languages},
    year = {1981},
    author = {Blust, Robert}
}

@misc{Blust2010,
    url = {http://www.trussel2.com/acd/},
    title = {The Austronesian Comparative Dictionary},
    year = {2010},
    author = {Blust, Robert and Trussell, Stephen}
}

@article{Blute1997,
    title = {History vs. science: The evolutionary solution},
    journal = {Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie},
    author = {Blute, Marion},
    number = {3},
    volume = {22},
    year = {1997},
    keywords = {Evolution;Evolutionstheorie},
    pages = {345-364}
}

@article{Marion1997,
    title = {History versus Science: The Evolutionary Solution},
    journal = {The Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie},
    author = {Marion Blute},
    number = {3},
    volume = {22},
    year = {1997},
    pages = {345-364}
}

@article{Nature2018,
    title = {Referees ́rights},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {Nature, Editorial Board},
    volume = {560},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {409}
}

@article{Nature2013,
    title = {Reducing our irreproducibility},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {Nature, Editorial Board},
    number = {4},
    volume = {496},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {398}
}

@article{Bobenhausen2009,
    title = {Automatisches metrisches Markup deutschsprachiger Gedichte},
    journal = {Jahrbuch für Computerphilologie},
    author = {Klemens Bobenhausen and Günter Gehl},
    volume = {9},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {61-86}
}

@incollection{Boc2010,
    publisher = {Springer},
    author = {Boc, Alix and Di Sciullo, Anna Maria and Makarenkov, Vladimir},
    booktitle = {Classification as a tool fo research},
    title = {Classification of the Indo-European languages using a phylogenetic network approach},
    year = {2010},
    editor = {Locarek-Junge, H. and Weihs, C.},
    address = {Berlin and Heidelberg},
    pages = {647-655}
}

@article{Bochkarev2014,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2014.0841},
    title = {Universals versus historical contingencies in lexical evolution},
    journal = {Journal of the Royal Society Interface},
    author = {Bochkarev, V. and Solovyev, V. and Wichmann, S.},
    number = {101},
    volume = {11},
    year = {2014}
}

@article{Bock1955,
    title = {Darwin and Social Theory},
    journal = {Philosophy of Science},
    author = {Bock, K. E.},
    number = {22},
    year = {1955},
    pages = {123-134}
}

@article{Bock1973,
    title = {Philosophical Foundations of Classical Evolutionary Classification},
    journal = {Systematic Zoology},
    author = {Bock, Walter J.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {22},
    year = {1973},
    pages = {375-392}
}

@book{Boeckenbauer2003,
    publisher = {Teubner},
    author = {Böckenbauer, Hans-Joachim and Bongartz, Dirk},
    year = {2003},
    title = {Algorithmische Grundlagen der Bioinformatik},
    address = {Stuttgart and Leipzig and Wiesbaden}
}

@book{Bodman1954,
    publisher = {Harvard University Press},
    author = {Bodman, Nicholas Cleaveland},
    year = {1954},
    title = {A linguistic study of the Shih Ming. Initials and consonant clusters},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@book{Bodmer1955,
    publisher = {Parkland},
    author = {Bodmer, Frederick},
    year = {1997},
    title = {Die Sprachen der Welt},
    address = {Köln}
}

@book{Bodmer1944,
    publisher = {George Allen & Unwin Ltd.},
    author = {Bodmer, Frederick},
    year = {1944},
    title = {The loom of language. A guide to foreign languages for the home student},
    address = {London}
}

@incollection{Boersma2009,
    publisher = {John Benjamins},
    author = {Boersma, Paul and Hamann, Silke},
    abstract = {We show that loanword adaptation can be understood entirely in terms of phonological and phonetic comprehension and production mechanisms in the first language. We provide explicit accounts of several loanword adaptation phenomena (in Korean) in terms of an Optimality-Theoretic grammar model with the same three levels of representation that are needed to describe L1 phonology: the underlying form, the phonological surface form, and the auditory-phonetic form. The model is bidirectional, i.e., the same constraints and rankings are used by the listener and by the speaker. These constraints and rankings are the same for L1 processing and loanword adaptation.},
    title = {Loanword adaptation as first-language phonological perception},
    editor = {Calabrese, Andrea and Wetzels, W. Leo},
    year = {2009},
    booktitle = {Loanword phonology},
    pages = {11-58}
}

@article{Bohl2006,
    title = {Implementation of a Markov model for phylogenetic trees},
    journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
    author = {Bohl, E. and Lancaster, P.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {239},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {324-333}
}

@article{Bohl2003,
    title = {Irreversible Markov processes for phylogenetic models.},
    journal = {Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications},
    author = {Bohl, Erich and Lancaster, Peter},
    number = {7},
    volume = {10},
    year = {2003},
    keywords = {dblp},
    pages = {577-593}
}

@book{Bokarev1981,
    publisher = {Nauka},
    author = {Bokarev, E. A.},
    title = {Sravnitelŉo-istoričeskaja fonetika vostočno-kavkazskich jazykov [Comparative-historical phonetics of the East-Caucasian languages]},
    year = {1981},
    keywords = {East-Caucasian;historische Linguistik;Rekonstruktion},
    address = {Moscow}
}

@article{Bollback2006,
    title = {SIMMAP: stochastic character mapping of discrete traits on phylogenies},
    journal = {BMC Bioinformatics},
    author = {Bollback, J. P.},
    volume = {7},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {88}
}

@article{Bomfleur2017,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3433},
    author = {Bomfleur, Benjamin and Grimm, Guido W. and McLoughlin, Stephen},
    journal = {PeerJ},
    abstract = { The Osmundales (Royal Fern order) originated in the late Paleozoic and is the most ancient surviving lineage of leptosporangiate ferns. In contrast to its low diversity today (less than 20 species in six genera), it has the richest fossil record of any extant group of ferns. The structurally preserved trunks and rhizomes alone are referable to more than 100 fossil species that are classified in up to 20 genera, four subfamilies, and two families. This diverse fossil record constitutes an exceptional source of information on the evolutionary history of the group from the Permian to the present. However, inconsistent terminology, varying formats of description, and the general lack of a uniform taxonomic concept renders this wealth of information poorly accessible. To this end, we provide a comprehensive review of the diversity of structural features of osmundalean axes under a standardized, descriptive terminology. A novel morphological character matrix with 45 anatomical characters scored for 15 extant species and for 114 fossil operational units (species or specimens) is analysed using networks in order to establish systematic relationships among fossil and extant Osmundales rooted in axis anatomy. The results lead us to propose an evolutionary classification for fossil Osmundales and a revised, standardized taxonomy for all taxa down to the rank of (sub)genus. We introduce several nomenclatural novelties: (1) a new subfamily Itopsidemoideae (Guaireaceae) is established to contain 𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑎, 𝐷𝑜𝑛𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑠, and 𝑇𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑎; (2) the thamnopteroid genera 𝑍𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑘𝑦𝑎, 𝐼𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠, and 𝑃𝑒𝑡𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠 are all considered synonymous with 𝑇ℎ𝑎𝑚𝑛𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠; (3) 12 species of 𝑀𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑠 and 𝐴𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑠 are assigned to modern genera (tribe Osmundeae); (4) the hitherto enigmatic 𝐴𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑠 is identified as an extinct subgenus of 𝑃𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑢𝑚; and (5) the poorly known 𝑂𝑠𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑢ℎ𝑎𝑗𝑘𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑠 is assigned to 𝑀𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑠. In addition, we consider 𝑀𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑟𝑢𝑚 a possible member of 𝑃𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑒𝑜𝑠𝑚𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎 and 𝑀𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠 as probably constituting the earliest representative of the (𝑇𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑎-)𝐿𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑠 lineage (subtribe Todeinae) of modern Osmundoideae. },
    title = {The fossil Osmundales (Royal Ferns)—a phylogenetic network analysis, revised taxonomy, and evolutionary classification of anatomically preserved trunks and rhizomes},
    volume = {5},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3433},
    year = {2017},
    keywords = {Evolutionary classification, Osmundaceae, Phylogeny, Filicopsida, Leptosporangiatae, Network analysis, Taxonomy, Anatomy, Ferns, Guaireaceae},
    pages = {e3433}
}

@incollection{Bomhard1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Bomhard, Allan R.},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {A survey of the comparative phonology of the so-called Nostratic languages},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Nostratic;long-range comparison},
    pages = {331-358}
}

@article{Bonet2006,
    title = {Approximating subtree distances between phylogenies},
    journal = {Journal of Computational Biology},
    author = {Bonet, Maria Luisa and St. John, Katherine and Mahindru, Ruchi and Amenta, Nina},
    number = {8},
    volume = {13},
    year = {2006},
    keywords = {phylogeny;SPR distance;approximation algorithms;Biologie;Linguistik und Biologie;Gray},
    pages = {1419-1434}
}

@article{Bonfante1953,
    title = {Ideas on the kinship of the European languages from 1200 to 1800},
    journal = {Cahiers dH́istoire Mondiale},
    abstract = {Linguistic problems of the past, and the problems of kinship of languages in particular, have attracted very little attention. Still, what our ancestors believed or thought or hoped about their own language, or the langauge of their ancestors or of their neighbors, about their differences and affinities, was important to them, not only were scholars interested in these questions: the thinking of the leading classes was also influenced by them, and also that of the peoples in general. It is true that the history of past science is largely the history of errors; but these errors - even if they were errors, and they frequently are not - still constitute the history of human thinking, and are therefore not alien to us. This paper will be devoted to the question of the kinship of the European languages. here the lack of information of our contemporary books and encycloedias is appalling. the work of centuries ahs simply been entirely forgotten or neglected. Our predecessors are accused more or less openly of an ignorance which is not theirs, but ours. Concerning the kinship of the Indo-European languages, most handbooks attribute the discovery to the XIXth century, startin with Bopp; some mention Schlegel, Rask, W. Jones, Adelung; a few (very few) got back to Cœurdoux and Sassetti. Names like Dante, Scaliger, Leibniz, Vico go unheeded. The material I will present in this paper, although far from being exhaustive, should give a much more complete picture of this question than is found in other works},
    author = {Bonfante, Giuliano},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1953},
    pages = {679-699}
}

@article{Bonfante1931,
    title = {I dialetti indoeuropei},
    journal = {Annali del R. Istituto Orientale di Napoli},
    author = {Bonfante, G.},
    volume = {4},
    year = {1931},
    pages = {69-185}
}

@article{Bonfante1944,
    publisher = {American Oriental Society},
    title = {The Position of "Hieroglyphic Hittite" among the Indo-European Languages},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/594680},
    journal = {Journal of the American Oriental Society},
    author = {Bonfante, G. and Gelb, I. J.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {64},
    year = {1944},
    pages = {169-190}
}

@thesis{BonTempo2004,
    url = {http://groups.lis.illinois.edu/amag/langev/paper/bontempo04.html},
    title = {Exploring the dynamics of language change in finite populations},
    year = {2004},
    institution = {University of Chicago},
    author = {James BonTempo}
}

@book{Booij2005,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Booij, Geert},
    year = {2005},
    title = {The grammar of words. An introduction to linguistic morphology},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@article{Boothby2015,
    title = {Evidence for extensive horizontal gene transfer from the draft genome of a tardigrade},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    author = {Boothby, T. C. and Tenlen, J. R. and Smith, F. W. and Wang, J. R. and Patanella, K. A. and Osborne Nishimura, E. and Tintori, S. C. and Li, Q. and Jones, C. D. and Yandell, M. and Messina, D. N. and Glasscock, J. and Goldstein, B.},
    number = {52},
    volume = {112},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {15976-15981}
}

@incollection{Bopp1995,
    publisher = {Routledge/Thoemmes Press},
    isbn = {0415108004},
    author = {Bopp, Franz},
    booktitle = {History of linguistics: 18th and 19th century German linguistics. Volume IV. Schlegel, Bopp},
    title = {Über das Conjugationssystem der Sanskritsprache in Vergleichung mit jenem der griechischen, lateinischen, persischen und germanischen Sprache. Nebst Episoden des Ramajan und Mahabharat in genauen metrischen Uebersetzungen aus dem Originatexte und einigen Abschnitten aus den Vedaś},
    year = {1995},
    editor = {Hutton, Chris},
    address = {London}
}

@book{Bopp1816,
    publisher = {Andreäische Buchhandlung},
    author = {Bopp, Franz},
    url = {http://books.google.de/books?id=N3UHAAAAQAAJ},
    title = {Über das Conjugationssystem der Sanskritsprache in Vergleichung mit jenem der griechischen, lateinischen, persischen und germanischen Sprache},
    year = {1816},
    editor = {Windischmann, Karl Joseph Hieronymus},
    address = {Frankfurt am Main},
    keywords = {komparative Methode;Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft}
}

@incollection{Bordag2008,
    publisher = {Springer},
    author = {Bordag, Stefan},
    series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
    booktitle = {Advances in multilingual and multimodal information retrieval},
    title = {Unsupervised and knowledge-free morpheme segmentation and analysis},
    year = {2008},
    number = {5152},
    editor = {Carol Peters and Valentin Jijkoun and Thomas Mandl and Henning Müller and Douglas W. Oard and Anselmo Peñas and Vivien Petras and Diana Santos},
    address = {Berlin and Heidelberg},
    pages = {881-891}
}

@incollection{Borin2012,
    publisher = {Springer},
    author = {Borin, Lars},
    booktitle = {Shall we play the Festschrift Game?},
    title = {Core vocabulary: A useful but mystical concept in some kinds of linguistics},
    year = {2012},
    editor = {Santos, Diana and Lindén, Krister and Ngángá, Wanjiku},
    address = {Berlin and Heidelberg},
    pages = {53-65}
}

@incollection{Borin2013,
    publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
    author = {Lars Borin and Bernard Comrie and Anju Saxena},
    booktitle = {Approaches to measuring linguistic differences},
    title = {The Intercontinental Dictionary Series – a rich and principled database for language comparison},
    year = {2013},
    editor = {Lars Borin and Anju Saxena},
    address = {Berlin and Boston},
    pages = {285-302}
}

@article{Borland1986,
    title = {The Linguistic Reconstruction of Prehistoric Pastoralist Vocabulary},
    journal = {Goodwin Series},
    author = {Borland, C. H.},
    volume = {5},
    year = {1986},
    pages = {31-35}
}

@article{Borland1982,
    title = {How Basic Is Basic Vocabulary?},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2742317},
    journal = {Current Anthropology},
    author = {Borland, C. H.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {23},
    year = {1982},
    pages = {315-316}
}

@article{Borner2003,
    journal = {Annual review of information science and technology},
    title = {Visualizing Knowledge Domains},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {179-255},
    author = {Börner, K. and Chen, C. and Boyack, K.}
}

@article{Borsboom2006,
    title = {The Attack of the Psychometricians},
    journal = {Psychometrika},
    author = {Borsboom, D.},
    volume = {71},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {425-440}
}

@book{Borst1957,
    publisher = {Anton Hiersemann},
    author = {Borst, Arno},
    booktitle = {Der Turmbau von Babel},
    title = {Fundamente und Aufbau},
    year = {1957},
    volume = {1},
    address = {Stuttgart}
}

@article{Bostock2011,
    title = {D3: Data-Driven Documents},
    journal = {IEEE Transactions on Visualization & Computer Graphics (Proc. InfoVis)},
    author = {Bostock, M. and Ogievetsky, V. and Heer, J.},
    number = {12},
    volume = {17},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {2301-2309}
}

@article{Botigue2017,
    title = {Ancient European dog genomes reveal continuity since the Early Neolithic},
    journal = {Nature Communications},
    author = {Botigue, L. R. and Song, S. and Scheu, A. and Gopalan, S. and Pendleton, A. L. and Oetjens, M. and Taravella, A. M. and Seregely, T. and Zeeb-Lanz, A. and Arbogast, R. M. and Bobo, D. and Daly, K. and Unterlander, M. and Burger, J. and Kidd, J. M. and Veeramah, K. R.},
    volume = {8},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {16082}
}

@article{Botzakis2005,
    title = {International Report on Literacy Research: China, Japan, Iran, Estonia, Chile},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4151654},
    journal = {Reading Research Quarterly},
    author = {Botzakis, Stergios and Malloy, Jacquelynn},
    number = {3},
    volume = {40},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {382-386}
}

@article{Bouchard-Cote2013,
    title = {Automated reconstruction of ancient languages using probabilistic models of sound change},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    author = {Bouchard-Côté, Alexandre and Hall, David and Griffiths, Thomas L. and Klein, Dan},
    number = {11},
    volume = {110},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {4224–4229}
}

@article{Bouckaert2014,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003537},
    author = {Bouckaert, Remco and Heled, Joseph and Kühnert, Denise and Vaughan, Tim and Wu, Chieh-Hsi and Xie, Dong and Suchard, Marc A. and Rambaut, Andrew and Drummond, Alexei J.},
    journal = {PLoS Computational Biology},
    abstract = { We present a new open source, extensible and flexible software platform for Bayesian evolutionary analysis called BEAST 2. This software platform is a re-design of the popular BEAST 1 platform to correct structural deficiencies that became evident as the BEAST 1 software evolved. Key among those deficiencies was the lack of post-deployment extensibility. BEAST 2 now has a fully developed package management system that allows third party developers to write additional functionality that can be directly installed to the BEAST 2 analysis platform via a package manager without requiring a new software release of the platform. This package architecture is showcased with a number of recently published new models encompassing birth-death-sampling tree priors, phylodynamics and model averaging for substitution models and site partitioning. A second major improvement is the ability to read/write the entire state of the MCMC chain to/from disk allowing it to be easily shared between multiple instances of the BEAST software. This facilitates checkpointing and better support for multi-processor and high-end computing extensions. Finally, the functionality in new packages can be easily added to the user interface (BEAUti 2) by a simple XML template-based mechanism because BEAST 2 has been re-designed to provide greater integration between the analysis engine and the user interface so that, for example BEAST and BEAUti use exactly the same XML file format.</p>},
    title = {BEAST 2: A Book Platform for Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis},
    number = {4},
    volume = {10},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {e1003537}
}

@article{Bouckaert2012,
    title = {Mapping the origins and expansion of the Indo-European language family},
    journal = {Science},
    author = {Bouckaert, Remco and Lemey, Philippe and Dunn, Michael and Greenhill, Simon J. and Alekseyenko, Aalexander V. and Drummond, Alexei J. and Gray, Russell D. and Suchard, Marc A. and Atkinson, Quentin D.},
    number = {6097},
    volume = {337},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {957-960}
}

@article{Bousseau2006,
    title = {Efficient likelihood computations with nonreversible models of evolution},
    journal = {Systems Biology},
    abstract = {Recent advances in heuristics have made maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree estimation tractable for hundreds of sequences. Noticeably, these algorithms are currently limited to reversible models of evolution, in which Felsensteinś pulley principle applies. In this paper we show that by reorganizing the way likelihood is computed, one can efficiently compute the likelihood of a tree from any of its nodes with a nonreversible model of DNA sequence evolution, and hence benefit from cutting-edge heuristics. This computational trick can be used with reversible models of evolution without any extra cost. We then introduce nhPhyML, the adaptation of the nonhomogeneous nonstationary model of Galtier and Gouy (1998; Mol. Biol. Evol. 15:871-879) to the structure of PhyML, as well as an approximation of the model in which the set of equilibrium frequencies is limited. This new version shows good results both in terms of exploration of the space of tree topologies and ancestral G+C content estimation. We eventually apply it to rRNA sequences slowly evolving sites and conclude that the model and a wider taxonomic sampling still do not plead for a hyperthermophilic last universal common ancestor.},
    author = {Boussau, B. and Gouy, M.},
    number = {5},
    volume = {55},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {756-768}
}

@article{Bousseau2004,
    title = {Computational inference of scenarios for alpha-proteobacterial genome evolution},
    journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.},
    author = {Boussau, B. and Karlberg, E. O. and Frank, A. C. and Legault, B. A. and Andersson, S. G.},
    number = {26},
    volume = {101},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {9722-9727}
}

@article{Boutonnet2014,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00222},
    title = {Compound words prompt arbitrary semantic associations in conceptual memory},
    journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
    abstract = {Linguistic relativity theory has received empirical support in domains such as color perception and object categorization. It is unknown, however, whether relations between words idiosyncratic to language impact non-verbal representations and conceptualizations. For instance, would one consider the concepts of horse and sea as related were it not for the existence of the compound seahorse? Here, we investigated such arbitrary conceptual relationships using a non-linguistic picture relatedness task in participants undergoing event-related brain potential recordings. Picture pairs arbitrarily related because of a compound and presented in the compound order elicited N400 amplitudes similar to unrelated pairs. Surprisingly, however, pictures presented in the reverse order (as in the sequence horse–sea) reduced N400 amplitudes significantly, demonstrating the existence of a link in memory between these two concepts otherwise unrelated. These results break new ground in the domain of linguistic relativity by revealing predicted semantic associations driven by lexical relations intrinsic to language.},
    author = {Boutonnet, Bastien and McClain, Rhonda and Thierry, Guillaume},
    volume = {5},
    url = {http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3953663/},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {222}
}

@article{Bowern2012a,
    title = {The riddle of Tasmanian languages},
    journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
    author = {Bowern, Claire},
    number = {1747},
    volume = {279},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {4590-4595}
}

@article{Bowern2010,
    title = {Historical linguistics in Australia: trees, networks and their implications},
    journal = {Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci.},
    author = {Bowern, C.},
    number = {1559},
    volume = {365},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {3845-3854}
}

@book{Bowern2007,
    publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
    author = {Bowern, Claire},
    year = {2008},
    title = {Linguistic fieldwork: A practical guide},
    address = {New York}
}

@article{Bowern2012,
    title = {Computational phylogenetics of the internal structure of Pama-Nguyan},
    journal = {Language},
    abstract = {We present the first proposal of detailed internal subgrouping and higher-order structure of the Pama-Nyungan family of Australian languages. Previous work has identified more than twenty- five primary subgroups in the family, with little indication of how these groups might fit together. Some work has assumed that reconstruction of higher nodes in the tree was impossible, either be- cause extensive internal borrowing has obscured more remote relations, or because the languages are not sufficiently well attested (see, for example, Bowern & Koch 2004b, Dixon 1997). With re- gard to the first objection, work by Alpher and Nash (1999) and Bowern and colleagues (2011) shows that loan levels are not high enough to obscure vertical transmission for all but a few lan- guages. New data remove the second objection. Here we use Bayesian phylogenetic inference to show that the Pama-Nyungan tree has a discernible internal subgrouping. We identify four major divisions within the family and discuss the implications of this grouping for future work on the family.},
    author = {Bowern, Claire and Atkinson, Quentin D.},
    volume = {88},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {817-845}
}

@article{Bowern2011,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025195},
    author = {Bowern, Claire AND Epps, Patience AND Gray, Russell AND Hill, Jane AND Hunley, Keith AND McConvell, Patrick AND Zentz, Jason},
    journal = {PLoS ONE},
    abstract = { In recent years, linguists have begun to increasingly rely on quantitative phylogenetic approaches to examine language evolution. Some linguists have questioned the suitability of phylogenetic approaches on the grounds that linguistic evolution is largely reticulate due to extensive lateral transmission, or borrowing, among languages. The problem may be particularly pronounced in hunter-gatherer languages, where the conventional wisdom among many linguists is that lexical borrowing rates are so high that tree building approaches cannot provide meaningful insights into evolutionary processes. However, this claim has never been systematically evaluated, in large part because suitable data were unavailable. In addition, little is known about the subsistence, demographic, ecological, and social factors that might mediate variation in rates of borrowing among languages. Here, we evaluate these claims with a large sample of hunter-gatherer languages from three regions around the world. In this study, a list of 204 basic vocabulary items was collected for 122 hunter-gatherer and small-scale cultivator languages from three ecologically diverse case study areas: northern Australia, northwest Amazonia, and California and the Great Basin. Words were rigorously coded for etymological (inheritance) status, and loan rates were calculated. Loan rate variability was examined with respect to language area, subsistence mode, and population size, density, and mobility; these results were then compared to the sample of 41 primarily agriculturalist languages in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="pone.0025195-Haspelmath1">[1]</xref>. Though loan levels varied both within and among regions, they were generally low in all regions (mean 5.06%, median 2.49%, and SD 7.56), despite substantial demographic, ecological, and social variation. Amazonian levels were uniformly very low, with no language exhibiting more than 4%. Rates were low but more variable in the other two study regions, in part because of several outlier languages where rates of borrowing were especially high. High mobility, prestige asymmetries, and language shift may contribute to the high rates in these outliers. No support was found for claims that hunter-gatherer languages borrow more than agriculturalist languages. These results debunk the myth of high borrowing in hunter-gatherer languages and suggest that the evolution of these languages is governed by the same type of rules as those operating in large-scale agriculturalist speech communities. The results also show that local factors are likely to be more critical than general processes in determining high (or low) loan rates.</p> },
    title = {Does Lateral Transmission Obscure Inheritance in Hunter-Gatherer Languages?},
    number = {9},
    volume = {6},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0025195},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {e25195}
}

@article{Bowers2011,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022341},
    author = {Bowers, Jeffrey S. AND Pleydell-Pearce, Christopher W.},
    journal = {PLoS ONE},
    abstract = { Participants read aloud swear words, euphemisms of the swear words, and neutral stimuli while their autonomic activity was measured by electrodermal activity. The key finding was that autonomic responses to swear words were larger than to euphemisms and neutral stimuli. It is argued that the heightened response to swear words reflects a form of verbal conditioning in which the phonological form of the word is directly associated with an affective response. Euphemisms are effective because they replace the trigger (the offending word form) by another word form that expresses a similar idea. That is, word forms exert some control on affect and cognition in turn. We relate these findings to the linguistic relativity hypothesis, and suggest a simple mechanistic account of how language may influence thinking in this context.</p> },
    title = {Swearing, Euphemisms, and Linguistic Relativity},
    number = {7},
    volume = {6},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0022341},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {1-8}
}

@article{Boyce1980,
    title = {Recitation of Chinese Poetry},
    journal = {Journal of the American Oriental Society},
    author = {Boyce, Conal},
    number = {4},
    volume = {100},
    year = {1980},
    pages = {503-509}
}

@book{Breal1924,
    edition = {6.},
    publisher = {Hachette},
    year = {1924},
    title = {Essai de sémantique},
    author = {Bréal, Michel}
}

@article{Bradley1915,
    publisher = {American Oriental Society},
    title = {The Tone-Accents of Two Chinese Dialects},
    journal = {Journal of the American Oriental Society},
    author = {Bradley, Cornelius Beach},
    volume = {35},
    year = {1915},
    pages = {pp. 199-206}
}

@article{Barron1970,
    title = {A Stochastic Process Related to Language Change},
    journal = {Journal of Applied Probability},
    author = {Brainerd, Barron},
    number = {1},
    volume = {7},
    year = {1970},
    pages = {69-78}
}

@article{Bralley1996,
    title = {An introduction to molecular linguistics},
    journal = {BioScience},
    author = {Bralley, Patricia},
    number = {2},
    volume = {46},
    year = {1996},
    pages = {146-153}
}

@article{Branner1999,
    title = {The classification of Longyan},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Branner, D. P.},
    volume = {15},
    editor = {Simmons, Richard VanNess},
    year = {1999},
    pages = {36-83}
}

@article{Branner2011,
    title = {Portmanteau characters in Chinese},
    journal = {Journal of the American Oriental Society},
    author = {Branner, David Prager},
    number = {1},
    volume = {131},
    year = {2011},
    keywords = {Chinese, Old Chinese, contraction},
    pages = {173–82}
}

@article{Branner2002,
    title = {Common Chinese and Early Chinese Morphology},
    journal = {Journal of the American Oriental Society},
    author = {Branner, David Prager},
    number = {4},
    volume = {122},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {706-721}
}

@book{Branner2000b,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    author = {Branner, D. P.},
    year = {2000},
    title = {Problems in comparative Chinese dialectology. The classification of Miin and Hakka},
    address = {Berlin and New York}
}

@book{Brassard1993,
    publisher = {Wolframś Verlag},
    author = {Brassard, Gilles and Bratley, Paul},
    year = {1993},
    title = {Algorithmik. Theorie und Praxis},
    address = {Prentice Hall}
}

@article{Bratceva1994,
    title = {Otyskanie vsex naimenš́ix porkrytij grafa klikami},
    journal = {Žurnal Vyčislitelŉoj Matematiki i Matematičeskoj Fisiki [Journal of Computational Mathematics and Physics]},
    author = {Bratceva, E. B. and Čerenin, V. P.},
    number = {8-9},
    volume = {34},
    year = {1994},
    pages = {1272-1292}
}

@book{Breal1900,
    publisher = {Henry Holt & Company},
    author = {Bréal, Michel},
    url = {http://archive.org/details/semanticsstudie02postgoog},
    title = {Semantics},
    year = {1900},
    address = {New York}
}

@book{Breal1897,
    publisher = {Hachette},
    author = {Bréal, Michel},
    url = {http://archive.org/details/essaidesmantiq00bruoft},
    title = {Essai de sémantique},
    year = {1897},
    address = {Paris}
}

@article{Brendel1986,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.1986.10507643},
    title = {Linguistics of Nucleotide Sequences: Morphology and Comparison of Vocabularies},
    journal = {Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics},
    author = {Volker Brendel and Jacques S. Beckmann and Edward N. Trifonov},
    number = {1},
    volume = {4},
    year = {1986},
    pages = {11-21}
}

@thesis{VanBreugel2014,
    title = {A Grammar of Atong},
    author = {Seino van Breugel},
    year = {2008},
    institution = {La Trobe University},
    address = {Bundoora}
}

@book{Brinton1891,
    publisher = {N. D. C. Hodges},
    author = {Brinton, Daniel G.},
    url = {http://archive.org/details/americanraceali01bringoog},
    title = {The American race. A linguistic classification and ethnographic description of the native tribes of North and South America},
    year = {1891},
    address = {New York}
}

@inproceedings{Brochhagen2015,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sixth Workshop on Cognitive Aspects of Computational Language Learning},
    title = {Improving coordination on novel meaning through context and semantic structure},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {74-82},
    author = {Brochhagen, Thomas}
}

@article{Brockmann2013,
    title = {The Hidden Geometry of Complex, Network-Driven Contagion Phenomena},
    journal = {Science},
    author = {Brockmann, Dirk and Helbing, Dirk},
    number = {12},
    volume = {342},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {1337-1342}
}

@article{Bromham2017,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-017-9594-y},
    author = {Bromham, Lindell},
    journal = {Biology & Philosophy},
    abstract = {One of the major benefits of interdisciplinary research is the chance to swap tools between fields, to save having to reinvent the wheel. The fields of language evolution and evolutionary biology have been swapping tools for centuries to the enrichment of both. Here I will discuss three categories of tool swapping: (1) conceptual tools, where analogies are drawn between hypotheses, patterns or processes, so that one field can take advantage of the path cut through the intellectual jungle by the other; (2) theoretical tools, where the machinery developed to process the data in one field is adapted to be applied to the data of the other; and (3) analytical tools, where common problems encountered in both fields can be solved using useful tricks developed by one or the other. I will argue that conceptual tools borrowed from linguistics contributed to the Darwinian revolution in biology; that theoretical tools of evolutionary change can in some cases be applied to both genetic and linguistic data without having to assume the underlying evolutionary processes are exactly the same; and that there are practical problems that have long been recognised in historical linguistics that may be solved by borrowing some useful analytical tools from evolutionary biology.},
    title = {Curiously the same: swapping tools between linguistics and evolutionary biology},
    number = {6},
    volume = {32},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10539-017-9594-y},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {855-886}
}

@article{Bromham2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1038/nature18315},
    title = {Interdisciplinary research has consistently lower funding success},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {Bromham, Lindell and Dinnage, Russell and Hua, Xia},
    number = {534},
    pages = {684-687}
}

@article{Bromham2015,
    title = {Rate of language evolution is affected by population size},
    journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.},
    abstract = {The effect of population size on patterns and rates of language evolution is controversial. Do languages with larger speaker populations change faster due to a greater capacity for innovation, or do smaller populations change faster due to more efficient diffusion of innovations? Do smaller populations suffer greater loss of language elements through founder effects or drift, or do languages with more speakers lose features due to a process of simplification? Revealing the influence of population size on the tempo and mode of language evolution not only will clarify underlying mechanisms of language change but also has practical implications for the way that language data are used to reconstruct the history of human cultures. Here, we provide, to our knowledge, the first empirical, statistically robust test of the influence of population size on rates of language evolution, controlling for the evolutionary history of the populations and formally comparing the fit of different models of language evolution. We compare rates of gain and loss of cognate words for basic vocabulary in Polynesian languages, an ideal test case with a well-defined history. We demonstrate that larger populations have higher rates of gain of new words whereas smaller populations have higher rates of word loss. These results show that demographic factors can influence rates of language evolution and that rates of gain and loss are affected differently. These findings are strikingly consistent with general predictions of evolutionary models.},
    author = {Bromham, L. and Hua, X. and Fitzpatrick, T. G. and Greenhill, S. J.},
    number = {7},
    volume = {112},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {2097-2102}
}

@article{Brooks2007,
    title = {Inferring Phylogenetic Trees Using Answer Set Programming},
    journal = {Journal of Automated Reasoning},
    author = {Brooks, Daniel R. and Erdem, Esra and Erdoǧan, Selim and Minett, James W. and Ringe, Donald},
    volume = {39},
    year = {2007},
    keywords = {Kladistik;Answer-Set-Programming},
    pages = {471-511}
}

@inproceedings{Brooks2005,
    publisher = {Springer},
    isbn = {3540243623},
    author = {Brooks, Daniel R. and Erdem, Esra and Minett, James W. and Ringe, Donald},
    series = {Lecture notes in computer science},
    booktitle = {Practical aspects of declarative languages: 7th International Symposium, PADL 2005, Long Beach, CA, USA, January 10 - 11, 2005 ; proceedings /},
    title = {Character-Based Cladistics and Answer Set Programming},
    year = {2005},
    volume = {3350},
    editor = {Hermenegildo, Manuel and Cabeza, Daniel},
    address = {Berlin},
    keywords = {Kladistik;Programmierung},
    pages = {37-51}
}

@article{Brown2011a,
    publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
    author = {Cecil H. Brown and David Beck and Grzegorz Kondrak and James K. Watters and Søren Wichmann},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    abstract = {This paper uses the comparative method of historical linguistics to investigate the hypothesis that languages of two well-established families of Mesoamerica, Totonacan and Mixe-Zoquean, are related in a larger genetic grouping dubbed Totozoquean. Proposed cognate sets comparing words reconstructed for Proto-Totonacan (PTn) and Proto-Mixe-Zoquean (PMZ) show regular sound correspondences attesting to the descent of these two languages from Proto-Totozoquean (PTz). Identification of sound correspondences facilitates reconstruction of PTz’s phonological inventory and vocabulary. The PMZ words used in the comparison are from Wichmann (1995). The PTn words are reconstructed by the authors, who provide the Totonacan cognate sets on which these reconstructions are based, as well as discussion of the classification and phonological history of Totonacan languages. Evidence is cited indicating that Totozoquean is comparable to Indo-European in chronological depth.},
    title = {Totozoquean},
    number = {3},
    volume = {77},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/660972},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {323-372}
}

@article{Brown2013,
    title = {Sound correspondences in the worldś languages},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Brown, Cecil H. and Holman, Eric W. and Wichmann, Søren},
    number = {1},
    volume = {89},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {4-29}
}

@misc{Brown2011,
    howpublished = {Misc document},
    url = {http://wwwstaff.eva.mpg.de/ wichmann/wwcPaper23.pdf},
    title = {Sound correspondences in the worldś languages},
    year = {2011},
    author = {Brown, Cecil H. and Holman, Eric W. and Wichmann, Søren}
}

@article{Brown2008,
    title = {Automated classification of the worldś languages},
    journal = {Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung},
    author = {Brown, Cecil H. and Holman, Eric W. and Wichmann, Søren and Velupillai, Viveka and Cysouw, Michael},
    number = {4},
    volume = {61},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {285-308}
}

@book{Brown1987,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    isbn = {9780521313551},
    author = {Brown, P. and Levinson, S.C.},
    series = {Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics},
    title = {Politeness: Some universals in language usage},
    year = {1987},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@book{Brugmann1886-1892,
    publisher = {Trübner},
    booktitle = {Vergleichende Laut-, Stammbildungs- und Flexionslehre der Indogermanischen Sprachen},
    author = {Brugmann, Karl},
    address = {Strassburg}
}

@book{Brugmann1904,
    publisher = {Karl J. Trübner},
    author = {Brugmann, Karl},
    title = {Kurze vergleichende Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen. Auf Grund des fünfbändigen Ǵrundrisses der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen von K. Brugmann und B. Delbrück ́verfasst},
    edition = {Photomechanischer Nachdruck 1970. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin},
    year = {1904[1970]},
    address = {Strassburg}
}

@book{Brugmann1886,
    publisher = {Walter de Gruyter},
    author = {Brugmann, Karl},
    series = {Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen: kurzgefaßte Darstellung der Geschichte des Altindischen, Altiranischen (Avestischen u. Altpersischen), Altarmenischen, Altgriechischen, Albanesischen, Lateinischen, Oskisch-Umbrischen, Altirischen, Gotischen, Althochdeutschen, Litauischen und Altkirchenslavischen},
    title = {Einleitung und Lautlehre: vergleichende Laut-, Stammbildungs- und Flexionslehre der indogermanischen Sprachen},
    year = {1967},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    address = {Berlin, Leipzig}
}

@bookinbook{Brugmann1967,
    publisher = {Walter de Gruyter},
    author = {Brugmann, Karl},
    series = {Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen: kurzgefaßte Darstellung der Geschichte des Altindischen, Altiranischen (Avestischen u. Altpersischen), Altarmenischen, Altgriechischen, Albanesischen, Lateinischen, Oskisch-Umbrischen, Altirischen, Gotischen, Althochdeutschen, Litauischen und Altkirchenslavischen},
    title = {Einleitung und Lautlehre: vergleichende Laut-, Stammbildungs- und Flexionslehre der indogermanischen Sprachen},
    year = {1967},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    address = {Berlin, Leipzig}
}

@article{Brugmann1884,
    title = {Zur Frage nach den Verwandtschaftsverhältnissen der indogermanischen Sprachen},
    journal = {Internationale Zeischrift für allgemeine Sprachewissenschaft},
    author = {Brugmann, Karl},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1884},
    pages = {228-256}
}

@book{Brugmann1886-1900,
    publisher = {Trübner},
    booktitle = {Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen},
    author = {Brugmann, Karl and Delbrück, Berthold},
    address = {Strassburg}
}

@article{Brunelle2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12182},
    title = {Tone and phonation in Southeast Asian languages},
    journal = {Language and Linguistics Compass},
    author = {Brunelle, Marc and Kirby, James},
    number = {4},
    volume = {10},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {191-207}
}

@inproceedings{Bryant2006,
    publisher = {McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research; Distributed by Orbow Books},
    isbn = {9781902937335},
    author = {Bryant, David},
    series = {McDonald Institute monographs},
    booktitle = {Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages},
    title = {Radiation and network breaking in Polynesian linguistics},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Forster, Peter and Renfrew, Colin},
    address = {Cambridge UK , Oxford UK , Oakville CT USA ,},
    keywords = {Netzwerke;Klassifikationssysteme;Kladistik;Polynesisch},
    pages = {111-118}
}

@incollection{Bryant2005,
    publisher = {UCL Press},
    isbn = {1844720993},
    author = {Bryant, David and Filimon, Flavia and Gray, Russell D.},
    booktitle = {The evolution of cultural diversity: A phylogenetic approach},
    title = {Untangling our past: Languages, Trees, Splits and Networks},
    year = {2005},
    editor = {Mace, Ruth and Holden, Clare J. and Shennan, Stephen},
    address = {London},
    keywords = {Kladistik;Sprachklassifikation;Netzwerke},
    pages = {67-84}
}

@inproceedings{Bryant2002,
    publisher = {Springer},
    isbn = {3-540-44211-1},
    author = {Bryant, David and Moulton, Vincent},
    booktitle = {WABI 0́2: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Algorithms in Bioinformatics},
    title = {NeighborNet: An Agglomerative Method for the Construction of Planar Phylogenetic Networks},
    year = {2002},
    editor = {Penn Genomics Institute},
    address = {London, UK},
    keywords = {NeighborNet},
    pages = {375-391}
}

@article{Bryant2004,
    title = {Neighbor-Net},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    author = {Bryant, David and Moulton, V.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {21},
    year = {2004},
    keywords = {Klassifikationssysteme},
    pages = {255-265}
}

@article{Brysbaert2009,
    title = {Moving beyond Kucera and Francis: A critical evaluation of current word frequency norms and the introduction of a new and improved word frequency measure for American English},
    journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
    author = {Brysbaert, M. and New, B.},
    volume = {41},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {977-990}
}

@article{Brysbaert2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01116},
    title = {How Many Words Do We Know? Practical Estimates of Vocabulary Size Dependent on Word Definition, the Degree of Language Input and the Participant’s Age},
    journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
    abstract = {Based on an analysis of the literature and a large scale crowdsourcing experiment, we estimate that an average 20 year old native speaker of American English knows 42,000 lemmas and 4,200 non-transparent multiword expressions, derived from 11,100 word families. The numbers range from 27,000 lemmas for the lowest 5% to 52,000 for the highest 5%. Between the ages of 20 and 60, the average person learns 6,000 extra lemmas or about one new lemma every two days. The knowledge of the words can be as shallow as knowing that the word exists. In addition, people learn tens of thousands of inflected forms and proper nouns (names), which account for the substantially high numbers of ‘words known’ mentioned in other publications.},
    author = {Brysbaert, Marc and Stevens, Michaël and Mandera, Paweł and Keuleers, Emmanuel},
    volume = {7},
    url = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01116},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {1116}
}

@article{Brysbaert2014,
    title = {Concreteness ratings for 40 thousand generally known English word lemmas},
    url = {http://crr.ugent.be/papers/Concreteness_ratings_Brysbaert_et_al_BRM.txt},
    journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
    author = {Brysbaert, M. and Warriner, A.B. and Kuperman, V.},
    volume = {46},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {904-911}
}

@book{Buck1949,
    publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
    author = {Buck, Carl Darling},
    year = {1949},
    title = {A dictionary of selected synonyms in the principal Indo-European languages. A contribution to the history of ideas},
    address = {Chicago and Illinois}
}

@article{Bull1998,
    title = {A Revolution in evolution},
    url = {http://www.sciencemag.org/content/281/5385/1959.short},
    journal = {Science},
    author = {Bull, Jim and Wichman, Holly},
    number = {5385},
    volume = {281},
    year = {1998},
    pages = {1959}
}

@incollection{Burlak2008,
    publisher = {Ippolitov},
    author = {Burlak, Svetlana Anatolévna},
    booktitle = {Orientalia et Classica XIX. Aspects of Comparativistics},
    title = {Kreolśkie jazyki i glottochronologija},
    year = {2008},
    address = {Moscow}
}

@book{Burlak2005,
    publisher = {Akademia},
    isbn = {5-7695-1445-0},
    author = {Burlak, Svetlana Anatolévna and Starostin, Sergej Anatolévic},
    title = {Sravnitelŉo-istoričeskoe jazykoznanie},
    year = {2005},
    address = {Moscow},
    keywords = {comparative method,historical linguistics, linguistics, lexicostatistics}
}

@book{Burlak2001,
    publisher = {Editorial URSS},
    author = {Burlak, Svetlana Anatolévna and Starostin, Sergej A.},
    year = {2001},
    title = {Vvedenie v lingvističeskuju komparativistiku},
    address = {Moscow}
}

@book{Burling1967,
    publisher = {Indiana University},
    author = {Burling, Robbins},
    year = {1967},
    title = {Proto-Lolo-Burmese},
    address = {Bloomington}
}

@article{Burnaby1989,
    title = {Chinese Teachers ́Views of Western Language Teaching: Context Informs Paradigms},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3587334},
    journal = {TESOL Quarterly},
    author = {Burnaby, Barbara and Sun, Yilin},
    number = {2},
    volume = {23},
    year = {1989},
    pages = {219-238}
}

@incollection{Burridge2007,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {978-0-19-920783-1},
    author = {Burridge, Kate},
    series = {Explorations in linguistic typology},
    booktitle = {Grammars in contact: A cross-linguistic typology},
    title = {Language contact and convergence in Pennsylvania German},
    year = {2007},
    volume = {4},
    editor = {Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and Dixon, Robert M. W.},
    address = {Oxford},
    pages = {179-200}
}

@article{Butler2000,
    title = {Defining sameness: historical, biological, and generative homology},
    journal = {BioEssays},
    author = {Butler, Ann B. and Saidel, William M.},
    volume = {22},
    year = {2000},
    pages = {846-853}
}

@incollection{Bybee2000,
    publisher = {CSLI Publications},
    author = {Bybee, Joan L.},
    booktitle = {Usage-based models of language},
    title = {The phonology of the lexicon: Evidence from lexical diffusion},
    year = {2000},
    editor = {Barlow, Michael and Kemmer, Suzanne},
    address = {Stanford},
    pages = {65-85}
}

@article{Bybee2002,
    title = {Word frequency and context of use in the lexical diffusion of phonetically conditioned sound change},
    journal = {Language Variation and Change},
    author = {Bybee, Joan L.},
    volume = {14},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {261-290}
}

@book{Bybee2001,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Bybee, Joan L.},
    year = {2001},
    title = {Phonology and language use},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@book{Bynon1977,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    isbn = {0521291887},
    author = {Bynon, Theodora},
    title = {Historical Linguistics},
    year = {1977},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@thesis{Byun2004,
    title = {Lísolat mandarin de Ganzhou},
    year = {2004},
    institution = {Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales},
    author = {Byun, Jiwon}
}

@article{Blazewicz2009,
    title = {Some remarks on evaluating the quality of the mulitple sequence alignment based on the BaliBASE benchmark},
    journal = {International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science},
    author = {Błazewicz, Jacek and Formanowicz, Piotr and Wojciechowski, Paweł},
    number = {4},
    volume = {19},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {675–678}
}

@article{Cadora1976,
    title = {Lexical Relationships among Arabic Dialects and the Swadesh List},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Cadora, Frederic J.},
    number = {6},
    volume = {18},
    year = {1976},
    pages = {237-260}
}

@inproceedings{Cai2016,
    title = {Neural Word Segmentation Learning for Chinese},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
    author = {Deng Cai and Hai Zhao},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {409–420},
    address = {Stroudsberg}
}

@article{Calero2002,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/57.2.P187},
    author = {Calero, M. Dolores and Arnedo, M. Luisa and Navarro, Elena and Ruiz-Pedrosa, Mónica and Carnero, Cristobal},
    journal = {The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences},
    abstract = {The purpose of this study was to validate a reduced version (15 items) of the Boston Naming Test (BNT) in a sample of 78 low-educational elderly persons with or without dementia, as determined by independent assessment with a battery of cognitive tests. The reduced version was found to be equivalent to the complete BNT, and to have criterion validity with respect to other measures of dementia. We conclude that the reduced version is a useful instrument for assessing patients who require shorter testing methods because of severe cognitive deterioration or their low level of education.},
    title = {Usefulness of a 15-Item Version of the Boston Naming Test in Neuropsychological Assessment of Low-Educational Elders With Dementia},
    number = {2},
    volume = {57},
    url = {http://psychsocgerontology.oxfordjournals.org/content/57/2/P187.full.pdf+html},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {P187-P191}
}

@article{Calude2016,
    title = {The typology and diachrony of higher numerals in Indo-European: a phylogenetic comparative study},
    journal = {Journal of Language Evolution},
    author = {Calude, Andreea S. and Verkerk, Annemarie},
    number = {1},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {91-108}
}

@incollection{Cameron1987,
    publisher = {Univ. of Pennsylvania Pr.},
    isbn = {9780812280142},
    author = {Cameron, H. Don},
    booktitle = {Biological metaphor and cladistic classification: An interdisciplinary perspective; [papers from a Symposium on Biological Metaphor Outside Biology, held Mar. 4 - 5, 1982 ... at the American Philos. Soc.ś Library in Philadelphia]},
    title = {The upside-down cladogram: Problems in manuscript affiliation},
    year = {1987},
    editor = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max},
    address = {Philadelphia},
    keywords = {Stemmatik;Rekonstruktion;Kladistik},
    pages = {227-242}
}

@article{Camin1965,
    author = {Camin, J. H. and Sokal, R. R.},
    journal = {Evolution},
    abstract = {A method is described for reconstructing presumed cladistic evolutionary sequences of recent organisms and its implications are discussed. Characters of the organisms to be studied are presented in a data matrix of the type employed in numerical taxonomy with the character states arrayed according to a presumed evolutionary sequence. The reconstruction proceeds on the hypothesis that the minimum number of evolutionary steps yields the correct cladogram. The method has been programmed for computer processing.},
    title = {A method for deducing branching sequences in phylogeny},
    number = {3},
    volume = {19},
    year = {1965},
    keywords = {Camin-Sokal algorithm, phylip mix},
    pages = {311-327}
}

@incollection{Campbell1974,
    publisher = {Open Court},
    isbn = {0-87548-141-8},
    author = {Campbell, Donald T.},
    booktitle = {The philosophy of Karl R. Popper},
    title = {Evolutionary Epistemology},
    year = {1974},
    volume = {1},
    editor = {Schilpp, P. A.},
    address = {LaSalle, IL},
    pages = {412-463}
}

@incollection{Campbell1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Campbell, Lyle},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {Summary report: American Indian languages and principles of language change},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;American Indian},
    pages = {17-32}
}

@incollection{Campbell1997,
    publisher = {de Gryuter},
    isbn = {3-11-014905-2},
    author = {Campbell, Lyle},
    series = {Trends in linguisticsStudies and monographs},
    booktitle = {Linguistic reconstruction and typology: [International Conference on Linguistic Reconstruction and Typology held at Rydzyna (Poland) from April 14 to 17, 1993] /},
    title = {Typological and areal issues in reconstruction},
    year = {1997},
    volume = {96},
    editor = {Fisiak, Jacek},
    address = {Berlin},
    keywords = {Typologie;Areallinguistik;Rekonstruktion;Validierung},
    pages = {49-72}
}

@incollection{Campbell2003,
    publisher = {Blackwell},
    isbn = {0-631-19571-8},
    author = {Campbell, Lyle},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470756393.ch4},
    series = {Blackwell handbooks in linguistics},
    booktitle = {The handbook of historical linguistics},
    title = {How to Show Languages are Related: Methods for Distant Genetic Relationship},
    year = {2003},
    editor = {Joseph, Brian D. and Janda, Richard D.},
    address = {Malden, Mass.},
    keywords = {long-range comparison;Sprachverwandtschaft;Nachweis von Sprachverwandtschaft},
    pages = {262-282}
}

@book{Campbell2013,
    publisher = {Edinburgh University Press},
    author = {Campbell, Lyle},
    title = {Historical Linguistics},
    edition = {3},
    year = {2013},
    address = {Edinburgh}
}

@book{Campbell1999,
    publisher = {Edinburgh Univ. Press},
    isbn = {0-7486-0775-7},
    author = {Campbell, Lyle},
    title = {Historical linguistics. An introduction},
    year = {1999},
    edition = {2},
    address = {Edinburgh}
}

@article{Campbell1997a,
    title = {Mary R. Haas and Historical Linguistics},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Campbell, Lyle},
    number = {4},
    volume = {39},
    year = {1997},
    pages = {642-667}
}

@article{Campbell1993,
    title = {Distant Genetic Relationship and the Maya-Chipaya Hypothesis},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Campbell, Lyle},
    number = {1/4},
    volume = {35},
    year = {1993},
    pages = {66-89}
}

@article{Campbell2002,
    title = {Syntactic Reconstruction and Demythologizing Ḿyths and the Prehistory of Grammars},
    journal = {Journal of Linguistics},
    author = {Campbell, Lyle and Harris, Alice C.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {38},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {599-618}
}

@article{Campbell1986,
    title = {Meso-America as a Linguistic Area},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/415477},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Campbell, Lyle and Kaufman, Terrence and Smith-Stark, Thomas C.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {62},
    year = {1986},
    pages = {530-570}
}

@book{Campbell2007,
    publisher = {Edinburgh University Press},
    isbn = {0-7486-2378-7},
    author = {Campbell, Lyle and Mixco, Mauricio},
    title = {A glossary of historical linguistics},
    year = {2007},
    address = {Edinburgh},
    keywords = {historische Linguistik;Handbuch}
}

@book{Campbell2008,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    isbn = {978-0521880053},
    author = {Campbell, Lyle and Poser, William John},
    title = {Language classification: History and method},
    year = {2008},
    address = {Cambridge},
    keywords = {Sprachklassifikation;Lexikostatistik;cognate;Basisvokabular;komparative Methode;Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft;Methodik}
}

@article{Campbell1981,
    journal = {Phonologica},
    title = {Teleology and the explanation of sound change},
    year = {1981},
    pages = {57-68},
    author = {Campbell, Lyle and Ringen, Jon}
}

@article{Cane1959,
    publisher = {[Royal Statistical Society, Wiley]},
    author = {Violet R. Cane},
    journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological)},
    abstract = {Some experiments on birds, fish and insects, in which long records of steady-state behaviour are obtained, are described and the relative merits of three simple models of behaviour considered. As a first approximation, semi-Makov chains seem to offer a reasonable way of summarizing the data and provide suitable null hypotheses against which to test ethological theories.},
    title = {Behaviour Sequences as Semi-Markov Chains},
    number = {1},
    volume = {21},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2983925},
    year = {1959},
    pages = {36-58}
}

@article{Cannon1961,
    publisher = {American Philosophical Society},
    title = {The impact of uniformitarianism},
    journal = {Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society},
    author = {Cannon, Walter F.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {105},
    year = {1961},
    pages = {301-314}
}

@article{Cannon1960,
    publisher = {The University of Chicago Press on behalf of The History of Science Society},
    title = {The uniformitarian-catastrophist debate},
    journal = {Isis},
    author = {Cannon, Walter F.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {51},
    year = {1960},
    pages = {38-55}
}

@article{Cardona1990,
    title = {On attitudes towards language in ancient India},
    journal = {Sino-Platonic Papers},
    author = {Cardona, George},
    volume = {15},
    year = {1990},
    pages = {1-19}
}

@incollection{Caridi2016,
    publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
    author = {Inés Caridi and Vivian Scheinsohn},
    booktitle = {Cultural Phylogenetics: Concepts and Applications in Archaeology},
    title = {Mind the Network: Rock Art, Cultural Transmission, and Mutual Information},
    year = {2016},
    editor = {Mendoza Straffon, Larissa},
    address = {Cham and Heidelberg and New York and Dordrecht},
    pages = {131-177}
}

@incollection{Carlin2007,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {978-0-19-920783-1},
    author = {Carlin, Eithne B.},
    series = {Explorations in linguistic typology},
    booktitle = {Grammars in contact: A cross-linguistic typology},
    title = {Feeling the need},
    year = {2007},
    volume = {4},
    editor = {Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and Dixon, Robert M. W.},
    address = {Oxford},
    keywords = {areal diffusion;Areallinguistik;Sprachkontakt},
    pages = {313-332}
}

@article{Carnap1956,
    publisher = {University of Minnesota Press},
    title = {The Methodological Character of Theoretical Concepts},
    journal = {Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science},
    author = {R. Carnap},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1956},
    pages = {38-76}
}

@book{Carr2008,
    publisher = {Edinburgh University Press},
    author = {Philip Carr},
    series = {Glossaries in Linguistics},
    title = {A glossary of phonology},
    year = {2008},
    editor = {Philip Carr},
    address = {Edinburgh}
}

@incollection{Carranza2004,
    publisher = {John Benjamin},
    author = {Carranza, I. E.},
    booktitle = {Current trends in the pragmatics of Spanish.},
    title = {Discourse markers in the construction of the text, the activity, and the social relations. Evidence from courtroom discourse},
    year = {2004},
    editor = {Marquéz-Reiter, R. and Placencia, M. E.},
    address = {Amsterdam and Philadelphia},
    pages = {203-227}
}

@article{Carillo1988,
    publisher = {Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics},
    title = {The Multiple Sequence Alignment Problem in Biology},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2101469},
    journal = {SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics},
    author = {Carrillo, Humberto and Lipman, David},
    number = {5},
    volume = {48},
    year = {1988},
    pages = {1073-1082}
}

@article{Carter1973,
    title = {An Arab Grammarian of the Eighth Century A. D.: A Contribution to the History of Linguistics},
    journal = {Journal of the American Oriental Society},
    author = {Carter, Michael G.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {93},
    year = {1973},
    pages = {146-157}
}

@article{Carvalho2018,
    title = {Tupi-Guarani loanwords in Southern Arawak: taking contact etymologies seriously},
    journal = {Revista Linguíʃtica},
    abstract = {This paper seeks to rigorously evaluate a set of claims that lexical items in Southern Arawak languages are loanwords from Tupi-Guarani languages. I show that, in most cases, these hypotheses can be rejected because the Arawak forms in question either have clear internal etymologies or because the noted similarities are too superfcial and no coherent or plausible picture for the phonological deviation between the putative loans and their presumed source forms can be oﬀered. In advancing internal etymologies for the target Arawak forms I will also try to cast light on aspects of the historical developments of these languages, as well as raise some so far unacknowledged issues for future research. Next, I consider some plausible cases of Guarani loans in one Southern Arawak language, Terena, explicitly arguing for these contact etymologies and placing these loanwords within a chronological stratum in Terena history. Complications related to dissimilar sources in Arawak-TupiGuarani contact and to the status of Wanderwörter are also brieﬂy addressed.},
    author = {Fernando de Carvalho},
    number = {13},
    volume = {3},
    url = {https://revistas.ufrj.br/index.php/rl/article/view/16383},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {41-74}
}

@book{Casard1987,
    publisher = {Benjamin F. Elson},
    title = {Dialect intelligibility testing},
    year = {1987},
    author = {Casard, Eugene H.}
}

@article{Cassens2005,
    title = {Evaluating intraspecific "network" construction methods using simulated sequence data: do existing algorithms outperform the global maximum parsimony approach?},
    journal = {Systems Biology},
    abstract = {In intraspecific studies, reticulated graphs are valuable tools for visualization, within a single figure, of alternative genealogical pathways among haplotypes. As available software packages implementing the global maximum parsimony (MP) approach only give the possibility to merge resulting topologies into less-resolved consensus trees, MP has often been neglected as an alternative approach to purely algorithmic (i.e., methods defined solely on the basis of an algorithm) "network" construction methods. Here, we propose to search tree space using the MP criterion and present a new algorithm for uniting all equally most parsimonious trees into a single (possibly reticulated) graph. Using simulated sequence data, we compare our method with three purely algorithmic and widely used graph construction approaches (minimum-spanning network, statistical parsimony, and median-joining network). We demonstrate that the combination of MP trees into a single graph provides a good estimate of the true genealogy. Moreover, our analyses indicate that, when internal node haplotypes are not sampled, the median-joining and MP methods provide the best estimate of the true genealogy whereas the minimum-spanning algorithm shows very poor performances.},
    author = {Cassens, I. and Mardulyn, P. and Milinkovitch, M. C.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {54},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {363-372}
}

@article{Castelvecchi2016a,
    title = {Can we open the blackbox of AI},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {Castelvecchi, Davide},
    volume = {538},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {20-23}
}

@article{Castelvecchi2016b,
    title = {Eine tückische Blackbox},
    journal = {Spektrum die Woche},
    author = {Castelvecchi, Davide},
    number = {46},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {21-29}
}

@article{CastorPollux1992,
    title = {The use of user modelling to guide inference and learning},
    journal = {Applied Intelligence},
    author = {A. Castor and L. E. Pollux},
    number = {1},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1992},
    pages = {37-53}
}

@article{Castro2011,
    title = {Southern Sui: a Fourth Sui Dialect},
    journal = {Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society},
    author = {Castro, Andy},
    number = {2},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {1-31}
}

@inproceedings{Cavalli-Sforza1971,
    publisher = {Edinburgh University Press},
    author = {Cavalli-Sforza, L. L.},
    booktitle = {Mathematics in the archaeological and historical sciences. Proceedings of the Anglo-Romanian Conference. Mamaia 1970},
    title = {Use of models},
    year = {1971},
    editor = {Hodson, F. R. and Kendall, D. G. and Gáutu, P.},
    address = {Edinburgh},
    pages = {535-541}
}

@book{Cavalli-Sforza2001,
    publisher = {Penguin Books},
    isbn = {0-7139-9486-X},
    author = {Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca},
    title = {Genes, Peoples and Languages},
    year = {2001},
    address = {London}
}

@article{Cavalli-Sforza1975,
    publisher = {Applied Probability Trust},
    title = {Cultural and Biological Evolution: A Theoretical Inquiry},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1426313},
    journal = {Advances in Applied Probability},
    author = {Cavalli-Sforza, L. L.},
    volume = {7},
    year = {1975},
    pages = {90-99}
}

@book{Cavalli-Sforza1994,
    publisher = {Droemer Knaur},
    isbn = {3-426-26804-3},
    author = {Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca and Cavalli-Sforza, Francesco},
    title = {Verschieden und doch gleich},
    year = {1994},
    address = {München}
}

@article{Cavalli-Sforza1988,
    title = {Reconstruction of Human Evolution: Bringing Together Genetic, Archaeological, and Linguistic Data},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    author = {Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca and Piazza, Alberto and Menozzi, Paolo and Mountain, Joanna},
    number = {16},
    volume = {85},
    year = {1988},
    pages = {6002-6006}
}

@article{Cayley1889,
    title = {A theorem on trees},
    journal = {Quarterly Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics},
    author = {Cayley, A.},
    volume = {13},
    year = {1889},
    pages = {376-378}
}

@article{Cayley1857,
    title = {On the theory of the analytical forms called trees},
    journal = {Philosophical Magazine},
    author = {Cayley, Arthur},
    number = {4},
    year = {1857},
    pages = {172-176}
}

@book{Celakovsky1853,
    publisher = {V komisí u F. Řivnáče},
    author = {Čelakovský, F. L.},
    year = {1853},
    title = {Čtení o srovnavací mluvnici slovanské},
    address = {Prague}
}

@article{Cerioli2004,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.endm.2004.06.012},
    author = {M.R. Cerioli and L. Faria and T.O. Ferreira and F. Protti},
    journal = {Electronic Notes in Discrete Mathematics},
    abstract = {A graph G is a unit disk graph if it is the intersection graph of a family of unit disks in the euclidean plane. If the disks do not overlap, then G is also a unit coin graph or penny graph. In this work we establish the complexity of the minimum clique partition problem and the maximum independent set problem for penny graphs, both NP-complete, and present two approximation algorithms for finding clique partitions: a 3-approximation algorithm for unit disk graphs and a 32-approximation algorithm for penny graphs.},
    title = {On minimum clique partition and maximum independent set on unit disk graphs and penny graphs: complexity and approximation},
    volume = {18},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1571065304010698},
    year = {2004},
    keywords = {unit disk graph},
    pages = {73 - 79}
}

@incollection{Chacon2015,
    publisher = {Brill},
    author = {Chacon, Thiago Costa},
    booktitle = {Laryngeal Features in the Languages o f the Americas},
    title = {The reconstruction of laryngealization in Proto-Tukanoan},
    year = {2015},
    editor = {Coler, Matthew},
    address = {Leiden},
    pages = {258–284}
}

@incollection{Chacon2013,
    publisher = {Museu Nacional and Museu do Índio Funai},
    author = {Chacon, Thiago Costa},
    booktitle = {Upper Rio Negro: Cultural and Linguistic Interaction in Northwestern Amazonia},
    title = {Kubeo: Linguistic and cultural interactions in the Upper Rio Negro.},
    year = {2013},
    editor = {Epps, Patience and Stenzel, Kristine},
    address = {Rio de Janeiro},
    pages = {403-443}
}

@article{Chacon2017,
    title = {Arawakan and Tukanoan contacts in Northwest Amazonia prehistory},
    journal = {PAPIA},
    author = {Chacon, Thiago Costa},
    number = {2},
    volume = {27},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {237-265.}
}

@article{Chacon2014,
    title = {A revised proposal of Proto-Tukanoan consonants and Tukanoan family classification},
    journal = {Journal of American Lingusitics},
    author = {Chacon, Thiago Costa},
    number = {3},
    volume = {80},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {275-322}
}

@article{Chacon2018,
    title = {A diversidade linguística Aruák no Alto Rio Negro em gravações da década de 1950 [The diversity of Arawakan languages from the upper Rio Negro in recordings from the 1950s]},
    year = {forthcoming},
    author = {Chacon, Thiago Costa and Gonçalves, Artur Garcia and da Silva, Lucas Ferreira}
}

@article{Chacon2015a,
    title = {Improved computational models of sound change shed light on the history of the Tukanoan languages},
    journal = {Journal of Language Relationship},
    abstract = {There has been much debate regarding the internal history of the Tukanoan languages dur- ing the last four decades, with different classification proposals being based on lexical and phonological data. Here, we present a new classification of the Tukanoan language family based on an improved computational approach which infers phylogenetic trees from pro- posed sound change patterns. In contrast to traditional methods based on the manual identi- fication of shared innovations by experts, our method identifies valid innovations within a parsimony framework. In contrast to existing computational models which are mostly based on binary character states for lexical data, we model sound change patterns as directed weighted transitions between multiple character states. We apply the new approach to a set of 21 extant Tukano languages. Our results confirm the east-west split of the Tukanoan lan- guages which was proposed in the past and suggest a classification which groups Kubeo with Tanimuka on the one hand, and Koreguahe with Maihiki, on the other hand, thus rec- onciling previous classifications. We use this new classification to propose a consensus phy- logeny of Tukanoan in which all automatically inferred shared innovations were manually checked and uncertainties are explicitly displayed. За последние сорок лет внутренняя история языков тукано была в центре множества дискуссий; предлагались самые разные классификации, основанные на лексических и фонологических данных. Данная статья представляет новую классификацию языковой семьи тукано, основанную на улучшенном компьютеризированном подходе, который реконструирует филогенетическое дерево исходя из предлагаемых звуковых изменений. В отличие от традиционного метода, который основан на ручной идентификации общих инноваций лингвистами, новый метод определяет инновации по принципу бережливости (parsimony). В отличие от моделей с бинарными признаками, пользующихся большой популярностью при анализе лексики, звуковые изменения описываются авторами как направленные взвешенные переходы между несколькими состояниями признака. Авторы применяют свой алгоритм к выборке из 21 современного языка семьи тукано. Результаты подтверждают бинарное разделение языков тукано на западную и восточную ветви, которое уже было ранее предложено, а также указывают на генетическую близость между, с одной стороны, языками кубео и танимука, с другой — корегуахе и маихики, таким образом, примиряя друг с другом предыдущие классификации. Авторы используют полученную классификацию для реконструкции консенсусного филогенетического дерева, в котором все общие инновации проверены вручную и для всех неточностей предлагаются детальные объяснения.},
    author = {Chacon, Thiago Costa and List, Johann-Mattis},
    number = {3},
    volume = {13},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {177-204}
}

@incollection{Chafe1998,
    publisher = {Benjamins},
    isbn = {9027236690},
    author = {Chafe, Wallace},
    series = {Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science4},
    booktitle = {Historical linguistics 1997: Selected papers from the 13th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Düsseldorf, 10 - 17 August 1997},
    title = {How a historical linguist and a native speaker understand a complex morphology},
    year = {1998},
    volume = {164},
    editor = {Schmid, Monika S. and Austin, Jennifer R. and Stein, Dieter},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    keywords = {underlying categories;Morphologie;Language change},
    pages = {101-133}
}

@book{Chambers2004,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Chambers, J. K. and Trudgill, P.},
    title = {Dialectology},
    edition = {2},
    year = {2004},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@article{Chan1987,
    title = {Tone and melody interaction in Cantonese and Mandarin songs},
    journal = {UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics},
    author = {Marjorie K. M. Chan},
    volume = {68},
    year = {1987},
    pages = {132-169}
}

@article{Chandra1996,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/BF01270385},
    author = {Chandra, Ashok K. and Raghavan, Prabhakar and Ruzzo, Walter L. and Smolensky, Roman and Tiwari, Prasoon},
    journal = {computational complexity},
    abstract = {View ann-vertex,m-edge undirected graph as an electrical network with unit resistors as edges. We extend known relations between random walks and electrical networks by showing that resistance in this network is intimately connected with thelengths of random walks on the graph. For example, thecommute time between two verticess andt (the expected length of a random walk froms tot and back) is precisely characterized by the effective resistanceR st betweens andt: commute time=2mR st . As a corollary, thecover time (the expected length of a random walk visiting all vertices) is characterized by the maximum resistanceR in the graph to within a factor of logn:mR<-cover time<-O(mRlogn). For many graphs, the bounds on cover time obtained in this manner are better than those obtained from previous techniques such as the eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix. In particular, we improve known bounds on cover times for high-degree graphs and expanders, and give new proofs of known results for multi-dimensional meshes. Moreover, resistance seems to provide an intuitively appealing and tractable approach to these problems.},
    title = {The electrical resistance of a graph captures its commute and cover times},
    number = {4},
    volume = {6},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01270385},
    year = {1996},
    pages = {312-340}
}

@article{Chang1988,
    title = {Indo-European vocabulary in Old Chinese},
    journal = {Sino-Platonic Papers},
    author = {Chang, Tsung-tung},
    volume = {7},
    year = {1988},
    keywords = {long-range comparison;Chinese;Indo-European},
    pages = {1-56}
}

@article{Chang2015,
    title = {Ancestry-constrained phylogenetic analysis ssupport the Indo-European steppe hypothesis},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Chang, Will and Cathcart, Chundra and Hall, David and Garret, Andrew},
    number = {1},
    volume = {91},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {194-244}
}

@article{Changizi2006,
    publisher = {The University of Chicago Press for The American Society of Naturalists},
    author = {Mark A. Changizi and Qiong Zhang and Hao Ye and Shinsuke Shimojo},
    journal = {The American Naturalist},
    abstract = {Abstract: Are there empirical regularities in the shapes of letters and other human visual signs, and if so, what are the selection pressures underlying these regularities? To examine this, we determined a wide variety of topologically distinct contour configurations and examined the relative frequency of these configuration types across writing systems, Chinese writing, and nonlinguistic symbols. Our first result is that these three classes of human visual sign possess a similar signature in their configuration distribution, suggesting that there are underlying principles governing the shapes of human visual signs. Second, we provide evidence that the shapes of visual signs are selected to be easily seen at the expense of the motor system. Finally, we provide evidence to support an ecological hypothesis that visual signs have been culturally selected to match the kinds of conglomeration of contours found in natural scenes because that is what we have evolved to be good at visually processing.},
    title = {The Structures of Letters and Symbols throughout Human History Are Selected to Match Those Found in Objects in Natural Scenes.},
    number = {5},
    volume = {167},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/502806},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {pp. E117-E139}
}

@book{Chao2009,
    publisher = {Springer},
    author = {Chao, Kun-Mao and Zhang, Louxin},
    title = {Sequence comparison},
    year = {2009},
    keywords = {sequence alignment},
    address = {London}
}

@incollection{Chao1933,
    publisher = {Shāngwù 商务},
    author = {Chao, Yuenren},
    booktitle = {Linguistic essays by Yuenren Chao},
    title = {Tone and intonation in Chinese},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Wu, Zong-Ji and Zhao, Xin-na},
    address = {Běijīng 北京},
    pages = {198-220}
}

@incollection{Chao1941,
    publisher = {Shāngwù 商务},
    author = {Chao, Yuenren},
    booktitle = {Linguistic essays by Yuenren Chao},
    title = {Distinctions within Ancient Chinese},
    year = {2006},
    note = {Originally published in HJAS, 5.3/4 (1941), 203-233)},
    editor = {Wu, Zong-Ji and Zhao, Xin-na},
    address = {Běijīng 北京},
    pages = {304-346}
}

@incollection{Chao1963,
    publisher = {Shāngwù 商务},
    author = {Chao, Yuenren},
    booktitle = {Linguistic essays by Yuenren Chao},
    title = {Chinese language},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Wu, Zong-Ji and Zhao, Xin-na},
    address = {Běijīng 北京},
    pages = {744-769}
}

@incollection{Chao1971,
    publisher = {Shāngwù 商务},
    author = {Chao, Yuenren},
    booktitle = {Linguistic Essays by Yuenren Chao},
    title = {Some contrastive aspects of the Chinese national language movement},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Wu, Z.-j. and Zhao, X.-n},
    address = {Běijīng 北京},
    pages = {921-934}
}

@book{Chao2006,
    publisher = {Shāngwù},
    author = {Chao, Yuenren},
    booktitle = {Linguistic Essays by Yuenren Chao},
    address = {Běijīng},
    editor = {Wu, Z.-j. and Zhao, X.-n},
    year = {2006}
}

@book{Chao1968,
    publisher = {University of California Press},
    author = {Chao, Yuenren},
    year = {1968},
    title = {A grammar of spoken Chinese},
    address = {Berkeley and Los Angeles and London}
}

@article{Chao1943,
    publisher = {The Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers)},
    title = {Languages and Dialects in China},
    journal = {The Geographical Journal},
    author = {Chao, Yuenren},
    number = {2},
    volume = {102},
    year = {1943},
    pages = {pp. 63-66}
}

@article{Chao1924,
    title = {Singing in Chinese},
    journal = {Le Maître Phonétique},
    author = {Chao, Yuen Ren},
    number = {3},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1924},
    pages = {9f}
}

@incollection{Chappell2006,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {0-19-829981-8},
    author = {Chappell, Hilary},
    booktitle = {Areal diffusion and genetic inheritance: Problems in comparative linguistics},
    title = {Language Contact and Areal Diffusion in Sinitic Languages},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and Dixon, Robert M. W.},
    address = {Oxford},
    keywords = {Sprachkontakt;areal diffusion;Chinese;sinitic languages},
    pages = {328-357}
}

@book{Charpentier2015,
    publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
    isbn = {978-3-11-026035-9},
    author = {Charpentier, Jean-Michel and François, Alexandre},
    url = {https://www.degruyter.com/view/product/177498},
    abstract = {Le vaste territoire de la Polynésie Française compte sept langues distinctes – tahitien, austral, rapa, mangarévien, marquisien du nord, marquisien du sud, pa’umotu – dotées à leur tour d’une forte variation interne. Fruit de dix ans de collaboration entre deux linguistes du CNRS, Jean-Michel Charpentier et Alexandre François, l’Atlas Linguistique de la Polynésie Française rend hommage à ce riche paysage linguistique et dialectal en documentant minutieusement vingt parlers différents du territoire, à l’aide de plus de 2250 cartes. Organisées thématiquement – corps, vie, individu et société, culture et techniques, flore et faune – ces cartes lexicales s’accompagnent de notes explicatives et d’index en français, anglais, tahitien. Des chapitres introductifs présentent le contexte social et la dynamique historique des langues de Polynésie Française, toutes plus ou moins fragilisées par la modernité. Publié en accès libre, cet ouvrage multilingue et comparatif s’adresse non seulement aux chercheurs et aux enseignants, mais aussi à tous ceux que passionne le patrimoine linguistique de cette région du Pacifique. The vast territory of French Polynesia is home to seven distinct languages – Tahitian, Austral, Rapa, Mangarevan, North Marquesan, South Marquesan, and Pa’umotu – which in turn show internal variation. The fruit of ten years of joint work by two linguists of French CNRS, Jean-Michel Charpentier and Alexandre François, the Linguistic Atlas of French Polynesia pays tribute to the rich linguistic landscape of the country by documenting thoroughly twenty different communalects, in the form of 2250 maps. Organised by topics (body, life, individual and society, culture and technology, flora and fauna), these lexical maps are supplemented by explanatory notes and indexes in French, English, Tahitian. Text chapters in French and English present the social profile and the historical dynamics of the territory’s languages, which are all endangered to various extents. Published in open access, this multilingual and comparative atlas provides an essential reference to scholars and teachers alike, as well as to a broader audience keen to explore and preserve the linguistic heritage of the Pacific region. Tahitian translation is available as supplementary material on this page.},
    title = {Linguistic Atlas of French Polynesia / Atlas linguistique de la Polynésie française},
    year = {2015},
    note = {DOI: 10.1515/9783110260359},
    address = {Berlin, Boston},
    keywords = {Atlas, Dialectology, French-Polynesia/Language, Lexicography}
}

@article{Chase1861,
    publisher = {American Philosophical Society},
    title = {Chinese and Indo-European Roots and Analogues},
    journal = {Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society},
    author = {Chase, Pliny Earle},
    number = {65},
    volume = {8},
    year = {1861},
    pages = {5-48}
}

@article{Chater2009,
    title = {Restrictions on biological adaptation in language evolution},
    url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/106/4/1015.abstract},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    author = {Chater, Nick and Reali, Florencia and Christiansen, Morten H.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {106},
    year = {2009},
    keywords = {Baldwin effect;coevolution;cultural evolution;language acquisition;Biologie;Linguistik und Biologie;Gray;Nicht relevant},
    pages = {1015-1020}
}

@article{Chen2006,
    title = {On stratifying sound correspondences},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Chen, Baoya},
    number = {2},
    volume = {34},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {192-200}
}

@article{Chen1973,
    title = {On the formal expression of natural rules in phonology},
    journal = {Journal of Linguistics},
    author = {Chen, Matthew},
    number = {2},
    volume = {9},
    year = {1973},
    pages = {223-249}
}

@article{Chen1973a,
    title = {Cross-dialectal comparison. A case study and some theoretical considerations},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Chen, Matthew},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1973},
    pages = {38-63}
}

@article{Chen1972,
    title = {The time dimension},
    journal = {Foundations of Language},
    author = {Chen, Matthew},
    number = {4},
    volume = {8},
    year = {1972},
    pages = {457-498}
}

@article{Chen1971,
    title = {The time variable in phonological change},
    journal = {Journal of Linguistics},
    author = {Chen, Matthew and Hsieh, Hsin-I},
    number = {1},
    volume = {7},
    year = {1971},
    pages = {1-13}
}

@incollection{Chen1980,
    publisher = {Benjamins},
    isbn = {9027245010},
    author = {Chen, Matthew Y.},
    series = {Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic scienceStudies in the history of linguistics},
    booktitle = {Progress in linguistic historiography: Papers from the International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences (Ottawa, 28-31 August 1978)},
    title = {How Proto-Chinese was reconstructed},
    year = {1980},
    volume = {v. 20},
    editor = {Koerner, E. F. K.},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    keywords = {Chinese;Rekonstruktion;historische Linguistik},
    pages = {311-322}
}

@book{Chen2000,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Chen, Matthew Y.},
    year = {2000},
    title = {Tone sandhi},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@article{Chen1987,
    title = {The Syntax of Xiamen tone sandhi},
    journal = {Phonology Yearbook},
    author = {Chen, Matthew Y.},
    volume = {4},
    year = {1987},
    pages = {109-149}
}

@article{Chen1979,
    title = {Metrical structure},
    journal = {Linguistic Inquiry},
    author = {Chen, Matthew Y.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {10},
    year = {1979},
    pages = {371-420}
}

@article{Chen1976,
    title = {Relative chronology},
    journal = {Journal of Linguistics},
    author = {Chen, Matthew Y.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {12},
    year = {1976},
    pages = {209-258}
}

@article{Chen1975,
    title = {Sound change},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Chen, Matthew Y. and Wang, William S.-Y.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {51},
    year = {1975},
    pages = {255-281}
}

@article{Chen1993,
    title = {Modern Written Chinese in development},
    journal = {Language in Society},
    author = {Chen, Ping},
    number = {4},
    volume = {22},
    year = {1993},
    pages = {505-537}
}

@article{Cheng2005,
    publisher = {Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1002/prot.20373},
    author = {Cheng, Betty Yee Man and Carbonell, Jaime G. and Klein-Seetharaman, Judith},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.20373},
    journal = {Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics},
    title = {Protein classification based on text document classification techniques},
    number = {4},
    volume = {58},
    year = {2005},
    keywords = {Naïve Bayes, Decision Tree, chi-square, n-grams, feature selection},
    pages = {955-970}
}

@inproceedings{Cheng2009,
    title = {Extreme reductions},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of Interspeech 2009},
    author = {Cheng, Chierh and Xu, Yi},
    year = {2009},
    keywords = {contraction, Chinese},
    pages = {456-459}
}

@inproceedings{Cheng2010,
    title = {Exploring the mechanism of tonal contraction in Taiwan Mandarin},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of Interspeech 2010},
    author = {Cheng, Chierh and Xu, Yi and Gubian, Michele},
    year = {2010},
    keywords = {contraction, Chinese},
    pages = {2010-2013}
}

@article{Cheng1991,
    title = {Quantifying affinity among Chinese dialects},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Cheng, Chin-Chuan},
    volume = {3},
    editor = {Wang, William Shi-Yuan},
    year = {1991},
    pages = {78-112}
}

@book{Cheng1998,
    title = {Extra-linguistic data for understanding dialect mutual intelligibility},
    url = {http://pnclink.org/annual/annual1998/1998pdf/cheng.pdf},
    author = {Cheng, Chin-Chuan},
    year = {1998},
    keywords = {Sprachklassifikation;mutual intelligibility;Chinese dialects;Chinese},
    address = {Taipei}
}

@article{Cheng1997,
    title = {Measuring relationship among dialects},
    journal = {Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing},
    author = {Cheng, Chin-Chuan},
    number = {1},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1997},
    keywords = {comparative dialectology;dialektale Variation;dialect affinity;mutual intelligibility},
    pages = {41-72}
}

@article{Cheng1988,
    title = {Hànyǔ fāngyán qīnshū guānxì de jìliàng yánjiū},
    journal = {Zhōngguó Yǔwén 中国语文},
    author = {Cheng, Chin-Chuan},
    number = {2},
    year = {1988},
    pages = {87-102}
}

@article{Cheng1973,
    title = {A quantitative analysis of Chinese tones},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese linguistics},
    author = {Cheng, Chin-Chuan},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1973},
    pages = {93-110}
}

@article{Cheng1925,
    title = {Chinaś new system of schools},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1016455},
    journal = {Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science},
    author = {Cheng, Chi-Pao and Tao, W. T.},
    volume = {122},
    year = {1925},
    pages = {100-110}
}

@article{Cheng1999,
    title = {Bare and Not-So-Bare Nouns and the Structure of NP},
    journal = {Linguistic Inquiry},
    author = {Cheng, Lisa Lai-Shen and Sybesma, Rint},
    number = {4},
    volume = {30},
    year = {1999},
    pages = {509-542}
}

@article{Cheng1985,
    title = {A Comparison of Taiwanese, Taiwan Mandarin, and Peking Mandarin},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/414149},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Cheng, Robert L.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {61},
    year = {1985},
    pages = {352-377}
}

@book{Chercheur1994,
    publisher = {Morgan Kaufman Publishers},
    author = {J. L. Chercheur},
    title = {Case-based reasoning},
    edition = {2nd},
    year = {1994},
    address = {San Mateo}
}

@article{Chiarello1999,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.3758/BF03200739},
    author = {Chiarello, Christine and Shears, Connie and Lund, Kevin},
    journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers},
    abstract = {Dissociations between noun and verb processing are not uncommon after brain injury; yet, precise psycholinguistic comparisons of nouns and verbs are hampered by the underrepresentation of verbs in published semantic word norms and by the absence of contemporary estimates for part-of-speech usage. We report herein imageability ratings and rating response times (RTs) for 1,197 words previously categorized as pure nouns, pure verbs, or words of balanced noun-verb usage on the basis of the Francis and Kučera (1982) norms. Nouns and verbs differed in rated imageability, and there was a stronger correspondence between imageability rating and RT for nouns than for verbs. For all word types, the image-rating-RT function implied that subjects employed an image generation process to assign ratings. We also report a new measure of noun-verbtypicality that used the Hyperspace Analog to Language (HAL; Lund & Burgess, 1996) context vectors (derived from a large sample of Usenet text) to compute the mean context distance between each word and all of thepure nouns andpure verbs. For a subset of the items, the resulting HAL noun-verb difference score was compared with part-of-speech usage in a representative sample of the Usenet corpus. It is concluded that this score can be used to estimate the extent to which a given word occurs in typical noun or verb sentence contexts in informal contemporary English discourse. The item statistics given in Appendix B will enable experimenters to select representative examples of nouns and verbs or to compare typical with atypical nouns (or verbs), while holding constant or covarying rated imageability.},
    title = {Imageability and distributional typicality measures of nouns and verbs in contemporary English},
    number = {4},
    volume = {31},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03200739},
    year = {1999},
    pages = {603-637}
}

@article{Chirkova2006,
    title = {Creating a database for Tibeto-Burman languages},
    journal = {IIAS Newsletter},
    author = {Chirkova, Katia},
    volume = {42},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {31}
}

@article{Chomsky1959,
    title = {On certain formal properties of grammars},
    journal = {Information and Control},
    author = {Chomsky, Noam},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1959},
    pages = {137-167}
}

@book{Chomsky1968,
    publisher = {Harper and Row},
    author = {Chomsky, Noam and Halle, Morris},
    year = {1968},
    title = {The sound pattern of English},
    address = {New York and Evanston and London}
}

@article{Clothia1992,
    title = {Proteins. One thousand families for the molecular biologist},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {Chothia, C.},
    number = {6379},
    volume = {357},
    year = {1992},
    pages = {543-544}
}

@article{Chretien1965,
    doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(65)90044-6},
    title = {The statistical structure of the proto-Austronesian morph},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0024384165900446},
    journal = {Lingua},
    author = {C.Douglas Chrétien},
    number = {Supplement C},
    volume = {14},
    year = {1965},
    pages = {243 - 270}
}

@article{Chretien1966,
    title = {Genetic linguists and the probability model},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/411707},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Chretien, C. Douglas},
    number = {2},
    volume = {42},
    year = {1966},
    pages = {518-530}
}

@article{Chretien1962,
    title = {The Mathematical Models of Glottochronology},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Chretien, C. Douglas},
    number = {1},
    volume = {38},
    year = {1962},
    pages = {11-37}
}

@article{Chretien1963,
    publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
    title = {Shared Innovations and Subgrouping},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1264110},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {C. Douglas Chrétien},
    number = {1},
    volume = {29},
    year = {1963},
    pages = {66-68}
}

@incollection{Christy1980,
    publisher = {Benjamins},
    isbn = {9027245010},
    author = {Christy, Craig},
    series = {Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic scienceStudies in the history of linguistics},
    booktitle = {Progress in linguistic historiography: Papers from the International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences (Ottawa, 28-31 August 1978)},
    title = {Uniformitarianism in nineteenth century linguistics: Implications for a reassessment of the neogrammarian sound-law doctrine},
    year = {1980},
    volume = {v. 20},
    editor = {Koerner, E. F. K.},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    keywords = {uniformitarianism;Ursprache;Junggrammatiker;Lautgesetz;Lautkorrespondenzen},
    pages = {249-256}
}

@book{Christy1983,
    publisher = {John Benjamins},
    author = {Christy, Craig},
    series = {Studies in the history of linguistics},
    title = {Uniformitarianism in linguistics},
    year = {1983},
    volume = {31},
    address = {Amsterdan and Philadelphia}
}

@article{Chung2006,
    title = {Contraction and backgrounding in Taiwan Mandarin},
    journal = {Concentric: Studies in Linguistics},
    author = {Chung, Karen Steffen},
    number = {1},
    volume = {32},
    year = {2006},
    keywords = {Chinese, contraction},
    pages = {69-88}
}

@incollection{Chung2014,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Chung, Karen Steffen and Hill, Nathan W. and Sun, Jackson T.-S.},
    booktitle = {The Oxford handbook of derivational morphology.},
    title = {Sino-Tibetan},
    year = {2014},
    editor = {Lieber, Rochelle and Štekauer, Pavol},
    address = {Oxford},
    pages = {619-650}
}

@book{Chung1996,
    publisher = {Crane Publishing},
    author = {Chung, Raung-fu},
    year = {1996},
    title = {The segmental phonology of southern Min in Taiwan},
    address = {Taipei}
}

@article{Ciaccio2015,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.4396/201512201},
    title = {Color terms and color perception. Reconciling universalism and relativism},
    journal = {Rivista Italiana di Filosofia del Linguaggio},
    author = {Ciaccio, Laura Anna},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {1-13}
}

@article{Ciancaglini2008,
    title = {How to prove genetic relationships among languages: The cases of Japanese and Korean},
    journal = {Rivista degli Studi Orientali},
    author = {Ciancaglini, Claudia A.},
    number = {1-4},
    volume = {81},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {289-320}
}

@inproceedings{Ciobanu2014,
    title = {Automatic detection of cognates using orthographic alignment},
    abstract = {Words undergo various changes when entering new languages. Based on the as- sumption that these linguistic changes follow certain rules, we propose a method for automatically detecting pairs of cognates employing an orthographic alignment method which proved relevant for sequence alignment in computational biology. We use aligned subsequences as features for machine learning algorithms in order to infer rules for linguistic changes undergone by words when entering new languages and to discriminate between cognates and non-cognates. Given a list of known cognates, our approach does not require any other linguistic information. However, it can be customized to integrate historical information regarding language evolution.},
    author = {Ciobanu, Alina Maria and Dinu, Liviu P.},
    year = {2013},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Short Papers)},
    pages = {99-105}
}

@book{Clackson2007,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Clackson, James},
    year = {2007},
    title = {Indo-European linguistics},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@book{Bowern2014,
    publisher = {Routledge},
    isbn = {0415527899,9780415527897},
    title = {The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics},
    series = {Routledge Handbooks in Linguistics},
    author = {Claire Bowern, Bethwyn Evans},
    edition = {1},
    year = {2014}
}

@article{Clark2004,
    title = {Extensions of the Paivio, Yuille, and Madigan (1968) norms},
    journal = {Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
    abstract = {The Paivio, Yuille, and Madigan (1968) norms for 925 nouns were extended in two ways. The first extension involved the collecting of a much more extensive and diverse set of properties from original ratings and other sources. Factor analysis of 32 properties identified 9 orthogonal factors and demonstrated both the redundancy among various measures and the tendency for some attributes (e.g., age of acquisition) to load on multiple factors. The second extension collected basic ratings of imagery, familiarity, and a new age of acquisition measure for a larger pool of 2,311 words, including parts of speech other than nouns. The analysis of these ratings and supplementary statistics computed for the words (e.g., number of syllables, Kucera-Francis frequency) demonstrated again the relative independence of various measures and the importance of obtaining diverse properties for such norms. Implications and directions for future research are considered. The full set of new norms may be downloaded from www. psychonomic.org/archive/.},
    author = {Clark, J. M. and Paivio, A.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {36},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {371-383}
}

@book{Clark1981,
    publisher = {Instituto Lingüístico de Verano},
    isbn = {9789683101365},
    author = {Clark, Lawrence E.},
    series = {Serie de vocabularios y diccionarios indígenas "Mariano Silva y Aceves"},
    title = {Diccionario popoluca de Oluta: Popoluca-español, español-popoluca},
    year = {1981},
    volume = {25},
    address = {Mexico},
    pages = {xvii+162}
}

@book{Clark1961,
    volume = {6},
    publisher = {Summer Institute of Linguistics of the University of Oklahoma},
    author = {Clark, Lawrence E.},
    url = {http://www.sil.org/acpub/repository/10420_front.pdf,http://www.sil.org/acpub/repository/10420.pdf},
    series = {Linguistic Series},
    title = {Sayula Popoluca texts, with grammatical outline},
    year = {1961},
    note = {Plus 1995 Vocabulario Popoluca de Sayula.},
    edition = {1},
    address = {Norman},
    pages = {vii+216}
}

@article{Clauson1973,
    title = {On the Idea of Sumerian-Ural-Altaic Affinities},
    journal = {Current Anthropology},
    author = {Clauson, Gerard and Zakar, Andras},
    number = {4},
    volume = {14},
    year = {1973},
    pages = {493-495}
}

@incollection{Clements1990,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Clements, G. N.},
    booktitle = {Papers in Laboratory Phonology I: Between the grammar and physics of speech},
    title = {The role of the sonority cycle in core syllabification},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Kingston, J. and Beckmann, M.},
    address = {Cambridge},
    pages = {283-333}
}

@article{Clendon2006,
    publisher = {The University of Chicago Press on behalf of Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research},
    author = {Mark Clendon},
    journal = {Current Anthropology},
    abstract = {The origin of the typological split between the Australian PamaNyungan and nonPamaNyungan languages is here described by reference to palaeogeography. In the model advanced here these currently contiguous groups are understood to have originated in widely separate regions of Sahul at a time depth about twice that of previous estimates. Australian linguistic diversity is explained in terms of climatic events at the end of the last ice agethose that brought about the evacuation of the central arid zone during it and the evacuation of the Arafuran floodplain after it. The argument advanced here crucially concerns the origin and nature of the PamaNyungan and nonPamaNyungan (Arafuran) language groups, and the implications of the model for this discussion are addressed. The PamaNyungan and nonPamaNyungan groups are now understood to represent very ancient Sprachbnde rather than the results of phylogenetic spreading from protolanguage ancestors.},
    title = {Reassessing Australia’s Linguistic Prehistory},
    number = {1},
    volume = {47},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {pp. 39-61}
}

@book{Clerk1911,
    publisher = {American Baptist mission Press},
    author = {Clerk, F. V.},
    year = {1911},
    title = {A manual of the Lawngwaw or Maru language, containing: the grammatical principles of the language, glossaries of special terms, colloquial exercises, and Maru-English and English-Maru vocabularies},
    address = {Rangoon}
}

@book{Coblin2015,
    publisher = {Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica},
    author = {Coblin, Weldon South},
    series = {Language and Linguistics Monograph Series},
    title = {A study of comparative Gàn. In memory of Jerry Norman},
    year = {2015},
    number = {58},
    address = {Taipei}
}

@book{Coblin2006,
    title = {A Handbook of Ṕhags-pa Chinese (ABC Chinese Dictionary Series)},
    year = {2006},
    author = {Coblin, Weldon South}
}

@book{Coblin1983,
    publisher = {The Chinese University Press},
    author = {Coblin, Weldon South},
    year = {1983},
    title = {A Handbook of Eastern Han Sound Glosses},
    address = {Chicago}
}

@article{Cocho2015,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121898},
    author = {Cocho, Germinal AND Flores, Jorge AND Gershenson, Carlos AND Pineda, Carlos AND Sánchez, Sergio},
    journal = {PLoS ONE},
    abstract = { Statistical studies of languages have focused on the rank-frequency distribution of words. Instead, we introduce here a measure of how word ranks change in time and call this distribution <italic>rank diversity</italic>. We calculate this diversity for books published in six European languages since 1800, and find that it follows a universal lognormal distribution. Based on the mean and standard deviation associated with the lognormal distribution, we define three different word regimes of languages: ?heads? consist of words which almost do not change their rank in time, ?bodies? are words of general use, while ?tails? are comprised by context-specific words and vary their rank considerably in time. The heads and bodies reflect the size of language cores identified by linguists for basic communication. We propose a Gaussian random walk model which reproduces the rank variation of words in time and thus the diversity. Rank diversity of words can be understood as the result of random variations in rank, where the size of the variation depends on the rank itself. We find that the core size is similar for all languages studied.</p>},
    title = {Rank Diversity of Languages: Generic Behavior in Computational Linguistics},
    number = {4},
    volume = {10},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0121898},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {1-12}
}

@article{Cock2009,
    title = {Biopython},
    journal = {Bioinformatics},
    abstract = {SUMMARY: The Biopython project is a mature open source international collaboration of volunteer developers, providing Python libraries for a wide range of bioinformatics problems. Biopython includes modules for reading and writing different sequence file formats and multiple sequence alignments, dealing with 3D macro molecular structures, interacting with common tools such as BLAST, ClustalW and EMBOSS, accessing key online databases, as well as providing numerical methods for statistical learning. AVAILABILITY: Biopython is freely available, with documentation and source code at (www.biopython.org) under the Biopython license.},
    author = {Cock, P J and Antao, T and Chang, J T and Chapman, B A and Cox, C J and Dalke, A and Friedberg, I and Hamelryck, T and Kauff, F and Wilczynski, B and de Hoon, M J},
    number = {11},
    volume = {25},
    url = {http://www.hubmed.org/display.cgi?uids=19304878},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {1422-1423}
}

@article{Cohen1985,
    title = {A possible fusion-word in the Yi-ching divinations in the Tso-chuan and the Kuo-yü},
    journal = {Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies},
    author = {Cohen, Alvin P.},
    number = {01},
    volume = {48},
    year = {1985},
    keywords = {Chinese, contraction, Old Chinese},
    pages = {106-110}
}

@article{Cohen2010,
    title = {GLOOME: gain loss mapping engine},
    journal = {Bioinformatics},
    author = {Cohen, O. and Ashkenazy, H. and Belinky, F. and Huchon, D. and Pupko, T.},
    number = {22},
    volume = {26},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {2914-2915}
}

@article{Cohen2011,
    title = {Inference of Gain and Loss Events from Phyletic Patterns Using Stochastic Mapping and Maximum Parsimony—A Simulation Study},
    url = {http://gbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/3/1265.full.pdf+html},
    abstract = {Bacterial evolution is characterized by frequent gain and loss events of gene families. These events can be inferred from phyletic pattern data—a compact representation of gene family repertoire across multiple genomes. The maximum parsimony paradigm is a classical and prevalent approach for the detection of gene family gains and losses mapped on specific branches. We and others have previously developed probabilistic models that aim to account for the gain and loss stochastic dynamics. These models are a critical component of a methodology termed stochastic mapping, in which probabilities and expectations of gain and loss events are estimated for each branch of an underlying phylogenetic tree. In this work, we present a phyletic pattern simulator in which the gain and loss dynamics are assumed to follow a continuous-time Markov chain along the tree. Various models and options are implemented to make the simulation software useful for a large number of studies in which binary (presence/absence) data are analyzed. Using this simulation software, we compared the ability of the maximum parsimony and the stochastic mapping approaches to accurately detect gain and loss events along the tree. Our simulations cover a large array of evolutionary scenarios in terms of the propensities for gene family gains and losses and the variability of these propensities among gene families. Although in all simulation schemes, both methods obtain relatively low levels of false positive rates, stochastic mapping outperforms maximum parsimony in terms of true positive rates. We further studied the factors that influence the performance of both methods. We find, for example, that the accuracy of maximum parsimony inference is substantially reduced when the goal is to map gain and loss events along internal branches of the phylogenetic tree. Furthermore, the accuracy of stochastic mapping is reduced with smaller data sets (limited number of gene families) due to unreliable estimation of branch lengths. Our simulator and simulation results are additionally relevant for the analysis of other types of binary-coded data, such as the existence of homologues restriction sites, gaps, and introns, to name a few. Both the simulation software and the inference methodology are freely available at a user-friendly server: http://gloome.tau.ac.il/.},
    author = {Cohen, Ofir and Pupko, Tal},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2011},
    journal = {Genome Biology and Evolution},
    pages = {1265-1275}
}

@article{Cohen2011a,
    title = {Inference of gain and loss events from phyletic patterns using stochastic mapping and maximum parsimony-a simulation study},
    journal = {Genome Biol Evol},
    author = {Cohen, O. and Pupko, T.},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {1265-1275}
}

@article{Cohen2010a,
    title = {Inference and characterization of horizontally transferred gene families using stochastic mapping},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    author = {Cohen, O. and Pupko, T.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {27},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {703-713}
}

@article{Cohen2008,
    journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B},
    title = {A likelihood framework to analyse phyletic patterns},
    year = {2008},
    author = {Cohen, Ofir and Rubinstein, Nimrod D. and Stern, Adi and Gophna, Uri and Pupko, Tal}
}

@article{Cole1994,
    title = {Head Movement and Long-Distance Reflexives},
    journal = {Linguistic Inquiry},
    author = {Cole, Peter and Sung, Li-May},
    number = {3},
    volume = {25},
    year = {1994},
    pages = {355-406}
}

@article{Cole1996,
    title = {Antecedents and Blockers of Long-Distance Reflexives: The Case of Chinese Ziji},
    journal = {Linguistic Inquiry},
    author = {Cole, Peter and Wang, Chengchi},
    number = {3},
    volume = {27},
    year = {1996},
    pages = {357-390}
}

@thesis{Collins2018,
    title = {An interface and case studies for automatic cognate detection methods},
    url = {https://scholarship.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/handle/10066/20036},
    author = {Collins, Kathryn J.},
    year = {2018},
    institution = {Department of Linguistics, Swarthmore College},
    address = {Philadelphia}
}

@article{Coloma2015,
    title = {The Menzerath-Altman Law in a cross-linguistic context},
    journal = {SKY Journal of Linguistics},
    author = {Coloma, Germán},
    volume = {28},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {139-159}
}

@article{Colonna2010,
    title = {Long-range comparison between genes and languages based on syntactic distances},
    journal = {Human Heredity},
    author = {Colonna, V. and Boattini, A. and Guardiano, C. and Dallára, I. and Pettener, D. and Longobardi, G. and Barbujani, G.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {70},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {245-254}
}

@article{Coltheart1986,
    title = {Word imagery but not age of acquisition affects episodic memory},
    journal = {Memory and Cognition},
    author = {Coltheart, Veronika and Winograd, Eugene},
    number = {2},
    volume = {14},
    year = {1986},
    pages = {174-180}
}

@report{GOLD2010,
    url = {http://linguistics-ontology.org/},
    title = {General Ontology for Linguistic Description (GOLD)},
    year = {2010},
    institution = {Department of Linguistics (The LINGUIST List), Indiana University},
    author = {GOLD Community}
}

@incollection{Comrie1998,
    publisher = {Benjamins},
    author = {Comrie, Bernard},
    booktitle = {Nostratic: Sifting the evidence},
    title = {Regular sound correspondences and long-distance genetic comparison},
    year = {1998},
    editor = {Salmons, J. and Joseph, B.},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {271-276}
}

@book{Comrie2008,
    publisher = {Verlag der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften},
    isbn = {9783777615868},
    author = {Comrie, Bernard},
    series = {Sitzungsberichte der Sächsischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, Philologisch-Historische Klasse},
    title = {Arealtypologie von Sprachen anhand des "Weltatlas linguistischer Strukturen},
    year = {2008},
    number = {140,3},
    address = {Leipzig}
}

@article{Comrie1977,
    title = {Lingua Descriptive Series: Questionnaire},
    journal = {Lingua},
    author = {Comrie, Bernard and Smith, Norval},
    volume = {42},
    year = {1977},
    pages = {1-72}
}

@report{W3C2015,
    url = {https://www.w3.org/TR/tabular-data-model/},
    title = {Model for Tabular Data and Metadata on the Web},
    year = {2015},
    institution = {W3C},
    author = {W3C Consortium}
}

@report{Constable2003,
    year = {2003},
    title = {Proposal to encode phonetic symbols with palatal hook in the UCS},
    number = {L2/03-169R},
    institution = {SIL International},
    author = {Constable, Peter}
}

@article{Cook2010,
    title = {Automatically identifying the source words of lexical blends in English},
    journal = {Computational Linguistics},
    abstract = {Newly coined words pose problems for natural language processing systems because they are not in a systemś lexicon, and therefore no lexical information is available for such words. A common way to form new words is lexical blending, as in cosmeceutical, a blend of cosmetic and pharmaceutical. We propose a statistical model for inferring a blendś source words drawing on observed linguistic properties of blends; these properties are largely based on the recognizability of the source words in a blend. We annotate a set of 1,186 recently coined expressions which includes 515 blends, and evaluate our methods on a 324-item subset. In this first study of novel blends we achieve an accuracy of 40% on the task of inferring a blendś source words, which corresponds to a reduction in error rate of 39% over an informed baseline. We also give preliminary results showing that our features for source word identification can be used to distinguish blends from other kinds of novel words.},
    author = {Cook, Paul and Stevenson, Suzanne},
    number = {1},
    volume = {36},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {129-149}
}

@book{Cook1996,
    publisher = {Blackwell},
    author = {Cook, Vivian and Newson, Mark},
    title = {Chomskyś universal grammar},
    edition = {2},
    year = {1996},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@inproceedings{Cooper2014,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2014 Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages},
    title = {Data Warehouse, Bronze, Gold, STEC, Book},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {91-99},
    author = {Cooper, Doug}
}

@article{Cop2017,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-016-0734-0},
    author = {Cop, Uschi and Dirix, Nicolas and Drieghe, Denis and Duyck, Wouter},
    journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
    abstract = {This article introduces GECO, the Ghent Eye-Tracking Corpus, a monolingual and bilingual corpus of the eyetracking data of participants reading a complete novel. English monolinguals and Dutch-English bilinguals read an entire novel, which was presented in paragraphs on the screen. The bilinguals read half of the novel in their first language, and the other half in their second language. In this article, we describe the distributions and descriptive statistics of the most important reading time measures for the two groups of participants. This large eyetracking corpus is perfectly suited for both exploratory purposes and more directed hypothesis testing, and it can guide the formulation of ideas and theories about naturalistic reading processes in a meaningful context. Most importantly, this corpus has the potential to evaluate the generalizability of monolingual and bilingual language theories and models to the reading of long texts and narratives. The corpus is freely available at http://expsy.ugent.be/downloads/geco .},
    title = {Presenting GECO: An eyetracking corpus of monolingual and bilingual sentence reading},
    number = {2},
    volume = {49},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-016-0734-0},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {602-615}
}

@article{Corel2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2015.12.003},
    title = {Network-thinking: Graphs to analyze microbial complexity and evolution},
    journal = {Trends in Microbiology},
    author = {Corel, Eduardo and Lopez, Philippe and Méheust, Raphaël and Bapteste, Eric},
    number = {3},
    volume = {24},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {224-237}
}

@book{Cormen2009,
    publisher = {MIT Press},
    author = {Thomas H. Cormen and Charles E. Leierson and Ronald L. Rivest and Clifford Stein},
    title = {Introduction to Algorithms},
    edition = {3},
    year = {2009},
    address = {London}
}

@book{Coseriu1988,
    publisher = {Francke},
    author = {Coseriu, Eugenio},
    year = {1988},
    title = {Einführung in die allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft},
    address = {Tübingen}
}

@book{Coseriu1974,
    publisher = {Fink},
    author = {Coseriu, Eugenio},
    year = {1974},
    title = {Synchronie, Diachronie und Geschichte. Das Problem des Sprachwandels},
    address = {München}
}

@book{Coseriu1973,
    publisher = {Narr},
    author = {Coseriu, Eugenio},
    year = {1973},
    title = {Probleme der strukturellen Semantik},
    address = {Tübingen}
}

@inproceedings{DaCosta2016,
    title = {Linking and disambiguating Swadesh lists: expanding the open multilingual Wordnet using open language resources},
    booktitle = {Lexicographic Resources for Human Language Technology},
    author = {Luís Morgado da Costa and Francis Bond and František Kratochvíl},
    editor = {Ilan Kernerman and Iztok Kosem and Simon Krek and Lars Trap-Jensen},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {29-36}
}

@article{Cotter2016,
    title = {Political conflicts as a catalyst for language change},
    journal = {Babel. The Language Magazine},
    author = {Cotter, william},
    number = {1},
    volume = {14},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {39-44}
}

@book{Coupe2007,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    author = {Coupe, Alexander Robertson},
    year = {2007},
    title = {A grammar of Mongsen Ao},
    address = {Berlin and New York}
}

@article{Covello1993,
    title = {On the evolution of RNA editing},
    journal = {Trends in Genetics},
    author = {Covello, P. S. and Gray, M. W.},
    number = {8},
    volume = {9},
    year = {1993},
    pages = {265-268}
}

@article{Covington2004,
    title = {The Number of Distinct Alignments of Two Strings},
    journal = {Journal of Quantitative Linguistics},
    author = {Covington, Michael A.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {11},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {173-182}
}

@inproceedings{Covington1998,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics},
    title = {Alignment of multiple languages for historical comparison},
    year = {1998},
    pages = {275-279},
    author = {Covington, Michael A.}
}

@article{Covington1996,
    title = {An algorithm to align words for historical comparison},
    journal = {Computational Linguistics},
    author = {Covington, Michael A.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {22},
    year = {1996},
    pages = {481-496}
}

@incollection{Crane1987,
    publisher = {Univ. of Pennsylvania Pr.},
    isbn = {9780812280142},
    author = {Crane, Peter R. and Hill, Christopher R.},
    booktitle = {Biological metaphor and cladistic classification: An interdisciplinary perspective; [papers from a Symposium on Biological Metaphor Outside Biology, held Mar. 4 - 5, 1982 ... at the American Philos. Soc.ś Library in Philadelphia]},
    title = {Cladistic and paleobotanical approaches to plant phylogeny},
    year = {1987},
    editor = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max},
    address = {Philadelphia},
    keywords = {Methodik;Kladistik;Klassifikationssysteme},
    pages = {139-154}
}

@incollection{Craw1992,
    publisher = {Kluwer},
    author = {Craw, R.},
    booktitle = {Trees of Life: Essays in Philosophy of Biology},
    title = {Margins of cladistics: identity, difference and place in the emergence of phylogenetic systematics, 1864-1975},
    year = {1992},
    editor = {Griffiths, P. E.},
    address = {Dordrecht},
    pages = {65-107}
}

@article{Creanza2015,
    title = {A comparison of worldwide phonemic and genetic variation in human populations},
    journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.},
    author = {Creanza, N. and Ruhlen, M. and Pemberton, T. J. and Rosenberg, N. A. and Feldman, M. W. and Ramachandran, S.},
    number = {5},
    volume = {112},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {1265-1272}
}

@techreport{Creutz2005,
    title = {Unsupervised morpheme segmentation and morphology induction from text corpora using Morfessor 1.0},
    author = {Creutz, M. and Lagus, K.},
    year = {2005},
    number = {81},
    volume = {81},
    address = {Helsinki},
    institution = {Helsinki University of Technology}
}

@article{Crick1959,
    publisher = {Brookhaven National Laboratory},
    title = {The present position of the coding problem},
    journal = {The Brookhaven Symposia in Biology},
    author = {Crick, Francis},
    volume = {12},
    year = {1959},
    pages = {35-39}
}

@incollection{Croft2003,
    publisher = {de Gryuter},
    isbn = {3-11-017776-5},
    author = {Croft, William},
    booktitle = {The Mixed Language Debate},
    title = {Mixed languages and acts of identity: An evolutionary approach},
    year = {2003},
    editor = {Matras, Yaron and Bakker, P.},
    address = {Berlin},
    keywords = {Mischsprachen}
}

@incollection{Croft2006,
    publisher = {John Benjamins},
    isbn = {9789027247940},
    author = {Croft, William},
    series = {Current Issues in Linguistic Theory},
    booktitle = {Competing models of linguistic change: Evolution and beyond ; [16th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, held at the University of Copenhagen, 11 - 15 August 2003] /},
    title = {The Relevance of an Evolutionary Model to Historical Linguistics},
    year = {2006},
    volume = {279},
    editor = {Nedergaard Thomsen, Ole},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    keywords = {PRÜFEN},
    pages = {91-132}
}

@article{Croft2008,
    title = {Evolutionary linguistics},
    journal = {Annual Review of Anthropology},
    author = {Croft, William},
    volume = {37},
    year = {2008},
    keywords = {replicator;selection;phylogeny;comparative method;Biologie;Linguistik und Biologie;Gray},
    pages = {219-234}
}

@book{Croft2001,
    publisher = {Oxford: Oxford University Press},
    title = {Radical Construction Grammar},
    year = {2001},
    author = {Croft, William}
}

@book{Croft2000,
    publisher = {Pearson Education Limited},
    author = {Croft, William},
    year = {2000},
    title = {Explaining language change. An evolutionary approach},
    address = {Essex.}
}

@book{Croft1990,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Croft, William},
    year = {1990},
    title = {Typology and universals},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@article{Cromar2015,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btv385},
    title = {Hyperscape: visualization for complex biological networks},
    url = { + http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btv385},
    journal = {Bioinformatics},
    author = {Cromar, Graham L. and Zhao, Anthony and Yang, Alex and Parkinson, John},
    number = {20},
    volume = {31},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {3390}
}

@article{Cronbach1955,
    title = {Construct validity in psychological tests},
    journal = {Psychological Bulletin},
    author = {Cronbach, Lee J. and Meehl, Paul E.},
    volume = {52},
    year = {1955},
    pages = {281-302}
}

@inproceedings{Cross1964,
    publisher = {Sijthoff},
    title = {Lexicostatistics has not yet attained the status of a science},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the international congress of linguistics},
    author = {Cross, Ephraim},
    year = {1964},
    pages = {481-489}
}

@book{Crowley2006a,
    publisher = {Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University},
    isbn = {978-0-85883-564-1},
    title = {The Avava Language of Central Malakula (Vanuatu)},
    abstract = {This is one of four monographs on Malakula languages that Terry Crowley had been working on at the time of his sudden death in January 2005. One of the four, Naman: a vanishing language of Malakula (Vanuatu) , had been submitted to Pacific Linguistics a couple of weeks earlier, and the remaining three were in various stages of completion, and John Lynch was asked by the Board of Pacific Linguistics to prepare all four for publication, both as a memorial to Terry and because of the valuable data they contain. Avava currently falls into the category described in Lynch and Crowley (2001:14-19) as being among the most poorly documented of all languages in Vanuatu . Published documentation of this language by a linguist is restricted to two fairly short wordlists in Tryon (1976). In addition to this recent data, there is also a very small amount of published data on the Umbbuul variety of this language that can be extracted from Deacon (1934:125), which derives from his anthropological fieldwork in the area in 1926. This data, however, is restricted to just a small number of kin terms for each variety, with no other vocabulary having been recorded.},
    author = {Crowley, Terry},
    year = {2006}
}

@book{Crowley2006b,
    publisher = {Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University},
    isbn = {978-0-85883-566-5},
    title = {Nese: A Diminishing Speech Variety of Northwest Malakula (Vanuatu)},
    author = {Crowley, Terry},
    note = {Google-Books-ID: 86ZkAAAAMAAJ},
    year = {2006}
}

@incollection{Cruciger1616,
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft;Quellen zur Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft},
    booktitle = {Gallica. La biliothèque numérique},
    title = {Harmonia linguarum quatuor cardinalium: Hebraicae Graecae Latinae & Germanicae: In Qua Praeter Summum Earum Consensum, acceptionumque propriarum ab impropriis distinctionem, perpetua unius ab altera, origo perspicue deducitur},
    year = {1616},
    author = {Cruciger, Georg}
}

@book{Crystal2003,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    isbn = {0 521 65321 5},
    author = {Crystal, David},
    title = {Language death},
    year = {2003},
    address = {Cambridge},
    keywords = {Linguistik;Sprachwandel;sprachliche Evolution}
}

@article{Csardi2006,
    title = {The igraph software package for complex network research},
    url = {http://igraph.org},
    journal = {InterJournal. Complex Systems},
    author = {Gábor Csárdi and Tamás Nepusz},
    number = {1695},
    year = {2006}
}

@article{Cuetos2011,
    title = {SUBTLEX-ESP: Spanish word frequencies based on film subtitles},
    journal = {Psicológica},
    author = {Cuetos, Fernando and Glez-Nosti, Maria and Barbón, Analía and Brysbaert, Marc},
    volume = {32},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {133-143}
}

@article{Cutler2015,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12139},
    title = {White Hip-hoppers},
    journal = {Language and Linguistics Compass},
    author = {Cutler, Cecilia},
    number = {6},
    volume = {9},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {229-242}
}

@incollection{Cysouw2005,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    author = {Cysouw, Michael},
    booktitle = {New challenges in typology},
    title = {Building semantic maps: The case of person marking},
    year = {2007},
    editor = {Wälchli, Bernhard and Miestamo, M.},
    address = {Berlin and New York},
    pages = {225-248}
}

@article{Cysouw2010,
    title = {Semantic maps as metrics on meaning},
    journal = {Linguistic Discovery},
    author = {Cysouw, Michael},
    number = {1},
    volume = {8},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {70-95}
}

@article{Cysouw2010a,
    title = {Drawing Networks from Recurrent Polysemies},
    journal = {Linguistic Discovery},
    author = {Cysouw, Michael},
    number = {1},
    volume = {8},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {281-285}
}

@misc{Cysouw2008,
    url = {http://email.eva.mpg.de/~cysouw/teaching/LSSLD2008/index.html},
    title = {Quantitative approaches to lexical comparison: Leipzig Spring School on Linguistic Diversity 2008},
    year = {2008},
    author = {Cysouw, Michael}
}

@article{Cysouw2008a,
    title = {Generalizing Language Comparison},
    url = {doi:10.1515/THLI.2008.003},
    journal = {Theoretical Linguistics},
    author = {Cysouw, Michael},
    number = {1},
    volume = {34},
    year = {2008}
}

@article{Cysouw2006,
    title = {William Croft, Explaining language change. An evolutionary approach},
    url = {doi:10.1515/BGSL.2006.298},
    journal = {Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur},
    author = {Cysouw, Michael},
    number = {2},
    volume = {128},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {298-306}
}

@article{Cysouw2010b,
    title = {Introduction to the special issue: “Semantic Maps: Methods and Applications”},
    journal = {Linguistic Discovery},
    author = {Cysouw, Michael and Haspelmath, Martin and Malchukov, Andrej},
    number = {1},
    volume = {8},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {1-3}
}

@article{Cysouw2006a,
    title = {A critique of the separation base method for genealogical subgrouping, with data from Mixe-Zoquean},
    journal = {Journal of Quantitative Linguistics},
    author = {Cysouw, Michael and Wichmann, Søren and Kamholz, David},
    number = {2&3},
    volume = {13},
    year = {2006},
    keywords = {sub-grouping},
    pages = {225-264}
}

@misc{D2017,
    url = {https://chridd.nfshost.com/diachronica/full-table},
    title = {Searchable Index Diachronica},
    year = {2017},
    author = {D., Chrid}
}

@article{Agostino1985,
    title = {Ontology and Explanation in Historical Linguistics},
    journal = {Philosophy of the Social Sciences},
    author = {DÁgostino, Fred},
    volume = {15},
    year = {1985},
    pages = {147-165}
}

@article{Dagan2008,
    title = {Modular networks and cumulative impact of lateral transfer in prokaryote genome evolution},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    author = {Dagan, T. and Artzy-Randrup, Y. and Martin, W.},
    number = {29},
    volume = {105},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {10039-10044}
}

@article{Dagan2009,
    title = {Getting a better picture of microbial evolution en route to a network of genomes},
    journal = {Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci.},
    abstract = {Most current thinking about evolution is couched in the concept of trees. The notion of a tree with recursively bifurcating branches representing recurrent divergence events is a plausible metaphor to describe the evolution of multicellular organisms like vertebrates or land plants. But if we try to force the tree metaphor onto the whole of the evolutionary process, things go badly awry, because the more closely we inspect microbial genomes through the looking glass of gene and genome sequence comparisons, the smaller the amount of the data that fits the concept of a bifurcating tree becomes. That is mainly because among microbes, endosymbiosis and lateral gene transfer are important, two mechanisms of natural variation that differ from the kind of natural variation that Darwin had in mind. For such reasons, when it comes to discussing the relationships among all living things, that is, including the microbes and all of their genes rather than just one or a select few, many biologists are now beginning to talk about networks rather than trees in the context of evolutionary relationships among microbial chromosomes. But talk is not enough. If we were to actually construct networks instead of trees to describe the evolutionary process, what would they look like? Here we consider endosymbiosis and an example of a network of genomes involving 181 sequenced prokaryotes and how that squares off with some ideas about early cell evolution.},
    author = {Dagan, T. and Martin, W.},
    number = {1527},
    volume = {364},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {2187-2196}
}

@article{Dagan2007,
    title = {Ancestral genome sizes specify the minimum rate of lateral gene transfer during prokaryote evolution},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    author = {Dagan, T. and Martin, W.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {104},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {870-875}
}

@article{Dagan2006,
    title = {The tree of one percent},
    journal = {Genome Biology},
    author = {Dagan, Tal and Martin, William},
    number = {118},
    volume = {7},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {1-7}
}

@book{Dahl2004,
    publisher = {John Benjamins},
    author = {Dahl, Ö.},
    year = {2004},
    title = {The Growth and Maintenance of Linguistic Complexity},
    address = {Amsterdam}
}

@incollection{Dahmen1995,
    publisher = {Narr},
    author = {Dahmen, Wolfgang},
    booktitle = {Konvergenz und Divergenz in den romanischen Sprachen},
    title = {"français parlé québécois" - "français parlé de France": Konvergenz und Divergenz},
    year = {1995},
    editor = {Dahmen, Wolfgang},
    address = {Tübingen},
    pages = {223-237}
}

@article{Dalrymple1998,
    publisher = {Springer},
    title = {Reciprocal Expressions and the Concept of Reciprocity},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/25001700},
    journal = {Linguistics and Philosophy},
    author = {Mary Dalrymple and Makoto Kanazawa and Yookyung Kim and Sam McHombo and Stanley Peters},
    number = {2},
    volume = {21},
    year = {1998},
    pages = {159-210}
}

@article{Damerau1964,
    publisher = {ACM},
    author = {Damerau, Fred J.},
    journal = {Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery},
    title = {A technique for computer detection and correction of spelling errors},
    year = {1964},
    number = {3},
    volume = {7},
    address = {New York, NY, USA},
    pages = {171-176}
}

@article{Daniels2016,
    title = {Magɨ: An Undocumented Language of Papua New Guinea},
    journal = {Oceanic Linguistics},
    author = {Daniels, Don},
    number = {1},
    volume = {55},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {199-224}
}

@book{Darwin1859,
    publisher = {John Murray},
    author = {Darwin, Charles},
    title = {On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or, the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life},
    note = {Electronic resource. Misc available under: http://www.nla.gov.au/apps/cdview/nla.gen-vn4591931},
    year = {1859},
    address = {London}
}

@book{Darwin1837,
    title = {Notebook on Transmutation of Species},
    year = {1837},
    author = {Darwin, Charles}
}

@article{Daval-Markussen2011,
    author = {Aymeric Daval-Markussen and Peter Bakker},
    journal = {English World-Wide},
    abstract = {This paper deals with the issue of genetic relationships between English-based Atlantic creoles. A method borrowed from biology will be applied to a set of lexical and structural features found in the sample presented in Hancock (1987) in order to assess the degrees of affinity between these languages and their evolutionary histories. We will argue that the phylogenetic networks approach proposed here is the most suitable for the classification of creole languages. At the same time, we will show that this tool can also be used to assess the degree of radicalness of a creole, another issue which has been at the heart of creole studies.},
    title = {A phylogenetic networks approach to the classification of English-based Atlantic creoles},
    number = {2},
    volume = {32},
    year = {2011},
    keywords = {English-based Atlantic creoles, phylogenetic networks, split decomposition, evolutionary history, cladistics, classification, radicalness},
    pages = {115-136}
}

@article{Davidson2015,
    title = {Phylogenomic species tree estimation in the presence of incomplete lineage sorting and horizontal gene transfer},
    journal = {BMC Genomics},
    author = {Ruth Davidson and Pranjal Vachaspati and Siavash Mirarab and Tandy Warnow},
    number = {Supplement 10},
    volume = {16},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {2-12}
}

@incollection{Davies1987,
    publisher = {Univ. of Pennsylvania Pr.},
    isbn = {9780812280142},
    author = {Davies, Anna Morpurgo},
    booktitle = {Biological metaphor and cladistic classification: An interdisciplinary perspective; [papers from a Symposium on Biological Metaphor Outside Biology, held Mar. 4 - 5, 1982 ... at the American Philos. Soc.ś Library in Philadelphia]},
    title = {`Organic ́and `organism ́in Franz Bopp},
    year = {1987},
    editor = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max},
    address = {Philadelphia},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft},
    pages = {81-108}
}

@incollection{Davis1987,
    publisher = {Univ. of Pennsylvania Pr.},
    isbn = {9780812280142},
    author = {Davis, Boyd H.},
    booktitle = {Biological metaphor and cladistic classification: An interdisciplinary perspective; [papers from a Symposium on Biological Metaphor Outside Biology, held Mar. 4 - 5, 1982 ... at the American Philos. Soc.ś Library in Philadelphia]},
    title = {A legal point},
    year = {1987},
    editor = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max},
    address = {Philadelphia},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft},
    pages = {115-122}
}

@article{Davis2015,
    title = {Diversity driven but cocognitive constrained: Boas meets Chomsky (response to commentators)},
    journal = {Langauge},
    author = {Davis, Henry and Gillon, Carrie and Matthewson, Lisa},
    number = {3},
    volume = {91},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {e127-e143}
}

@article{Davis2014,
    title = {How to investigate linguistic diversity: Lessons from the Pacific Northwest},
    journal = {Langauge},
    author = {Davis, Henry and Gillon, Carrie and Matthewson, Lisa},
    number = {4},
    volume = {90},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {e180-e226}
}

@article{Dawyndt2006,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijar.2005.11.001},
    author = {Peter Dawyndt and Hans De Meyer and Bernard De Baets},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0888613X05000940},
    abstract = {A new algorithm is proposed for generating min-transitive approximations of a given similarity matrix (i.e. a symmetric matrix with elements in the unit interval and diagonal elements equal to one). Different approximations are generated depending on the choice of an aggregation operator that plays a central role in the algorithm. If the maximum operator is chosen, then the approximation coincides with the min-transitive closure of the given similarity matrix. In case of the arithmetic mean, a transitive approximation is generated which is, on the average, as close to the given similarity matrix as the approximation generated by the UPGMA hierarchical clustering algorithm. The new algorithm also allows to generate approximations in a purely ordinal setting. As this new approach is weight-driven, the partition tree associated to the corresponding min-transitive approximation can be built layer by layer. Numerical tests carried out on synthetic data are used for comparing different approximations generated by the new algorithm with certain approximations obtained by classical methods. },
    title = {UPGMA clustering revisited: A weight-driven approach to transitive approximation},
    number = {3},
    pages = {174 - 191},
    volume = {42},
    year = {2006},
    keywords = {Hierarchical clustering},
    journal = {International Journal of Approximate Reasoning}
}

@incollection{DeLaet2005,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {De Laet, Jan E.},
    booktitle = {Parsimony, phylogeny, and genomics},
    title = {Parsimony and the problem of inapplicables in sequence data},
    year = {2005},
    editor = {Albert, Victor A.},
    address = {Oxford},
    pages = {81-116}
}

@article{Saenz2006,
    title = {Quechua for Catherine the Great: José Joaquín Ávalos chaucaś quechua vocabulary (1788)},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3874005},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Dedenbach-Salazar Saenz, Sabine},
    number = {2},
    volume = {72},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {193-235}
}

@article{Dediu2016,
    title = {Typology for the masses},
    journal = {Linguistic Typology},
    author = {Dediu, Dan},
    number = {3},
    volume = {20},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {579-581}
}

@article{Dediu2013,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0055009},
    author = {Dediu, Dan and Cysouw, Michael},
    journal = {PLoS ONE},
    abstract = { Understanding the patterns and causes of differential structural stability is an area of major interest for the study of language change and evolution. It is still debated whether structural features have intrinsic stabilities across language families and geographic areas, or if the processes governing their rate of change are completely dependent upon the specific context of a given language or language family. We conducted an extensive literature review and selected seven different approaches to conceptualising and estimating the stability of structural linguistic features, aiming at comparing them using the same dataset, the <italic>World Atlas of Language Structures</italic>. We found that, despite profound conceptual and empirical differences between these methods, they tend to agree in classifying some structural linguistic features as being more stable than others. This suggests that there are intrinsic properties of such structural features influencing their stability across methods, language families and geographic areas. This finding is a major step towards understanding the nature of structural linguistic features and their interaction with idiosyncratic, lineage- and area-specific factors during language change and evolution.</p>},
    title = {Some structural aspects of language are more stable than others: A comparison of seven methods},
    number = {1},
    volume = {8},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {1-20}
}

@article{Dediu2016a,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.langcom.2016.10.002},
    author = {Dan Dediu and Rick Janssen and Scott R. Moisik},
    journal = {Language & Communication},
    abstract = {Abstract Language is not a purely cultural phenomenon somehow isolated from its wider environment, and we may only understand its origins and evolution by seriously considering its embedding in this environment as well as its multimodal nature. By environment here we understand other aspects of culture (such as communication technology, attitudes towards language contact, etc.), of the physical environment (ultraviolet light incidence, air humidity, etc.), and of the biological infrastructure for language and speech. We are specifically concerned in this paper with the latter, in the form of the biases, constraints and affordances that the anatomy and physiology of the vocal tract create on speech and language. In a nutshell, our argument is that (a) there is an under-appreciated amount of inter-individual variation in vocal tract (VT) anatomy and physiology, (b) variation that is non-randomly distributed across populations, and that (c) results in systematic differences in phonetics and phonology between languages. Relevant differences in VT anatomy include the overall shape of the hard palate, the shape of the alveolar ridge, the relationship between the lower and upper jaw, to mention just a few, and our data offer a new way to systematically explore such differences and their potential impact on speech. These differences generate very small biases that nevertheless can be amplified by the repeated use and transmission of language, affecting language diachrony and resulting in cross-linguistic synchronic differences. Moreover, the same type of biases and processes might have played an essential role in the emergence and evolution of language, and might allow us a glimpse into the speech and language of extinct humans by, for example, reconstructing the anatomy of parts of their vocal tract from the fossil record and extrapolating the biases we find in present-day humans. },
    title = {Language is not isolated from its wider environment: Vocal tract influences on the evolution of speech and language},
    url = {//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0271530916301963},
    year = {2016},
    keywords = {Biases},
    pages = {-}
}

@article{Dediu2013b,
    title = {On the antiquity of language: the reinterpretation of Neandertal linguistic capacities and its consequences},
    journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
    author = {Dediu, Dan and Levinson, Stephen C.},
    number = {397},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {1-17}
}

@inproceedings{Dediu2016c,
    publisher = {ELRA},
    author = {Dediu, Dan and Moisik, Scott R.},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation},
    title = {Defining and counting phonological classes in cross-linguistic segment databases},
    year = {2016},
    address = {Paris},
    pages = {1955-1962}
}

@article{Deepadung2015,
    title = {A lexical comparison of the Palaung dialects spoken in China, Myanmar, and Thailand},
    journal = {Mon-Khmer Studies},
    author = {Deepadung, Sujaritlak and Buakaw, Supakit and Rattanapitak, Ampika},
    volume = {44},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {19-38}
}

@book{DeFrancis1984,
    publisher = {University of Hawaii Press},
    author = {DeFrancis, John},
    year = {1984},
    title = {The Chinese language},
    address = {Honolulu}
}

@thesis{Dekker2018,
    title = {Reconstructing language ancestry by performing word prediction with neural networks},
    author = {Dekker, Peter},
    year = {2018},
    institution = {University of Amsterdam},
    address = {Amsterdam}
}

@thesis{Dekker2014,
    title = {Determining Dutch dialect phylogeny using bayesian inference},
    abstract = {In this thesis, bayesian inference is used to determine the phylogeny of Dutch dialects. Bayesian inference is a computational method that can be used to calculate which phylogenetic tree has the highest probability, given the data. Dialect data from the Reeks Nederlandse Dialectatlassen, a corpus of words in several Dutch dialects, serves as input for the bayesian algorithm. The data was aligned and converted to phonological features. The trees generated by bayesian inference were evaluated by comparing them with an existing dialect map by Daan and Blok.},
    author = {Dekker, Peter},
    year = {2014},
    institution = {University of Utrecht},
    address = {Utrecht}
}

@incollection{DeLancey1987,
    publisher = {Taylor & Francis Group},
    author = {DeLancey, Scott},
    booktitle = {The worldś major languages},
    title = {Sino-Tibetan languages},
    year = {1987},
    editor = {Comrie, Bernard},
    address = {London and Sydney},
    pages = {797-810}
}

@incollection{DeLancey1986,
    publisher = {John Benjamins},
    author = {DeLancey, Scott},
    booktitle = {Noun classes and categorization},
    title = {Toward a history of Tai classifier systems},
    year = {1986},
    editor = {Craig, Colette},
    address = {amsterdam and Philadelphia},
    pages = {437-453}
}

@article{Delancey2017,
    url = {https://www.academia.edu/32924445/The_Comparative_Method_Subgrouping_and_the_Antiquity_of_Verb_Agreement_in_Trans-Himalayan.docx},
    journal = {Academia.edu},
    title = {The Comparative Method, Subgrouping, and the Antiquity of VerbAgreement in Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan},
    year = {2017},
    author = {DeLancey, Scott}
}

@article{DeLancey2015,
    title = {Morphological evidence for a central branch of Trans-Himalayan (Sino-Tibetan)},
    journal = {Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale},
    abstract = {The verb agreement systems of Jinghpaw, Meyor, Northern Naga, and Northeast, Northwest and Southern Kuki-Chin contain material which is demonstrably inherited from Proto-Trans-Himalayan. Here we discuss morphological evidence that these systems share a common ancestor more recent than PTH. There is strong evidence connecting Jinghpaw with both Northern Naga and Kuki-Chin, and weaker evidence directly linking Northern Naga and Kuki-Chin, and both of these with Meyor. This is evidence that all of these languages belong to a single branch of the family, an idea which has been suggested in the past but never argued for.},
    author = {DeLancey, Scott},
    volume = {44},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {122 – 149}
}

@article{DeLancey2015b,
    title = {The Historical Dynamics of Morphological Complexity in Trans-Himalayan},
    journal = {Linguistic Discovery},
    author = {DeLancey, Scott},
    volume = {13},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {60-79}
}

@article{DeLancey2012,
    title = {Still mirative after all these years},
    journal = {Linguistic Typology},
    author = {DeLancey, Scott},
    volume = {16},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {529–564}
}

@book{Dell1981,
    publisher = {Editions de lÉcole des hautes etudes en sciences sociales},
    author = {Dell, François},
    year = {1981},
    title = {La Langue Bai: Phonologie Et Lexique (Materiaux Pour LÉtude De LÁsie Moderne Et Contemporaine)},
    address = {Paris}
}

@inproceedings{Dellert2016b,
    publisher = {Misc at http://evolang.org/neworleans/papers/139.html},
    title = {Using causal inference to detect directional tendencies in semantic evolution},
    booktitle = {The Evolution of Language: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference (EVOLANGX11)},
    author = {Dellert, Johannes},
    editor = {S.G. Roberts and C. Cuskley and L. McCrohon and L. Barceló-Coblijn and O. Fehér and T. Verhoef},
    year = {2016}
}

@thesis{Dellert2017a,
    title = {Information-theoretical causal inference of lexical flow},
    author = {Dellert, Johannes},
    year = {2017},
    institution = {Eberhard-Karls Universität},
    address = {Tübingen}
}

@inproceedings{Dellert2015,
    title = {Compiling the Uralic Dataset for NorthEuraLex, a Lexicostatistical Database of Northern Eurasia},
    url = {http://www.sfs.uni-tuebingen.de/~jdellert/pubs/jdellert-2015-northeuralex.pdf},
    booktitle = {First International Workshop on Computational Linguistics for Uralic Languages},
    author = {Dellert, Johannes},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {1-11}
}

@misc{Dellert2014,
    howpublished = {Talk held at the "Workshop on historical and empirical evolutionary Linguistics" (February 15-16, 2014, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen)},
    title = {Lifting a large multilingual dictionary to the level of concepts},
    year = {2014},
    author = {Dellert, J.}
}

@inproceedings{Dellert2016,
    title = {Using computational criteria to extract large Swadesh Lists for lexicostatistics},
    url = {https://publikationen.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10900/68640/Dellert_Buch.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Leiden Workshop on Capturing Phylogenetic Algorithms for Linguistics},
    author = {Dellert, Johannes and Buch, Armin},
    year = {2016},
    editor = {Christian Bentz and Gerhard Jäger and Igor Yanovich},
    address = {Tübingen},
    institution = {Eberhard-Karls University}
}

@book{Dellert2017,
    publisher = {Eberhard-Karls University Tübingen},
    author = {Dellert, Johannes and Jäger, Gerhard},
    year = {2017},
    title = {NorthEuraLex (Version 0.9)},
    address = {Tübingen}
}

@article{Delmestri2010,
    title = {Robustness and statistical significance of PAM-like matrices for cognate identification},
    journal = {Journal of Communication and Computer},
    author = {Delmestri, Antonella and Cristianini, Nello},
    number = {73},
    volume = {7},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {21-31}
}

@thesis{Delz2013,
    title = {A theoretical approach to automatic loanword detection},
    author = {Delz, Marisa},
    year = {2013},
    institution = {Eberhard-Karls-Universität},
    address = {Tübingen}
}

@incollection{Dench2006,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {0-19-829981-8},
    author = {Dench, Alan},
    booktitle = {Areal diffusion and genetic inheritance},
    title = {Descent and diffusion},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and Dixon, Robert M. W.},
    address = {Oxford},
    keywords = {areal diffusion;Areallinguistik},
    pages = {167-194}
}

@book{Desnickaja1984,
    publisher = {Nauka},
    isbn = {5-354-00925-1},
    author = {Desnickaja, A. V.},
    title = {Sravnitelŉoe jazykoznanie i istorija jazykov [Comparative linguistics and the history of languages]},
    year = {1984},
    address = {Leningrad}
}

@incollection{Dessimoz2008,
    publisher = {Springer},
    author = {Dessimoz, C. and Margadant, D. and Gonnet, G. H.},
    booktitle = {Research in Computational Molecular Biology},
    title = {DLIGHT - Lateral gene transfer detection using pairwise evolutionary distances in a statistical framework},
    year = {2008},
    editor = {Vingron, M. and Won, L.},
    address = {Berlin and Heidelberg},
    pages = {315-330}
}

@inproceedings{Dewar2006,
    publisher = {McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research; Distributed by Orbow Books},
    isbn = {9781902937335},
    author = {Dewar, Robert E.},
    series = {McDonald Institute monographs},
    booktitle = {Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages},
    title = {Malagasy language as a guide to understanding Malagasy history},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Forster, Peter and Renfrew, Colin},
    address = {Cambridge UK , Oxford UK , Oakville CT USA ,},
    keywords = {Malagasy language;Netzwerke},
    pages = {11-18}
}

@article{Dewar1997,
    title = {Does It Matter That Madagascar Is an Island?},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4603253},
    journal = {Human Ecology},
    author = {Dewar, Robert E.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {25},
    year = {1997},
    pages = {481-489}
}

@article{Dewar1995,
    title = {Of Nets and Trees: Untangling the Reticulate and Dendritic in Madagascarś Prehistory},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/124919},
    journal = {World Archaeology},
    author = {Dewar, Robert E.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {26},
    year = {1995},
    pages = {301-318}
}

@article{Diamond1993,
    title = {Mathematics in linguistics},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {Diamond, Jared M.},
    volume = {366},
    year = {1993},
    pages = {19-20}
}

@incollection{Diderichsen1974,
    publisher = {Indiana University Press},
    isbn = {0-253-35559-1},
    author = {Diderichsen, Paul},
    series = {Indiana University studies in the history and theory of linguistics},
    booktitle = {Studies in the history of linguistics: Traditions and paradigms},
    title = {The foundation of comparative linguistics: Revolution or Continuation?},
    year = {1974},
    editor = {Hymes, Dell H.},
    address = {Bloomington},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft;},
    pages = {277306}
}

@article{Diebold1964,
    title = {A Control Case for Glottochronology},
    journal = {American Anthropologist},
    author = {Diebold, A. Richard},
    number = {5},
    volume = {66},
    year = {1964},
    pages = {987-1006}
}

@article{Diebold1962,
    title = {A Laboratory for Language Contact},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Diebold, A. Richard},
    number = {1},
    volume = {4},
    year = {1962},
    pages = {41-51}
}

@article{Dijkstra1959,
    title = {A note on two problems in connexion with graphs},
    journal = {Numerische Mathematik},
    author = {Dijkstra, E. W.},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1959},
    pages = {269-271}
}

@misc{Dimitriadis2001,
    url = {http://languagelink.let.uu.nl/tds/index.html},
    title = {The Typological Database System},
    year = {2001},
    author = {Alexis Dimitriadis}
}

@book{Ding1958,
    publisher = {Kēxué Chūbǎnshè Ch},
    author = {Dīng Shēngshù 丁声树 and Lǐ Róng 李荣},
    year = {1958},
    title = {Gǔjīn zìyīn duìzhào shǒucè},
    address = {Běijīng 北京}
}

@article{Ding2017,
    title = {Towards a dynamic model of the sign},
    journal = {Semiotica},
    author = {Ding, Ersu},
    number = {218},
    volume = {2017},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {137-144}
}

@incollection{Dirven1985,
    publisher = {John Benjamins},
    author = {Dirven, R.},
    booktitle = {The Ubiquity of Metaphor},
    title = {Metaphor as a basic means for extending the lexicon.},
    year = {1985},
    editor = {Paprott, W. and Dirven, R.},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {85-119}
}

@book{Dixon1919,
    publisher = {University of California Press},
    author = {Dixon, R. B. and Kroeber, A. L.},
    year = {1919},
    title = {Linguistic families of California},
    address = {Berkeley}
}

@incollection{Dixon2007,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {978-0-19-920783-1},
    author = {Dixon, Robert M. W.},
    series = {Explorations in linguistic typology},
    booktitle = {Grammars in contact: A cross-linguistic typology},
    title = {Grammatical diffusion in Australia},
    year = {2007},
    volume = {4},
    editor = {Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and Dixon, Robert M. W.},
    address = {Oxford},
    keywords = {areal diffusion;Areallinguistik},
    pages = {67-93}
}

@incollection{Dixon2006,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Dixon, Robert M. W.},
    booktitle = {Areal diffusion and genetic inheritance},
    title = {The Australian linguistic area},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and Dixon, Robert M. W.},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@incollection{Dixon1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Dixon, Robert M. W.},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {Summary report: Linguistic change and reconstruction in the Australian language family},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Australian},
    pages = {393-401}
}

@article{Djacok2008,
    publisher = {Novosibirsk State University},
    author = {Djačok, M. T.},
    journal = {Innostrannye Jasyki v Naučnom i Učebno-Metododičeskom Aspektach [Scientific and Pedagogical Aspects of Foreign Languages]},
    title = {Leksikostatističeskij spisok S. E. Jachontova: Problema ver},
    year = {2008},
    volume = {7},
    address = {Novosibirsk},
    pages = {14-18}
}

@article{Do2005,
    title = {ProbCons},
    journal = {Genome Research},
    author = {Do, Chuong B. and Mahabhashyam, Mahathi S. P. and Brudno, Michael and Batzoglou, Serafim},
    volume = {15},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {330-340}
}

@article{Dobbs2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1075/ltba.39.1.04dob},
    title = {The two-level tonal system of Lataddi Narua},
    journal = {Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area},
    author = {Dobbs, Brigitte and Lǎ Míngqīng 喇明清},
    number = {1},
    volume = {39},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {67-104}
}

@article{Dobson1978,
    title = {Evolution Times of Languages},
    journal = {Journal of The American Statistical Association},
    author = {Dobson, Annette J.},
    number = {361},
    volume = {73},
    year = {1978},
    pages = {58-64}
}

@article{Dobson1969,
    title = {Lexicostatistical Grouping},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Dobson, A. J.},
    number = {7},
    volume = {11},
    year = {1969},
    pages = {216-221}
}

@article{Dobson1972,
    title = {The Mathematics of Glottochronology Revisited},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Dobson, Annette J. and Kruskal, Joseph B. and Sankoff, David and Savage, Leonard J.},
    number = {6},
    volume = {14},
    year = {1972},
    pages = {205-212}
}

@book{Dobson1968,
    url = {https://books.google.fr/books?id=RuExAAAAIAAJ},
    publisher = {University of Toronto Press},
    title = {The language of the Book of Songs},
    year = {1968},
    author = {Dobson, W.A.C.H.}
}

@article{Dobson1964,
    publisher = {BRILL},
    author = {Dobson, W. A. C. H.},
    series = {Second Series},
    journal = {Tóung Pao},
    title = {Studies in the grammar of Early Archaic Chinese},
    number = {4/5},
    volume = {51},
    year = {1964},
    keywords = {contraction, Chinese, Old Chinese},
    pages = {295-321}
}

@thesis{Dodd2014,
    school = {University of Waikato},
    title = {V’ënen Taut: Grammatical Topics in The Big Nambas Language of Malekula},
    url = {https://core.ac.uk/display/29202706},
    abstract = {V’ënen Taut: Grammatical Topics in The Big Nambas Language of Malekula presents a synchronic description of five different areas of the grammar of V’ënen Taut, a language spoken in Northwest Malekula in the Pacific nation of Vanuatu. The data used in this project comes from roughly three and a half hours of recorded speech collected during two field trips to the village of Tenmaru in 2013. The areas of interest for this publication are nouns and the noun phrase, verbal prefixes, verbal suffixes, post-verbal modification, and clause structure. V’ënen Taut is often mentioned in phonology publications due to its use of linguo-labial consonants. V’ënen Taut is noted amongst other Malekula languages as having very rich verbal morphology. This work recognises five distinct prefix positions, three distinct suffix positions, and pronominal enclitics. The first prefix positon is filled by morphemes which code both grammatical person and mood. V’ënen Taut makes four mood distinctions: realis, irrealis, conditional, and imperative. The fifth prefix position is filled by four morphemes which code grammatical number categories: singular, paucal, plural, and impersonal. Rather than using verbal serialisation to indicate complex events and actions, V’ënen Taut uses a well-developed echo-subject system. A wide variety of semantic modifier suffixes indicates that verbal serialisation may have been a more productive grammatical feature of V’ënen Taut in the past. In addition to the many bound verbal modifiers, there are numerous free post-verbal modifiers, some of which can be inflected by pronominal enclitics. The basic word order of V’ënen Taut is predominantly SVO; although, post-verbal arguments can be moved to a clause initial position through constituent fronting. V’ënen Taut has intransitive and transitive verbs and both of these verb classes can have their valence increased through the use of the extended participant preposition a/an. Grammatical relations are marked using the nominative-accusative case marking system encoded though constituent order and nominal agreement morphology on the verb},
    author = {Dodd, Royce Richard},
    year = {2014}
}

@article{Dodson2014,
    title = {Oldest directly dated remains of sheep in China},
    journal = {Sci Rep},
    author = {Dodson, J. and Dodson, E. and Banati, R. and Li, X. and Atahan, P. and Hu, S. and Middleton, R. J. and Zhou, X. and Nan, S.},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {7170}
}

@article{Dolch1936,
    title = {A basic sight Vocabulary},
    journal = {The Elementary School Journal},
    author = {Dolch, E. W.},
    number = {6},
    volume = {36},
    year = {1936},
    pages = {456-460}
}

@article{Dolgopolsky1964,
    title = {Gipoteza drevnejšego rodstva jazykovych semej Severnoj Evrazii s verojatnostej točky zrenija},
    journal = {Voprosy Jazykoznanija},
    author = {Dolgopolsky, Aron B.},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1964},
    pages = {53-63}
}

@article{Donati2015,
    title = {EUCALYPT: efficient tree reconciliation enumerator},
    journal = {Algorithms for Molecular Biology},
    abstract = {Phylogenetic tree reconciliation is the approach of choice for investigating the coevolution of sets of organisms such as hosts and parasites. It consists in a mapping between the parasite tree and the host tree using event-based maximum parsimony. Given a cost model for the events, many optimal reconciliations are however possible. Any further biological interpretation of them must therefore take this into account, making the capacity to enumerate all optimal solutions a crucial point. Only two algorithms currently exist that attempt such enumeration; in one case not all possible solutions are produced while in the other not all cost vectors are currently handled. The objective of this paper is two-fold. The first is to fill this gap, and the second is to test whether the number of solutions generally observed can be an issue in terms of interpretation. We present a polynomial-delay algorithm for enumerating all optimal reconciliations. We show that in general many solutions exist. We give an example where, for two pairs of host-parasite trees having each less than 41 leaves, the number of solutions is 5120, even when only time-feasible ones are kept. To facilitate their interpretation, those solutions are also classified in terms of how many of each event they contain. The number of different classes of solutions may thus be notably smaller than the number of solutions, yet they may remain high enough, in particular for the cases where losses have cost 0. In fact, depending on the cost vector, both numbers of solutions and of classes thereof may increase considerably. To further deal with this problem, we introduce and analyse a restricted version where host switches are allowed to happen only between species that are within some fixed distance along the host tree. This restriction allows us to reduce the number of time-feasible solutions while preserving the same optimal cost, as well as to find time-feasible solutions with a cost close to the optimal in the cases where no time-feasible solution is found. We present Eucalypt, a polynomial-delay algorithm for enumerating all optimal reconciliations which is freely available at http://eucalypt.gforge.inria.fr/.},
    author = {Donati, B. and Baudet, C. and Sinaimeri, B. and Crescenzi, P. and Sagot, M. F.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {10},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {3}
}

@article{Dong2007,
    abstract = {Fangyan (方言 ) is the first writing of Chinese dialectology, and in the history of ancient Chinese it occup ies an important position. In Jin Dynasty, G uo Po ever anno tatedF angy an, and then som e scho la rs o ften c ited it in their w orks. In Q ing D y- nasty, there are m any books com piled by modeling on Fangyan in the sty le and cha racte ristics. But there are so m any m istakes in Fangyan due to a long h istory. T he scholars in Q ing such as D a i zhen, Lu W enchao, L iu T a igong, W ang N iansun, and Q ian Y i ever co llated and annota ted it. In the 1950s, Zhou Zum o com pleted the book on T he co llation ofFangyan. W ith the depth o f re- search, the re is an urgen t need fo r a new edition onF angy an. N ow the new book, T he Co llation and Anno tation of Y ang X iongp s Fangyan, by Hua Xuecheng br ings anc ient and present researches toge ther. It certa inly is a comb ination of the co lla tion and an- notation o fFangyan.},
    title = {Píng Yáng Xióng Fāngyán xiàoshì huìzhèng},
    year = {2007},
    journal = {Hángzhōu Shīfàn Xuéyuàn Xuébào (Shèhuì Kēxué Băn) 杭州师范学院学报(社会科学版) [Journal of Hangzhou Normal University (Social Sciences Edition)]},
    author = {Dŏng Zhìqiáo 董志翘 and Wāng Yī 汪祎}
}

@thesis{Dongen2000,
    title = {Graph clustering by flow simulation},
    year = {2000},
    institution = {University of Utrecht},
    author = {van Dongen, S. M.}
}

@article{Doenges2016,
    title = {Sprachtranskription: Computer erstmals besser als der Mensch},
    journal = {Spektrum der Wissenschaft - Die Woche},
    author = {Jan Dönges},
    number = {43},
    volume = {13},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {11f}
}

@article{Donohue2002,
    title = {Which Sounds Change},
    journal = {Oceanic Linguistics},
    author = {Donohue, Mark},
    number = {1},
    volume = {41},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {171-221}
}

@article{Donohue2012,
    title = {New methodologies for historical linguistics? Calibrating a lexicon-based methodology for diffusion vs. subgrouping},
    journal = {Diachronica},
    author = {Donohue, M. and Denham, Tim and Oppenheimer, Stephen},
    number = {4},
    volume = {29},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {505–522}
}

@book{Donohue2013,
    publisher = {Department of Linguistics. The Australian National University},
    author = {Donohue, Mark and Hetherington, Rebecca and McElvenny, James and Dawson, Virginia},
    url = {http://phonotactics.anu.edu.au},
    title = {World phonotactics database.},
    year = {2013},
    address = {Canberra}
}

@article{Doolittle1999,
    title = {Lateral genomics},
    journal = {Trends in Cell Biology},
    author = {Doolittle, W. F.},
    number = {12},
    volume = {9},
    year = {1999},
    pages = {5-8}
}

@article{Downey2008,
    title = {Computational feature-sensitive reconstruction of language relationships: developing the ALINE distance for comparative historical linguistic reconstruction},
    journal = {Journal of Quantitative Linguistics},
    author = {Downey, Sean S. and Hallmark, Brian and Cox, Murray P. and Norquest, Peter and Lansing, Stephen},
    number = {4},
    volume = {15},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {340-369}
}

@incollection{Doyon2010,
    publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16181-0_9},
    author = {Doyon, Jean-Philippe and Scornavacca, Celine and Gorbunov, K. Yu. and Szöllősi, Gergely J. and Ranwez, Vincent and Berry, Vincent},
    booktitle = {Comparative Genomics: International Workshop, RECOMB-CG 2010, Ottawa, Canada, October 9-11, 2010. Proceedings},
    title = {An Efficient Algorithm for Gene/Species Trees Parsimonious Reconciliation with Losses, Duplications and Transfers},
    year = {2010},
    editor = {Tannier, Eric},
    address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
    pages = {93-108}
}

@article{Dreher1972,
    title = {Non-Semantic Auditory Discrimination: Foundation for Second Language Learning},
    journal = {The Modern Language Journal},
    author = {Dreher, Barbara and Larkins, James},
    number = {4},
    volume = {56},
    year = {1972},
    pages = {227-230}
}

@book{Dresher2009,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    title = {The contrastive hierarchy in phonology},
    year = {2009},
    author = {Dresher, B. Elan}
}

@article{Dress2004,
    title = {Constructing Splits Graphs},
    journal = {IEEE/ACM Trans. Comput. Biology Bioinform.},
    author = {Andreas W. M. Dress and Daniel H. Huson},
    number = {3},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {109-115}
}

@incollection{VanDriem2014b,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    author = {van Driem, George},
    booktitle = {Trans-Himalayan linguistics},
    title = {Trans-Himalayan},
    year = {2014},
    editor = {Hill, Nathan W. and Owen-Smith, Thomas},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {11-40}
}

@incollection{Driem2004,
    publisher = {Academia Sinica},
    author = {van Driem, George},
    journal = {Studies on Sino-Tibetan Languages},
    title = {Language as organism: A brief introduction to the Leiden theory of language evolution},
    year = {2004},
    editor = {Lin, Ying-chin and Hsu, Fang-min and Lee, Chun-chih and Sun, Jackson T.-S. and Yang, Hsiu-fang and Ho, Dah-ah},
    address = {Taipei},
    booktitle = {Studies on Sino-Tibetan Languages},
    pages = {1-9}
}

@inproceedings{VanDriem2013,
    publisher = {Trace Foundation},
    author = {van Driem, George},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Panels on Domains of Use and Linguistic Interactions},
    title = {The ancestry of Tibetan},
    year = {2013},
    volume = {1},
    editor = {Tuttle, Gray and Gya, Kunsang and Dare, Marma and Wilber, Johnathan},
    address = {New York},
    pages = {363-397}
}

@incollection{Driem2005,
    publisher = {Linguistic Society of Nepal},
    isbn = {99946-57-69-0},
    author = {van Driem, George},
    booktitle = {Contemporary issues in Nepalese linguistics},
    title = {Sino-Austronesian vs. Sino-Caucasian, Sino-Bodic vs. Sino-Tibetan, and Tibeto-Burman as default theory},
    year = {2005},
    editor = {Yadava, Yogendra},
    address = {Kathmandu},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft;Sino-Tibetan;Rekonstruktion},
    pages = {285-338}
}

@article{VanDriem2011,
    title = {Tibeto-Burman subgroups and historical grammar},
    journal = {Himalayan Linguistics},
    author = {van Driem, George},
    number = {1},
    volume = {10},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {31-39}
}

@article{VanDriem2007,
    title = {The diversity of the Tibeto-Burman language family and the linguistic ancestry of Chinese},
    journal = {Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {van Driem, George},
    number = {2},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {211-270}
}

@article{Driem2003,
    title = {Review: [untitled]},
    journal = {Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London},
    author = {van Driem, George},
    number = {2},
    volume = {66},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {282-284}
}

@article{VanDriem1997,
    title = {Sino-Bodic},
    journal = {Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies},
    author = {van Driem, George},
    number = {3},
    volume = {60},
    year = {1997},
    pages = {455-488}
}

@article{Driscoll2009,
    title = {From wild animals to domestic pets, an evolutionary view of domestication},
    journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.},
    author = {Driscoll, C. A. and Macdonald, D. W. and OB́rien, S. J.},
    volume = {106 Suppl 1},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {9971-9978}
}

@article{Drummond2012,
    title = {Bayesian phylogenetics with BEAUti and the BEAST 1.7},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    abstract = {Computational evolutionary biology, statistical phylogenetics and coalescent-based population genetics are becoming increasingly central to the analysis and understanding of molecular sequence data. We present the Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis by Sampling Trees (BEAST) software package version 1.7, which implements a family of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms for Bayesian phylogenetic inference, divergence time dating, coalescent analysis, phylogeography and related molecular evolutionary analyses. This package includes an enhanced graphical user interface program called Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis Utility (BEAUti) that enables access to advanced models for molecular sequence and phenotypic trait evolution that were previously available to developers only. The package also provides new tools for visualizing and summarizing multispecies coalescent and phylogeographic analyses. BEAUti and BEAST 1.7 are open source under the GNU lesser general public license and available at http://beast-mcmc.googlecode.com and http://beast.bio.ed.ac.uk.},
    author = {Drummond, Alexei J. and Suchard, Marc A. and Xie, Ding and Rambaut, Andrew},
    number = {8},
    volume = {29},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {1969-1973}
}

@article{Du2013,
    title = {Lún yǎnshīhuà zhòng bǎocún de fāngyán gǔyùcí},
    journal = {Héngshuǐ xuéyuàn xuébào 衡水学院学报 [Journal of Hengshui University]},
    abstract = {Many ancient words recorded in Yang Xiongś Dialect are still used in Yanshi today. Although some of them have slightly changed linguistically and semantically, they still retain the obvious characteristics of ancient words. In analyzing the origin of them, this article aims to provide beneficial reference for the study of the law of the diachronic evolution of Chinese dialect.},
    author = {Dù Jùnpíng 杜俊平 and Gāo Liàng 高亮},
    number = {5},
    volume = {15},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {80-82}
}

@article{Du2010,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2009.08.007},
    author = {K.-L. Du},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S089360800900207X},
    abstract = {Clustering is a fundamental data analysis method. It is widely used for pattern recognition, feature extraction, vector quantization (VQ), image segmentation, function approximation, and data mining. As an unsupervised classification technique, clustering identifies some inherent structures present in a set of objects based on a similarity measure. Clustering methods can be based on statistical model identification (McLachlan &amp; Basford, 1988) or competitive learning. In this paper, we give a comprehensive overview of competitive learning based clustering methods. Importance is attached to a number of competitive learning based clustering neural networks such as the self-organizing map (SOM), the learning vector quantization (LVQ), the neural gas, and the ART model, and clustering algorithms such as the C -means, mountain/subtractive clustering, and fuzzy C -means (FCM) algorithms. Associated topics such as the under-utilization problem, fuzzy clustering, robust clustering, clustering based on non-Euclidean distance measures, supervised clustering, hierarchical clustering as well as cluster validity are also described. Two examples are given to demonstrate the use of the clustering methods. },
    title = {Clustering: A neural network approach},
    number = {1},
    pages = {89 - 107},
    volume = {23},
    year = {2010},
    keywords = {Clustering},
    journal = {Neural Networks}
}

@incollection{Duanmu2008a,
    author = {Duanmu, San},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-20)},
    title = {The spotty-data problem in phonology},
    year = {2008},
    volume = {1},
    editor = {Chan, Marjorie K. M. and Kang, Hana},
    address = {Columbus, Ohio},
    keywords = {Phonologie;data-problem},
    pages = {109-122}
}

@book{Duanmu2008,
    year = {2008},
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    title = {Syllable Structure: The Limits of Variation (Oxford Linguistics)},
    isbn = {0199267596,9780199267590,9780191556203},
    author = {San Duanmu}
}

@book{Duanmu2000,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Duanmu, San},
    title = {The phonology of Standard Chinese},
    edition = {2},
    year = {2007},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@article{Duanmu2004,
    title = {A Corpus Study of Chinese Regulated Verse: Phrasal Stress and the Analysis of Variability},
    journal = {Phonology},
    author = {Duanmu, San},
    number = {1},
    volume = {21},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {43-89}
}

@article{Duanmu1997,
    title = {Recursive Constraint Evaluation in Optimality Theory: Evidence from Cyclic Compounds in Shanghai},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4047811},
    journal = {Natural Language & Linguistic Theory},
    author = {Duanmu, San},
    number = {3},
    volume = {15},
    year = {1997},
    pages = {465-507}
}

@article{Duanmu1994,
    title = {Syllabic Weight and Syllabic Duration: A Correlation between Phonology and Phonetics},
    journal = {Phonology},
    author = {Duanmu, San},
    number = {1},
    volume = {11},
    year = {1994},
    pages = {1-24}
}

@article{Duanmu1994b,
    title = {Against Contour Tone Units},
    journal = {Linguistic Inquiry},
    author = {Duanmu, San},
    number = {4},
    volume = {25},
    year = {1994},
    pages = {555-608}
}

@misc{Dubossarsky2016,
    howpublished = {Unpublished Manuscript},
    url = {https://www.academia.edu/25793914},
    title = {Verbs change more than nouns: A bottom-up computational approach to semantic change},
    year = {2016},
    author = {Dubossarsky, Haim and Weinshall, Daphna and Grossman, Eitan}
}

@thesis{Dumont-LeBrazidc2018,
    school = {KTH, Mathematical Statistics},
    author = {Dumont-Le Brazidc, Joffrey},
    series = {TRITA-SCI-GRU},
    abstract = {With more and more digital text-valued data available, the need to be able to cluster, classify and study them arises. We develop in this thesis statistical tools to perform null hypothesis testing and clustering or classification on text-valued data in the framework of Object-Oriented Data Analysis. The project includes research on semantic methods to represent texts, comparisons between representations, distances for such representations and performance of permutation tests. Main methods compared are Vector Space Model and topic model. More precisely, this thesis will provide an algorithm to compute permutation tests at document or sentence level to study the equality in terms of distribution of two texts for different representations and distances. Lastly, we describe the study of texts regarding a syntactic point of view and its structure with a tree representation.},
    title = {An Object-Oriented Data Analysis approach for text population},
    year = {2018},
    number = {2018:014},
    address = {Stockholm},
    institution = {KTH, Mathematical Statistics}
}

@incollection{Dunkel1981,
    publisher = {Benjamins},
    author = {Dunkel, George},
    booktitle = {Bono homini donum: Essays in Historical Linguistics in Memory of J. Alexander Kerns},
    title = {Typology vs. reconstruction},
    year = {1981},
    editor = {Yoel L. Arbeitman},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {559-569}
}

@misc{Dunn2012,
    url = {http://ielex.mpi.nl/},
    title = {Indo-European lexical cognacy database (IELex)},
    year = {2012},
    author = {Dunn, Michael}
}

@article{Dunn2007,
    title = {Statistical Reasoning in the Evaluation of Typological Diversity in Island Melanesia},
    journal = {Oceanic Linguistics},
    author = {Dunn, Michael and Foley, Robert A. and Levinson, Stephen C. and Reesink, Ger and Terrill, Angela},
    number = {2},
    volume = {46},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {388-403}
}

@article{Dunn2011,
    title = {Evolved structure of language shows lineage-specific trends in word-order universals},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {Dunn, M. and Greenhill, S. J. and Levinson, S. C. and Gray, R. D.},
    number = {7345},
    volume = {473},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {79-82}
}

@article{Dunn2008,
    title = {Structural phylogeny in historical linguistics: methodological explorations applied in island melanesia},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Dunn, Michael and Levinson, Stephen C. and Lindstroem, Eva and Reesink, Ger and Terrill, Angela},
    number = {4},
    volume = {84},
    year = {2008},
    keywords = {Biologie;Linguistik und Biologie;Gray},
    pages = {710-759}
}

@article{Dunn2005,
    title = {Structural Phylogenetics and the Reconstruction of Ancient Language History},
    url = {DOI: 10.1126/science.1114615},
    journal = {Science},
    author = {Dunn, Michael and Terrill, Angela and Reesink, Ger and Foley, Robert A. and Levinson, Stephen C.},
    number = {5743},
    volume = {309},
    year = {2005},
    keywords = {Biologie;Linguistik und Biologie;Gray},
    pages = {2072-2075}
}

@book{Durand1990,
    publisher = {Routledge},
    isbn = {0582003296,9780582003293},
    title = {Generative and Non-Linear Phonology},
    series = {Longman Linguistics Library},
    author = {Jacques Durand},
    year = {1990}
}

@book{Durbin2002,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Durbin, Richard and Eddy, Sean R. and Krogh, Anders and Mitchinson, Graeme},
    title = {Biological sequence analysis. Probabilistic models of proteins and nucleic acids},
    edition = {7},
    year = {2002},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@book{Durkin2009,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Durkin, Philip},
    year = {2009},
    title = {The Oxford guide to etymology},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@book{Duerscheid2006,
    publisher = {Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht},
    author = {Dürscheid, Christa},
    title = {Einführung in die Schriftlinguistik},
    edition = {3},
    year = {2006},
    address = {Göttingen}
}

@incollection{Dyen1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Dyen, Isidore},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {The homomeric argument for a Slavo-Germanic subgroup of Indo-European},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion},
    pages = {385-390}
}

@incollection{Dyen1990a,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Dyen, Isidore},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {Homomeric lexical classification},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Austronesian},
    pages = {211-232}
}

@inproceedings{Dyen1973,
    booktitle = {Lexicostatistics in Genetic Linguistics. Proceedings of the Yale Conference. Yale University. April 3-4. 1971},
    title = {The validity of the mathematical model of glottochronology},
    year = {1973},
    pages = {11-29},
    author = {Dyen, Isidore}
}

@inproceedings{Dyen1973a,
    booktitle = {Lexicostatistics in Genetic Linguistics. Proceedings of the Yale Conference. Yale University. April 3-4. 1971},
    title = {The impact of lexicostatistics on comparative linguistics},
    year = {1973},
    pages = {75-84},
    author = {Dyen, Isidore}
}

@article{Dyen1971,
    title = {Review: [untitled]},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Dyen, Isidore},
    number = {2},
    volume = {37},
    year = {1971},
    pages = {130-134}
}

@article{Dyen1969,
    title = {Reconstruction, the comparative method, and the proto-language uniformity assumption},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Dyen, Isidore},
    number = {3},
    volume = {45},
    year = {1969},
    pages = {499-518}
}

@inproceedings{Dyen1964,
    publisher = {Sijthoff},
    title = {On the validity of comparative lexicostatistics},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the international congress of linguistics},
    author = {Dyen, Isidore},
    year = {1964},
    pages = {238-252}
}

@article{Dyen1953,
    publisher = {Linguistic Society of America},
    title = {[Review] Malgache et maanjan: Une comparaison linguistique by Otto Chr. Dahl},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/409983},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Isidore Dyen},
    number = {4},
    volume = {29},
    year = {1953},
    pages = {577-590}
}

@article{Dyen1951,
    publisher = {Linguistic Society of America},
    title = {Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *Z},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Dyen, Isidore},
    number = {4},
    volume = {27},
    year = {1951},
    pages = {534-540}
}

@article{Dyen1977,
    title = {Lexical Reconstruction: Response to Multiple Review},
    journal = {Current Anthropology},
    author = {Dyen, Isidore and Aberle, David},
    number = {2},
    volume = {18},
    year = {1977},
    pages = {362-371}
}

@article{Dyen1967,
    title = {Language Divergence and Estimated Word Retention Rate},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Dyen, Isidore and James, A. T. and Cole, J. W. L.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {43},
    year = {1967},
    pages = {150-171}
}

@article{Dyen1992,
    title = {An Indoeuropean classification},
    journal = {Transactions of the American Philosophical Society},
    author = {Dyen, Isidore and Kruskal, Joseph B. and Black, Paul},
    number = {5},
    volume = {82},
    year = {1992},
    pages = {iii-132}
}

@incollection{Ebert2003,
    title = {Kiranti Languages: An overview},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {505-517},
    author = {Ebert, Karen H.}
}

@incollection{Eckart1996,
    publisher = {Suhrkamp},
    author = {Eckart, W. U.},
    booktitle = {Die Geheimnisse der Natur},
    title = {Rudolf Virchows Zellenstaat zwischen Biologie und Soziallehre},
    year = {1996},
    editor = {Kemper, P.},
    address = {Frankfurt},
    pages = {239-255}
}

@book{Eco1993,
    publisher = {C. H. Beck},
    author = {Eco, Umberto},
    year = {1993},
    title = {Die Suche nach der vollkommenen Sprache},
    address = {München}
}

@article{Eddy2004,
    title = {Where did the BLOSUM62 alignment score matrix come from?},
    journal = {Nature Biotechnology},
    author = {Eddy, Sean R.},
    number = {8},
    volume = {22},
    year = {2004},
    keywords = {blosum, multiple sequence alignment, score matrix},
    pages = {1035-1036}
}

@article{Eddy2004a,
    title = {What is dynamic programming?},
    journal = {Nature Biotechnology},
    author = {Eddy, Sean R.},
    number = {7},
    volume = {22},
    year = {2004},
    keywords = {dpa, sequence alignment, dynamic programming},
    pages = {909-910}
}

@article{Edelman2017,
    doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2017.04.003},
    title = {Language and other complex behaviors: Unifying characteristics, computational models, neural mechanisms},
    journal = {Language Sciences},
    abstract = {Abstract Similar to other complex behaviors, language is dynamic, social, multimodal, patterned, and purposive, its purpose being to promote desirable actions or thoughts in others and self (Edelman, 2017b). An analysis of the functional characteristics shared by complex sequential behaviors suggests that they all present a common overarching computational problem: dynamically controlled constrained navigation in concrete or abstract situation spaces. With this conceptual framework in mind, I compare and contrast computational models of language and evaluate their potential for explaining linguistic behavior and for elucidating the brain mechanisms that support it. },
    author = {Shimon Edelman},
    volume = {62},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0388000117300128},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {91 - 123}
}

@misc{Eden2015,
    publisher = {University College London},
    author = {Eden, Elizabeth},
    url = {http://nidaba.co.uk},
    title = {Nidaba. Lexicon analysis and comparison},
    year = {2015},
    address = {London}
}

@article{Edgar2010,
    title = {Quality measures for protein alignment benchmarks},
    journal = {Nucleic Acids Research},
    author = {Edgar, Robert C.},
    volume = {38},
    year = {2010},
    keywords = {multiple sequence alignment and benchmark},
    pages = {2145–2153}
}

@article{Edgar2004a,
    title = {MUSCLE},
    journal = {Nucleic Acids Research},
    author = {Edgar, Robert C.},
    number = {5},
    volume = {32},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {1792-1797}
}

@article{Edgar2006,
    title = {Multiple sequence alignment},
    journal = {Current Opinion in Structural Biology},
    author = {Edgar, Robert C. and Batzoglou, Serafim},
    volume = {16},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {368-373}
}

@article{Edgar2004,
    title = {A comparison of scoring functions for protein sequence profile alignment},
    journal = {Bioinformatics},
    abstract = {Motivation:In recent years, several methods have been proposed for aligning two protein sequence profiles, with reported improvements in alignment accuracy and homolog discrimination versus sequence-sequence methods (e.g. BLAST) and profile-sequence methods (e.g. PSI-BLAST). Profile-profile alignment is also the iterated step in progressive multiple sequence alignment algorithms such as CLUSTALW. However, little is known about the relative performance of different profile-profile scoring functions. In this work, we evaluate the alignment accuracy of 23 different profile-profile scoring functions by comparing alignments of 488 pairs of sequences with identity [<=]30% against structural alignments. We optimize parameters for all scoring functions on the same training set and use profiles of alignments from both PSI-BLAST and SAM-T99. Structural alignments are constructed from a consensus between the FSSP database and CE structural aligner. We compare the results with sequence-sequence and sequence-profile methods, including BLAST and PSI-BLAST. Results: We find that profile-profile alignment gives an average improvement over our test set of typically 2-3% over profile-sequence alignment and [ ]40% over sequence-sequence alignment. No statistically significant difference is seen in the relative performance of most of the scoring functions tested. Significantly better results are obtained with profiles constructed from SAM-T99 alignments than from PSI-BLAST alignments. Availability: Source code, reference alignments and more detailed results are freely available at http://phylogenomics.berkeley.edu/profilealignment/},
    author = {Edgar, Robert C. and Sjolander, Kimmen},
    number = {8},
    volume = {20},
    url = {http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/20/8/1301},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {1301-1308}
}

@article{Edwardes2016,
    title = {Dividing up the field of linguistics},
    journal = {Babel. The Language Magazine},
    author = {Martin Edwardes},
    number = {1},
    volume = {14},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {25-28}
}

@article{Edwards1963,
    title = {The reconstruction of evolution},
    journal = {Annals of Human Genetics},
    author = {Edwards, A. W. F. and Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca},
    volume = {27},
    year = {1963},
    keywords = {Maximum-Parsimonie-Analyse},
    pages = {105-106}
}

@article{Edwards2016,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.027},
    title = {Implementing and testing the multispecies coalescent model: A valuable paradigm for phylogenomics},
    journal = {Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution},
    abstract = {Abstract In recent articles published in Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Mark Springer and John Gatesy (S&amp;G) present numerous criticisms of recent implementations and testing of the multispecies coalescent (MSC) model in phylogenomics, popularly known as “species tree” methods. After pointing out errors in alignments and gene tree rooting in recent phylogenomic data sets, particularly in Song et al. (2012) on mammals and Xi et al. (2014) on plants, they suggest that these errors seriously compromise the conclusions of these studies. Additionally, S&amp;G enumerate numerous perceived violated assumptions and deficiencies in the application of the MSC model in phylogenomics, such as its assumption of neutrality and in particular the use of transcriptomes, which are deemed inappropriate for the MSC because the constituent exons often subtend large regions of chromosomes within which recombination is substantial. We acknowledge these previously reported errors in recent phylogenomic data sets, but disapprove of S&amp;G’s excessively combative and taunting tone. We show that these errors, as well as two nucleotide sorting methods used in the analysis of Amborella, have little impact on the conclusions of those papers. Moreover, several concepts introduced by S&amp;G and an appeal to “first principles” of phylogenetics in an attempt to discredit MSC models are invalid and reveal numerous misunderstandings of the MSC. Contrary to the claims of S&amp;G we show that recent computer simulations used to test the robustness of MSC models are not circular and do not unfairly favor MSC models over concatenation. In fact, although both concatenation and MSC models clearly perform well in regions of tree space with long branches and little incomplete lineage sorting (ILS), simulations reveal the erratic behavior of concatenation when subjected to data subsampling and its tendency to produce spuriously confident yet conflicting results in regions of parameter space where MSC models still perform well. S&amp;G’s claims that MSC models explain little or none (0–15%) of the observed gene tree heterogeneity observed in a mammal data set and that MSC models assume ILS as the only source of gene tree variation are flawed. Overall many of their criticisms of MSC models are invalidated when concatenation is appropriately viewed as a special case of the MSC, which in turn is a special case of emerging network models in phylogenomics. We reiterate that there is enormous promise and value in recent implementations and tests of the MSC and look forward to its increased use and refinement in phylogenomics. },
    author = {Scott V. Edwards and Zhenxiang Xi and Axel Janke and Brant C. Faircloth and John E. McCormack and Travis C. Glenn and Bojian Zhong and Shaoyuan Wu and Emily Moriarty Lemmon and Alan R. Lemmon and Adam D. Leaché and Liang Liu and Charles C. Davis},
    volume = {94, Part A},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1055790315003309},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {447 - 462}
}

@article{Elimam2018,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2017.20},
    author = {Elimam, Abdou and Chilton, Paul},
    journal = {Language and Cognition},
    title = {The paradoxical hybridity of words},
    number = {2},
    volume = {10},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {208–233}
}

@article{Ellegard1959,
    title = {Statistical Measurement of Linguistic Relationship},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Ellegård, Alvar},
    number = {2 (Part 1)},
    volume = {35},
    year = {1959},
    pages = {131–156}
}

@incollection{Ellson2003,
    publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
    title = {Graphviz and Dynagraph - Static and Dynamic Graph Drawing Tools},
    booktitle = {Graph Drawing Book},
    author = {Ellson, J. and Gansner, E. R. and Koutsofios, E. and North, S. C. and Woodhull, G.},
    editor = {M. Junger and P. Mutzel},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {127-148}
}

@article{Elmendorf1962,
    title = {Lexical Relation Models as a Possible Check on Lexicostatistic Inferences},
    journal = {American Anthropologist},
    author = {Elmendorf, William W.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {64},
    year = {1962},
    pages = {760-770}
}

@article{ElRabey2002,
    title = {Speciation and species separation in Hordeum L. (Poaceae) resolved by discontinuous molecular markers},
    journal = {Plant Biol},
    author = {El-Rabey, H. A. and Badr, A. and Schäfer-Pregl, R. and Martin, William and Salamini, F.},
    number = {4},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {1-9}
}

@book{Elson1999,
    publisher = {Instituto Lingüístico de Verano},
    author = {Elson, Benjamin F. and Donaciano Gutiérrez G.},
    title = {Diccionario Popoluca de la Sierra Veracruz},
    year = {1999},
    pages = {210},
    address = {Coyoacán, D.F.}
}

@article{Embleton1995,
    title = {Review of: An Indoeuropean Classification: A lexicostatistical experiment. By Isidore Dyen, Joseph B. Kruskal & Paul Black. 1992.},
    journal = {Diachronica},
    author = {Embleton, Sheila},
    number = {2},
    volume = {12},
    year = {1995},
    pages = {263-268}
}

@book{Embleton1986,
    publisher = {Studienverlag Brockmeyer},
    isbn = {3-88339-537-4},
    author = {Embleton, Sheila M.},
    series = {Quantitative linguistics},
    title = {Statistics in historical linguistics},
    year = {1986},
    volume = {30},
    address = {Bochum}
}

@article{Embley2006,
    title = {Eukaryote evolution: changes and challenges},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {Embley, T. M. and Martin, William},
    number = {440},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {623-630}
}

@article{Emmeche1991,
    title = {From language to nature: The semiotic metaphor in biology},
    journal = {Semiotica},
    author = {Emmeche, Claus and Hoffmeyer, Jesper},
    number = {1-2},
    volume = {84},
    year = {1991},
    pages = {1-42}
}

@article{Emonds2016,
    title = {Anglicized Norse, or Anything Goes?},
    journal = {Language Dynamics and Change},
    author = {Joseph E. Emonds and Jan Terje Faarlund},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {49-56}
}

@article{Endres2007,
    booktitle = {Beiträge zur Morphologie. Germa­nisch, Baltisch, Ostseefinnisch},
    title = {Algorithmische Sprachwissenschaft – Rechnergestützte Darstellung von Grammatik und Modellierung von Phänomenen des Lautwandels},
    year = {2007},
    journal = {North-Western European Language Evolution Supplement},
    author = {Endres, Norbert}
}

@inproceedings{Enguix2012,
    title = {Natural language and the genetic code: From the semiotic analogy to biolinguistics},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th World Congress of the International Association for Semiotic Studies (IASS/AIS)},
    author = {Enguix, Gemma Bel and Jiménez-López, M. Dolores},
    institution = {Universidade da Coruña},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {771-780}
}

@incollection{Epps2007,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {978-0-19-920783-1},
    author = {Epps, Patience},
    series = {Explorations in linguistic typology},
    booktitle = {Grammars in contact: A cross-linguistic typology},
    title = {The Vaups melting pot: Tucanoan influence on Hup},
    year = {2007},
    volume = {4},
    editor = {Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and Dixon, Robert M. W.},
    address = {Oxford},
    keywords = {Areallinguistik;areal diffusion;Sprachkontakt},
    pages = {267-289}
}

@book{Erdmann1900,
    publisher = {Eduard Avenarius},
    author = {Erdmann, Karl Otto},
    year = {1900},
    title = {Die Bedeutung des Wortes},
    address = {Leipzig}
}

@article{Ernst1995,
    title = {Negation in Mandarin Chinese},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4047820},
    journal = {Natural Language & Linguistic Theory},
    author = {Ernst, Thomas},
    number = {4},
    volume = {13},
    year = {1995},
    pages = {665-707}
}

@misc{Alphamalig,
    url = {http://alggen.lsi.upc.es/recerca/align/alphamalig/intro-alphamalig.html},
    title = {ALPHAMALIG},
    year = {2003},
    author = {Escribano, Jordi}
}

@article{Escure1977,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(77)90048-1},
    author = {Geneviève Escure},
    journal = {Lingua},
    abstract = {Consonantal weakening has long been recognized as a significant, natural type of phonological change. Weakening can be defined as a systematic reduction process, often resulting in deletion, which affects certain consonants, depending on their position within the word or the phonological phrase. For example, weakening may include some or all of the following successive stages: voicing, spirantization, gliding, deletion, such as t&gt;d&gt;o&amp;#x030B;&gt;Ø (cf. Latin vita; Mod. French vie [vi]; Mod. Spanish vida [vio&amp;#x030B;a] ‘life’). My intent in this paper is to point out some interesting aspects of the mechanism of weakening, and more specifically to address myself to the issue of its representation in phonological theory. Within a transformational-generative framework, the ‘grammar change’ analysis (Halle 1962; Kiparsky 1968, 1971; King 1972) can superficially describe the formal progression of t&gt;d&gt;o&amp;#x030B;&gt;Ø in terms of a series of rule additions. However, such an analysis has no explanatory value whatsoever if the overall continuity of the weakening process is overlooked. In order to remedy the main inadequacies of the ‘grammar change’ analysis, I propose to incorporate a set of hierarchies into phonological theory. These hierarchies will represent the crucial phonological relationships which account for the systematic stages, the directionality and the scope of consonantal weakening. It will be argued that three types of information must be included, namely, reference to environmental factors, to manner of articulation and voicing properties, and to place of articulation features.},
    title = {Hierarchies and phonological weakening},
    number = {1},
    volume = {43},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0024384177900481},
    year = {1977},
    pages = {55 - 64}
}

@article{Eska2004,
    title = {Recent work in computational linguistic phylogeny},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Eska, J. F. and Ringe, Donald},
    number = {3},
    volume = {80},
    year = {2004},
    keywords = {Gray;Linguistik und Biologie},
    pages = {569-582}
}

@incollection{Evans2011,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Evans, Nicholas},
    booktitle = {The Oxford Handbook of linguistic typology},
    title = {Semantic typology},
    year = {2011},
    editor = {Sung, Jae Jung},
    address = {Oxford},
    pages = {504-533.}
}

@article{Evans2016,
    title = {Typology and coevolutionary linguistics},
    journal = {Linguistic Typology},
    author = {Evans, Nicholas},
    number = {3},
    volume = {20},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {505-520}
}

@article{Evans2009,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X0999094X},
    title = {The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science},
    journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
    author = {Nicholas Evans and Stephen C. Levinson},
    volume = {32},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {429-492}
}

@article{Evans2000mind,
    publisher = {Linguistic Society of America},
    author = {Evans, Nicholas and Wilkins, David},
    journal = {Language},
    abstract = {This article tests earlier claims about the universality of patterns of polysemy and semantic extension in the domain of perception verbs. Utilizing data from a broad range (approx. 60) of Australian languages, we address two hypothesized universals. The first is Vibergś (1984) proposed unidirectional pattern of extension from higher to lower sensory modalities (i.e. INTRAFIELD extensions, like śee ́> h́ear)́. The second hypothesized universal is that put forward by Sweetser (1990) regarding the extension of perception verbs to cognition readings (i.e. TRANSFIELD extensions, like śee ́> ḱnow)́. She suggests that vision has primacy as the modality from which verbs of higher intellection, such as ḱnowing ́and t́hinking,́ are recruited, and proposes that verbs meaning h́ear ́would not take on these readings, although they often extend to mean únderstand ́or óbey.́ Though both hypotheses assign primacy to vision among the senses, the results of our Australian study show that Vibergś proposal remains intact, while Sweetserś is proved false. Australian languages recruit verbs of cognition like t́hink ́and ḱnow ́from h́ear,́ but not from śee.́ It appears that, at least as far as perception verbs are concerned, transfield semantic changes are subject to greater cultural variability than intrafield semantic changes. We argue that the same semantic domain can have its UNIVERSAL and its RELATIVISTIC side, a foot in nature and a foot in culture, and conclude by demonstrating that there are good social and cultural reasons driving the extension of h́earing,́ but not śeeing,́ to ḱnow ́and t́hink ́in Australian Aboriginal societies.},
    title = {In the Mindś Ear: The semantic extensions of perception verbs in Australian languages},
    number = {3},
    volume = {76},
    url = {http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0097-8507%28200009%2976%3A3%3C546%3AITMETS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6},
    year = {2000},
    pages = {546-592}
}

@inproceedings{Evans2006,
    publisher = {McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research; Distributed by Orbow Books},
    isbn = {9781902937335},
    author = {Evans, Steven N. and Ringe, Donald and Warnow, Tandy},
    series = {McDonald Institute monographs},
    booktitle = {Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages},
    title = {Inference of divergence times as a statistical inverse problem},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Forster, Peter and Renfrew, Colin},
    address = {Cambridge UK , Oxford UK , Oakville CT USA ,},
    keywords = {quantitative Methoden;Chronologie},
    pages = {119-130}
}

@article{Everett2017,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01285},
    title = {Languages in Drier Climates Use Fewer Vowels},
    journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
    abstract = {This study offers evidence for an environmental effect on languages while relying on continuous linguistic and continuous ecological variables. Evidence is presented for a positive association between the typical ambient humidity of a language’s native locale and that language’s degree of reliance on vowels. The vowel-usage rates of over 4000 language varieties were obtained, and several methods were employed to test whether these usage rates are associated with ambient humidity. The results of these methods are generally consistent with the notion that reduced ambient humidity eventually yields a reduced reliance of languages on vowels, when compared to consonants. The analysis controls simultaneously for linguistic phylogeny and contact between languages. The results dovetail with previous work, based on binned data, suggesting that consonantal phonemes are more common in some ecologies. In addition to being based on continuous data and a larger data sample, however, these findings are tied to experimental research suggesting that dry air affects the behavior of the larynx by yielding increased phonatory effort. The results of this study are also consistent with previous work suggesting an interaction of aridity and tonality. The data presented here suggest that languages may evolve, like the communication systems of other species, in ways that are influenced subtly by ecological factors. It is stressed that more work is required, however, to explore this association and to establish a causal relationship between ambient air characteristics and the development of languages.},
    author = {Everett, Caleb},
    volume = {8},
    url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01285},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {1285}
}

@article{Everett2013,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065275},
    author = {Everett, Caleb},
    journal = {PLoS ONE},
    abstract = { We present evidence that the geographic context in which a language is spoken may directly impact its phonological form. We examined the geographic coordinates and elevations of 567 language locations represented in a worldwide phonetic database. Languages with phonemic ejective consonants were found to occur closer to inhabitable regions of high elevation, when contrasted to languages without this class of sounds. In addition, the mean and median elevations of the locations of languages with ejectives were found to be comparatively high. The patterns uncovered surface on all major world landmasses, and are not the result of the influence of particular language families. They reflect a significant and positive worldwide correlation between elevation and the likelihood that a language employs ejective phonemes. In addition to documenting this correlation in detail, we offer two plausible motivations for its existence. We suggest that ejective sounds might be facilitated at higher elevations due to the associated decrease in ambient air pressure, which reduces the physiological effort required for the compression of air in the pharyngeal cavity–a unique articulatory component of ejective sounds. In addition, we hypothesize that ejective sounds may help to mitigate rates of water vapor loss through exhaled air. These explications demonstrate how a reduction of ambient air density could promote the usage of ejective phonemes in a given language. Our results reveal the direct influence of a geographic factor on the basic sound inventories of human languages.</p>},
    title = {Evidence for Direct Geographic Influences on Linguistic Sounds: The Case of Ejectives},
    number = {6},
    volume = {8},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0065275},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {e65275}
}

@article{Everett2015,
    title = {Climate, vocal folds, and tonal languages: Connecting the physiological and geographic dots},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    author = {Everett, C. and Blasi, D. E. and Roberts, S. G.},
    number = {5},
    volume = {112},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {1322-1327}
}

@article{Everson1998,
    title = {Word Recognition among Learners of Chinese as a Foreign Language: Investigating the Relationship between Naming and Knowing},
    journal = {The Modern Language Journal},
    author = {Everson, Michael E.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {82},
    year = {1998},
    pages = {194-204}
}

@misc{eastling,
    url = {http://www.eastling.org},
    title = {Dōngfāng yǔyánxué. Shànggǔyīn cháxún},
    year = {2016},
    author = {Shànghǎi gāoxiào bǐjiào yǔyánxué E-yánjiūyuàn 上海高校比较语言学E-研究院}
}

@article{Faarlund2016,
    title = {English as North Germanic. A summary},
    journal = {Language Dynamics and Change},
    author = {Jan Terje Faarlund and Joseph E. Emonds},
    number = {1},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {1-17}
}

@incollection{Faber1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Faber, Alice},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {Interpretation of orthographic forms},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Orthographie und Phonologie},
    pages = {619-637}
}

@incollection{Fangerau2007,
    publisher = {Rombach},
    author = {Fangerau, Heiner},
    booktitle = {Alters-konzepte in Literatur, Film, Kunst, Musik und Medien},
    title = {Altern von Zellen, Menschen und Gesellschaften},
    year = {2007},
    editor = {Herwig, H.},
    address = {Freiburg}
}

@book{Fangerau2007a,
    publisher = {Heinrich-Heine-Universität},
    author = {Fangerau, Heiner},
    year = {2007},
    title = {Spinning the Scientific Web: Jacques Loeb (1859-1924) und sein Programm einer internationalen biomedizinischen Grundlagenforschung},
    address = {Düsseldorf}
}

@book{Fangerau2000,
    publisher = {Lang},
    author = {Fangerau, Heiner},
    year = {2000},
    title = {Etablierung eines rassenhygienischen Standardwerkes 1921-1941 der Baur-Fischer-Lenz im Spiegel der zeitgenössischen Rezensionsliteratur},
    address = {Frankfurt}
}

@incollection{Fangerau2006,
    publisher = {Litverlag},
    author = {Fangerau, Heiner and Halling, Thorsten},
    booktitle = {Geschichte der Medizin - Geschichte in der Medizin - Foschungsperspektiven},
    title = {Wissenschaft im Kontext - Forscher- und Institutionen-Netzwerke im frühen 20.Jahrhundert},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Vögele, J. and Fangerau, Heiner and Noack, T.},
    address = {Münster},
    pages = {27-44}
}

@article{Feder1995,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcss.1995.1065},
    author = {T. Feder and R. Motwani},
    journal = {Journal of Computer and System Sciences},
    abstract = {We first consider the problem of partitioning the edges of a graph G into bipartite cliques such the total order of the cliques is minimized, where the order of a clique is the number of vertices in it. It is shown that the problem is NP-complete. We then prove the existence of a partition of small total order in a sufficiently dense graph and devise an efficient algorithm to compute such a partition and the running time. Next, we define the notion of a compression of a graph G and use the result on graph partitioning to efficiently compute an optimal compression for graphs of a given size. An interesting application of the graph compression result arises from the fact that several graph algorithms can be adapted to work with the compressed representation of the input graph, thereby improving the bound on their running times, particularly on dense graphs. This makes use of the trade-off result we obtain from our partitioning algorithm. The algorithms analyzed include those for matchings, vertex connectivity, edge connectivity, and shortest paths. In each case, we improve upon the running times of the best-known algorithms for these problems.},
    title = {Clique Partitions, Graph Compression and Speeding-Up Algorithms},
    number = {2},
    volume = {51},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022000085710653},
    year = {1995},
    pages = {261 - 272}
}

@misc{Felsenstein2005,
    howpublished = {Distributed by the author. Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle},
    keywords = {software-package},
    title = {PHYLIP (Phylogeny Inference Package)},
    year = {2005},
    author = {Felsenstein, J.}
}

@book{Felsenstein2004,
    publisher = {Sinauer Associates},
    author = {Felsenstein, Joseph},
    year = {2004},
    title = {Inferring Phylogenies},
    address = {Sunderland}
}

@article{Felsenstein1989,
    title = {PHYLIP - Phylogeny Inference Package (Versin 3.2)},
    journal = {Cladistics},
    author = {Felsenstein, Joseph},
    volume = {5},
    year = {1989},
    pages = {164-166}
}

@article{Felsenstein1981,
    title = {Evolutionary trees from DNA sequences: a maximum likelihood approach},
    journal = {Journal of Molecular Evolution},
    author = {Felsenstein, J.},
    number = {6},
    volume = {17},
    year = {1981},
    pages = {368-376}
}

@article{Felsenstein1978,
    title = {Cases in which Parsimony or Compatibility Methods Will be Positively Misleading},
    journal = {Systematic Zoology},
    author = {Felsenstein, Joseph},
    number = {4},
    volume = {27},
    year = {1978},
    keywords = {parsimony, camin-sokal},
    pages = {401-410}
}

@article{Felsenstein1973,
    publisher = {Taylor & Francis, Ltd. for the Society of Systematic Biologists},
    author = {Felsenstein, Joseph},
    journal = {Systematic Zoology},
    abstract = {The general maximum likelihood approach to the statistical estimation of phylogenies is outlined, for data in which there are a number of discrete states for each character. The details of the maximum likelihood method will depend on the details of the probabilistic model of evolution assumed. There are a very large number of possible models of evolution. For a few of the simpler models, the calculation of the likelihood of an evolutionary tree is outlined. For these models, the maximum likelihood tree will be the same as the "most parsimonious" (or minimum-steps) tree if the probability of change during the evolution of the group is assumed a priori to be very small. However, most sets of data require too many assumed state changes per character to be compatible with this assumption. Farris (1973) has argued that maximum likelihood and parsimony methods are identical under a much less restrictive set of assumptions. It is argued that the present methods are preferable to his, and a counterexample to his argument is presented. An algorithm which enables rapid calculation of the likelihood of a phylogeny is described.},
    title = {Maximum likelihood and minimum-steps methods for estimating evolutionary trees from data on discrete characters},
    number = {3},
    volume = {22},
    year = {1973},
    pages = {pp. 240-249}
}

@article{Feng1987,
    title = {Progressive sequence alignment as a prerequisite to correct phylogenetic trees},
    journal = {Journal of Molecular Evolution},
    author = {Feng, D. F. and Doolittle, R. F.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {25},
    year = {1987},
    keywords = {Feng-Doolittle-Algorithm},
    pages = {351-360}
}

@article{Feng1996,
    publisher = {Springer},
    author = {Feng, Shengli},
    journal = {Journal of East Asian Linguistics},
    abstract = {In diachronic studies of Chinese syntax, an interesting question is why the two SOV structures, [wh-object V] and [Neg Pro-object V] in Early Archaic Chinese (EAC, 1000-500 B.C.), disappeared after the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.). This paper proposes that these two notable OV orders in EAC are structurally distinct and that the structure of [wh V] is also different from that of [wh Neg/Aux V]. Furthermore, it is argued that Proto-Chinese is an SOV language and that the change from SOV (Proto-Chinese) to SVO (EAC) caused a stress shift from preverbal to postverbal position. According to the theory developed here, some problems that have remained in the syntax of Classical Chinese cease to exist, including the following: Why did the two OV structures remain in EAC? Why did the [wh-object V] order disappear later than the [Neg Pro-object V] order? Why did monosyllabic wh-words (e.g., he ẃhat)́ but not disyllabic wh-expressions (e.g., he-shi ẃhat thing)́ immediately precede the verb? And why was the disappearance of the [wh-object V] structure followed by a development of disyllabic wh-words (e.g., he wu ẃhat thing ́&gt hewu ẃhat)́? Each of these questions is answered in terms of prosody. The arguments made here claim that prosody is very important in resolving questions of how syntactic changes take place.},
    title = {Prosodically Constrained Syntactic Changes in Early Archaic Chinese},
    number = {4},
    volume = {5},
    year = {1996},
    pages = {323-371}
}

@article{Fertig2016,
    title = {Mechanisms of paradigm leveling and the role of universal preferences in morphophonological change},
    journal = {Diachronica},
    author = {Fergit, David},
    number = {4},
    volume = {33},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {423-460}
}

@article{Ferguson1964,
    title = {Baby talk in six languages},
    journal = {American Anthropologist},
    author = {Ferguson, Charles A.},
    number = {6},
    volume = {66},
    year = {1964},
    pages = {103-114}
}

@article{Ferrada2008,
    publisher = {The Royal Society},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.1617},
    author = {Ferrada, Evandro and Wagner, Andreas},
    journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
    abstract = {Recent laboratory experiments suggest that a molecules ability to evolve neutrally is important for its ability to generate evolutionary innovations. In contrast to laboratory experiments, life unfolds on time-scales of billions of years. Here, we ask whether a molecules ability to evolve neutrally—a measure of its robustness—facilitates evolutionary innovation also on these large time-scales. To this end, we use protein designability, the number of sequences that can adopt a given protein structure, as an estimate of the structures ability to evolve neutrally. Based on two complementary measures of functional diversity—catalytic diversity and molecular functional diversity in gene ontology—we show that more robust proteins have a greater capacity to produce functional innovations. Significant associations among structural designability, folding rate and intrinsic disorder also exist, underlining the complex relationship of the structural factors that affect protein evolution.},
    title = {Protein robustness promotes evolutionary innovations on large evolutionary time-scales},
    number = {1643},
    volume = {275},
    url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/275/1643/1595.full.pdf},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {1595-1602}
}

@incollection{Sextus1978,
    publisher = {Olms},
    author = {Sextus Pompeius Festus},
    booktitle = {Sexti Pompei Festi De verborum significatu quae supersunt cum Pauli epitome},
    title = {De verborum significatu quae supersunt cum Pauli epitome},
    note = {ca. 200 AE},
    edition = {2. Nachdr. d. Ausg. Leipzig (1913)},
    editor = {Lindsay, Wallace M.},
    year = {1978},
    keywords = {Quellen zur Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft;römische Grammatiker}
}

@book{Fick1868,
    publisher = {Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht},
    author = {Fick, August},
    year = {1868},
    title = {Wörterbuch der Indogermanischen Grundsprache in ihrem Bestande vor der Völkertrennung},
    address = {Göttingen}
}

@article{Finkelberg1997,
    title = {Anatolian Languages and Indo-European Migrations to Greece},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4352032},
    journal = {The Classical World},
    author = {Finkelberg, Margalit},
    number = {1},
    volume = {91},
    year = {1997},
    pages = {3-20}
}

@article{Finn2008,
    title = {The Pfam protein families database},
    journal = {Nucleic Acids Research},
    author = {Finn, R. D. and Tate, J. and Mistry, J. and Coggill, P. C. and Sammut, S. J. and Hotz, H. R. and Ceric, G. and Forslund, K. and Eddy, S. R. and Sonnhammer, E. L. and Bateman, A.},
    number = {Database issue},
    volume = {36},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {D281-288}
}

@book{Firth1964,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Firth, J. R.},
    booktitle = {The tongues of man; and, Speech},
    address = {London},
    edition = {reprint},
    year = {1964}
}

@book{Fisher1950,
    edition = {11},
    publisher = {Oliver and Boyd},
    year = {1950},
    title = {Statistical methods for research workers},
    author = {R. A. Fisher}
}

@book{Fisiak1968,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    title = {A Short Grammar of Middle English},
    author = {Jacek Fisiak},
    volume = {1},
    editor = {Jacek Fisiak},
    year = {1968}
}

@article{Fisler2013,
    title = {Categorizing ideas about trees: a tree of trees},
    journal = {PLoS ONE},
    author = {Fisler, M. and Lecointre, G.},
    number = {8},
    volume = {8},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {e68814}
}

@article{Fitch2000,
    title = {Homology. A personal view on some of the problems},
    journal = {Trends in Genetics},
    author = {Fitch, W. M.},
    number = {5},
    volume = {16},
    year = {2000},
    pages = {227-231}
}

@article{Fitch1971,
    title = {Toward Defining the Course of Evolution: Minimum Change for a Specific Tree Topology},
    journal = {Systematic Biology},
    abstract = {Toward defining the course of evolution: minimum change for a specific tree topology. Syst. Zool., 20:406–416.—A method is presented that is asserted to provide all hypothetical ancestral character states that are consistent with describing the descent of the present-day character states in a minimum number of changes of state using a predetermined phylogenetic relationship among the taxa represented. The character states used as examples are the four messenger RNA nucleotides encoding the amino acid sequences of proteins, but the method is general.},
    author = {Fitch, Walter M.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {20},
    year = {1971},
    pages = {406-416}
}

@article{Fitch1970,
    title = {Distinguishing homologous from analogous proteins},
    journal = {Systematic Zoology},
    author = {Fitch, W. M.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {19},
    year = {1970},
    pages = {99-113}
}

@article{Fitch1967,
    title = {Construction of phylogenetic trees},
    journal = {Science},
    author = {Fitch, W. M. and Margoliash, E.},
    number = {3760},
    volume = {155},
    year = {1967},
    pages = {279-284}
}

@article{Fleischhauer2009,
    title = {A Phylogenetic Interpretation of the Comparative Method},
    journal = {Journal of Language Relationship},
    author = {Fleischhauer, Jens},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {115-138}
}

@phdthesis{Fleischhauer2006,
    publisher = {Philosophisches Institut},
    school = {Heinrich-Heine-Universität},
    author = {Fleischhauer, Jens},
    title = {Kladistik und Sprachwissenschaft: Magisterarbeit},
    year = {2006},
    address = {Düsseldorf}
}

@article{Flight1988,
    title = {The Bantu Expansion and the Soas Network},
    journal = {History in Africa},
    author = {Flight, Colin},
    volume = {15},
    year = {1988},
    pages = {261-301}
}

@article{Flight1980,
    title = {Malcolm Guthrie and the Reconstruction of Bantu Prehistory},
    journal = {History in Africa},
    author = {Flight, Colin},
    volume = {7},
    year = {1980},
    pages = {81-118}
}

@article{Flowerdew1998,
    title = {Attitudes Towards English and Cantonese among Hong Kong Chinese University Lecturers},
    journal = {TESOL Quarterly},
    author = {Flowerdew, John and Li, David and Miller, Lindsay},
    number = {2},
    volume = {32},
    year = {1998},
    pages = {201-231}
}

@article{Fodor1976,
    title = {Are the Sumerians and the Hungarians or the Uralic Peoples Related?},
    journal = {Current Anthropology},
    author = {Fodor, Istvan},
    number = {1},
    volume = {17},
    year = {1976},
    pages = {115-118}
}

@book{Fodor1965,
    publisher = {Mouton},
    author = {Fodor, István},
    series = {Janua linguarum, nr. 43},
    title = {The rate of linguistic change; limits of the application of mathematical methods in linguistics},
    year = {1965},
    address = {The Hague}
}

@article{Fodor1961,
    title = {The validity of glottochronology on the basis of the Slavonic languages},
    journal = {Studia Slavica Academiae Scientiarium Hungaricae},
    author = {Fodor, István},
    volume = {7},
    year = {1961},
    pages = {295-346}
}

@book{Foley1977,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Foley, James},
    year = {1977},
    title = {Foundations of theoretical phonology},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@article{Foley2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0229},
    title = {Major transitions in human evolution},
    journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B},
    author = {Foley, Robert A. and Martin, Lawrence and Mirazón Lahr, Marta and Stringer, Chris},
    volume = {371},
    year = {2016}
}

@article{FontSantiago2016,
    title = {The Descent of English. West Germanic, Any Way You Slice It},
    journal = {Language Dynamics and Change},
    author = {Christopher Font-Santiago and Joseph Salmons},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {37-41}
}

@misc{Forkel2018,
    publisher = {Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1186271},
    author = {Robert Forkel and Sebastian Bank},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1186271},
    title = {CLLD: A toolkit for cross-linguistic databases},
    year = {2018},
    address = {Jena}
}

@misc{Forkel2015,
    url = {http://github.com/glottobank/cldf/},
    title = {Cross-linguistic data formats},
    author = {Forkel, Robert and Dunn, Michael and Greenhill, Simon and List, Johann-Mattis},
    year = {2015},
    address = {Jena}
}

@misc{Forkel2017a,
    publisher = {Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1117644},
    author = {Robert Forkel and Johann-Mattis List and Michael Cysouw and Simon J. Greenhill},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1117644},
    title = {CLDF. Cross-Linguistic Data Formats. Version 1.0},
    year = {2017},
    address = {Jena}
}

@article{Forkel2018a,
    author = {Forkel, Robert and List, Johann-Mattis and Greenhill, Simon J. and Rzymski, Christoph and Bank, Sebastian and Cysouw, Michael and Hammarström, Harald and Haspelmath, Martin and Kaiping, Gereon A. and Gray, Russell D.},
    journal = {Scientific Data},
    abstract = {The amount of available digital data for the languages of the world is constantly increasing. Unfortunately, most of the digital data are provided in a large variety of formats and therefore not amenable for comparison and re-use. The Cross-Linguistic Data Formats initiative proposes new standards for two basic types of data in historical and typological language comparison (word lists, structural datasets) and a framework to incorporate more data types (e.g. parallel texts, and dictionaries). The new specification for cross-linguistic data formats comes along with a software package for validation and manipulation, a basic ontology which links to more general frameworks, and usage examples of best practices.},
    title = {Cross-Linguistic Data Formats, advancing data sharing and re-use in comparative linguistics},
    number = {180205},
    volume = {5},
    year = {2018},
    keywords = {cross-linguistic data formats, standardization, _calc, reproducibility},
    pages = {1-10}
}

@misc{Forkel2017,
    publisher = {Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History},
    author = {Forkel, Robert and Maurits, Luke and List, Mattis and Greenhill, Simon and Kaiping, Gereon},
    url = {https://github.com/glottobank/python-newick},
    title = {Python-Newick. A Python package to read and write the Newick format (Version 0.8.0)},
    year = {2017},
    address = {Jena}
}

@article{Forker2015,
    title = {Towards a semantic map for intensifying particles: Evidence from Avar},
    journal = {STUF - Language Typology and Universals},
    author = {Forker, Daniela},
    number = {4},
    volume = {68},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {485-513}
}

@article{Forni2013,
    title = {Evidence for Basque as an Indo-European language},
    journal = {The Journal of Indo-European Studies},
    author = {Forni, Gianfranco},
    number = {1 & 2},
    volume = {41},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {1-142}
}

@inproceedings{Forster2006,
    publisher = {McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research; Distributed by Orbow Books},
    isbn = {9781902937335},
    author = {Forster, Peter and Polzin, Robert and Röhl, Arne},
    series = {McDonald Institute monographs},
    booktitle = {Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages},
    title = {Evolution of basic vocabulary within the network of the Germanic languages},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Forster, Peter and Renfrew, Colin},
    address = {Cambridge UK , Oxford UK , Oakville CT USA ,},
    keywords = {Basisvokabular;Evolution;sprachliche Evolution;Netzwerke},
    pages = {131-139}
}

@article{Forster2003,
    title = {Toward a Phylogenetic Chronology of Ancient Gaulish, Celtic, and Indo-European},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    author = {Forster, Peter and Toth, Alfred},
    number = {15},
    volume = {100},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {9079-9084}
}

@book{Fortescue1998,
    publisher = {Cassel},
    author = {Fortescue, M. D.},
    series = {Open Linguistics Series},
    title = {Language relations across Bering Strait},
    year = {1998},
    editor = {Robin Fawcett},
    address = {London}
}

@article{Fortescue1985,
    title = {The Degree of Interrelatedness between Inuit Dialects as Reflected by Percentages of Shared Affixes},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Fortescue, Michael D.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {51},
    year = {1985},
    pages = {188-221}
}

@book{Fortson2004,
    publisher = {Blackwell},
    author = {Benjamin W. Fortson},
    year = {2004},
    title = {Indo-Eeuropean languages and culture: an introduction},
    address = {Malden and Oxford and Victoria}
}

@article{Fortunato2006,
    title = {From Bridewealth to Dowry? A Bayesian Estimation of Ancestral States of Marriage Transfers in Indo-European Groups},
    journal = {Human Nature},
    author = {Fortunato, Laura and Holden, Clare and Mace, Ruth},
    volume = {17(4)},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {355-376}
}

@article{Foster2004,
    title = {Modeling compositional heterogeneity},
    journal = {Systems Biology},
    author = {Foster, P. G.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {53},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {485-495}
}

@article{Fowleretal2017,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v12i2.577},
    title = {Frictionless Data: Making research data quality visible},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.2218/ijdc.v12i2.577},
    journal = {International Journal of Digital Curation},
    author = {Dan Fowler and Jo Barratt and Paul Walsh},
    number = {2},
    volume = {12},
    year = {2017}
}

@article{Fowler1957,
    title = {The Historical-Comparative Method},
    journal = {The Classical Journal},
    author = {Fowler, Murray},
    number = {6},
    volume = {52},
    year = {1957},
    pages = {259-264}
}

@article{Fowler1990,
    title = {Generative phonology sheds light on Old Chinese `allegro ́forms},
    journal = {Monumenta Serica: Journal of Oriental Studies},
    author = {Fowler, Vernon K.},
    volume = {39},
    year = {1990},
    keywords = {contraction, Old Chinese},
    pages = {159-167}
}

@book{Fox1995,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {0-19-870000-8},
    author = {Fox, Anthony},
    title = {Linguistic reconstruction},
    year = {1995},
    address = {Oxford},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Grundlagen;Handbuch;komparative Methode;internal reconstruction;long-range comparison;quantitative Methoden}
}

@article{Francis2005,
    title = {A Multi-Dimensional Approach to the Category V́erb ́in Cantonese},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4176938},
    journal = {Journal of Linguistics},
    author = {Francis, Elaine J. and Matthews, Stephen},
    number = {2},
    volume = {41},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {269-305}
}

@incollection{Francois2014,
    publisher = {Routledge},
    title = {Trees, waves and linkages: models of language diversification},
    booktitle = {The Routledge handbook of historical linguistics},
    author = {François, Alexandre},
    editor = {Bowern, Claire and Evans, Bethwyn},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {161-189}
}

@incollection{Francois2008,
    publisher = {Benjamins},
    author = {François, Alexandre},
    booktitle = {From polysemy to semantic change},
    title = {Semantic maps and the typology of colexification: intertwining polysemous networks across languages},
    year = {2008},
    editor = {Vanhove, Martine},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {163-215}
}

@article{Francois2016a,
    title = {The historical morphology of personal pronouns in northern Vanuatu},
    journal = {Faits de langues},
    author = {François, Alexandre},
    volume = {47},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {25-60}
}

@incollection{Frank2015,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    author = {Frank, Roslyn M.},
    abstract = {The chapter opens with a series of theoretical considerations that will be employed in the analysis of a single polysemous lexeme in Basque, namely, hatz. The section begins with an introduction to one of the principal instruments of analysis, an approach that allows language to be viewed a complex adaptive system (CAS). Next the scope of the CAS approach is enlarged so that it incorporates the notion of cultural schemas and their heterogeneously distributed nature. Then, the role of serial metonymy in semantic innovation and change is examined. These conceptual tools are applied to the analysis of the Basque data and to the exploration of the factors that contributed to the development and structuring of the resulting semantic network, particularly, to new senses such as ‘fingers’ and ‘claws’. Finally, it is argued that this approach to modeling language and semantic change represents a powerful conceptual tool for researchers working in usage-based frameworks, and more specifically, for those investigating topics in the field of cognitive diachronic lexical semantics.},
    title = {A complex adaptive systems approach to language, cultural schemas and serial metonymy: Charting the cognitive innovations of ‘fingers’ and ‘claws’ in Basque},
    year = {2015},
    editor = {Díaz-Vera, Javier E.},
    address = {Berlin and New York},
    booktitle = {Metaphor and metonymy through time and cultures: Perspectives on the sociohistorical linguistics of figurative language.},
    pages = {65-94}
}

@incollection{Frank2010,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    author = {Frank, Roslyn M. and Gontier, Nathalie},
    booktitle = {Historical cognitive linguistics},
    title = {On constructing a research model for historical cognitive linguistics (HCL): Some theoretical considerations},
    year = {2010},
    editor = {Winters, Margaret E. and Tissari, Heli and Allan, Kathryn},
    address = {Berlin and New York},
    pages = {31-69}
}

@article{Frankland2015,
    title = {An architecture for encoding sentence meaning in left mid-superior temporal cortex},
    journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.},
    abstract = {Human brains flexibly combine the meanings of words to compose structured thoughts. For example, by combining the meanings of "bite," "dog," and "man," we can think about a dog biting a man, or a man biting a dog. Here, in two functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments using multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA), we identify a region of left mid-superior temporal cortex (lmSTC) that flexibly encodes "who did what to whom" in visually presented sentences. We find that lmSTC represents the current values of abstract semantic variables ("Who did it?" and "To whom was it done?") in distinct subregions. Experiment 1 first identifies a broad region of lmSTC whose activity patterns (i) facilitate decoding of structure-dependent sentence meaning ("Who did what to whom?") and (ii) predict affect-related amygdala responses that depend on this information (e.g., "the baby kicked the grandfather" vs. "the grandfather kicked the baby"). Experiment 2 then identifies distinct, but neighboring, subregions of lmSTC whose activity patterns carry information about the identity of the current "agent" ("Who did it?") and the current "patient" ("To whom was it done?"). These neighboring subregions lie along the upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus and the lateral bank of the superior temporal gyrus, respectively. At a high level, these regions may function like topographically defined data registers, encoding the fluctuating values of abstract semantic variables. This functional architecture, which in key respects resembles that of a classical computer, may play a critical role in enabling humans to flexibly generate complex thoughts.},
    author = {Frankland, S. M. and Greene, J. D.},
    number = {37},
    volume = {112},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {11732-11737}
}

@article{Frantz2016,
    title = {Genomic and archaeological evidence suggest a dual origin of domestic dogs},
    journal = {Science},
    author = {Frantz, L. A. and Mullin, V. E. and Pionnier-Capitan, M. and Lebrasseur, O. and Ollivier, M. and Perri, A. and Linderholm, A. and Mattiangeli, V. and Teasdale, M. D. and Dimopoulos, E. A. and Tresset, A. and Duffraisse, M. and McCormick, F. and Bartosiewicz, L. and Gal, E. and Nyerges, E. A. and Sablin, M. V. and Brehard, S. and Mashkour, M. and B?l??escu, A. and Gillet, B. and Hughes, S. and Chassaing, O. and Hitte, C. and Vigne, J. D. and Dobney, K. and Hanni, C. and Bradley, D. G. and Larson, G.},
    number = {6290},
    volume = {352},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {1228-1231}
}

@article{Freedman2014,
    title = {Genome sequencing highlights the dynamic early history of dogs},
    journal = {PLoS Genetics},
    abstract = {To identify genetic changes underlying dog domestication and reconstruct their early evolutionary history, we generated high-quality genome sequences from three gray wolves, one from each of the three putative centers of dog domestication, two basal dog lineages (Basenji and Dingo) and a golden jackal as an outgroup. Analysis of these sequences supports a demographic model in which dogs and wolves diverged through a dynamic process involving population bottlenecks in both lineages and post-divergence gene flow. In dogs, the domestication bottleneck involved at least a 16-fold reduction in population size, a much more severe bottleneck than estimated previously. A sharp bottleneck in wolves occurred soon after their divergence from dogs, implying that the pool of diversity from which dogs arose was substantially larger than represented by modern wolf populations. We narrow the plausible range for the date of initial dog domestication to an interval spanning 11-16 thousand years ago, predating the rise of agriculture. In light of this finding, we expand upon previous work regarding the increase in copy number of the amylase gene (AMY2B) in dogs, which is believed to have aided digestion of starch in agricultural refuse. We find standing variation for amylase copy number variation in wolves and little or no copy number increase in the Dingo and Husky lineages. In conjunction with the estimated timing of dog origins, these results provide additional support to archaeological finds, suggesting the earliest dogs arose alongside hunter-gathers rather than agriculturists. Regarding the geographic origin of dogs, we find that, surprisingly, none of the extant wolf lineages from putative domestication centers is more closely related to dogs, and, instead, the sampled wolves form a sister monophyletic clade. This result, in combination with dog-wolf admixture during the process of domestication, suggests that a re-evaluation of past hypotheses regarding dog origins is necessary.},
    author = {Freedman, A. H. and Gronau, I. and Schweizer, R. M. and Ortega-Del Vecchyo, D. and Han, E. and Silva, P. M. and Galaverni, M. and Fan, Z. and Marx, P. and Lorente-Galdos, B. and Beale, H. and Ramirez, O. and Hormozdiari, F. and Alkan, C. and Vila, C. and Squire, K. and Geffen, E. and Kusak, J. and Boyko, A. R. and Parker, H. G. and Lee, C. and Tadigotla, V. and Wilton, A. and Siepel, A. and Bustamante, C. D. and Harkins, T. T. and Nelson, S. F. and Ostrander, E. A. and Marques-Bonet, T. and Wayne, R. K. and Novembre, J.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {10},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {e1004016}
}

@article{Freeman1951,
    title = {Studies on the virulence of bacteriophage-infected strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae},
    journal = {Journal of Bacteriology},
    author = {Freeman, Victor J.},
    number = {6},
    volume = {61},
    year = {1951},
    pages = {675-688}
}

@article{Frege1892,
    title = {Über Sinn und Bedeutung},
    journal = {Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik},
    author = {Frege, Gottlob},
    volume = {100},
    year = {1892},
    pages = {25-50}
}

@article{Frey2007,
    title = {Clustering by Passing Messages Between Data Points},
    url = {www.psi.toronto.edu/affinitypropagation},
    journal = {Science},
    author = {Brendan J. Frey and Delbert Dueck},
    volume = {315},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {972-976}
}

@incollection{Friedman2007,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {978-0-19-920783-1},
    author = {Friedman, Victor A.},
    series = {Explorations in linguistic typology},
    booktitle = {Grammars in contact: A cross-linguistic typology},
    title = {Balkanizing the Balkan Sprachbund},
    year = {2007},
    volume = {4},
    editor = {Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and Dixon, Robert M. W.},
    address = {Oxford},
    keywords = {Sprachkontakt;Areallinguistik;areal diffusion},
    pages = {201-219}
}

@book{FuchsHeinritz1998,
    publisher = {Westdeutscher Verlag},
    isbn = {3-531-13233-4},
    author = {Fuchs-Heinritz, Werner},
    series = {Hagener Studientexte zur Soziologie},
    title = {Auguste Comte. Einführung in Leben und Werk},
    year = {1998},
    volume = {2},
    address = {Opladen}
}

@article{pmid26240370,
    title = {Large-scale evidence of dependency length minimization in 37 languages},
    journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.},
    abstract = {Explaining the variation between human languages and the constraints on that variation is a core goal of linguistics. In the last 20 y, it has been claimed that many striking universals of cross-linguistic variation follow from a hypothetical principle that dependency length-the distance between syntactically related words in a sentence-is minimized. Various models of human sentence production and comprehension predict that long dependencies are difficult or inefficient to process; minimizing dependency length thus enables effective communication without incurring processing difficulty. However, despite widespread application of this idea in theoretical, empirical, and practical work, there is not yet large-scale evidence that dependency length is actually minimized in real utterances across many languages; previous work has focused either on a small number of languages or on limited kinds of data about each language. Here, using parsed corpora of 37 diverse languages, we show that overall dependency lengths for all languages are shorter than conservative random baselines. The results strongly suggest that dependency length minimization is a universal quantitative property of human languages and support explanations of linguistic variation in terms of general properties of human information processing.},
    author = {Futrell, Richard and Mahowald, Kyle and Gibson, Edwards},
    number = {33},
    volume = {112},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {10336-10341}
}

@book{Gabelentz1881,
    publisher = {Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften},
    author = {Gabelentz, Georg v. d.},
    title = {Chinesische Grammatik},
    edition = {reprint},
    year = {1953},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@book{Gabelentz1892,
    publisher = {Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn},
    author = {Gabelentz, Georg von der},
    year = {1892},
    title = {Handbuch zur Aufnahme fremder Sprachen},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@book{Gabelentz1843,
    publisher = {F. A. Brockhaus},
    author = {Hans Conon von der Gabelentz and Julius Loebe},
    year = {1843},
    title = {Glossarium der Gotischen Sprache},
    address = {Leipzig}
}

@incollection{Gabelentz1861,
    publisher = {Hirzel},
    author = {Gabelentz, Hans Conon von der},
    booktitle = {Abhandlungen der philologisch-historischen Classe der Königlich Sächsischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften},
    title = {Die melanesischen Sprachen nach ihrem grammatischen Bau und ihrer Verwandtschaft unter sich und mit den malaiisch-poly­nesischen Sprachen},
    year = {1861},
    volume = {3},
    address = {Leipzig},
    pages = {1-266}
}

@book{Gabelentz1891,
    publisher = {T. O. Weigel},
    author = {Gabelentz, Hans Georg C.},
    url = {http://archive.org/details/diesprachwissen00gabegoog},
    title = {Die Sprachwissenschaft},
    year = {1891},
    address = {Leipzig}
}

@inproceedings{Gaizauskas1997,
    publisher = {Springer-Verlag},
    isbn = {3-540-63438-X},
    author = {Gaizauskas, Robert J. and Humphreys, Kevin},
    url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=645856.669802},
    series = {SCIE 9́7},
    booktitle = {International Summer School on Information Extraction: A Multidisciplinary Approach to an Emerging Information Technology},
    title = {Conception vs. Lexicons: An Architecture for Multilingual Information Extraction},
    year = {1997},
    address = {London, UK, UK},
    pages = {28-43}
}

@misc{Gallet1800,
    howpublished = {Illustration},
    title = {Arbre Généalogique des langues mortes et vivantes},
    year = {1800},
    author = {Gallet, Felix}
}

@article{Galtier2008,
    publisher = {The Royal Society},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0144},
    author = {Galtier, Nicolas and Daubin, Vincent},
    journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
    abstract = {Incongruence between gene trees is the main challenge faced by phylogeneticists in the genomic era. Incongruence can occur for artefactual reasons, when we fail to recover the correct gene trees, or for biological reasons, when true gene trees are actually distinct from each other, and from the species tree. Horizontal gene transfers (HGTs) between genomes are an important process of bacterial evolution resulting in a substantial amount of phylogenetic conflicts between gene trees. We argue that the (bacterial) species tree is still a meaningful scientific concept even in the case of HGTs, and that reconstructing it is still a valid goal. We tentatively assess the amount of phylogenetic incongruence caused by HGTs in bacteria by comparing bacterial datasets to a metazoan dataset in which transfers are presumably very scarce or absent. We review existing phylogenomic methods and their ability to return to the user, both the vertical (speciation/extinction history) and horizontal (gene transfers) phylogenetic signals.},
    title = {Dealing with incongruence in phylogenomic analyses},
    number = {1512},
    volume = {363},
    url = {http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/363/1512/4023.full.pdf},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {4023-4029}
}

@article{Galtier1998,
    title = {Inferring pattern and process: maximum-likelihood implementation of a nonhomogeneous model of DNA sequence evolution for phylogenetic analysis},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    author = {Galtier, N. and Gouy, M.},
    number = {7},
    volume = {15},
    year = {1998},
    pages = {871-879}
}

@article{Galucio2015,
    publisher = {scielo},
    title = {Genealogical relations and lexical distances within the Tupian linguistic family},
    url = {http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1981-81222015000200229&nrm=iso},
    journal = {Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi. Ciências Humanas},
    author = {Galucio, Ana Vilacy and Meira, Sérgio and Birchall, Joshua and Moore, Denny and Gabas Júnior, Nilson and Drude, Sebastian and Storto, Luciana and Picanço, Gessiane and Rodrigues, Carmen Reis},
    volume = {10},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {229-274}
}

@article{Gambette2008,
    title = {Improved Layout of Phylogenetic Networks},
    journal = {IEEE/ACM Trans. Comput. Biology Bioinform.},
    author = {Philippe Gambette and Daniel H. Huson},
    number = {3},
    volume = {5},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {472-479}
}

@incollection{Gamkrelidze1997,
    publisher = {de Gryuter},
    isbn = {3-11-014905-2},
    author = {Gamkrelidze, Thomas V.},
    series = {Trends in linguisticsStudies and monographs},
    booktitle = {Linguistic reconstruction and typology: [International Conference on Linguistic Reconstruction and Typology held at Rydzyna (Poland) from April 14 to 17, 1993] /},
    title = {Language typology and linguistic reconstruction},
    year = {1997},
    volume = {96},
    editor = {Fisiak, Jacek},
    address = {Berlin},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Typologie;Validierung},
    pages = {25-48}
}

@article{Gamov1954,
    title = {Possible relation between deoxyribonucleic acid and protein structures},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {Gamov, G.},
    volume = {173},
    year = {1954},
    pages = {318}
}

@article{Gampe2017,
    title = {BILEX: A new tool measuring bilingual children’s lexicons and translational equivalents},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1177/0142723717736450},
    journal = {First Language},
    author = {Anja Gampe and Ira Kurthen and Moritz M. Daum},
    number = {0},
    note = {Published online before print},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {0142723717736450}
}

@article{Gao2014,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2013.08.075},
    author = {Yuyang Gao and Wei Liang and Yuming Shi and Qiuling Huang},
    journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
    abstract = {Abstract To study commonalities and differences among different languages, we select 100 reports from the documents of the United Nations, each of which was written in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish languages, separately. Based on these corpora, we construct 6 weighted and directed word co-occurrence networks. Besides all the networks exhibit scale-free and small-world features, we find several new non-trivial results, including connections among English words are denser, and the expression of English language is more flexible and powerful; the connection way among Spanish words is more stringent and this indicates that the Spanish grammar is more rigorous; values of many statistical parameters of the French and Spanish networks are very approximate and this shows that these two languages share many commonalities; Arabic and Russian words have many varieties, which result in rich types of words and a sparse connection among words; connections among Chinese words obey a more uniform distribution, and one inclines to use the least number of Chinese words to express the same complex information as those in other five languages. This shows that the expression of Chinese language is quite concise. In addition, several topics worth further investigating by the complex network approach have been observed in this study. },
    title = {Comparison of directed and weighted co-occurrence networks of six languages},
    volume = {393},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037843711300825X},
    year = {2014},
    keywords = {Language},
    pages = {579 - 589}
}

@incollection{Garret2014,
    publisher = {Routledge},
    title = {Sound change},
    booktitle = {The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics},
    author = {Garret, Andrew},
    editor = {Bowern, Claire and Evans, Nicholas},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {227-248}
}

@inproceedings{Garret2006,
    publisher = {McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research; Distributed by Orbow Books},
    isbn = {9781902937335},
    author = {Garret, Andrew},
    series = {McDonald Institute monographs},
    booktitle = {Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages},
    title = {Convergence in the formation of Indo-European subgroups: Phylogeny and chronology},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Forster, Peter and Renfrew, Colin},
    address = {Cambridge UK , Oxford UK , Oakville CT USA ,},
    keywords = {Konvergenz;relative chronology;Chronologie},
    pages = {139-152}
}

@incollection{Garret2013,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Garret, Andrew and Johnson, Keith},
    booktitle = {Origins of sound change. Approaches to phonologization},
    title = {Phonetic bias in sound change},
    year = {2013},
    editor = {Yu, Alan C. L.},
    address = {Oxford},
    pages = {51-97}
}

@incollection{Garrett2008,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199298495.003.0006},
    author = {Andrew Garrett},
    booktitle = {Linguistic universals and language change},
    title = {Paradigmatic uniformity and markedness},
    year = {2008},
    editor = {Jeff Good},
    address = {Oxford},
    pages = {125-143}
}

@article{Gasiorowski1999,
    title = {The tree of langauge. A cladistic look at the genetic classification of languages},
    journal = {Dialectologia et Geolinguistica},
    author = {Gąsiorowski, Piotr},
    volume = {7},
    year = {1999},
    pages = {39-58}
}

@phdthesis{Gates2012,
    title = {Situ in situ. Towards a dialectology of Jiāróng (rGyalrong)},
    year = {2012},
    institution = {Trinity Western University},
    author = {Jesse P. Gates}
}

@book{Gauch2003,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    isbn = {0521017084,9780521017084},
    author = {Hugh G. Gauch},
    title = {Scientific method in practice},
    year = {2003},
    edition = {1st},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@article{Geeraerts1993,
    title = {Vagueness’s puzzles, polysemy’s vagaries.},
    journal = {Cognitive Linguistics},
    author = {Geeraerts, Dirk},
    number = {3},
    volume = {4},
    year = {1993},
    pages = {223-272}
}

@incollection{Geisler2008,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    title = {Konvergenz und Divergenzphänomene in der Romania},
    booktitle = {HSK Romanische Sprachgeschichte, Bd. 3},
    author = {Geisler, Hans},
    editor = {Ernst, G. and Glessgen, M. and Schmitt, C. and Schweickard, W.},
    year = {2008}
}

@article{Geisler1994,
    title = {Grammatikalisierungsprozesse im Italienischen},
    journal = {Italienische Studien},
    author = {Geisler, Hans},
    number = {15},
    year = {1994},
    pages = {3-26}
}

@book{Geisler1992,
    publisher = {Narr},
    author = {Geisler, Hans},
    journal = {Romanica Monacensia},
    title = {Akzent und Lautwandel in der Romania},
    year = {1992},
    address = {Tübingen}
}

@article{Geisler1991,
    title = {Sein und Haben als sprachliche Organisationsprinzipien},
    journal = {Romanistisches Jahrbuch},
    author = {Geisler, Hans},
    volume = {42},
    year = {1991},
    pages = {17-33}
}

@article{Geisler1988,
    title = {Das Verhältnis von semantischer und syntaktischer Transitivität im Französischen},
    journal = {Romanistisches Jahrbuch},
    author = {Geisler, Hans},
    volume = {39},
    year = {1988},
    pages = {22-35}
}

@article{Geisler1982,
    volume = {17},
    journal = {Romanica Monacensia},
    title = {Studien zur typologischen Entwicklung: Lateinisch-Altfranzösisch-Neufranzösisch},
    year = {1982},
    author = {Geisler, Hans}
}

@incollection{Geisler2013,
    publisher = {Franz Steiner Verlag},
    author = {Geisler, H. and List, J.-M.},
    booktitle = {Classification and evolution in biology, linguistics and the history of science. Concepts – methods – visualization},
    title = {Do languages grow on trees? The tree metaphor in the history of linguistics},
    year = {2013},
    editor = {Heiner Fangerau and Hans Geisler and Thorsten Halling and William Martin},
    address = {Stuttgart},
    pages = {111-124}
}

@incollection{Geisler2010,
    publisher = {Reichert},
    author = {Geisler, Hans and List, Johann-Mattis},
    booktitle = {Die Ausbreitung des Indogermanischen. Thesen aus Sprachwissenschaft, Archäologie und Genetik},
    title = {Beautiful trees on unstable ground. Notes on the data problem in lexicostatistics},
    year = {2010},
    note = {Document has been submitted in 2010 and is still waiting for publication},
    editor = {Hettrich, Heinrich},
    address = {Wiesbaden}
}

@book{Gelb1952,
    publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
    author = {Gelb, I. J.},
    title = {A study of writing},
    edition = {2},
    year = {1963},
    address = {Chicago and London}
}

@article{Gelderen2016,
    title = {Split infinitives in Early Middle English},
    journal = {Language Dynamics and Change},
    author = {Elly van Gelderen},
    number = {1},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {18-20}
}

@article{Starostin2009,
    title = {Distant language relationship: The current perspective},
    journal = {Journal of Language Relationship},
    author = {Gell-Mann, Murray and Peiros, Ilja and Starostin, George},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2009},
    keywords = {Sprachverwandtschaft;long-range comparison;Nachweis von Sprachverwandtschaft},
    pages = {13-30}
}

@incollection{GellMann2008,
    title = {Lexicostatistics compared with shared innovations: The Polynesian case},
    booktitle = {Orientalia et Classica XIX: Aspects of Comparativistics},
    author = {Gell-Mann, Murray and Peiros, Ilja and Starostin, George S.},
    year = {2008},
    address = {Moscow},
    keywords = {Lexikostatistik;shared innovations},
    pages = {13-44}
}

@article{Gell-Mann2010,
    publisher = {National Academy of Sciences},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1113716108},
    author = {Gell-Mann, Murray and Ruhlen, Merritt},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences},
    abstract = {Recent work in comparative linguistics suggests that all, or almost all, attested human languages may derive from a single earlier language. If that is so, then this language—like nearly all extant languages—most likely had a basic ordering of the subject (S), verb (V), and object (O) in a declarative sentence of the type the man (S) killed (V) the bear (O). When one compares the distribution of the existing structural types with the putative phylogenetic tree of human languages, four conclusions may be drawn. (i) The word order in the ancestral language was SOV. (ii) Except for cases of diffusion, the direction of syntactic change, when it occurs, has been for the most part SOV &gt; SVO and, beyond that, SVO &gt; VSO/VOS with a subsequent reversion to SVO occurring occasionally. Reversion to SOV occurs only through diffusion. (iii) Diffusion, although important, is not the dominant process in the evolution of word order. (iv) The two extremely rare word orders (OVS and OSV) derive directly from SOV.},
    title = {The origin and evolution of word order},
    number = {42},
    volume = {108},
    url = {http://www.pnas.org/content/108/42/17290.full.pdf},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {17290-17295}
}

@article{Gentner1983,
    title = {Structure-mapping: A theoretical framework for analogy},
    journal = {Cognitive Science},
    author = {Gentner, Dedre},
    volume = {7},
    year = {1983},
    pages = {155-170}
}

@book{Sampson2005,
    publisher = {Bloomsbury Academic},
    isbn = {0826473849},
    title = {The Ĺanguage Instinct ́Debate},
    author = {Geoffrey Sampson, Paul M. Postal (foreword)},
    edition = {Revised},
    year = {2005}
}

@article{Geoffrey1969,
    title = {Australian linguistic classification: A plea for coordination of effort},
    journal = {Oceania},
    author = {Geoffrey, N. and OǴrady, Geoff N. and Klokeid, Terry},
    number = {4},
    volume = {39},
    year = {1969},
    pages = {298-311}
}

@article{Georg2017,
    title = {The Role of Paradigmatic Morphology in Historical, Areal and Genealogical Linguistics},
    journal = {Journal of Language Contact},
    author = {Georg, Stefan},
    volume = {10},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {353-381}
}

@article{Georg2009,
    title = {Review of [Robbeets, Martine Irma (2005): Is Japanese related to Korean, Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic? Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. (Turcologica; 64). 975 pp.]},
    journal = {Bochumer Jahrbuch zur Ostasienforschung},
    author = {Georg, Stefan},
    volume = {33},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {259-291}
}

@article{Georgakopoulos2018,
    volume = {12},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12270},
    author = {Georgakopoulos, Thanasis and Polis, Stéphane},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12270},
    journal = {Language and Linguistics Compass},
    title = {The semantic map model: State of the art and future avenues for linguistic research},
    number = {2},
    note = {e12270 LNCO-0727.R1},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {e12270-n/a}
}

@article{Georgakopoulos2016,
    title = {The meaning of ancient words for ‘earth’: An exercise in visualizing colexification on a semantic map},
    journal = {eTopoi. Journal for Ancient Studies},
    author = {Georgakopoulos, Thanasis and Daniel A. Werning and Jörg Hartlieb and Tomoki Kitazumi and Lidewij E. van de Peut and Annette Sundermayer and Gaëlle Chantrain},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {1-36}
}

@article{Gerard1956,
    title = {Biological and Cultural Evolution: Some Analogies and Explorations},
    journal = {Behavioral Science},
    author = {Gerard, R. W. and Kluckhohn, Clyde and Rapoport, Anatol},
    number = {1},
    year = {1956},
    pages = {6-34}
}

@book{Gesnerus1555,
    publisher = {Tiguri: Froschoverus},
    title = {Mithridates: De Differentiis Linguarum tum Veterum tum Quae Hodie apud Diversas Nationes in Toto Orbe Terrarum in Usu Sunt},
    year = {1555},
    pages = {159},
    author = {Conradus Gesnerus}
}

@book{Gessner1555,
    publisher = {Christoph Frosch},
    author = {Gessner, Conrad},
    year = {1555},
    title = {Mithridates},
    address = {Zürich}
}

@book{Gevaudan2007,
    publisher = {Stauffenburg},
    isbn = {3860571737},
    author = {Gévaudan, Paul},
    series = {Stauffenburg-Linguistik ; 45},
    title = {Typologie des lexikalischen Wandels},
    year = {2007},
    address = {Tübingen}
}

@misc{Gewirtz2017,
    publisher = {ZDNet},
    author = {Gewirtz, David},
    url = {http://www.zdnet.com/article/which-programming-languages-are-most-popular-and-what-does-that-even-mean/},
    title = {Which programming languages are most popular (and what does that even mean)?},
    year = {2017},
    address = {Berkeley}
}

@article{Ghirlanda2006,
    publisher = {The University of Chicago Press on behalf of Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research},
    author = {Ghirlanda, Stefano and Enquist, Magnus and Nakamaru, Mayuko},
    journal = {Current Anthropology},
    abstract = {In the human sciences, cultural evolution is often viewed as an autonomous process essentially free of genetic influence. A question that follows is, If culture is not influenced by genes, can it take any path? Employing a simple mathematical model of cultural transmission in which individuals may copy each others traits, it can be shown that cultural evolution favors individuals who are weakly influenced by others and able to influence others. The model suggests that the cultural evolution of rules of cultural transmission tends to create populations that evolve rapidly toward conservatism. Bias in cultural transmission may result purely from cultural dynamics. Freedom from genetic influence is not freedom to take any direction.},
    title = {Cultural evolution develops its own rules: The rise of conservatism and persuasion},
    number = {6},
    volume = {47},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/508696},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {pp. 1027-1034}
}

@misc{Gibbon2016,
    howpublished = {manuscript},
    note = {Misc manuscript},
    title = {Multilinear Grammar: Ranks and Interpretations},
    year = {2016},
    author = {Gibbon, David and Griffiths, Sascha}
}

@article{Gilchrist2004,
    title = {Immunoneutralization of growth differentiation factor 9 reveals it partially accounts for mouse oocyte mitogenic activity},
    journal = {Biol. Reprod.},
    abstract = {Paracrine factors secreted by oocytes play a pivotal role in promoting early ovarian follicle growth and in defining a morphogenic gradient in antral follicles, yet the exact identities of these oocyte factors remain unknown. This study was conducted to determine the extent to which the mitogenic activity of mouse oocytes can be attributed to growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9). To do this, specific anti-human GDF9 monoclonal antibodies were generated. Based on epitope mapping and bioassays, a GDF9 neutralizing antibody, mAb-GDF9-53, was characterized with very low cross-reactivity with related transforming growth factor (TGF)beta superfamily members, including BMP15 (also called GDF9B). Pep-SPOT epitope mapping showed that mAb-GDF9-53 recognizes a short 4-aa sequence, and three-dimensional peptide modeling suggested that this binding motif lies at the C-terminal fingertip of mGDF9. As predicted by sequence alignments and modeling, the antibody detected recombinant GDF9, but not BMP15 in a Western blot and GDF9 protein in oocyte extract and oocyte-conditioned medium. In a mouse mural granulosa cell (MGC) bioassay, mAb-GDF9-53 completely abolished the mitogenic effects of GDF9, but had no effect on TGFbeta1 or activin A-stimulated MGC proliferation. An unrelated IgG at the same dose had no effect on GDF9 activity. This GDF9 neutralizing antibody was then tested in an established oocyte-secreted mitogen bioassay, where denuded oocytes cocultured with granulosa cells promote cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. The mAb-GDF9-53 dose dependently (0-160 microg/ml) decreased the mitogenic activity of oocytes but only by approximately 45% at the maximum dose of mAb. Just 5 microg/ml of mAb-GDF9-53 neutralized 90% of recombinant mGDF9 mitogenic activity, but only 15% of oocyte activity. Unlike mAb-GDF9-53, a TGFbeta pan-specific neutralizing antibody did not affect the mitogenic capacity of the oocyte, but completely neutralized TGF beta 1-induced DNA synthesis. This study has characterized a specific GDF9 neutralizing antibody. Our data provide the first direct evidence that the endogenous GDF9 protein is an important oocyte-secreted mitogen, but also show that GDF9 accounts for only part of total oocyte bioactivity.},
    author = {Gilchrist, R. B. and Ritter, L. J. and Cranfield, M. and Jeffery, L. A. and Amato, F. and Scott, S. J. and Myllymaa, S. and Kaivo-Oja, N. and Lankinen, H. and Mottershead, D. G. and Groome, N. P. and Ritvos, O.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {71},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {732-739}
}

@article{Gilhooly1980,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.3758/BF03201693},
    author = {Gilhooly, K. J. and Logie, R. H.},
    journal = {Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation},
    abstract = {Age-of-acquisition, imagery, concreteness, familiarity, and ambiguity measures for 1,944 words of varying length and frequency of occurrence are presented. The words can all be used as nouns. Intergroup reliabilities are satisfactory on all attributes. Correlations with previous word lists are significant, and the intercorrelations between measures match previous findings.},
    title = {Age-of-acquisition, imagery, concreteness, familiarity, and ambiguity measures for 1,944 words},
    number = {4},
    volume = {12},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/BF03201693},
    year = {1980},
    pages = {395-427}
}

@article{Gilman1986,
    title = {African areal characteristics: Sprachbund, not substrate?},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    author = {Gilman, Charles},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1986},
    pages = {33-50}
}

@thesis{Gilman2013,
    title = {Comparative method algorithm},
    author = {Gilman, Sophia},
    year = {2013},
    institution = {Yale University},
    address = {New Haven}
}

@article{Gilman2012,
    title = {Comparative method algorithm},
    journal = {Cambridge Occasional Papers in Linguistics},
    author = {Gilman, Sophia},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {131-175}
}

@article{Gimona2006,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1038/nrm1785},
    title = {Protein linguistics - a grammar for modular protein assembly?},
    journal = {Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol},
    author = {Gimona, Mario},
    number = {1},
    volume = {7},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {68-73}
}

@inbook{Ginsburgh2016,
    publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan UK},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-32505-1_6},
    isbn = {978-1-137-32505-1},
    author = {Ginsburgh, Victor and Weber, Shlomo},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-32505-1_6},
    booktitle = {The Palgrave Handbook of Economics and Language},
    title = {Linguistic Distances and Ethnolinguistic Fractionalization and Disenfranchisement Indices},
    year = {2016},
    address = {London},
    pages = {137-173}
}

@inproceedings{Gippert1994,
    publisher = {Reichert},
    isbn = {978-3-88226-823-2},
    author = {Gippert, Jost},
    booktitle = {In honorem Holger Pedersen: Kolloquium der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft vom 25. bis 28. März 1993 in Kopenhagen},
    title = {Die Glottaltheorie und die Frage urindogermanisch-kaukasischer Sprachkontakte},
    year = {1994},
    editor = {Rasmussen, Jens Elmegård and Pedersen, Holger},
    address = {Wiesbaden},
    keywords = {Glottaltheorie;Typologie;Rekonstruktion;Indo-European},
    pages = {107-123}
}

@article{Girvan2002,
    title = {Community structure in social and biological networks},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    author = {Girvan, M. and Newman, M. E.},
    number = {12},
    volume = {99},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {7821-7826}
}

@incollection{Gladrow2008,
    publisher = {Maks Press},
    author = {Gladrow, Wolfgang},
    booktitle = {Jazyk, kult́ura, čelovek. Sbornik statej k jubileju professora M. V. Vsevolodovoj},
    title = {Аktual’nye teoretičeskie aspekty sopostavitel’nogo izučenija russkogo jazyka},
    year = {2008},
    editor = {Remneva, M. L.},
    address = {Moskva},
    pages = {63-69}
}

@incollection{Gladrow2007,
    title = {Grammatika i pragmatika. Kommunikativnye aspekty izučenija častej reči. Novoe v sistemno-strukturnom opisanii sovremennogo russkogo jazyka. Rečevaja dejatelŉost:́ Sovremennye aspekty issledovanija. Sofia. 295–302.},
    author = {Gladrow, Wolfgang}
}

@incollection{Goddard2010,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Goddard, Cliff},
    booktitle = {The Oxford handbook of linguistic analysis},
    title = {The natural semantic metalanguage approach},
    year = {2010},
    editor = {Heine, Bernd and Narrog, Heiko},
    address = {Oxford},
    pages = {459-484}
}

@book{Goddard,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Goddard, Cliff},
    year = {2005},
    title = {The languages of East and Southeast Asia: An introduction},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@book{Goddard2005,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Goddard, Cliff},
    year = {2005},
    title = {Languages of East and Southeast Asia. An introduction},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@article{Goddard2001,
    title = {Lexico-semantic universals: A critical overview},
    journal = {Linguistic Typology},
    author = {Goddard, Cliff},
    volume = {5},
    year = {2001},
    pages = {1-65}
}

@incollection{Goddard1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Goddard, Ives},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {Algonquian linguistic change and reconstruction},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;American Indian},
    pages = {115-132}
}

@article{Godfrey1967,
    title = {Sir William Jones and PÃÂ¨re Coeurdoux: A Philological Footnote},
    journal = {Journal of the American Oriental Society},
    author = {Godfrey, John J.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {87},
    year = {1967},
    pages = {57-59}
}

@article{GodfreySmith2015,
    title = {Reproduction, symbiosis, and the eukaryotic cell},
    journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.},
    abstract = {This paper develops a conceptual framework for addressing questions about reproduction, individuality, and the units of selection in symbiotic associations, with special attention to the origin of the eukaryotic cell. Three kinds of reproduction are distinguished, and a possible evolutionary sequence giving rise to a mitochondrion-containing eukaryotic cell from an endosymbiotic partnership is analyzed as a series of transitions between each of the three forms of reproduction. The sequence of changes seen in this "egalitarian" evolutionary transition is compared with those that apply in "fraternal" transitions, such as the evolution of multicellularity in animals.},
    author = {Godfrey-Smith, P.},
    number = {33},
    volume = {112},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {10120-10125}
}

@article{Goebl1983,
    title = {Stammbaum und Welle},
    journal = {Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft},
    author = {Goebl, Hans},
    number = {1},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1983},
    pages = {3-44}
}

@incollection{Gold1998,
    publisher = {Benjamins},
    isbn = {9027236690},
    author = {Gold, Elaine},
    series = {Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science4},
    booktitle = {Historical linguistics 1997: Selected papers from the 13th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Düsseldorf, 10 - 17 August 1997},
    title = {Yiddish and Hebrew: Borrowing throug oral language contact},
    year = {1998},
    volume = {164},
    editor = {Schmid, Monika S. and Austin, Jennifer R. and Stein, Dieter},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    keywords = {Sprachkontakt;Entlehnung},
    pages = {135-148}
}

@book{Goldberg2006,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {0199268525,9780199268528},
    author = {Adele Goldberg},
    title = {Constructions at Work: The Nature of Generalization in Language},
    year = {2006},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@book{Goldberg1995,
    publisher = {Chicago: University of Chicago Press},
    title = {A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure},
    year = {1995},
    author = {Goldberg, Adele}
}

@article{Goldin2004,
    publisher = {American Oriental Society},
    title = {A Further Note on yan and an 安},
    journal = {Journal of the American Oriental Society},
    author = {Goldin, Paul R.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {124},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {pp. 101-102}
}

@article{Goldin2003,
    publisher = {American Oriental Society},
    title = {The Old Chinese Particles yan 焉 and an 安},
    journal = {Journal of the American Oriental Society},
    author = {Goldin, Paul R.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {123},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {169-173}
}

@article{Goldmann1983,
    doi = {http://doi.org/doi:10.11588/ai.1983.1.27644},
    title = {Korrespondenzanalyse und Seriation},
    journal = {Archäologische Informationen},
    author = {Goldmann, Klaus},
    number = {1},
    volume = {6},
    year = {1983},
    pages = {8-21}
}

@incollection{GomezImbert1993,
    publisher = {Instituto Caro y Cuervo},
    author = {Gomez-Imbert, Elsa},
    booktitle = {Estado actual de la clasificación de las lenguas indígenas de Colombia},
    title = {Problemas en torno a la comparación de las lenguas tucano-orientales},
    year = {1993},
    editor = {de Monte, Maria Luisa Rodríguez},
    address = {Bogotá},
    pages = {235–267}
}

@inproceedings{Gong2006,
    publisher = {World Scientific,},
    author = {Gong, T. and Minett, James W. and Wang, William S.-Y.},
    booktitle = {The evolution of language.: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference (Evolang6)},
    title = {Computational simulation on the coevolution of compositionality and regularity},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Cangelosi, A. and Smith, A. D. M. and Smith, K.},
    address = {Singapore},
    keywords = {sprachliche Evolution},
    pages = {99-106}
}

@inproceedings{Gong,
    title = {Language origin and the effects of individuals ́popularity},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of 2006 IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence},
    author = {Gong, T. and Minett, James W. and Wang, William S.-Y.},
    address = {Vancouver, CA},
    keywords = {sprachliche Evolution;Sprachgeschichte},
    pages = {3744-3751}
}

@inproceedings{Gong2007,
    title = {A Simulative Study of the Roles of Cultural Transmission in Language Evolution},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of 2007 IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation},
    author = {Gong, T. and Minett, James W. and Wang, William S.-Y.},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {843-850},
    address = {Singapore}
}

@inproceedings{Gong2005,
    isbn = {0-7803-9363-5},
    author = {Gong, T. and Zhang, Qian and Wu, Hua},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of IEEE Congress on Evolutionary Computation},
    title = {Music evolution in a complex system of interacting agents},
    year = {2005},
    address = {Piscataway, NJ},
    keywords = {Evolution;Musik},
    pages = {1111-1118}
}

@incollection{Gontier2015,
    publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16345-1_5},
    isbn = {978-3-319-16344-4},
    author = {Gontier, Nathalie},
    series = {Interdisciplinary Evolution Research},
    booktitle = {Reticulate evolution},
    title = {Historical and epistemological perspectives on what horizontal gene transfer mechanisms contribute to our understanding of evolution},
    volume = {3},
    editor = {Gontier, Nathalie},
    year = {2015},
    keywords = {Tree of life; Web of life; Horizontal Gene Transfer; Transformation; Transduction; Conjugation; Gene transfer agents; Modern Synthesis; Extended Synthesis; Biomedical sciences},
    pages = {121-178}
}

@article{Gontier2017a,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2017.05.002},
    title = {What are the levels and mechanisms/processes of language evolution?},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S038800011630208X},
    journal = {Language Sciences},
    author = {Nathalie Gontier},
    year = {2017}
}

@article{Good2013,
    title = {Languoid, doculect, glossonym: Formalizing the notion of `language},
    journal = {Journal of Language Documentation and Conservation},
    author = {Good, Jeff and Cysouw, Michael},
    volume = {7},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {331-359}
}

@article{Goodall1989,
    title = {Evidence for an Asymmetry in Argument Structure},
    journal = {Linguistic Inquiry},
    author = {Goodall, Grant},
    number = {4},
    volume = {20},
    year = {1989},
    pages = {669-674}
}

@incollection{Goodman1985,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    isbn = {0-521-09888-2},
    author = {Goodman, Morris},
    booktitle = {Pidginization and Creolization of Languages: (Proceedings of a conference held at the University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April 1968)},
    title = {The strange case of Mbugu: (Proceedings of a conference held at the University of the West Indies, Mona Jamaica, April 1968.)},
    year = {1985},
    editor = {Hymes, Dell H.},
    address = {Cambridge},
    pages = {243-254}
}

@incollection{Gooskens2013,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199744084.013.0010},
    author = {Gooskens, Charlotte},
    booktitle = {The Oxford Handbook of Sociolinguistics},
    title = {Experimental methods for measuring intelligibility of closely related language varieties},
    year = {2013},
    editor = {Robert Bayley, Richard Cameron, and Ceil Lucas},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@article{Gooskens2007,
    title = {The contribution of linguistic factors to the intelligibility of closely related languages},
    journal = {Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development},
    author = {Gooskens, Charlotte},
    number = {6},
    volume = {28},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {445-467}
}

@inbook{Goossens1973a,
    publisher = {Karl Wachholtz},
    author = {Goossens, Jan},
    booktitle = {Niederdeutsch},
    title = {Sprache},
    year = {1973},
    volume = {1},
    editor = {Goossens, Jan},
    address = {Neumünster}
}

@book{Goossens1973,
    publisher = {Karl Wachholtz},
    booktitle = {Niederdeutsch},
    author = {Goossens, Jan},
    year = {1973},
    address = {Neumünster}
}

@article{Gordon2015,
    title = {Can systems biology help to separate evolutionary analogies (convergent homoplasies) from homologies?},
    journal = {Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology},
    author = {Gordon, Malcom S. and Notar, Julia C.},
    volume = {117},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {19-29}
}

@misc{Goswami2017,
    note = {Book package},
    url = {https://github.com/akash-goswami/git-history-flow},
    title = {git-history-flow},
    year = {2017},
    author = {Goswami, Akash}
}

@article{Gotoh1996,
    title = {Significant improvement in accuracy of multiple protein sequence alignments by iterative refinement as assessed by reference to structural alignments},
    journal = {Journal of Molecular Biology Direct},
    author = {Gotoh, Osamu},
    volume = {264},
    year = {1996},
    pages = {823-838}
}

@article{Gotoh1993,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/9.3.361},
    author = {Gotoh, Osamu},
    journal = {CABIOS},
    abstract = {Four algorithms, A–D, were developed to align two groups of biological sequences. Algorithm A is equivalent to the conventional dynamic programming method widely used for aligning ordinary sequences, whereas algorithms B – D are designed to evaluate the cost for a deletion/insertion more accurately when internal gaps are present in either or both groups of sequences. Rigorous optimization of the ‘sum of pairs’ (SP) score is achieved by algorithm D, whose average performance is close to O(MNL2) where M and N are numbers of sequences included in the two groups and L is the mean length of the sequences. Algorithm B uses some app mximations to cope with profile-based operations, whereas algorithm C is a simpler variant of algorithm D. These group-to-group alignment algorithms were applied to multiple sequence alignment with two iterative strategies: a progressive method based on a given binary tree and a randomized grouping-realignment method. The advantages and disadvantages of the four algorithms are discussed on the basis of the results of exatninations of several protein families.},
    title = {Optimal alignment between groups of sequences and its application to multiple sequence alignment},
    number = {3},
    volume = {9},
    url = {http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/9/3/361.full.pdf+html},
    year = {1993},
    pages = {361-370}
}

@article{Gotoh1982,
    title = {An improved algorithm for matching biological sequences},
    journal = {Journal of Molecular Biology},
    abstract = {The algorithm of Waterman et al. (1976) for matching biological sequences was modified under some limitations to be accomplished in essentially MN steps, instead of the M2N steps necessary in the original algorithm. The limitations do not seriously reduce the generality of the original method, and the present method is available for most practical uses. The algorithm can be executed on a small computer with a limited capacity of core memory.},
    author = {Gotoh, Osamu},
    number = {3},
    volume = {162},
    year = {1982},
    pages = {705 - 708}
}

@article{Gould1982,
    publisher = {Paleontological Society},
    author = {Gould, Stephen Jay and Vrba, Elisabeth S.},
    journal = {Paleobiology},
    abstract = {Adaptation has been defined and recognized by two different criteria: historical genesis (features built by natural selection for their present role) and current utility (features now enhancing fitness no matter how they arose). Biologists have often failed to recognize the potential confusion between these different definitions because we have tended to view natural selection as so dominant among evolutionary mechanisms that historical process and current product become one. Yet if many features of organisms are non-adapted, but available for useful cooptation in descendants, then an important concept has no name in our lexicon (and unnamed ideas generally remain unconsidered): features that now enhance fitness but were not built by natural selection for their current role. We propose that such features be called exaptations and that adaptation be restricted, as Darwin suggested, to features built by selection for their current role. We present several examples of exaptation, indicating where a failure to conceptualize such an idea limited the range of hypotheses previously available. We explore several consequences of exaptation and propose a terminological solution to the problem of preadaptation.},
    title = {Exaptation - A missing term in the science of form},
    number = {1},
    volume = {8},
    year = {1982},
    pages = {pp. 4-15}
}

@inproceedings{Gronroos2014,
    publisher = {Dublin City University and Association for Computational Linguistics},
    author = {Grönroos, Stig-Arne and Virpioja, Sami and Smit, Peter and Kurimo, Mikko},
    url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/C14-1111},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of COLING 2014, the 25th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers},
    title = {Morfessor FlatCat: An HMM-Based Method for Unsupervised and Semi-Supervised Learning of Morphology},
    year = {2014},
    address = {Dublin, Ireland},
    pages = {1177-1185}
}

@incollection{Grace1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Grace, George W.},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {The aberrant (vs. exemplary) Melanesian languages},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Austronesian;Melanesian},
    pages = {155-174}
}

@article{Grace1992,
    title = {How Do Languages Change? (More on Aberrant Languages)},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3622968},
    journal = {Oceanic Linguistics},
    author = {Grace, George W.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {31},
    year = {1992},
    pages = {115-130}
}

@article{Grace1965,
    title = {On the Scientific Status of Genetic Classification in Linguistics},
    journal = {Oceanic Linguistics},
    author = {Grace, George W.},
    number = {1/2},
    volume = {4},
    year = {1965},
    pages = {1-14}
}

@article{Grace1964,
    title = {The Linguistic Evidence},
    journal = {Current Anthropology},
    author = {Grace, George W.},
    number = {5},
    volume = {5},
    year = {1964},
    pages = {361-368}
}

@article{Grace1961,
    title = {Austronesian Linguistics and Culture History},
    journal = {American Anthropologist},
    author = {Grace, George W.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {63},
    year = {1961},
    pages = {359-368}
}

@article{Grace1961a,
    title = {Lexicostatistical Comparison of Six Eastern Austronesian Languages},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Grace, George W.},
    number = {9},
    volume = {3},
    year = {1961},
    pages = {1-22}
}

@article{Graham1959,
    title = {Observations on a new Classical Chinese Grammar},
    journal = {Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies},
    author = {Graham, A. C.},
    volume = {22},
    year = {1959},
    keywords = {Chinese, contraction},
    pages = {556-571}
}

@article{Graham1952,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press on behalf of School of Oriental and African Studies},
    author = {Graham, A. C.},
    journal = {Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London},
    title = {A Probable Fusion-Word},
    number = {1},
    volume = {14},
    year = {1952},
    keywords = {contraction, Old Chinese, Chinese},
    pages = {139-148}
}

@book{Grammont1895,
    publisher = {Imprimerie Darantiere},
    author = {Grammont, Maurice},
    year = {1895},
    title = {La dissimilation consconsonant dans les langues indo-européennes et dans les langues romanes},
    address = {Dijon}
}

@article{Grand2013,
    title = {Phylogenetic inference using discrete characters: performance of ordered and unordered parsimony and of three-item statements},
    journal = {Biological Journal of the Linnean Society of London},
    author = {Grand, Anaïs and Corvez, Adèle and Duque Velez, Lina Maria and Laurin, Michel},
    volume = {110},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {914-930}
}

@article{Grassmann1863a,
    publisher = {Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG)},
    title = {Ueber die aspiraten und ihr gleichzeitiges vorhandensein im an- und auslaute der wurzeln},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40844346},
    journal = {Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete des Deutschen, Griechischen und Lateinischen},
    author = {Hermann Grassmann},
    number = {2},
    volume = {12},
    year = {1863},
    pages = {81-110}
}

@article{Grassmann1863b,
    publisher = {Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG)},
    title = {Ueber das ursprüngliche Vorhandensein von wurzeln, deren anlaut und auslaut eine aspirate enthielt},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40844347},
    journal = {Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete des Deutschen, Griechischen und Lateinischen},
    author = {Hermann Grassmann},
    number = {2},
    volume = {12},
    year = {1863},
    pages = {110-138}
}

@article{Grassmann,
    publisher = {Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG)},
    title = {Ueber die Verbindung der Konsonanten mit folgendem j und die davon ábhängigen erscheinungen},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40844777},
    journal = {Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete des Deutschen, Griechischen und Lateinischen},
    author = {Hermann Grassmann},
    number = {1},
    volume = {11},
    year = {1862},
    pages = {1-52}
}

@article{Grasso2004,
    title = {Combining partial order alignment and progressive multiple sequence alignment increases alignment speed and scalability to very large alignment problems},
    journal = {Bioinformatics},
    author = {Grasso, Catherine AND Lee, Cristopher},
    number = {10},
    volume = {20},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {1546-1556}
}

@book{Graur2000,
    publisher = {Sinauer Associates},
    author = {Graur, Dan and Li, Weng-Hsiung},
    title = {Fundamentals of molecular evolution},
    edition = {2},
    year = {2000},
    address = {Sunderland}
}

@article{Gray1983,
    title = {Evolution of antibiotic resistance genes},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    author = {Gray, G. S. and Fitch, W. M.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1983},
    pages = {57-66}
}

@article{Gray2010b,
    title = {Cell biology. Irremediable complexity?},
    journal = {Science},
    author = {Gray, M. W. and Lukes, J. and Archibald, J. M. and Keeling, P. J. and Doolittle, W. F.},
    number = {6006},
    volume = {330},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {920-921}
}

@article{Gray2005,
    title = {Evolution: Pushing the Time Barrier in the Quest for Language Roots},
    journal = {Science},
    author = {Gray, Russell D.},
    number = {5743},
    volume = {309},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {2007-2008}
}

@article{Gray2003,
    title = {Language-tree divergence times support the Anatolian theory of Indo-European origin},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {Gray, Russell D. and Atkinson, Quentin D.},
    number = {6965},
    volume = {426},
    year = {2003},
    keywords = {lexicostatistics and glottochronology},
    pages = {435-439}
}

@article{Gray2010,
    title = {On the shape and fabric of human history},
    journal = {Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci.},
    author = {Gray, R. D. and Bryant, D. and Greenhill, S. J.},
    number = {1559},
    volume = {365},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {3923-3933}
}

@article{Gray2009,
    title = {Language Phylogenies Reveal Expansion Pulses and Pauses in Pacific Settlement},
    journal = {Science},
    author = {Gray, Russell D. and Drummond, Alexei J. and Greenhill, S. J.},
    number = {5913},
    volume = {323},
    year = {2009},
    keywords = {Biologie;Linguistik und Biologie;Gray},
    pages = {479-483}
}

@article{Gray2007,
    title = {The pleasures and perils of Darwinzing culture (with phylogenies)},
    journal = {Biological Theory},
    author = {Gray, Russell D. and Greenhill, Simon J. and Ross, Malcolm D.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {360-375}
}

@article{Gray2005a,
    title = {Three ways to misunderstand developmental systems theory},
    journal = {Biology and Philosophy},
    author = {Gray, Russell D. and Griffiths, P. E.},
    volume = {20},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {417-425}
}

@incollection{Gray2003a,
    publisher = {Psychology Press},
    author = {Gray, Russell D. and Heaney, M. and Fairhall, S.},
    booktitle = {From Mating to Mentality: Evaluating Evolutionary Psychology},
    title = {Evolutionary Psychology and the challenge of adaptive explanation},
    year = {2003},
    editor = {Sterelny, K. and Fitness, J.},
    address = {London, New York},
    pages = {247-268}
}

@article{Gray2000,
    title = {Language trees support the express-train sequences of Austronesian expansion},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {Gray, Russell D. and Jordan, Fiona M.},
    number = {405},
    year = {2000},
    pages = {1052-1055}
}

@book{Greenberg1987,
    publisher = {Stanford University Press},
    author = {Greenberg, Joseph Harold},
    year = {1987},
    title = {Language in the Americas},
    address = {Stanford}
}

@book{Greenberg1963a,
    publisher = {Indiana University Press},
    author = {Greenberg, Joseph Harold},
    year = {1963},
    title = {The Languages of Africa},
    address = {Bloomington}
}

@book{Greenberg1957,
    publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
    author = {Greenberg, Joseph Harold},
    title = {Essays in Linguistics},
    year = {1957},
    keywords = {PRÜFEN},
    address = {Chicago}
}

@book{Greenberg2005,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {978-0199257720},
    author = {Greenberg, Joseph Harold and Croft, William},
    url = {http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0638/2005277166-d.html / http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0638/2005277166-t.html / http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0725/2005277166-b.html},
    title = {Genetic linguistics: Essays on theory and method},
    year = {2005},
    address = {Oxford},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Greenberg,
    url = {http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/Ruhlen_AED5.pdf},
    title = {An Amerind Etymological Dictionary},
    author = {Greenberg, Joseph Harold and Ruhlen, Merritt}
}

@book{Greene1959,
    publisher = {Iowa State University Press},
    author = {Greene, J. C.},
    year = {1959},
    title = {The Death of Adam},
    address = {Ames}
}

@article{Greenhill2011,
    title = {Levenshtein distances fail to identify language relationships accurately},
    journal = {Computational Linguistics},
    author = {Greenhill, Simon},
    number = {4},
    volume = {37},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {689-698}
}

@article{Greenhill2015,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0141563},
    author = {Greenhill, Simon J.},
    journal = {PLoS ONE},
    abstract = { The island of New Guinea has the world’s highest linguistic diversity, with more than 900 languages divided into at least 23 distinct language families. This diversity includes the world’s third largest language family: Trans-New Guinea. However, the region is one of the world’s least well studied, and primary data is scattered across a wide range of publications and more often then not hidden in unpublished “gray” literature. The lack of primary research data on the New Guinea languages has been a major impediment to our understanding of these languages, and the history of the peoples in New Guinea. TransNewGuinea.org aims to collect data about these languages and place them online in a consistent format. This database will enable future research into the New Guinea languages with both traditional comparative linguistic methods and novel cutting-edge computational techniques. The long-term aim is to shed light into the prehistory of the peoples of New Guinea, and to understand why there is such major diversity in their languages.</p>},
    title = {TransNewGuinea.org: An Misc Database of New Guinea Languages},
    number = {10},
    volume = {10},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {e0141563}
}

@article{Greenhill2008,
    title = {The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From bioinformatics to lexomics},
    journal = {Evolutionary Bioinformatics},
    author = {Greenhill, Simon J. and Blust, Robert and Gray, Russell D.},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {271-283}
}

@article{Greenhill2009,
    title = {Does horizontal transmission invalidate cultural phylogenies?},
    journal = {Proc. Biol. Sci.},
    author = {Greenhill, S. J. and Currie, T. E. and Gray, R. D.},
    number = {1665},
    volume = {276},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {2299-2306}
}

@misc{Greenhill2015a,
    title = {Bantu Basic Vocabulary Database},
    year = {2015},
    author = {Greenhill, Simon J and Gray, Russell D}
}

@article{Greenhill2012,
    title = {Basic vocabulary and Bayesian phylolinguistics},
    journal = {Diachronica},
    author = {Greenhill, Simon J. and Gray, Russell D.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {29},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {523–537}
}

@article{Greenhill2017,
    title = {Evolutionary dynamics of language systems},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    author = {Greenhill, S. J. and Wu, C. H. and Hua, X. and Dunn, M. and Levinson, S. C. and Gray, R. D.},
    number = {42},
    volume = {114},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {E8822-E8829}
}

@article{Gregersen1976,
    title = {The glottochronological performance of African languages},
    journal = {Cahiers de lÍnstitut de Linguistique de Louvain},
    author = {Gregersen, Edgar A.},
    number = {5-6},
    volume = {3},
    year = {1976},
    pages = {107-146}
}

@incollection{Gries2015,
    publisher = {Elsevier},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.53037-2},
    author = {Gries, Stefan Th.},
    booktitle = {International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences},
    title = {Quantitative Linguistics},
    year = {2015},
    volume = {2},
    edition = {2},
    editor = {Wright, James D.},
    address = {Amsterdam and Boston and Heidelberg and London},
    pages = {725-732}
}

@inproceedings{Griffiths2015,
    title = {From phoneme to morpheme: A computational model},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Quantitative Investigations in Theoretical Linguistics},
    author = {Griffiths, Sascha and Purver, Matthew and Wiggins, Geraint},
    editor = {Baayen, H. and Jäger, G. and Köllner, M. and Wahle, J. and Baayen-Oudshoorn, A.},
    year = {2015},
    address = {Tübingen}
}

@incollection{Grimes1964,
    publisher = {Sijthoff},
    title = {Measures of linguistic divergence},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the international congress of linguistics. Cambridge, Mass., August 27 - 31, 1962},
    author = {Grimes, J.},
    year = {1964},
    pages = {44-50}
}

@article{Grimes1985,
    title = {The interpretation of relationships among Quechua dialects},
    journal = {Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications},
    author = {Grimes, Joseph E.},
    number = {20},
    year = {1985},
    pages = {271-284}
}

@article{Grimes1974,
    title = {Dialects as Optimal Communication Networks},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Grimes, Joseph E.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {50},
    year = {1974},
    pages = {260-269}
}

@article{Grimes1959,
    title = {Linguistic Divergence in Romance},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Grimes, Joseph E. and Agard, Frederick B.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {35},
    year = {1959},
    pages = {598-604}
}

@book{Grimm1858,
    publisher = {Ferd. Dümmlers Verlagsbuchhandlung},
    author = {Grimm, Jacob},
    title = {Über den Ursprung der Sprache},
    year = {1858},
    note = {First published in 1851},
    edition = {4},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@book{Grimm1822,
    publisher = {Dieterichsche Buchhandlung},
    author = {Grimm, Jacob},
    url = {http://books.google.de/books?id=MnsKAAAAIAAJ},
    title = {Deutsche Grammatik},
    year = {1822},
    volume = {1},
    edition = {2},
    address = {Göttingen},
    keywords = {comparative method, sound change}
}

@book{Grimm1819,
    publisher = {Dieterichsche Buchhandlung},
    author = {Grimm, Jacob},
    url = {http://archive.org/details/bub_gb_fu0IAAAAQAAJ},
    title = {Deutsche Grammatik},
    year = {1819},
    volume = {1},
    address = {Göttingen}
}

@article{Grollemund2015,
    title = {Bantu expansion shows that habitat alters the route and pace of human dispersals},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    abstract = {Unlike most other biological species, humans can use cultural innovations to occupy a range of environments, raising the intriguing question of whether human migrations move relatively independently of habitat or show preferences for familiar ones. The Bantu expansion that swept out of West Central Africa beginning âˆ¼5,000 y ago is one of the most influential cultural events of its kind, eventually spreading over a vast geographical area a new way of life in which farming played an increasingly important role. We use a new dated phylogeny of âˆ¼400 Bantu languages to show that migrating Bantu-speaking populations did not expand from their ancestral homeland in a "random walk" but, rather, followed emerging savannah corridors, with rainforest habitats repeatedly imposing temporal barriers to movement. When populations did move from savannah into rainforest, rates of migration were slowed, delaying the occupation of the rainforest by on average 300 y, compared with similar migratory movements exclusively within savannah or within rainforest by established rainforest populations. Despite unmatched abilities to produce innovations culturally, unfamiliar habitats significantly alter the route and pace of human dispersals.},
    author = {Grollemund, R. and Branford, S. and Bostoen, K. and Meade, A. and Venditti, C. and Pagel, M.},
    number = {43},
    volume = {112},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {13296–13301}
}

@book{Grossmann2014,
    publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
    isbn = {3110346397,9783110346398},
    title = {Egyptian-Coptic linguistics in typological perspective},
    series = {Empirical Approaches to Language Typology 55},
    author = {Eitan Grossman and Martin Haspelmath and Tonio Sebastian Richter},
    year = {2014}
}

@book{LPRG2011,
    publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
    isbn = {3110238667,9783110238662},
    author = {Linguistic Politeness Research Group},
    series = {Mouton Series in Pragmatics},
    title = {Discursive Approaches to Politeness},
    year = {2011},
    number = {8},
    address = {Berlin and Boston}
}

@incollection{Gruber1972,
    publisher = {MIT Press},
    author = {Gruber, H. E.},
    booktitle = {On Aesthetics in Science},
    title = {Darwinś t́ree of nature ́and other images of wider scope},
    year = {1972},
    editor = {Wechsler, J.},
    address = {Cambridge},
    pages = {121-140}
}

@incollection{Grzybek2014,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199641604.013.37},
    author = {Grzybek, Peter},
    abstract = {This chapter concentrates on word length, emphasizing relevant quantitative and synergetic approaches. Alternative units for measuring word length are discussed with regard to their usability, as well as the influence that different kinds of material may have on studying word length. In addition to presenting some basic descriptive statistical characteristics, this contribution shows that word length is a substantial and central phenomenon for a comprehensive theory of language. It is shown, first, that the way in which words of a given length occur in linguistic material is not chaotic, but follows clearly defined, law-like regularities; and second, that word length is not an isolated category within the linguistic system, but is closely interrelated to other properties of the word, as well as of other linguistic units, levels, and structures. Theoretical models are discussed, concerning not only these interrelations, but sequential text analysis and frequency distributions.},
    title = {Word length},
    year = {2014},
    editor = {Taylor, John},
    address = {Oxford},
    booktitle = {The Oxford handbook of the word}
}

@article{Groennum1998,
    title = {Danish},
    journal = {Journal of the International Phonetic Association},
    author = {Grønnum, Nina},
    volume = {28},
    year = {1998},
    pages = {99-105}
}

@incollection{Gudschinsky1956b,
    publisher = {Harper and Row},
    author = {Gudschinsky, Sarah C.},
    series = {A Harper international edition},
    booktitle = {Language in culture and society: A reader in linguistics and anthropology},
    title = {The ABCś of lexicostatistics (glottochronoloy)},
    year = {1956[1964]},
    note = {(Originally published in Word 12: 175-210)},
    edition = {Reprint},
    editor = {Hymes, Dell H.},
    address = {New York}
}

@article{Gudschinsky1973,
    title = {Review: [untitled]},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Gudschinsky, Sarah C.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {39},
    year = {1973},
    pages = {52-55}
}

@article{Gudschinsky1956,
    title = {The ABCś of lexicostatistics (glottochronology)},
    journal = {Word},
    author = {Gudschinsky, S. C.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {12},
    year = {1956},
    pages = {175-210}
}

@article{Gudschinsky1956a,
    title = {Three Disturbing Questions concerning Lexicostatistics},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Gudschinsky, Sarah C.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {22},
    year = {1956},
    pages = {212-213}
}

@article{Guenoche2013,
    title = {Multiple consensus trees: a method to separate divergent genes},
    journal = {BMC Bioinformatics},
    author = {Guenoche, A.},
    volume = {14},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {46}
}

@article{GuevaraErra2016,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148861},
    author = {Guevara Erra, Ramon AND Gervain, Judit},
    journal = {PLoS ONE},
    abstract = { Neural coding in the auditory system has been shown to obey the principle of efficient neural coding. The statistical properties of speech appear to be particularly well matched to the auditory neural code. However, only English has so far been analyzed from an efficient coding perspective. It thus remains unknown whether such an approach is able to capture differences between the sound patterns of different languages. Here, we use independent component analysis to derive information theoretically optimal, non-redundant codes (filter populations) for seven typologically distinct languages (Dutch, English, Japanese, Marathi, Polish, Spanish and Turkish) and relate the statistical properties of these filter populations to documented differences in the speech rhythms (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec004">Analysis 1</xref>) and consonant inventories (<xref ref-type="sec" rid="sec009">Analysis 2</xref>) of these languages. We show that consonant class membership plays a particularly important role in shaping the statistical structure of speech in different languages, suggesting that acoustic transience, a property that discriminates consonant classes from one another, is highly relevant for efficient coding.</p>},
    title = {The Efficient Coding of Speech: Cross-Linguistic Differences},
    number = {2},
    volume = {11},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0148861},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {1-18}
}

@book{Guichard1606,
    publisher = {Le Noir},
    author = {Guichard, Estienne},
    title = {LH́armonie etymologique des Langues: HebraiÌque, ChaldaiÌque, Syrique, Greque, Harmonie étymologique des langues hébraiq́ue, chaldaiq́ue, syriaque, grecque, latine, francoise, italienne, espagnole, allemande, flamande, angloise, où se démontre que toutes les langues sont descendues de lh́ébraïque},
    year = {1606},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft;Quellen zur Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft},
    address = {Paris}
}

@incollection{Gueldemann2014,
    publisher = {John Benjamin},
    author = {Güldemann, Tom},
    booktitle = {Beyond ‘Khoisan’. Historical Relations in the Kalahari Basin},
    title = {‘Khoisan’ linguistic classification today},
    year = {2014},
    editor = {Güldemann, Tom and Fehn, Anne-Maria},
    address = {Amsterdam and Philadelphia},
    pages = {1-40}
}

@inproceedings{Gulwani2011,
    publisher = {ACM},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1145/1926385.1926423},
    isbn = {978-1-4503-0490-0},
    author = {Gulwani, Sumit},
    url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/1926385.1926423},
    series = {POPL 1́1},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 38th Annual ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages},
    title = {Automating string processing in spreadsheets using input-output examples},
    year = {2011},
    address = {New York, NY, USA},
    keywords = {program synthesis, programming by example (pbe), spreadsheet programming, string manipulation, user intent, version space algebra},
    pages = {317-330}
}

@incollection{Gulya1974,
    publisher = {Indiana University Press},
    isbn = {0-253-35559-1},
    author = {Gulya, János},
    series = {Indiana University studies in the history and theory of linguistics},
    booktitle = {Studies in the history of linguistics: Traditions and paradigms},
    title = {Some eighteenth century antecedents of nineteenth century linguistics: The discovery of Finno-Ugrian},
    year = {1974},
    editor = {Hymes, Dell H.},
    address = {Bloomington},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft;},
    pages = {258-276}
}

@book{Gusfield1997,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Gusfield, Dan},
    year = {1997},
    title = {Algorithms on strings, trees and sequences},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@article{Gusfield2003,
    title = {Efficient reconstruction of phylogenetic networks with constrained recombination},
    journal = {Proc IEEE Comput Soc Bioinform Conf},
    abstract = {A phylogenetic network is a generalization of a phylogenetic tree, allowing structural properties that are not tree-like. With the growth of genomic data, much of which does not fit ideal tree models, there is greater need to understand the algorithmics and combinatorics of phylogenetic networks [10, 11]. However, to date, very little has been published on this, with the notable exception of the paper by Wang et al.[12]. Other related papers include [4, 5, 7] We consider the problem introduced in [12], of determining whether the sequences can be derived on a phylogenetic network where the recombination cycles are node disjoint. In this paper, we call such a phylogenetic network a "galled-tree". By more deeply analysing the combinatorial constraints on cycle-disjoint phylogenetic networks, we obtain an efficient algorithm that is guaranteed to be both a necessary and sufficient test for the existence of a galled-tree for the data. If there is a galled-tree, the algorithm constructs one and obtains an implicit representation of all the galled trees for the data, and can create these in linear time for each one. We also note two additional results related to galled trees: first, any set of sequences that can be derived on a galled tree can be derived on a true tree (without recombination cycles), where at most one back mutation is allowed per site; second, the site compatibility problem (which is NP-hard in general) can be solved in linear time for any set of sequences that can be derived on a galled tree. The combinatorial constraints we develop apply (for the most part) to node-disjoint cycles in any phylogenetic network (not just galled-trees), and can be used for example to prove that a given site cannot be on a node-disjoint cycle in any phylogenetic network. Perhaps more important than the specific results about galled-trees, we introduce an approach that can be used to study recombination in phylogenetic networks that go beyond galled-trees.},
    author = {Gusfield, D. and Eddhu, S. and Langley, C.},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {363-374}
}

@article{GutuRomalo1962,
    title = {The Determination of the Date of Separation of Aroumanian from Daco-Rumanian with the Help of Glottochronology},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Guțu-Romalo, Valeria},
    number = {1},
    volume = {28},
    year = {1962},
    pages = {55-61}
}

@article{Guy1994,
    title = {An algorithm for identifying cognates in bilingual wordlists and its applicability to machine translation},
    journal = {Journal of Quantitative Linguistics},
    author = {Jacques B. M. Guy},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1994},
    pages = {35-42}
}

@incollection{Gvozdanovic1997,
    publisher = {de Gryuter},
    isbn = {3-11-014905-2},
    author = {Gvozdanović, Jadranka},
    series = {Trends in linguisticsStudies and monographs},
    booktitle = {Linguistic reconstruction and typology: [International Conference on Linguistic Reconstruction and Typology held at Rydzyna (Poland) from April 14 to 17, 1993] /},
    title = {Typology and evaluation of linguistic reconstruction},
    year = {1997},
    volume = {96},
    editor = {Fisiak, Jacek},
    address = {Berlin},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Typologie;Validierung},
    pages = {103-122}
}

@book{Gyarmathi1799,
    publisher = {Dieterich},
    author = {Gyarmathi, Sámuel},
    year = {1799},
    title = {Affinitas lingua Hungaricae cum linguis Fennicae originis grammatice demonstrata. Nec non vocabularia dialectorum Tataricarum et Slavicarum cum Hungarica comparata},
    address = {Göttingen}
}

@book{Hoeffe2008,
    publisher = {Beck},
    isbn = {9783406568015},
    author = {Höffe, O.},
    url = {https://books.google.de/books?id=tpb7qnc1hE0C},
    title = {Klassiker der Philosophie: Von den Vorsokratikern bis David Hume},
    year = {2008},
    address = {München}
}

@article{Hoefler1955,
    title = {Stammbaumtheorie, Wellentheorie, Entfaltungstheorie},
    journal = {Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur (PBB)},
    author = {Höfler, Otto},
    volume = {77 and 78},
    year = {1955 and 1956},
    pages = {30-66 and 424-476}
}

@article{Haak2015,
    title = {Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe},
    journal = {Nature},
    abstract = {We generated genome-wide data from 69 Europeans who lived between 8,000-3,000 years ago by enriching ancient DNA libraries for a target set of almost 400,000 polymorphisms. Enrichment of these positions decreases the sequencing required for genome-wide ancient DNA analysis by a median of around 250-fold, allowing us to study an order of magnitude more individuals than previous studies and to obtain new insights about the past. We show that the populations of Western and Far Eastern Europe followed opposite trajectories between 8,000-5,000 years ago. At the beginning of the Neolithic period in Europe, ∼8,000-7,000 years ago, closely related groups of early farmers appeared in Germany, Hungary and Spain, different from indigenous hunter-gatherers, whereas Russia was inhabited by a distinctive population of hunter-gatherers with high affinity to a ∼24,000-year-old Siberian. By ∼6,000-5,000 years ago, farmers throughout much of Europe had more hunter-gatherer ancestry than their predecessors, but in Russia, the Yamnaya steppe herders of this time were descended not only from the preceding eastern European hunter-gatherers, but also from a population of Near Eastern ancestry. Western and Eastern Europe came into contact ∼4,500 years ago, as the Late Neolithic Corded Ware people from Germany traced ∼75% of their ancestry to the Yamnaya, documenting a massive migration into the heartland of Europe from its eastern periphery. This steppe ancestry persisted in all sampled central Europeans until at least ∼3,000 years ago, and is ubiquitous in present-day Europeans. These results provide support for a steppe origin of at least some of the Indo-European languages of Europe.},
    author = {Haak, W. and Lazaridis, I. and Patterson, N. and Rohland, N. and Mallick, S. and Llamas, B. and Brandt, G. and Nordenfelt, S. and Harney, E. and Stewardson, K. and Fu, Q. and Mittnik, A. and Banffy, E. and Economou, C. and Francken, M. and Friederich, S. and Pena, R. G. and Hallgren, F. and Khartanovich, V. and Khokhlov, A. and Kunst, M. and Kuznetsov, P. and Meller, H. and Mochalov, O. and Moiseyev, V. and Nicklisch, N. and Pichler, S. L. and Risch, R. and Rojo Guerra, M. A. and Roth, C. and Szecsenyi-Nagy, A. and Wahl, J. and Meyer, M. and Krause, J. and Brown, D. and Anthony, D. and Cooper, A. and Alt, K. W. and Reich, D.},
    number = {7555},
    volume = {522},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {207-211}
}

@book{Haas1969,
    publisher = {Mouton},
    author = {Haas, Mary R.},
    title = {The prehistory of languages},
    year = {1969},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Methodik;Sprachwandel;Lautwandel;American Indian},
    address = {The Hague and Paris}
}

@misc{Hagberg2009,
    title = {NetworkX. High productivity software for complex networks},
    url = {http://networkx.lanl.gov/index.html},
    author = {Hagberg, Aric},
    keywords = {software-package},
    year = {2009},
    howpublished = {Distributed by the author.}
}

@article{Haggarty2014,
    title = {A pluralistic account of homology: adapting the models to the data},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    abstract = {Defining homologous genes is important in many evolutionary studies but raises obvious issues. Some of these issues are conceptual and stem from our assumptions of how a gene evolves, others are practical, and depend on the algorithmic decisions implemented in existing software. Therefore, to make progress in the study of homology, both ontological and epistemological questions must be considered. In particular, defining homologous genes cannot be solely addressed under the classic assumptions of strong tree thinking, according to which genes evolve in a strictly tree-like fashion of vertical descent and divergence and the problems of homology detection are primarily methodological. Gene homology could also be considered under a different perspective where genes evolve as "public goods," subjected to various introgressive processes. In this latter case, defining homologous genes becomes a matter of designing models suited to the actual complexity of the data and how such complexity arises, rather than trying to fit genetic data to some a priori tree-like evolutionary model, a practice that inevitably results in the loss of much information. Here we show how important aspects of the problems raised by homology detection methods can be overcome when even more fundamental roots of these problems are addressed by analyzing public goods thinking evolutionary processes through which genes have frequently originated. This kind of thinking acknowledges distinct types of homologs, characterized by distinct patterns, in phylogenetic and nonphylogenetic unrooted or multirooted networks. In addition, we define "family resemblances" to include genes that are related through intermediate relatives, thereby placing notions of homology in the broader context of evolutionary relationships. We conclude by presenting some payoffs of adopting such a pluralistic account of homology and family relationship, which expands the scope of evolutionary analyses beyond the traditional, yet relatively narrow focus allowed by a strong tree-thinking view on gene evolution.},
    author = {Haggerty, L. S. and Jachiet, P. A. and Hanage, W. P. and Fitzpatrick, D. A. and Lopez, P. and OĆonnell, M. J. and Pisani, D. and Wilkinson, M. and Bapteste, E. and McInerney, J. O.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {31},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {501-516}
}

@incollection{Hajek2007,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {978-0-19-920783-1},
    author = {Hajek, John},
    series = {Explorations in linguistic typology},
    booktitle = {Grammars in contact: A cross-linguistic typology},
    title = {Language contact and convergence in East Timor},
    year = {2007},
    volume = {4},
    editor = {Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and Dixon, Robert M. W.},
    address = {Oxford},
    keywords = {Sprachkontakt;Areallinguistik;areal diffusion},
    pages = {163-178}
}

@misc{Haekkinen2012,
    url = {http://www.elisanet.fi/alkupera/Problems_of_phylogenetics.pdf},
    title = {Problems in the method and interpretations of the computational phylogenetics based on linguistic data. An example of wishful thinking: Bouckaert et al. 2012},
    year = {2012},
    author = {Häkkinen, Jaakko}
}

@article{Halary2013,
    title = {EGN: a wizard for construction of gene and genome similarity networks},
    journal = {BMC Evolutionary Biology},
    abstract = {Increasingly, similarity networks are being used for evolutionary analyses of molecular datasets. These networks are very useful, in particular for the analysis of gene sharing, lateral gene transfer and for the detection of distant homologs. Currently, such analyses require some computer programming skills due to the limited availability of user-friendly freely distributed software. Consequently, although appealing, the construction and analyses of these networks remain less familiar to biologists than do phylogenetic approaches. In order to ease the use of similarity networks in the community of evolutionary biologists, we introduce a software program, EGN, that runs under Linux or MacOSX. EGN automates the reconstruction of gene and genome networks from nucleic and proteic sequences. EGN also implements statistics describing genetic diversity in these samples, for various user-defined thresholds of similarities. In the interest of studying the complexity of evolutionary processes affecting microbial evolution, we applied EGN to a dataset of 571,044 proteic sequences from the three domains of life and from mobile elements. We observed that, in Borrelia, plasmids play a different role than in most other eubacteria. Rather than being genetic couriers involved in lateral gene transfer, Borreliaś plasmids and their genes act as private genetic goods, that contribute to the creation of genetic diversity within their parasitic hosts. EGN can be used for constructing, analyzing, and mining molecular datasets in evolutionary studies. The program can help increase our knowledge of the processes through which genes from distinct sources and/or from multiple genomes co-evolve in lineages of cellular organisms.},
    author = {Halary, S. and McInerney, J. O. and Lopez, P. and Bapteste, E.},
    volume = {13},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {146}
}

@book{Haldeman1857,
    publisher = {Allen and Farnham},
    author = {Haldeman, S. S.},
    url = {http://archive.org/details/onrelationsbetwe00hald},
    title = {On the relation between Chinese and the Indo-European languages},
    year = {1857},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@book{Hale1973,
    publisher = {Summer Institute of Linguistics and Tribhuvan University Press},
    author = {Hale, Austin},
    url = {https://stedt.berkeley.edu/ stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/source/AH-CSDPN},
    title = {Clause, sentence, and discourse patterns in selected languages of Nepal IV: word lists},
    year = {1973},
    address = {Kathmandu}
}

@article{Hale1958,
    title = {Internal Diversity in Uto-Aztecan: I},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Hale, Kenneth},
    number = {2},
    volume = {24},
    year = {1958},
    pages = {101-107}
}

@book{Hale2007,
    publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
    author = {Hale, Mark},
    series = {Blackwell Textbooks in Linguistics},
    title = {Historical Linguistics: Theory and Method},
    year = {2007},
    edition = {1},
    address = {Malden and Oxford and Victoria}
}

@book{Hall2001,
    publisher = {Sinauer},
    isbn = {0-87893-311-5},
    author = {Hall, Barry G.},
    title = {Phylogenetic trees made easy: A how-to manual for molecular biologists},
    year = {2001},
    edition = {3. printing.},
    address = {Sunderland, Mass.}
}

@inproceedings{Hall2011,
    title = {Large-scale cognate recovery},
    url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D11-1032},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
    author = {Hall, David and Klein, Dan},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {344-354}
}

@article{Hall1978,
    title = {Review: [untitled]},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Hall, Robert A.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {54},
    year = {1978},
    pages = {423-426}
}

@article{Hall1960,
    title = {On Realism in Reconstruction},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Hall, Robert A.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {36},
    year = {1960},
    pages = {203-206}
}

@article{Hall1953,
    title = {The Oaths of Strassburg: Phonemics and Classification},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Hall, Robert A.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {29},
    year = {1953},
    pages = {317-321}
}

@article{Hall1950,
    title = {The Reconstruction of Proto-Romance},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Hall, Robert A.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {26},
    year = {1950},
    pages = {6-27}
}

@book{Hall2000,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    author = {Hall, T. Alan},
    year = {2000},
    title = {Phonologie. Eine Einführung},
    address = {Berlin and New York}
}

@article{Hall2003,
    title = {Loanword nativization in German},
    journal = {Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft},
    author = {Hall, Thomas A. and Hamann, Silke},
    number = {1},
    volume = {22},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {56-85}
}

@inproceedings{Hammarstroem2006,
    publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
    author = {Hammarström, Harald},
    url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W/W06/W06-3210},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eighth Meeting of the ACL Special Interest Group on Computational Phonology and Morphology at HLT-NAACL 2006},
    title = {A Naive Theory of Affixation and an Algorithm for Extraction},
    year = {2006},
    address = {New York City, USA},
    pages = {79-88}
}

@article{Hammarstroem2016a,
    title = {There is no demonstrable effect of desiccation},
    journal = {Journal of Language Evolution},
    author = {Hammarström, Harald},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {65–69}
}

@book{Hammarstrom2007,
    publisher = {LINCOM Europa},
    isbn = {3895863831},
    author = {Hammarström, Harald},
    series = {LINCOM handbooks in linguistics ; 22},
    title = {Handbook of descriptive language knowledge: A full-scale reference guide for typologists},
    year = {2007},
    address = {München}
}

@misc{Hammarstroem2017,
    publisher = {Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology},
    author = {Hammarström, Harald and Forkel, Robert and Haspelmath, Martin},
    url = {http://glottolog.org},
    title = {Glottolog},
    year = {2017},
    address = {Leipzig}
}

@misc{Hammarstroem2015,
    publisher = {Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology},
    author = {Hammarström, Harald and Forkel, Robert and Haspelmath, Martin and Bank, Sebastian},
    url = {http://glottolog.org},
    title = {Glottolog},
    year = {2015},
    address = {Leipzig}
}

@article{Hamming1950,
    title = {Error detection and error detection codes},
    journal = {Bell System Technical Journal},
    author = {Hamming, Richard W.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {29},
    year = {1950},
    pages = {147–160}
}

@incollection{Hamp1974,
    publisher = {North-Holland Pub. Co; American Elsevier},
    isbn = {0444106685},
    author = {Hamp, E. P.},
    series = {North-Holland linguistics series},
    booktitle = {Historical linguistics: Proceedings of the first International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Edinburgh, 2nd-7th September 1973},
    title = {The major focus in reconstruction and change},
    year = {1974},
    volume = {v. 12, a-b},
    editor = {Anderson, John Mathieson and Jones, Charles},
    address = {Amsterdam, New York},
    keywords = {Sprachwandel;Rekonstruktion},
    pages = {141-168}
}

@article{Hamp1963,
    title = {On Aboriginal Languages of Latin America},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2739615},
    journal = {Current Anthropology},
    author = {Hamp, Eric P. and Swadesh, Morris and Taylor, Douglas and Aschmann, Homer},
    number = {3},
    volume = {4},
    year = {1963},
    pages = {317-319}
}

@article{Handel2010,
    title = {Old Chinese and Min},
    journal = {Chûgoku Gogaku 中國語學 [Bulletin of the Chinese Language Society of Japan]},
    author = {Handel, Zev},
    volume = {257},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {34-68}
}

@article{Handel2008,
    title = {What is Sino-Tibetan? Snapshot of a Field and a Language Family in Flux},
    journal = {Language and Linguistics Compass},
    author = {Zev Handel},
    number = {3},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {422-441}
}

@incollection{Handel2003,
    publisher = {University Presses of California, Columbia and Princeto},
    isbn = {0520098439},
    author = {Handel, Zev J.},
    booktitle = {Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction},
    title = {A concise introduction to Old Chinese phonology},
    editor = {Matisoff, James A.},
    year = {2003},
    keywords = {Chinese;Sino-Tibetan;sinitic languages;Rekonstruktion},
    pages = {543-574}
}

@article{Handel2012,
    title = {Valence-changing prefixes and voicing alternation in Old Chinese and Proto-Sino-Tibetan},
    journal = {Language and Linguistics},
    author = {Handel, Z. J.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {13},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {61-82}
}

@article{Hantgan2018,
    title = {Bangime: Secret language, language isolate, or language island?},
    journal = {Journal of Language Contact},
    author = {Hantgan, Abbie and List, Johann-Mattis},
    number = {0},
    volume = {0},
    year = {forthcoming}
}

@book{Harbert2007,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    title = {The Germanic languages},
    year = {2007},
    author = {Harbert, W.}
}

@article{Harding1988,
    title = {Classification of the European language families by genetic distance},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    author = {Harding, R. M. and Sokal, R. R.},
    number = {23},
    volume = {85},
    year = {1988},
    pages = {9370-9372}
}

@book{Harlow2007,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    isbn = {978-1-139-46153-5},
    title = {Maori: A Linguistic Introduction},
    abstract = {Mäori, the indigenous language of New Zealand, is an endangered, minority language, with an important role in the culture and identity of the Mäori community. This comprehensive overview looks at all aspects of the Mäori language: its history, its dialects, its sounds and grammar, its current status and the efforts being made by the Mäori community and the state to ensure its survival. Central chapters provide an overall sketch of the structure of Mäori while highlighting those aspects which have been the subject of detailed linguistic analysis - particularly phonology (sound structure) and morphology (word structure). Though addressed primarily to those with some knowledge of linguistics, this book describes a language with a wealth of interesting features. It will interest anyone wishing to study the structure of a minority language, in fields as diverse as typology, sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology, as well as all those interested in endangered languages and their preservation.},
    author = {Harlow, Ray},
    year = {2007}
}

@book{Harris1995,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Harris, Alice C. and Campbell, Lyle},
    year = {1995},
    title = {Historical syntax in cross-linguistics perspective},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@incollection{Harris1988,
    publisher = {Croom Helm},
    author = {Harris, Martin},
    booktitle = {The Romance languages},
    title = {The Romance languages},
    year = {1988},
    editor = {Harris, Martin and Vincent, Nigel},
    address = {London and Sydney},
    pages = {1-25}
}

@article{Harris1955,
    publisher = {Linguistic Society of America},
    title = {From phoneme to morpheme},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/411036},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Harris, Zellig S.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {31},
    year = {1955},
    pages = {190-222}
}

@book{Harrison1981,
    publisher = {Instituto Lingüístico de Verano},
    author = {Harrison, Roy and Harrison, Margaret and García Hernández, Cástulo},
    series = {Serie de Vocabularios y Diccionarios Indígenas Mariano Silva y Aceves},
    title = {Diccionario Zoque de Copainalá},
    year = {1981},
    volume = {23},
    edition = {1},
    address = {México},
    pages = {ix+489}
}

@misc{Harrison2002,
    title = {Antoine Meillet and the comparative method: On shared aberrancies as evidence of genetic relatedness},
    url = {http://www.general.uwa.edu.au/~shelly/Publications/Meillet2.pdf},
    author = {Harrison, Sheldon P.},
    year = {2002},
    keywords = {komparative Methode;Meillet;shared aberrancies},
    address = {Crawley}
}

@inproceedings{Hartmann2014,
    booktitle = {Selected Papers from the 4th UK Cognitive Linguistics Conference},
    title = {The diachronic change of German nominalization patterns: An increase in prototypicality},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {52 – 171},
    author = {Hartmann, Stefan}
}

@book{Harvey1991,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {0-19-854641-6},
    author = {Harvey, Paul H. and Pagel, Mark D.},
    title = {The comparative method in evolutionary biology},
    year = {1991},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@incollection{Haspelmath2004,
    publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company},
    isbn = {9789027295477},
    author = {Haspelmath, Martin},
    url = {http://books.google.de/books?id=mlJyS5KmMDkC},
    series = {Typological Studies in Language},
    booktitle = {Up and down the cline - The nature of grammaticalization},
    title = {On directionality in language change with particular reference to grammaticalization},
    editor = {Fischer, O. and Norde, M. and Perridon, H.},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {17-44}
}

@incollection{Haspelmath2003,
    publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum},
    author = {Haspelmath, M.},
    booktitle = {The new psychology of language},
    title = {The geometry of grammatical meaning: semantic maps and cross-linguistic comparison},
    year = {2003},
    editor = {Tomasello, Michael},
    address = {Mahwah, NJ},
    pages = {211-242}
}

@misc{Haspelmath2017,
    url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.570000},
    title = {How comparative concepts and descriptive linguistic categories are different (draft)},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.570000},
    year = {2017},
    author = {Haspelmath, Martin}
}

@misc{Haspelmath2014,
    url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.580486},
    title = {A uniform data model for joint publication of minor language dictionaries},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.580486},
    year = {2014},
    author = {Haspelmath, Martin}
}

@article{Haspelmath2010,
    title = {Comparative concepts and descriptive categories},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Haspelmath, Martin},
    number = {3},
    volume = {86},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {663-687}
}

@book{Haspelmath2005,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {0199255911},
    author = {Haspelmath, Martin},
    title = {The world atlas of language structures},
    year = {2005},
    address = {Oxford [u.a.]}
}

@book{Haspelmath2002,
    publisher = {Arnold},
    author = {Haspelmath, Martin},
    year = {2002},
    title = {Understanding morphology},
    address = {London}
}

@book{Haspelmath1997,
    publisher = {Clarendon Press},
    isbn = {0198235607,9780198235606},
    title = {Indefinite Pronouns},
    series = {Oxford Studies in Typology and Linguistic Theory},
    author = {Martin Haspelmath},
    edition = {1},
    year = {1997}
}

@misc{Haspelmath2015,
    publisher = {Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology},
    author = {Haspelmath, Martin and Forkel, Robert},
    url = {http://clld.org},
    title = {CLLD - Cross-Linguistic Linked Data},
    year = {2015},
    address = {Leipzig}
}

@article{Hattori1960,
    title = {Ainu-go shohōgen no kisogoi-tōkei-gaku-teki kenkyū},
    journal = {Minzokugaku Kenkyū 民族学研究 [The Japanese Journal of Ethnology]},
    abstract = {In 1955 and 1956, the authors and others were able to investigate the Ainu dialects, which were on the point of dying out. Some of the informants were the last surviving speaker or speakers of the dialects, and all of them were very old people. Some of them even have died since our investigation. In this article, we present the lexicostatistic data of 19 dialects, of which 13 are those of Hokkaido and 6 are those of Sakhalin. All the field work was done in Hokkaido. Some informants spoke Ainu fluently, but others spoke imperfectly and were unable to remember several words. In §4 (Table I on p.37∿p.59), the Ainu words are arranged according to Swadeshś 200 item list. In §5 (cf. Table II inserted), cognate residues are marked with +; non-cognates with -; cognates and non-cognates with±(when one or both of the dialects have two forms, and the inperfectness of the record does not allow us to decide which is more basic); questionable etymology or choice with ○; doubtful record with?; no answer given with・; lacuna of record with ( ). On Table II, all + have been omitted, except for ±. In §6, problematic points in the computation of residues are discussed. In §7 (Table III and Fig.2), the percentages of the residual cognates are shown in figures and graphs. In §8, the significance of the figures on Table III (Fig.2) is discussed. It is pointed out among other things that there is a remarkable gap between Hokkaido dialects and those of Sakhalin, Soya, the northernmost of Hokkaido, being the closest to the Sakhalin dialects. A significant gap is also seen between Samani on the one hand, and Niikappu, Hiratori, and Nukkibetsu on the other, which coincides with the discrepancies in other culture and customs, etc. In §9, the data on Table I are examined from the view-point of linguistic geography. In §10, questions concerning the computation of time-depth are referred to. In §11, the items, with regard to which the Hokkaido and Sakhalin dialects diverge from each other, are compared with those with regard to which the Ryukyuan and the Japanese dialects diverge from each other. It is found that the only common item in the two lists is 47. knee. Thus, it is possible to state that Ainu and Japanese have had the tendency to change in different directions, in so far as the 200 item list is concerned. In §12, it is pointed out that Japanese loanwords in Ainu and Chinese loan-words in Japanese are very few in so far as the list is concerned. Hattori does not think it impossible that the root √<kur> of Ainu and the forms of Japanese, Korean, Tunguse, and Turkic (on p.66) are cognates from the possible parent language of all these languages. It is hoped to promote comparative study of this kind.},
    author = {Hattori Shirō 服部四郎 and Chiri Machiho 知里真志保},
    number = {4},
    volume = {24},
    year = {1960},
    pages = {307-342}
}

@incollection{Hattori1973,
    publisher = {Mouton},
    author = {Hattori, Shirō},
    series = {Current Trends in Linguistics},
    booktitle = {Diachronic, areal and typological linguistics},
    title = {Japanese dialects},
    year = {1973},
    number = {11},
    editor = {Hoenigswald, Henry M. and Langacre, Robert H.},
    address = {The Hague and Paris},
    pages = {368-400}
}

@article{Hattori1961,
    title = {A Glottochronological Study on Three Okinawan Dialects},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Hattori, Shirō},
    number = {1},
    volume = {27},
    year = {1961},
    pages = {52-62}
}

@article{Haudricourt1954,
    title = {De lórigine des tons en Vietnamien},
    journal = {Journal Asiatique},
    author = {Haudricourt, André-Georges},
    volume = {242},
    year = {1954},
    pages = {69-82}
}

@inproceedings{Hauer2011,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing},
    title = {Clustering semantically equivalent words into cognate sets in multilingual lists},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {865-873},
    author = {Hauer, Bradley and Kondrak, Grzegorz}
}

@article{Hauser2014,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00401},
    title = {The mystery of language evolution},
    url = {http://www.frontiersin.org/language_sciences/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00401/abstract},
    abstract = {Understanding the evolution of language requires evidence regarding origins and processes that led to change. In the last 40 years, there has been an explosion of research on this problem as well as a sense that considerable progress has been made. We argue instead that the richness of ideas is accompanied by a poverty of evidence, with essentially no explanation of how and why our linguistic computations and representations evolved. We show that, to date, (1) studies of nonhuman animals provide virtually no relevant parallels to human linguistic communication, and none to the underlying biological capacity; (2) the fossil and archaeological evidence does not inform our understanding of the computations and representations of our earliest ancestors, leaving details of origins and selective pressure unresolved; (3) our understanding of the genetics of language is so impoverished that there is little hope of connecting genes to linguistic processes any time soon; (4) all modeling attempts have made unfounded assumptions, and have provided no empirical tests, thus leaving any insights into languageś origins unverifiable. Based on the current state of evidence, we submit that the most fundamental questions about the origins and evolution of our linguistic capacity remain as mysterious as ever, with considerable uncertainty about the discovery of either relevant or conclusive evidence that can adjudicate among the many open hypotheses. We conclude by presenting some suggestions about possible paths forward.},
    author = {Hauser, Marc D and Yang, Charles and Berwick, Robert C. and Tattersall, Ian and Ryan, Michael and Watumull, Jeffrey and Chomsky, Noam and Lewontin, Richard},
    number = {401},
    volume = {5},
    year = {2014},
    journal = {Frontiers in Psychology}
}

@article{Haynie2016,
    title = {Phylogenetic approach to the evolution of color term systems},
    journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.},
    author = {Haynie, H. J. and Bowern, C.},
    number = {48},
    volume = {113},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {13666-13671}
}

@article{He2010,
    title = {Jīyú yǔliàokù de zhōngguó shǒuyǔ xiàngsìxìng yánjiū},
    journal = {Zhōngguó Tèshū Jiàoyù 中国特殊教育 [Chinese Journal of Special Education]},
    author = {Hé Yǔyīn 何宇茵 and Mǎ Sài 马赛},
    number = {9},
    volume = {123},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {53-57}
}

@article{He2014,
    title = {Link community detection using generative model and nonnegative matrix factorization},
    journal = {PLoS ONE},
    author = {He, D. and Jin, D. and Baquero, C. and Liu, D.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {9},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {e86899}
}

@incollection{Heath1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Heath, Jeffrey},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {Verbal inflexion and macro-subgroupings of Australian languages: The search for conjugation markers in non-Pama-Nyungan},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Australian},
    pages = {403-417}
}

@article{Heath1981,
    title = {A dase of intensive lexical eiffusion: Arnhem Land, Australia},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/413694},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Heath, Jeffrey},
    number = {2},
    volume = {57},
    year = {1981},
    pages = {335-367}
}

@inproceedings{Heeringa07therelative,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ninth Meeting of the ACL Special Interest Group in Computational Morphology and Phonology},
    title = {The relative divergence of Dutch dialect pronunciations from their common source: An exploratory study},
    year = {2007},
    author = {Wilbert Heeringa and Brian Joseph}
}

@phdthesis{Heeringa2004,
    school = {Rijksuniversiteit Groningen},
    title = {Measuring dialect pronunciation differences using Levenshtein distance},
    author = {Heeringa, Wilbert J.},
    year = {2004},
    institution = {Rijksuniversiteit Groningen},
    address = {Groningen}
}

@inproceedings{Heeringa2006,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Linguistic Distances Workshop at the joint conference of International Committee on Computational Linguistics and the Association for Computational Linguistics},
    title = {Evaluation of string distance algorithms for dialectology},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {51-62},
    author = {Heeringa, Wilbert J. and Kleiweg, Peter and Gooskens, Charlotte and Nerbonne, John}
}

@book{Hegel1837,
    publisher = {Duncker und Humblot},
    author = {Hegel, Georg Wilhem Friedrich},
    url = {http://books.google.de/books?id=y_EGAAAAcAAJ},
    series = {Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegelś Werke},
    title = {Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegelś Vorlesungen über die Philosophie der Geschichte},
    year = {1837},
    number = {9},
    editor = {Gans, Eduard},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@inproceedings{Heggarty2006,
    publisher = {McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research; Distributed by Orbow Books},
    isbn = {9781902937335},
    author = {Heggarty, Paul},
    series = {McDonald Institute monographs},
    booktitle = {Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages},
    title = {Interdisciplinary Indiscipline? Can Phylogenetic Methods Meaningfully be Applied to Language Data and to Dating Language?},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Forster, Peter and Renfrew, Colin},
    address = {Cambridge UK , Oxford UK , Oakville CT USA ,},
    keywords = {historische Linguistik;Klassifikationssysteme;Kladistik;Biologie},
    pages = {183-194}
}

@article{Heggarty2007,
    title = {Linguistics for archaeologists: Principles, methods and the case of the Incas},
    journal = {CAMBRIDGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL JOURNAL},
    author = {Heggarty, Paul},
    number = {3},
    volume = {17},
    year = {2007},
    keywords = {Biologie;Linguistik und Biologie;Gray},
    pages = {311-340}
}

@article{Heggarty2010,
    title = {Splits or waves? Trees or webs? How divergence measures and network analysis can unravel language histories},
    journal = {Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci.},
    author = {Heggarty, P. and Maguire, W. and McMahon, A.},
    number = {1559},
    volume = {365},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {3829-3843}
}

@incollection{Heine2017,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1017/9781107279872.016},
    author = {Heine, Bernd and Fehn, Anne-Maria},
    series = {Cambridge Handbooks in Language and Linguistics},
    booktitle = {The Cambridge Handbook of Areal Linguistics},
    title = {An areal view of Africa},
    editor = {Hickey, RaymondEditor},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {424–445}
}

@incollection{Heine2006,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {0-19-829981-8},
    author = {Heine, Bernd and Kuteva, Tania},
    booktitle = {Areal diffusion and genetic inheritance: Problems in comparative linguistics},
    title = {Convergence and Divergence in the Development of African Languages},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and Dixon, Robert M. W.},
    address = {Oxford},
    keywords = {areal diffusion;Areallinguistik;African languages},
    pages = {393-411}
}

@book{Heine2002,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Heine, Bernd and Kuteva, Tania},
    year = {2002},
    title = {World lexicon of grammaticalizatioin},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@article{Heine2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1075/sl.40.1.05hei},
    title = {Constructional change vs. grammaticalization},
    journal = {Studies in Language},
    author = {Heine, Bernd and Narrog, Heiko and Long, Haiping},
    number = {1},
    volume = {40},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {137-175}
}

@article{Heled2013,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-44},
    author = {Heled, Joseph and Bryant, David and Drummond, Alexei J.},
    journal = {BMC Evolutionary Biology},
    abstract = {The multispecies coalescent model has become popular in recent years as a framework to infer a species phylogeny from multilocus genetic data collected from multiple individuals. The model assumes that speciation occurs at a specific point in time, after which the two sub-species evolve in total isolation. However in reality speciation may occur over an extended period of time, during which sister lineages remain in partial contact. Inference of multispecies phylogenies under those conditions is difficult. Indeed even designing simulators which correctly sample gene histories under these conditions is non-trivial.},
    title = {Simulating gene trees under the multispecies coalescent and time-dependent migration},
    number = {1},
    volume = {13},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-13-44},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {1-10}
}

@incollection{Henderson1986,
    publisher = {Brill},
    author = {Henderson, Eugénie J. A.},
    url = {https://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/source/EJAH-Hpun},
    booktitle = {Contributions to Sino-Tibetan studies},
    title = {Some hitherto unpublished material on Northern (Megyaw) Hpun},
    year = {1986},
    editor = {John McCoy and Timothy Light},
    address = {Leidern},
    pages = {101-134}
}

@article{Henikoff1992,
    title = {Amino acid substitution matrices from protein blocks},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    author = {Henikoff, Steven and Henikoff, Jorja G.},
    number = {22},
    volume = {89},
    year = {1992},
    keywords = {Substitution matrix, blosum, sequence alignment},
    pages = {10915-10919}
}

@article{Henikoff1991,
    title = {Automated assembly of protein blocks for database searching},
    journal = {Nucleic Acids Research},
    author = {Henikoff, Steven and Henikoff, Jorja G.},
    number = {23},
    volume = {19},
    year = {1991},
    pages = {6565-6572}
}

@book{Hennig1950,
    publisher = {Deutscher Zentralverlag},
    author = {Hennig, Willi},
    year = {1950},
    title = {Grundzüge einer Theorie der phylogenetischen Systematik},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@incollection{Hentschel2009,
    title = {Nominale Kategorien: Kasus},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {161-176},
    author = {Hentschel, Gerd and Menzel, Thomas}
}

@book{Herder1778,
    publisher = {Christian Friedrich Voß},
    author = {Herder, Johann Gottfried},
    url = {http://books.google.de/books?id=QP4TAAAAQAAJ},
    title = {Abhandlung über den Ursprung der Sprache, welche den von der königl. Academie der Wissenschaften für das Jahr 1770 gesetzten Preis erhalten hat},
    year = {1778},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@book{Hervas1787,
    publisher = {Cesena: Gregorio Biasini allÍnsengna di Pallade},
    author = {Lorenzo Hervas},
    series = {Idea dellÚniverso},
    title = {Vocabolario Poligloto con Prolegomeni sopra piu di CL. lingue},
    year = {1787},
    volume = {XX},
    address = {Cesena},
    pages = {248}
}

@article{Herzog1934,
    title = {Some orthographic recommendations},
    journal = {American Anthropologist},
    author = {Herzog, George and Newman, Stanley S. and Sapir, Edward and Swadesh, Mary Haas and Swadesh, Morris and Voegelin, Charles F.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {36},
    year = {1934},
    pages = {629-631.}
}

@book{Hetland2010,
    publisher = {Apress},
    author = {Hetland, Magnus Lie},
    year = {2010},
    title = {Python algorithms. Mastering basic algorithms in the Python language},
    address = {New York}
}

@incollection{Hetzron1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Hetzron, Robert},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {Dialectal variation in Proto-Afroasiatic},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;dialektale Variation;Afro-Asiatic},
    pages = {577-597}
}

@book{Hickes1689,
    publisher = {E Theatro Sheldoniano},
    author = {Hickes, George},
    year = {1689},
    title = {Institutiones grammaticæ Anglo-Saxonicæ et Moeso-Gothicæ},
    address = {Oxoniæ}
}

@article{Higgins1988,
    title = {CLUSTAL},
    journal = {Gene},
    author = {Higgins, Desmond G. and Sharp, Paul M.},
    volume = {73},
    year = {1988},
    pages = {237-244}
}

@article{Hill2015,
    title = {SimLex-999: Evaluating semantic models with (genuine) similarity estimation},
    journal = {Computational Linguistics},
    author = {Hill, Felix and Reichart, Roi and Korhonen, Anna `},
    number = {4},
    volume = {41},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {665-695}
}

@article{Hill1981,
    title = {Regularities in Vocabulary Replacement in Modern Nahuatl},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Hill, Jane H. and Hill, Kenneth C.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {47},
    year = {1981},
    pages = {215-226}
}

@article{Hill2017b,
    title = {The State of Sino-Tibetan},
    journal = {Archiv Orientální},
    author = {Hill, Nathan W.},
    volume = {85},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {305-315}
}

@article{Hill2015a,
    title = {The merger of Proto-Burmish *ts and *č in Burmese},
    journal = {SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics},
    author = {Hill, Nathan W.},
    volume = {16},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {333-345}
}

@article{Hill2015b,
    title = {Proposal for a transcription of Chinese characters in the study of early Chinese language and literature},
    journal = {Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Hill, Nathan W.},
    volume = {8},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {48-60}
}

@article{Hill2014b,
    journal = {Cahiers de Linguistique - Asie Orientale},
    title = {Cognates of Old Chinese *-n, *-r, and *-j in Tibetan and Burmese},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {91-109},
    author = {Hill, Nathan W.}
}

@article{Hill2012,
    title = {2012b. “Mirativity” does not exist: ḥdug in "Lhasa" Tibetan and other suspects},
    journal = {Linguistic Typology},
    author = {Hill, Nathan W.},
    volume = {16},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {389–433}
}

@article{Hill2017a,
    title = {Challenges of annotation and analysis in computer-assisted language comparison: A case study on Burmish languages},
    journal = {Yearbook of the Poznań Linguistic Meeting},
    author = {Hill, Nathan W. and List, Johann-Mattis},
    number = {1},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {47–76}
}

@article{Himes1998,
    title = {The Southern Cordilleran Group of Philippine Languages},
    journal = {Oceanic Linguistics},
    author = {Himes, Ronald S.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {37},
    year = {1998},
    pages = {120-177}
}

@techreport{Himsolt2010,
    url = {http://www.fim.uni-passau.de/fileadmin/files/lehrstuhl/brandenburg/projekte/gml/gml-technical-report.pdf},
    title = {GML: A portable graph file format},
    year = {2010},
    institution = {Universität Passau},
    author = {Himsolt, Michael}
}

@article{Hippisley1998,
    title = {Indexed stems and Russian word formation: A network morphology account of Russian personal nouns},
    url = {http://uknowledge.uky.edu/lin_facpub/43},
    journal = {Linguistics Faculty Publications},
    author = {Hippisley, Andrew},
    volume = {36},
    year = {1998},
    pages = {1093-1124}
}

@article{Hirosawa1995,
    title = {Comprehensive study on iterative algorithms of multiple sequence alignment},
    journal = {CABIOS},
    author = {Hirosawa, M. and Totoki, Y., and Hoshida, M. and Ishikawa, M.},
    volume = {11},
    year = {1995},
    pages = {13-18}
}

@article{Hirsch1954,
    title = {Glottochronology and Eskimo and Eskimo-Aleut Prehistory},
    journal = {American Anthropologist},
    author = {Hirsch, David I.},
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    volume = {56},
    year = {1954},
    pages = {825-838}
}

@book{Hirt1905-1907,
    publisher = {Trübner},
    author = {Hirt, Herman},
    year = {1905/1907},
    title = {Die Indogermanen},
    address = {Strassburg}
}

@book{Hirt1907,
    publisher = {Trübner},
    author = {Hirt, Herman},
    url = {http://archive.org/details/dieindogermaneni02hirtuoft},
    title = {Die Indogermanen},
    year = {1907},
    volume = {2},
    address = {Strassburg}
}

@book{Hirt1905,
    publisher = {Trübner},
    author = {Hirt, Herman},
    url = {http://archive.org/details/dieindogermaneni01hirtuoft},
    title = {Die Indogermanen.},
    year = {1905},
    volume = {1},
    address = {Strassburg}
}

@book{Hjelmslev1972,
    publisher = {Wilhelm Fink},
    author = {Hjelmslev, Louis},
    series = {International Library of General Linguistics 25},
    title = {La catégorie des cas: étude de grammaire générale},
    year = {1972},
    address = {München}
}

@book{Hjelmslev1963,
    publisher = {University of Wisconsin Press},
    author = {Hjelmslev, Louis},
    year = {1963},
    title = {Prolegomena to a theory of language},
    address = {Madison}
}

@article{Hladka2015,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12123},
    title = {A gentle introduction to machine learning for natural language processing: How to start in 16 practical steps},
    journal = {Language and Linguistics Compass},
    author = {Hladka, Barbora and Holub, Martin},
    number = {2},
    volume = {9},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {55-76}
}

@article{Ho2016,
    title = {Such errors could have been avoided. Review of "Old Chinese: A new reconstruction". by William H. Baxter and Laurent Sagart},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Ho, Dah-an},
    number = {1},
    volume = {44},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {175-230}
}

@article{Hoare1962,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/5.1.10},
    title = {Quicksort},
    url = { + http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/5.1.10},
    journal = {The Computer Journal},
    author = {Hoare, C. A. R.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {5},
    year = {1962},
    pages = {10-16}
}

@incollection{Hock1988,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    isbn = {3110115506},
    author = {Hock, Hans Henrich},
    series = {Trends in linguisticsStudies and monographs},
    booktitle = {Historical dialectology: Regional and social ; [presented at the International Conference on Historical Dialectology (Regional and Social) held at B±açzejewko near PoznaÂ´n, Poland from may 7 to 10, 1986]},
    title = {Historical implications of a dialectological approach to convergence},
    year = {1988},
    volume = {37},
    editor = {Fisiak, Jacek},
    address = {Berlin},
    keywords = {Konvergenz;Sprachkontakt;Sprachbund},
    pages = {283-328}
}

@article{Hock2017,
    title = {Indo-European linguistics meets Micronesian and Sunda-Sulawesi},
    journal = {Wellington Working Papers in Linguistics},
    author = {Hock, Hans Henrich},
    volume = {23},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {63-67}
}

@book{Hock2009b,
    publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
    author = {Hock, Hans Henrich},
    year = {2009},
    title = {Principles of historical linguistics},
    address = {Berlin and Boston}
}

@book{Hock1991,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {3110129620},
    author = {Hock, Hans Henrich},
    title = {Principles of historical linguistics},
    year = {1991},
    edition = {2},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@book{Hock1986,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    author = {Hock, Hans Henrich},
    year = {1986},
    title = {Principles of historical linguists},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@book{Hock2009,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    author = {Hock, Hans Henrich and Joseph, Brian D.},
    title = {Language history, language change and language relationship},
    edition = {2},
    year = {2009},
    address = {Berlin and New York}
}

@incollection{Hock2000,
    publisher = {Die Blaue Eule},
    author = {Hock, Wolfgang},
    booktitle = {Aspekte baltistischer Forschung},
    title = {Balto-Slavisch, Indo-Iranisch, Italo-Keltisch. Kriterien für die Annahme von Sprachgemeinschaften in der Indogermania},
    year = {2000},
    volume = {1},
    editor = {Range, Jochen D.},
    address = {Essen},
    pages = {119-145}
}

@incollection{Hockett1967,
    publisher = {Mouton},
    title = {Where the tongue slips, there slip I},
    booktitle = {To honor Roman Jakobson},
    author = {Hockett, Charles F.},
    year = {1967},
    pages = {910-936}
}

@article{Hockett1965,
    publisher = {Linguistic Society of America},
    title = {Sound change},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Hockett, Charles F.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {41},
    year = {1965},
    pages = {185-204}
}

@article{Hockett1954,
    title = {Translation via Immediate Constituents},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Hockett, Charles F.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {20},
    year = {1954},
    pages = {313-315}
}

@incollection{Hodge1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Hodge, Carleton T.},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {The role of Egyptian within Afroasiatic (/Lislakh)},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Afro-Asiatic;Egyptian},
    pages = {639-659}
}

@incollection{Hoenigswald1974,
    publisher = {North-Holland Pub. Co; American Elsevier},
    isbn = {0444106685},
    author = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max},
    series = {North-Holland linguistics series},
    booktitle = {Historical linguistics: Proceedings of the first International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Edinburgh, 2nd-7th September 1973},
    title = {Internal reconstruction and context},
    year = {1974},
    volume = {v. 12, a-b},
    editor = {Anderson, John Mathieson and Jones, Charles},
    address = {Amsterdam, New York},
    keywords = {internal reconstruction;Rekonstruktion},
    pages = {189-202}
}

@incollection{Hoenigswald1990a,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {Summary report of the Indo-European panel},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Indo-European;komparative Methode},
    pages = {271-274}
}

@incollection{Hoenigswald1990b,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {Is the comparative method general or family-specific},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;komparative Methode},
    pages = {375-383}
}

@incollection{Hoenigswald1987,
    publisher = {Univ. of Pennsylvania Pr.},
    isbn = {9780812280142},
    author = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max},
    booktitle = {Biological metaphor and cladistic classification: An interdisciplinary perspective; [papers from a Symposium on Biological Metaphor Outside Biology, held Mar. 4 - 5, 1982 ... at the American Philos. Soc.ś Library in Philadelphia]},
    title = {Language family trees: Topological and metrical},
    year = {1987},
    editor = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max},
    address = {Philadelphia},
    keywords = {Kladistik;historische Linguistik;family tree},
    pages = {257-268}
}

@incollection{Hoenigswald1973,
    publisher = {Mouton},
    author = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max},
    series = {Current Trends in Linguistics},
    booktitle = {Diachronic, areal and typological linguistics},
    title = {The comparative method},
    year = {1973},
    volume = {11},
    editor = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max and Langacre, Robert H.},
    address = {The Hague; Paris},
    keywords = {komparative Methode;Rekonstruktion;historische Linguistik},
    pages = {51-62}
}

@incollection{Hoenigswald1974a,
    publisher = {Indiana University Press},
    isbn = {0-253-35559-1},
    author = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max},
    series = {Indiana University studies in the history and theory of linguistics},
    booktitle = {Studies in the history of linguistics: Traditions and paradigms},
    title = {Fallacies in the history of linguistics: Notes on the appraisal of the nineteenth century},
    year = {1974},
    editor = {Hymes, Dell H.},
    address = {Bloomington},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft;},
    pages = {346-358}
}

@incollection{Hoenigswald1991,
    publisher = {Benjamins},
    isbn = {90-272-3578-3},
    author = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max},
    series = {Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic scienceSeries 4, Current issues in linguistic theory},
    booktitle = {Language typology 1988: Typological models in the service of reconstruction},
    title = {Morphemic change, typology, and uniformitarianism: A study in reconstruction},
    year = {1991},
    volume = {81},
    editor = {Lehmann, Winfred Philipp and Hewitt, Helen-Jo Jakusz},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;uniformitarianism;Typologie},
    pages = {17-26}
}

@incollection{Hoenigswald1990,
    publisher = {Benjamins},
    isbn = {90-272-4532-0},
    author = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max},
    series = {Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic scienceSeries 3, Studies in the history of the language sciences},
    booktitle = {Leibniz, Humboldt, and the origins of comparativism},
    title = {Descent, perfection and the comparative method since Leibniz},
    year = {1990},
    volume = {49},
    editor = {Mauro, Tullio and Formigari, Lia and Petrilli, Raffaella and Thornton, Anna Maria},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft;},
    pages = {119-132}
}

@article{Hoenigswald1990c,
    publisher = {American Philosophical Society},
    title = {Does language grow on trees?},
    journal = {Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society},
    author = {Hoenigswald, Henry M.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {134},
    year = {1990},
    pages = {10-18}
}

@book{Hoenigswald1973a,
    publisher = {Reidel},
    isbn = {902-7702-70-5},
    author = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max},
    series = {Formal linguistics series},
    title = {Studies in formal historical linguistics},
    year = {1973},
    volume = {3},
    address = {Dordrecht},
    keywords = {komparative Methode}
}

@article{Hoenigswald1963,
    publisher = {The Trustees of Indiana University on behalf of Anthropological Linguistics},
    title = {On the history of the comparative method},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Hoenigswald, Henry M.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {5},
    year = {1963},
    pages = {pp. 1-11}
}

@article{Hoenigswald1960,
    title = {Phonetic similarity in internal reconstruction},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Hoenigswald, Henry M.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {36},
    year = {1960},
    pages = {191-192}
}

@book{Hoenigswald1960b,
    publisher = {The University of Chicago Press and Univ. of Chicago Press},
    author = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max},
    title = {Language change and linguistic reconstruction},
    year = {1960},
    edition = {4. Aufl. 1966},
    address = {Chicago},
    keywords = {komparative Methode;Sprachwandel;Rekonstruktion}
}

@article{Hoenigswald1959,
    publisher = {Linguistic Society of America},
    title = {Some uses of nothing},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Hoenigswald, Henry M.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {35},
    year = {1959},
    pages = {409-420}
}

@article{Hoenigswald1950,
    publisher = {Linguistic Society of America},
    author = {Henry M. Hoenigswald},
    journal = {Language},
    abstract = {Reconstruction by the comparative method (as distinct from internal reconstruction based on alternations between phonemes in a paradigm) is essentially a problem in phonemics, in which the place of allophones is taken by sets of sound correspondences that are partially alike (share one component) and in complementary distribution. The principle is illustrated by the IE dental and labial stops as reconstructed from Sanskrit and Germanic, by IE *s in Greek and Latin, and by the IE aspirates in Italic.},
    title = {The Principal Step in Comparative Grammar},
    number = {3},
    volume = {26},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/409730},
    year = {1950},
    pages = {357-364}
}

@book{Hoey2005,
    publisher = {Routledge},
    author = {Hoey, Michael},
    year = {2005},
    title = {Lexical Priming: a new theory of words and language},
    address = {London}
}

@article{Hoffmeister2005,
    title = {Mitochondrial trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductase of wax ester fermentation from Euglena gracilis defines a new family of enzymes in-volved in lipid synthesis},
    journal = {Journal of Biological Chemistry},
    author = {Hoffmeister, M. and Piotrowski, M. and Nowitzki, U. and Martin, William},
    number = {280},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {4329-4338}
}

@article{Hogeweg1984,
    title = {The alignment of sets of sequences and the construction of phyletic trees},
    journal = {Journal of Molecular Evolution},
    author = {Hogeweg, P. and Hesper, B.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {20},
    year = {1984},
    pages = {175-186}
}

@article{Hoehna2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw021},
    title = {RevBayes: Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference Using Graphical Models and an Interactive Model-Specification Language},
    url = { + http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw021},
    journal = {Systematic Biology},
    author = {Höhna, Sebastian and Landis, Michael J. and Heath, Tracy A. and Boussau, Bastien and Lartillot, Nicolas and Moore, Brian R. and Huelsenbeck, John P. and Ronquist, Fredrik},
    number = {4},
    volume = {65},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {726}
}

@article{Hoijer1956,
    title = {Lexicostatistics},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Hoijer, Harry},
    number = {1},
    volume = {32},
    year = {1956},
    pages = {49-60}
}

@article{Holden2002,
    title = {Bantu language trees reflect the spread of farming across sub-Saharan Africa: a maximum-parsimony analysis},
    journal = {Proc Biol Sci},
    author = {Holden, Clare J.},
    volume = {269},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {793-799}
}

@inproceedings{Holden2006,
    publisher = {McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research; Distributed by Orbow Books},
    isbn = {9781902937335},
    author = {Holden, Clare J. and Gray, Russell D.},
    series = {McDonald Institute monographs},
    booktitle = {Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages},
    title = {Rapid Radiation, Borrowing and Dialect Continua in the Bantu Languages},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Forster, Peter and Renfrew, Colin},
    address = {Cambridge UK , Oxford UK , Oakville CT USA ,},
    keywords = {lexical borrowing;cognate},
    pages = {19-32}
}

@article{Holder2008,
    title = {A justification for reporting the majority-rule consensus tree in Bayesian phylogenetics},
    journal = {Syst. Biol.},
    author = {Holder, M. T. and Sukumaran, J. and Lewis, P. O.},
    number = {5},
    volume = {57},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {814-821}
}

@inproceedings{Holm2008,
    author = {Holm, Hans J.},
    booktitle = {Data analysis, machine learning, and applications},
    title = {The distribution of data in word lists and its impact on the subgrouping of languages},
    year = {2008},
    editor = {Preisach, C. and Burkhard, H. and Schmidt-Thieme, L. and Decker, R.},
    address = {Heidelberg and Berlin},
    pages = {629-636}
}

@article{Holm2017,
    title = {Steppe Homeland of Indo-Europeans Favored by a Bayesian Approach with Revised Data and Processing},
    journal = {Glottometrics},
    author = {Holm, Hans J.},
    volume = {37},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {54-81}
}

@article{Holm2011,
    title = {“Swadesh lists” of Albanian revisited and consequences for its Position in the Indo-European Languages},
    journal = {The Journal of Indo-European Studies},
    author = {Holm, H. J.},
    number = {1,2},
    volume = {39},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {43-99}
}

@article{Holm2007,
    title = {The new arboretum of Indo-European "trees},
    journal = {Journal of Quantitative Linguistics},
    author = {Holm, Hans J.},
    number = {2-3},
    volume = {14},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {167-214}
}

@article{Holm2000,
    title = {Genealogy of the main Indo-European branches applying the separation base method},
    journal = {Journal of Quantitative Linguistics},
    author = {Holm, Hans J.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {7},
    year = {2000},
    pages = {73-95}
}

@article{Holman2011,
    title = {Automated dating of the worldś language families based on lexical similarity},
    journal = {Current Anthropology},
    author = {Holman, Eric. W. and Brown, Cecil H. and Wichmann, Søren and Müller, André and Velupillai, Viveka and Hammarström, Harald and Sauppe, Sebastian and Jung, Hagen and Bakker, Dik and Brown, Pamela and Belyaev, Oleg and Urban, Matthias and Mailhammer, Robert and List, Johann-Mattis and Egorov, Dimitry},
    number = {6},
    volume = {52},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {841-875}
}

@article{Holman2007,
    title = {On the relation between structural diversity and geographical distance among languages: Observations and computer simulations},
    url = {DOI:10.1515/LINGTY.2007.027},
    journal = {Linguistic Typology},
    author = {Holman, Eric W. and Schulze, Christian and Stauffer, Dietrich and Wichmann, Søren},
    number = {2},
    volume = {11},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {393-421}
}

@article{Holman2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw106},
    title = {New Evidence from Linguistic Phylogenetics Identifies Limits to Punctuational Change},
    url = {http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/11/10/sysbio.syw106.full.pdf+html},
    abstract = {Since the early 1970s biologists have debated whether evolution is punctuated by speciation events with bursts of cladogenetic changes, or whether evolution tends to be of a more gradual, anagenetic nature. A similar discussion among linguists has barely begun, but the present results suggest that there is also room for controversy over this issue in linguistics. The only previous study correlated the number of nodes in linguistic phylogenies with branch lengths and found support for punctuated equilibrium. We replicate this result for branch lengths but find no support for punctuated equilibrium using a different, automated measure of linguistic divergence and a much larger dataset. With the automated measure, segments of trees containing more nodes show no greater divergence from an outgroup than segments containing fewer nodes.},
    author = {Holman, Eric W. and Wichmann, Søren},
    year = {2016},
    journal = {Systematic Biology}
}

@article{Holman2008,
    title = {Explorations in automated lexicostatistics},
    journal = {Folia Linguistica},
    author = {Holman, Eric W. and Wichmann, Søren and Brown, Cecil H. and Velupillai, Viveka and Müller, André and Bakker, Dik},
    number = {3},
    volume = {20},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {116-121}
}

@incollection{Holman2008a,
    publisher = {University of Helsinki},
    author = {Holman, Eric W. and Wichmann, Søren and Brown, Cecil H. and Velupillai, Viveka and Müller, André and Bakker, Dik},
    booktitle = {Quantitative Investigations in Theoretical Linguistics},
    title = {Advances in automated language classification},
    year = {2008},
    editor = {Arppe, Antti and Sinnemäki, Kaius and Nikann, Urpu},
    address = {Helsinki},
    pages = {40-43}
}

@article{Holmberg2016,
    title = {Norse against Old English: 20-0},
    journal = {Language Dynamics and Change},
    author = {Anders Holmberg},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {21-23}
}

@article{Holmes2001,
    title = {Evolutionary HMMs: a Bayesian approach to multiple alignment},
    journal = {Bioinformatics},
    author = {Holmes, I. and Bruno, W. J.},
    number = {9},
    volume = {17},
    year = {2001},
    pages = {803-820}
}

@article{Holton2012,
    title = {The historical relations of the Papuan languages of Alor and Pantar},
    journal = {Oceanic Linguistics},
    author = {Holton, Gary and Klamer, Marian and Kratochvíl, František and Robinson, Laura C. and Schapper, Antoinette},
    number = {1},
    volume = {51},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {86-122}
}

@article{Holtz2011,
    title = {Von Singapur-Aktien und blauen Zähnen – Zur Klassifikation und dauerhaften Integration von Lehnwörtern im Chinesischen},
    journal = {CHUN - Chinesischunterricht},
    author = {Holtz, Tabea},
    volume = {26},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {5-32}
}

@article{Holyer1981,
    publisher = {SIAM},
    title = {The NP-completeness of some edge-partition problems},
    journal = {SIAM Journal on Computing},
    author = {Holyer, Ian},
    number = {4},
    volume = {10},
    year = {1981},
    pages = {713-717}
}

@book{Holzer1996,
    publisher = {Lang},
    isbn = {3-631-49372-X},
    author = {Holzer, Georg},
    title = {Das Erschließen unbelegter Sprachen},
    year = {1996},
    address = {Frankfurt am Main}
}

@article{Honeybone2016,
    title = {Are there impossible changes? θ > f but f ≯ θ},
    journal = {Papers in Historical Phonology},
    author = {Honeybone, Patrick},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {316-358}
}

@article{Hong1981,
    title = {Teaching Chinese Well and Teaching it Widely},
    journal = {The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs},
    author = {Hong, Beverly},
    number = {5},
    year = {1981},
    pages = {55-57}
}

@book{Hoogshagen1993,
    publisher = {Verano, A.C., México, D.F.: Inst. Lingüístico de Verano},
    isbn = {9789683102805},
    author = {Hoogshagen Noordsy, Searle and Hoogshagen, Hilda Halloran de},
    series = {Serie de Vocabularios y Diccionarios Indígenas Mariano Silva y Aceves},
    title = {Diccionario Mixe de Coatlán, Oaxaca},
    year = {1993},
    volume = {32},
    edition = {1},
    address = {México, D.F.},
    pages = {xix+459}
}

@article{Hooley1971,
    publisher = {University of Hawaií Press},
    title = {Austronesian languages of the Morobe district, Papua New Guinea},
    journal = {Oceanic Linguistics},
    author = {Bruce A. Hooley},
    number = {2},
    volume = {10},
    year = {1971},
    pages = {79-151}
}

@article{Hooper1979,
    title = {The Australia-China Student Exchange Scheme: Could it be More Effective?},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2159077},
    journal = {The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs},
    author = {Hooper, Beverley},
    number = {1},
    year = {1979},
    pages = {113-124}
}

@book{Hopcroft1979,
    publisher = {Addison-Wesley},
    isbn = {9780201029888,020102988X},
    title = {Introduction to automata theory, languages, and computation},
    series = {Addison-Wesley Series in Computer Science},
    author = {John E. Hopcroft and Jeffrey D. Ullman},
    edition = {1st},
    year = {1979}
}

@article{Hopper1984,
    title = {The Discourse Basis for Lexical Categories in Universal Grammar},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Hopper, Paul J. and Thompson, Sandra A.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {60},
    year = {1984},
    pages = {703-752}
}

@article{Horton2010,
    title = {Something borrowed: Sequence Alignment and the identification of similar passages in large text collections},
    url = {http://www.digitalstudies.org/ojs/index.php/digital_studies/article/view/190/235},
    journal = {Digital Studies / Le champ numérique},
    author = {Horton, Russel and Olsen, Mark and Roe, Glenn},
    number = {1},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2010}
}

@article{Hoth2016,
    abstract = {The Freiburg speech intelligibility test according to DIN 45621 was introduced around 60 years ago. For decades, and still today, the Freiburg test has been a standard whose relevance extends far beyond pure audiometry. It is used primarily to determine the speech perception threshold (based on two-digit numbers) and the ability to discriminate speech at suprathreshold presentation levels (based on monosyllabic nouns). Moreover, it is a measure of the degree of disability, the requirement for and success of technical hearing aids (auxiliaries directives), and the compensation for disability and handicap (Königstein recommendation). In differential audiological diagnostics, the Freiburg test contributes to the distinction between low- and high-frequency hearing loss, as well as to identification of conductive, sensory, neural, and central disorders. Currently, the phonemic and perceptual balance of the monosyllabic test lists is subject to critical discussions. Obvious deficiencies exist for testing speech recognition in noise. In this respect, alternatives such as sentence or rhyme tests in closed-answer inventories are discussed.},
    title = {[The Freiburg speech intelligibility test : A pillar of speech audiometry in German-speaking countries]},
    year = {2016},
    journal = {HNO},
    author = {Hoth, S.}
}

@article{Houston1992,
    title = {On Maya Hieroglyphic Literacy},
    journal = {Current Anthropology},
    author = {Houston, Stephen and Stuart, David},
    number = {5},
    volume = {33},
    year = {1992},
    pages = {589-593}
}

@inproceedings{Hovy2002,
    title = {An Introduction to MT Evaluation},
    url = {http://issco-www.unige.ch/projects/isle/mteval-may02/mteval-lrec2002.ps.gz},
    booktitle = {LREC 2002 Workshop on Machine Translation Evaluation: Human Evaluators Meet Automated Metrics},
    author = {Hovy, E. and King, M. and Popescu-Belis, A.},
    editor = {LREC 2002 Workshop "},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {1-7}
}

@article{Hrozny1915,
    title = {Die Lösung des hethitischen Problems},
    journal = {Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft},
    author = {Hrozný, Bedřich},
    volume = {56},
    year = {1915},
    pages = {17–50}
}

@article{Hruschka2015,
    title = {Detecting regular sound changes in linguistics as events of concerted evolution},
    journal = {Curr. Biol.},
    author = {Hruschka, D. J. and Branford, S. and Smith, E. D. and Wilkins, J. and Meade, A. and Pagel, M. and Bhattacharya, T.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {25},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {1-9}
}

@article{Hsieh1973,
    title = {A new method of dialect subgrouping},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Hsieh, Hsin-I},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1973},
    pages = {64-93}
}

@article{Hsu2009,
    title = {The syllable in Old Chinese},
    journal = {Journal of East Asian Linguistics},
    author = {Hsu, Dong-Bo},
    volume = {18},
    year = {2009},
    keywords = {contraction, Chinese, Old Chinese},
    pages = {361-395}
}

@article{Hsu2003,
    publisher = {Springer},
    author = {Hsu, Hui-Chuan},
    journal = {Journal of East Asian Linguistics},
    abstract = {This paper reexamines syllable contraction in Taiwanese Southern Min. Grounded on Chungś (1996) autosegmental model, the current analysis is characterized by six points: (a) Every syllable has an XXX template. (b) Edge-in (Yip 1988) takes care of the association of edge consonants with edge skeletal slots. (c) The realization of the nucleus abides by the order of N-placement, rising diphthong formation, and falling diphthong formation. (d) The sonority hierarchy of a &gt ɔ &gt e &gt o &gt i &gt u determines how vocoids are associated with the nucleus position. If there is a tie, the first segment gets linked by temporal sequence. V-neutralization (Chung 1996) turns mid vowels into high when they form rimes with the adjacent vowels. (e) The contracted form abides by Maximality (Prince 1985) to construct the largest possible syllable. (f) In addition, stress is shown irrelevant, and phonotactic constraints may be contravened.},
    title = {A sonority model of syllable contraction in Taiwanese Southern Min},
    number = {4},
    volume = {12},
    year = {2003},
    keywords = {contraction, Chinese, Taiwanese, Min},
    pages = {349-377}
}

@article{Hu2010,
    title = {Zhèjiāng Xiāoshān fāngyán héyīncí de tèdiǎn},
    journal = {Yǔyán Yīnyòng Yánjiū},
    author = {Hú Yúnēn 胡需恩 and Zhào Zélíng 赵则玲},
    volume = {9},
    year = {2010},
    keywords = {contraction, Chinese}
}

@article{Hua2013,
    pages = {149-157},
    journal = {Sūzhōu Dàxué Xuébào 蘇州大學學報 [Journal of Sūzhōu College},
    title = {Yáng Xióng Fāngyán jí qí yánjiū shùpíng},
    number = {1},
    author = {Huá Xuéchéng 华学诚 and Xú Yányàn 徐妍雁}
}

@book{Huang2002,
    publisher = {Gāoděng Jiàoyù 高等教育},
    author = {Huang, Borong and Liao, Xudong},
    title = {Xiàndài Hànyǔ},
    year = {2002},
    volume = {1},
    edition = {3},
    address = {Běijīng 北京}
}

@book{Huang2002a,
    publisher = {Gāoděng Jiàoyù},
    author = {Huáng, Bóróng and Liào, Xǔdōng},
    title = {Xiàndài Hànyǔ},
    year = {2002},
    volume = {1},
    edition = {3},
    address = {Běijīng}
}

@inproceedings{Huang2007,
    publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74000-1_2},
    isbn = {978-3-540-74000-1},
    author = {Huang, Chu-Ren and Prévot, Laurent and Su, I-Li and Hong, Jia-Fei},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-74000-1_2},
    booktitle = {Intercultural Collaboration: First International Workshop, IWIC 2007 Kyoto, Japan, January 25-26, 2007 Invited and Selected Papers},
    title = {Towards a Conceptual Core for Multicultural Processing: A Multilingual Ontology Based on the Swadesh List},
    year = {2007},
    editor = {Ishida, Toru and Fussell, Susan R. and Vossen, Piek T. J. M.},
    address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
    pages = {17-30}
}

@article{Huang1993a,
    title = {Reconstruction and the Structure of VP: Some Theoretical Consequences},
    journal = {Linguistic Inquiry},
    author = {Huang, C.-T. James},
    number = {1},
    volume = {24},
    year = {1993},
    pages = {103-138}
}

@article{Huang1988,
    title = {Wǒ pǎo de kuài and Chinese Phrase Structure},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Huang, C.-T. James},
    number = {2},
    volume = {64},
    year = {1988},
    pages = {274-311}
}

@article{Huang1987,
    title = {Remarks on Empty Categories in Chinese},
    journal = {Linguistic Inquiry},
    author = {Huang, C.-T. James},
    number = {2},
    volume = {18},
    year = {1987},
    pages = {321-337}
}

@article{Huang1984,
    title = {On the Distribution and Book of Empty Pronouns},
    journal = {Linguistic Inquiry},
    author = {Huang, C.-T. James},
    number = {4},
    volume = {15},
    year = {1984},
    pages = {531-574}
}

@article{Huang1991,
    title = {A time-efficient, linear-space local similarity algorithm},
    journal = {Advances in Applied Mathematics},
    author = {Huang, Xiaoqiu and Miller, Webb},
    volume = {12},
    year = {1991},
    pages = {337-357}
}

@article{Huang1991a,
    title = {A Neo-Gricean Pragmatic Theory of Anaphora},
    journal = {Journal of Linguistics},
    author = {Huang, Yan},
    number = {2},
    volume = {27},
    year = {1991a},
    pages = {301-335}
}

@article{Huber2006,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/s00285-005-0365-z},
    author = {Huber, K. T. and Moulton, Vincent},
    journal = {Journal of Mathematical Biology},
    abstract = {It is now quite well accepted that the evolutionary past of certain species is better represented by phylogenetic networks as opposed to trees. For example, polyploids are typically thought to have resulted through hybridization and duplication, processes that are probably not best represented as bifurcating speciation events. Based on the knowledge of a multi-labelled tree relating collection of polyploids, we present a canonical construction of a phylogenetic network that exhibits the tree. In addition, we prove that the resulting network is in some well-defined sense a minimal network having this property.},
    title = {Phylogenetic networks from multi-labelled trees},
    number = {5},
    volume = {52},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00285-005-0365-z},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {613-632}
}

@book{Huber1992,
    publisher = {Asociatión Instituto Lingüístico de Verano},
    author = {Huber, R. Q. and Reed, R. B.},
    year = {1992},
    title = {Vocabulario comparativo: palabras selectas de lenguas indígenas de Colombia [Comparative vocabulary. Selected words from the indigeneous languages of Columbia]},
    address = {Santafé de Bogota}
}

@article{Huebschmann1877,
    title = {Ueber die stellung des armenischen im kreise der indogermanischen sprachen},
    journal = {Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung der indogermanischen Sprachen},
    author = {Hübschmann, H.},
    volume = {23},
    year = {1877},
    pages = {5-49}
}

@incollection{Hudson2007,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Hudson, Richard},
    booktitle = {The Oxford Handbook of cognitive linguistics},
    title = {Word grammar},
    year = {2007},
    editor = {Geeraerts, Dirk and Cuyckens, Hubert},
    address = {Oxford},
    pages = {509-542}
}

@book{Hudson2010,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Hudson, Richard},
    year = {2010},
    title = {An introduction to word grammar},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@book{Hudson2007b,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Hudson, Richard},
    year = {2007},
    title = {Language networks. The new word grammar},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@article{Huelsenbeck2002,
    title = {Inferring the root of a phylogenetic tree},
    journal = {Systems Biology},
    author = {Huelsenbeck, J. P. and Bollback, J. P. and Levine, A. M.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {51},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {32-43}
}

@article{Huelsenbeck2003,
    title = {Stochastic mapping of morphological Characters},
    journal = {Systematic Biology},
    abstract = {Many questions in evolutionary biology are best addressed by comparing traits in different species. Often such studies involve mapping characters on phylogenetic trees. Mapping characters on trees allows the nature, number, and timing of the transformations to be identified. The parsimony method is the only method available for mapping morphological characters on phylogenies. Although the parsimony method often makes reasonable reconstructions of the history of a character, it has a number of limitations. These limitations include the inability to consider more than a single change along a branch on a tree and the uncoupling of evolutionary time from amount of character change. We extended a method described by Nielsen (2002, Syst. Biol. 51:729-739) to the mapping of morphological characters under continuous-time Markov models and demonstrate here the utility of the method for mapping characters on trees and for identifying character correlation.},
    author = {Huelsenbeck, John P. and Nielsen, Rasmus and Bollback, Jonathan P.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {52},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {131-158}
}

@article{Huelsenbeck2001,
    title = {Bayesian inference of phylogeny and its impact on evolutionary biology},
    journal = {Science},
    author = {Huelsenbeck, J. P. and Ronquist, F. and Nielsen, R. and Bollback, J. P.},
    number = {5550},
    volume = {294},
    year = {2001},
    pages = {2310-2314}
}

@article{Huffman1976,
    title = {The Relevance of Lexicostatistics to Mon-Khmer Languages},
    journal = {Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications},
    author = {Huffman, Franklin E.},
    number = {13},
    year = {1976},
    pages = {539-574}
}

@book{Hull1988,
    publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
    author = {Hull, D. L.},
    year = {1988},
    title = {Science as a Process - An Evolutionary Account of the Social and Conceptual Development of Science},
    address = {Chicago}
}

@article{Hull1976,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.2307/2412744},
    author = {Hull, David L.},
    journal = {Systematic Biology},
    abstract = {Hull, David L. (Department of Philosophy, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201) 1976. Are species really individuals? Syst. Zool. 25:174–191.—The processes which contribute to the evolution of biological species take place at a variety of levels of organization; e.g., genes give rise to other genes, organisms give rise to other organisms, and species give rise to other species. All of these processes require continuity through descent. If species are to be units of evolution, they need not be composed of similar organisms; instead they must be made up of organisms related by descent. Taxonomists do not impose this requirement on the phenomena; rather it follows from the nature of the evolutionary process itself. In addition to spatiotemporal continuity, species must also possess a certain degree of unity to function as units of evolution. Gene exchange is one means by which such unity can be promoted. The mechanisms by which asexual species maintain a similar unity are problematic; higher taxa pose an even more serious problem. However, if species are chunks of the genealogical nexus, they cannot be viewed as classes. Instead they possess all the characteristics of individuals—that is, if organisms are taken to be paradigm individuals. The major difference between organisms and species as individuals is that organisms possess a largely fixed genetic makeup which constrains their development, whereas species do not. If species are individuals, then their names are most naturally viewed as proper names, names which denote particular individuals but do not possess any intensional meaning.},
    title = {Are Species Really Individuals?},
    number = {2},
    volume = {25},
    url = {http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/25/2/174.full.pdf+html},
    year = {1976},
    pages = {174-191}
}

@article{Hulme1952,
    publisher = {Modern Humanities Research Association},
    author = {Hulme, Hilda},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3718814},
    journal = {The Modern Language Review},
    title = {Review: A Dictionary of Selected Synonyms in the Principal Indo-European Languages},
    number = {2},
    volume = {47},
    year = {1952},
    keywords = {buck review buck review},
    pages = {214}
}

@article{Hulst2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12158},
    title = {Monovalent `features ́in phonology},
    journal = {Language and Linguistics Compass},
    author = {van der Hulst, Harry},
    number = {2},
    volume = {10},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {83-102}
}

@book{Humboldt1836,
    publisher = {Königliche Akademie der Wissenschaften},
    author = {Humboldt, Wilhelm von},
    title = {Über die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues und ihren Einfluß auf die geistige Entwickelung des Menschengeschlechts},
    note = {Misc available under http://books.google.de/},
    year = {1836},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@article{Humpfries2008,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0002051},
    author = {Humphries, Mark D. AND Gurney, Kevin},
    journal = {PLoS ONE},
    abstract = {<sec><title>Background</title> Many technological, biological, social, and information networks fall into the broad class of ‘small-world’ networks: they have tightly interconnected clusters of nodes, and a shortest mean path length that is similar to a matched random graph (same number of nodes and edges). This semi-quantitative definition leads to a categorical distinction (‘small/not-small’) rather than a quantitative, continuous grading of networks, and can lead to uncertainty about a networkś small-world status. Moreover, systems described by small-world networks are often studied using an equivalent canonical network model – the Watts-Strogatz (WS) model. However, the process of establishing an equivalent WS model is imprecise and there is a pressing need to discover ways in which this equivalence may be quantified.</p></sec><sec><title>Methodology/Principal Findings</title> We defined a precise measure of ‘small-world-ness’ <italic>S</italic> based on the trade off between high local clustering and short path length. A network is now deemed a ‘small-world’ if <italic>S</italic>&gt;1 - an assertion which may be tested statistically. We then examined the behavior of <italic>S</italic> on a large data-set of real-world systems. We found that all these systems were linked by a linear relationship between their <italic>S</italic> values and the network size <italic>n</italic>. Moreover, we show a method for assigning a unique Watts-Strogatz (WS) model to any real-world network, and show analytically that the WS models associated with our sample of networks also show linearity between <italic>S</italic> and <italic>n</italic>. Linearity between <italic>S</italic> and <italic>n</italic> is not, however, inevitable, and neither is <italic>S</italic> maximal for an arbitrary network of given size. Linearity may, however, be explained by a common limiting growth process.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions/Significance</title> We have shown how the notion of a small-world network may be quantified. Several key properties of the metric are described and the use of WS canonical models is placed on a more secure footing.</p></sec>},
    title = {Network ‘Small-World-Ness’: A Quantitative Method for Determining Canonical Network Equivalence},
    number = {4},
    volume = {3},
    url = {http://dx.plos.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0002051},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {e0002051}
}

@article{Huneman2007,
    title = {Titles, uses and iinstruction of use: The status of intention in art and artefacts},
    journal = {Facta Philosophica},
    author = {Huneman, Philippe},
    volume = {9},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {3-21}
}

@article{Hunley2005,
    title = {Gene Flow across Linguistic Boundaries in Native North American Populations},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    author = {Hunley, Keith and Long, Jeffrey C. and Salzano, Francisco Mauro},
    number = {5},
    volume = {102},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {1312-1317}
}

@article{Hunter2007,
    publisher = {IEEE COMPUTER SOC},
    author = {Hunter, John D.},
    journal = {Computing In Science & Engineering},
    abstract = {Matplotlib is a 2D graphics package used for Python for application development, interactive scripting, and publication-quality image generation across user interfaces and operating systems.},
    title = {Matplotlib: A 2D graphics environment},
    year = {2007},
    number = {3},
    volume = {9},
    address = {10662 LOS VAQUEROS CIRCLE, PO BOX 3014, LOS ALAMITOS, CA 90720-1314 USA},
    pages = {90-95}
}

@misc{Hurford,
    url = {http://www.lel.ed.ac.uk/lec/LEC/Welcome.html},
    title = {Language Evolution and Computation Research Unit},
    author = {Hurford, J. R. and Kirby, Simon}
}

@article{Hurles2003,
    title = {Untangling Oceanic settlement: the edge of the knowable},
    journal = {TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution},
    author = {Hurles, Matthew E. and Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth and Gray, Russell D. and Penny, David},
    number = {10},
    volume = {10},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {531-540}
}

@article{Huson2009,
    title = {Drawing Rooted Phylogenetic Networks},
    journal = {IEEE/ACM Trans. Comput. Biology Bioinform.},
    author = {Daniel H. Huson},
    number = {1},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {103-109}
}

@article{Huson1998,
    title = {SplitsTree: analyzing and visualizing evolutionary data},
    journal = {Bioinformatics},
    author = {Huson, Daniel H.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {14},
    year = {1998},
    keywords = {software-package},
    pages = {68-73}
}

@article{Huson2006,
    title = {Application of phylogenetic networks in evolutionary studies},
    url = {doi:10.1093/molbev/msj030},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    author = {Huson, Daniel H. and Bryant, David},
    volume = {23/2},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {254-267}
}

@article{Huson2006a,
    title = {Application of phylogenetic networks in evolutionary studies},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    author = {Huson, D. H. and Bryant, D.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {23},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {254-267}
}

@article{Huson2004a,
    title = {Phylogenetic Super-Networks from Partial Trees},
    journal = {IEEE/ACM Trans. Comput. Biology Bioinform.},
    author = {Daniel H. Huson and Tobias Dezulian and Tobias H. Klöpper and Mike A. Steel},
    number = {4},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {151-158}
}

@inproceedings{Huson2005,
    booktitle = {ECCB/JBI},
    title = {Computing recombination networks from binary sequences},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {165},
    author = {Daniel H. Huson and Tobias H. Klöpper}
}

@article{Huson1999,
    title = {Hybrid Tree Reconstruction Methods},
    journal = {ACM Journal of Experimental Algorithmics},
    author = {Daniel H. Huson and Scott Nettles and Kenneth Rice and Tandy Warnow and Shibu Yooseph},
    volume = {4},
    year = {1999},
    pages = {5}
}

@book{Huson2010,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    title = {Phylogenetic networks},
    year = {2010},
    author = {Huson, D. H. and Rupp, Regula and Scornavacca, Celine}
}

@article{Huson2012,
    title = {Dendroscope 3: an interactive tool for rooted phylogenetic trees and networks},
    journal = {Systems Biology},
    abstract = {Dendroscope 3 is a new program for working with rooted phylogenetic trees and networks. It provides a number of methods for drawing and comparing rooted phylogenetic networks, and for computing them from rooted trees. The program can be used interactively or in command-line mode. The program is written in Java, use of the software is free, and installers for all 3 major operating systems can be downloaded from www.dendroscope.org. [Phylogenetic trees; phylogenetic networks; software.].},
    author = {Huson, D. H. and Scornavacca, C.},
    number = {6},
    volume = {61},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {1061-1067}
}

@article{Huson2011,
    title = {A survey of combinatorial methods for phylogenetic networks},
    journal = {Genome Biology and Evolution},
    abstract = {The evolutionary history of a set of species is usually described by a rooted phylogenetic tree. While it is generally undisputed that bifurcating speciation events and descent with modifications are major forces of evolution, there is a growing belief that reticulate events also have a role to play. Phylogenetic networks provide an alternative to phylogenetic trees and may be more suitable for datasets where evolution involves significant amounts of reticulate events such as hybridization, horizontal gene transfer or recombination. In this article, we give an introduction to the topic of phylogenetic networks, very briefly describing the fundamental concepts and summarizing some of the most important combinatorial methods that are available for their computation.},
    author = {Huson, Daniel H and Scornavacca, Celine},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {23-35}
}

@book{Hymes1983,
    publisher = {John Benjamins},
    author = {Hymes, Dell H.},
    abstract = {Anthropology and linguistics, as historically developing disciplines, have had partly separate roots and traditions. In particular settings and in general, the two disciplines have partly shared, partly differed in the nature of their materials, their favorite types of problem the personalities of their dominant figures, their relations with other disciplines and intellectual current. The two disciplines have also varied in their interrelation with each other and the society about them. Institutional arrangements have reflected the varying degrees of kinship, kithship, and separation. Such relationships themselves form a topic that is central to a history of linguistic anthropology yet marginal to a self-contained history of linguistics or anthropology as either would be conceived by most authors. There exists not only a subject matter for a history of linguistic anthropology, but also a definite need.},
    title = {Essays in the history of linguistic anthropology},
    year = {1983},
    address = {Amsterdam and Philadelphia}
}

@article{Hymes1963,
    title = {Notes toward a History of Linguistic Anthropology},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Hymes, Dell H.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {5},
    year = {1963},
    pages = {59-103}
}

@article{Dyen1960,
    title = {Comment on "Lexicostatistics so far" (by D. H. Hymes)},
    journal = {Current Anthropology},
    author = {Hymes, D. H.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1960},
    pages = {34-39}
}

@article{Hymes1960,
    title = {Lexicostatistics So Far},
    journal = {Current Anthropology},
    author = {Hymes, D. H.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1960},
    pages = {3-44}
}

@article{Hymes1960a,
    title = {More on Lexicostatistics},
    journal = {Current Anthropology},
    author = {Hymes, D. H.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1960},
    pages = {338-345}
}

@article{Hymes1959,
    title = {On the Rate of Morpheme Decay in Arabic},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Hymes, D. H.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {25},
    year = {1959},
    pages = {267-269}
}

@article{Hymes1957,
    title = {A Note on Athapaskan Glottochronology},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Hymes, D. H.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {23},
    year = {1957},
    pages = {291-297}
}

@incollection{Hyslop2017,
    publisher = {Routledge},
    title = {Kurtöp},
    booktitle = {The Sino-Tibetan languages},
    author = {Hyslop, G.},
    editor = {Lapolla, Randy J. and Thurgood, Graham},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {404-417}
}

@book{Inglis2003,
    publisher = {Payap University, Graduate School, Linguistics Department.},
    author = {Inglis, Douglas and Connie Inglis},
    year = {2003},
    title = {A preliminary phonology of Ngochang.},
    address = {Chiang Mai}
}

@article{Irving1949,
    title = {The comparative method and the nature of human nature},
    journal = {Philosophy and Phenomenological Research},
    author = {Irving, John A.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {9},
    year = {1949},
    pages = {545-557}
}

@book{Ivanov2003,
    publisher = {URSS},
    author = {Ivanov, A. I. and Polivanov, E. D.},
    title = {Grammatika sovremennogo kitajskogo jazyka (Grammar of modern Chinese)},
    edition = {3},
    year = {2003},
    address = {Moscow}
}

@article{Ivanov2009,
    title = {K issledovaniju otnoshenij meždu jazykami [Certain issues of current research on relations between languages]},
    journal = {Journal of Language Relationship},
    author = {Ivanov, V. V.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2009},
    keywords = {Nachweis von Sprachverwandtschaft;Sprachverwandtschaft},
    pages = {1-12}
}

@book{Ivic1971,
    publisher = {Hueber},
    author = {Ivic, Milka},
    year = {1971},
    title = {Wege der Sprachwissenschaft},
    address = {München}
}

@article{Iwata2010,
    title = {Chinese geolinguistics. History, current trend and theoretical issues},
    journal = {Dialectologia},
    author = {Iwata, Ray},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {97-121}
}

@article{Iwata1995,
    title = {Linguistic geography of Chinese dialects. Project on Han Dialects (PHD)},
    journal = {Cahiers de Linguistique - Asie Orientale},
    author = {Iwata, Ray},
    number = {2},
    volume = {24},
    year = {1995},
    pages = {195-227}
}

@article{Izura2005,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.3758/BF03192708},
    author = {Izura, Cristina and Hernández-MuÑoz, Natividad and Ellis, Andrew W.},
    journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
    abstract = {This study presents a database of 500 words from five semantic categories: animals, body parts, furniture, clothing, and intelligence. Each category contains 100 words, and data on lexical availability, age of acquisition, imageability, typicality, concept familiarity, written word frequency, and word length in number of syllables are provided with each word. The full set of norms may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive.},
    title = {Category norms for 500 Spanish words in five semantic categories},
    number = {3},
    volume = {37},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {385-397}
}

@inproceedings{Jaeger2016a,
    author = {Jäger, Gerhard and List, Johann-Mattis},
    abstract = {Current efforts in computational historical linguistics are predominantly concerned with phylogenetic inference. However, methods for ancestral state reconstruction have been only sporadically applied. This is surprising since reconstruction is considered essential both in evolutionary biology and in classical historical linguistics. In contradistinction to phylogenetic algorithms, automatic reconstruction methods presuppose phylogenetic information in order to explain what has evolved when and where. Here we report a pilot study on the potential of reconstruction algorithms in historical linguistics. Based on an explicit family tree, we apply different algorithms to wordlist data in order to infer how the words evolved along the phylogeny, and which words were used without change of meaning in the ancestral languages.},
    title = {Investigating the potential of ancestral state reconstruction algorithms in historical linguistics},
    year = {2016},
    institution = {Eberhard-Karls University},
    editor = {Christian Bentz and Gerhard Jäger and Igor Yanovich},
    address = {Tübingen},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Leiden Workshop on Capturing Phylogenetic Algorithms for Linguistics}
}

@article{Jachiet2013,
    title = {MosaicFinder: identification of fused gene families in sequence similarity networks},
    journal = {Bioinformatics},
    abstract = {Gene fusion is an important evolutionary process. It can yield valuable information to infer the interactions and functions of proteins. Fused genes have been identified as non-transitive patterns of similarity in triplets of genes. To be computationally tractable, this approach usually imposes an a priori distinction between a dataset in which fused genes are searched for, and a dataset that may have provided genetic material for fusion. This reduces the ǵenetic space ́in which fusion can be discovered, as only a subset of triplets of genes is investigated. Moreover, this approach may have a high-false-positive rate, and it does not identify gene families descending from a common fusion event. We represent similarities between sequences as a network. This leads to an efficient formulation of previous methods of fused gene identification, which we implemented in the Python program FusedTriplets. Furthermore, we propose a new characterization of families of fused genes, as clique minimal separators of the sequence similarity network. This well-studied graph topology provides a robust and fast method of detection, well suited for automatic analyses of big datasets. We implemented this method in the C++ program MosaicFinder, which additionally uses local alignments to discard false-positive candidates and indicates potential fusion points. The grouping into families will help distinguish sequencing or prediction errors from real biological fusions, and it will yield additional insight into the function and history of fused genes. FusedTriplets and MosaicFinder are published under the GPL license and are freely available with their source code at this address: http://sourceforge.net/projects/mosaicfinder. Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.},
    author = {Jachiet, P. A. and Pogorelcnik, R. and Berry, A. and Lopez, P. and Bapteste, E.},
    number = {7},
    volume = {29},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {837-844}
}

@incollection{Jachontov1980,
    publisher = {Nauka},
    title = {Ocenka stepeni blizosti rodstvennych jazykov},
    booktitle = {Teoretičeskie osnovy klassifikacii jazykov mira (Theoretical bases of the classification of the worldś languages)},
    author = {Jachontov, Sergej E.},
    editor = {Jarceva, V. N.},
    year = {1980},
    pages = {148-157}
}

@book{Jachontov1965,
    publisher = {Nauka},
    author = {Jachontov, Sergej E.},
    year = {1965},
    title = {Drevnekitajskij jazyk},
    address = {Moscow}
}

@article{Jackson1964,
    title = {Instruction in Chinese and Japanese in Secondary Schools},
    journal = {Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science},
    author = {Jackson, Frederick H.},
    volume = {356},
    year = {1964},
    pages = {113-118}
}

@article{Jacox2016,
    title = {ecceTERA: comprehensive gene tree-species tree reconciliation using parsimony},
    journal = {Bioinformatics},
    author = {Jacox, E. and Chauve, C. and Szöllősi, G. J. and Ponty, Y. and Scornavacca, C.},
    number = {13},
    volume = {32},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {2056-2058}
}

@misc{Jacques2016b,
    publisher = {Projet HimalCo},
    author = {Jacques, Guillaume},
    title = {Dictionnaire Japhug-Chinois-Français},
    editor = {Jacques, Guillaume},
    year = {2016},
    address = {Paris}
}

@incollection{Jacques2015,
    publisher = {Brill Misc},
    author = {Jacques, Guillaume},
    booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Chinese Language and Linguistics},
    title = {The genetic position of Chinese},
    year = {2015},
    editor = {Sybesma, Rint},
    address = {Leiden and Boston}
}

@article{Jacques2017d,
    title = {A reconstruction of Proto-Kiranti verb roots},
    journal = {Folia Linguistica Historica},
    author = {Jacques, Guillaume},
    number = {1},
    volume = {38},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {177-215}
}

@article{Jacques2016a,
    title = {On the directionality of analogy in a Dhegiha paradigm},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Jacques, G.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {82},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {239-248}
}

@article{Jacques2016c,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1515/lingvan-2015-0033},
    title = {Tangut, Gyalrongic, Kiranti and the nature of person indexation in Sino-Tibetan/Trans-Himalayan},
    journal = {Linguistic Vanguard},
    author = {Jacques, Guillaume},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {1-13}
}

@article{Jacques2016d,
    title = {Subjects, objects, and relativization in Japhug},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Jacques, Guillaume},
    number = {1},
    volume = {44},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {1-28}
}

@article{Jacques2015b,
    title = {On the cluster *sr- in Sino-Tibetan},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Jacques, Guillaume},
    number = {1A},
    volume = {43},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {215-223}
}

@article{Jacques2000,
    title = {The character 維, 惟, 唯 ywij and the reconstruction of the 脂 Zhi and 微 Wei rhymes},
    journal = {Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale},
    author = {Jacques, Guillaume},
    number = {2},
    volume = {29},
    year = {2000},
    pages = {205-222}
}

@article{Jacques2019a,
    doi = {https://doi.org/10.1075/jhl.17008.mat},
    author = {Jacques, Guillaume and List, Johann-Mattis},
    journal = {Journal of Historical Linguistics},
    title = {Save the trees: Why we need tree models in linguistic reconstruction (and when we should apply them)},
    number = {1},
    volume = {9},
    year = {2019},
    keywords = {_calc, family tree, wave theory, methodology},
    pages = {128-166}
}

@article{Jacques2011b,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1075/dia.28.4.02jac},
    title = {Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages},
    journal = {2011},
    author = {Jacques, Guillaume and Michaud, Alexis},
    number = {4},
    volume = {28},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {468–498.}
}

@book{jaeger2004,
    publisher = {Psychology Press},
    isbn = {9780805835793,0805835792},
    title = {Kids ́Slips: What Young Childrenś Slips of the Tongue Reveal About Language Development},
    author = {Jeri J. Jaeger},
    edition = {1},
    year = {2004}
}

@article{Jaeger2015,
    title = {Support for linguistic macrofamilies from weighted alignment},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    author = {Jäger, Gerhard},
    number = {41},
    volume = {112},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {12752–12757}
}

@article{Jaeger2013,
    title = {Phylogenetic inference from word lists using weighted alignment with empirical determined weights},
    journal = {Language Dynamics and Change},
    author = {Jäger, Gerhard},
    number = {2},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {245-291}
}

@inproceedings{Jaeger2015b,
    title = {Factoring lexical and phonetic phylogenetic characters from word lists},
    abstract = {Computational historical linguistics is a young and new field. Among it’s major challenge is the collection and preparation of suitable data resources. Here we present an approach that takes lexical data taken from a large collection of publicly available wordlists as input and infers automatic assessments regarding the cognacy of words and sounds. We illustrate the workflow and test it by comparing the results obtained from the computation of Maximum Likelihood trees with those provided by experts. The results show that our workflow still lags behind simpler approaches which analyze the data within a distance-based framework. However, since distance-based analyses bear a blackbox character, not allowing for a rigorous check of the individual decisions which lead to a certain classification proposal, we think that our experiments are an important contribution towards the establishment of more transparent methods in quantitative historical linguistics.},
    author = {Jäger, Gerhard and List, Johann-Mattis},
    year = {2015},
    editor = {Baayen, H. and Jäger, G. and Köllner, M. and Wahle, J. and Baayen-Oudshoorn, A.},
    address = {Tübingen},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Quantitative Investigations in Theoretical Linguistics}
}

@article{Jaeger2018a,
    title = {Using ancestral state reconstruction methods for onomasiological reconstruction in multilingual word lists},
    journal = {Language Dynamics and Change},
    abstract = {Current efforts in computational historical linguistics are predominantly concerned with phylogenetic inference. Methods for ancestral state reconstruction have only been applied sporadically. In contrast to phylogenetic algorithms, automatic reconstruction methods presuppose phylogenetic information in order to explain what has evolved when and where. Here we report a pilot study exploring how well automatic methods for ancestral state reconstruction perform in the task of onomasiological reconstruction in multilingual word lists, where algorithms are used to infer how the words evolved along a given phylogeny, and reconstruct which cognate classes were used to express a given meaning in the ancestral languages. Comparing three different methods, Maximum Parsimony, Minimal Lateral Networks, and Maximum Likelihood on three different test sets (Indo-European, Austronesian, Chinese) using binary and multi-state coding of the data as well as single and sampled phylogenies, we find that Maximum Likelihood largely outperforms the other methods. At the same time, however, the general performance was disappointingly low, ranging between 0.66 (Chinese) and 0.79 (Austronesian) for the F-Scores. A closer linguistic evaluation of the reconstructions proposed by the best method and the reconstructions given in the gold standards revealed that the majority of the cases where the algorithms failed can be attributed to problems of independent semantic shift (homoplasy), to morphological processes in lexical change, and to wrong reconstructions in the independently created test sets that we employed.},
    author = {Gerhard Jäger and List, Johann-Mattis},
    number = {1},
    volume = {8},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {22-54}
}

@inproceedings{Jaeger2017,
    publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
    author = {Jäger, Gerhard and List, Johann-Mattis and Sofroniev, Pavel},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics. Long Papers},
    title = {Using support vector machines and state-of-the-art algorithms for phonetic alignment to identify cognates in multi-lingual wordlists},
    year = {2017},
    address = {Valencia},
    pages = {1204-1215}
}

@inproceedings{Jaeger2016b,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Natural Language Processing},
    title = {Automatic cognate classification with a Support Vector Machine},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {128-133},
    author = {Jäger, Gerhard and Sofroniev, Pavel}
}

@incollection{Jakobson1929,
    publisher = {Mouton},
    author = {Jakobson, Roman},
    booktitle = {Phonological studies},
    title = {Remarque sur lé́volution phonologique du russe compare a celle des autres langue slaves},
    year = {1962},
    volume = {1},
    editor = {Jakobson, Roman},
    address = {The Hague},
    pages = {7-116}
}

@inproceedings{Jakobson1960,
    publisher = {International Universities Press},
    author = {Jakobson, Roman},
    booktitle = {Perspectives in psychological theory: Essays in honor of Heinz Werner},
    title = {Why `Mama ́and `Papa?́},
    year = {1960},
    editor = {Bernard Kaplan and Seymour Wapner},
    address = {New York},
    pages = {124-134}
}

@incollection{Jakobson1960a,
    publisher = {MIT Press},
    author = {Roman Jakobson},
    booktitle = {Style in language},
    title = {Closing statements: Linguistics and Poetics},
    year = {1960},
    editor = {Thomas A. Sebeok},
    address = {New York},
    pages = {350-377}
}

@book{Jakobson1971a,
    publisher = {Mouton},
    author = {Jakobson, Roman},
    booktitle = {Word and language},
    address = {Berlin},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1971}
}

@book{Jakobson1978,
    publisher = {MIT Press},
    author = {Jakobson, Roman},
    year = {1978},
    title = {Six lectures on sound and meaning},
    address = {Cambridge and London}
}

@bookinbook{Jakobson1973,
    publisher = {Les Éditions de Minuit},
    author = {Jakobson, Roman},
    booktitle = {Essais de linguistique générale},
    title = {Rapports internes et externes du langage},
    year = {1973},
    volume = {2},
    address = {Paris}
}

@inbook{Jakobson1971,
    publisher = {Mouton},
    author = {Jakobson, Roman},
    booktitle = {Phonology},
    title = {Typological studies and their contribution to historical comparative linguistics},
    year = {1971},
    volume = {1},
    address = {The Hague},
    pages = {523-532}
}

@inproceedings{Jakobson1958,
    title = {Typological studies and their contribution to historical comparative linguistics},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Linguistics},
    author = {Jakobson, Roman},
    year = {1958},
    address = {Oslo},
    keywords = {Typologie;Rekonstruktion},
    pages = {17-35}
}

@book{Jakobson1931,
    publisher = {Société anonyme imprimerie de Navarre},
    author = {Jakobson, R.},
    year = {1931},
    title = {K charakteristike Evrazijskogo jazykovogo sojuza},
    address = {Paris}
}

@article{James1928,
    publisher = {[Cambridge University Press, International African Institute]},
    title = {The Practical Orthography of African Languages},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1155869},
    journal = {Africa: Journal of the International African Institute},
    author = {A. Lloyd James},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1928},
    pages = {125-129}
}

@article{Jang2015,
    title = {Strengthening of fricatives in language acquisition and lexical borrowing: The case of Sino-Vietnamese},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Jang, Youngjun},
    number = {1A},
    volume = {43},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {150-169}
}

@book{Janhunan2008,
    publisher = {Lincom Europa},
    author = {Janhunan, Juha and Peltomaa, Marja and Sandman, Erika and Dongzhou, Xiawu},
    year = {2008},
    title = {Wutun},
    address = {München}
}

@book{Jankowsky1972,
    publisher = {Mouton},
    author = {Jankowsky, Kurt R.},
    year = {1972},
    title = {The neogrammarians: a re-evaluation of their place in the development of linguistic science},
    address = {The Hague}
}

@article{Janson1983,
    title = {Sound Change in Perception and Production},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Janson, Tore},
    number = {1},
    volume = {59},
    year = {1983},
    pages = {18-34}
}

@article{Javarone2014,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1142/S012918311450048X},
    title = {Competitive dynamics of lexical innovations in multi-layer networks},
    journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MODERN PHYSICS C},
    author = {Javarone, Marco Alberto},
    number = {10},
    volume = {25},
    year = {2014}
}

@article{Jayaswal2011b,
    title = {Reducing model complexity of the general Markov model of evolution},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    abstract = {The selection of an optimal model for data analysis is an important component of model-based molecular phylogenetic studies. Owing to the large number of Markov models that can be used for data analysis, model selection is a combinatorial problem that cannot be solved by performing an exhaustive search of all possible models. Currently, model selection is based on a small subset of the available Markov models, namely those that assume the evolutionary process to be globally stationary, reversible, and homogeneous. This forces the optimal model to be time reversible even though the actual data may not satisfy these assumptions. This problem can be alleviated by including more complex models during the model selection. We present a novel heuristic that evaluates a small fraction of these complex models and identifies the optimal model.},
    author = {Jayaswal, V. and Ababneh, F. and Jermiin, L. S. and Robinson, J.},
    number = {11},
    volume = {28},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {3045-3059}
}

@article{Jayaswal2011,
    title = {Two stationary nonhomogeneous Markov models of nucleotide sequence evolution},
    journal = {Systems Biology},
    abstract = {The general Markov model (GMM) of nucleotide substitution does not assume the evolutionary process to be stationary, reversible, or homogeneous. The GMM can be simplified by assuming the evolutionary process to be stationary. A stationary GMM is appropriate for analyses of phylogenetic data sets that are compositionally homogeneous; a data set is considered to be compositionally homogeneous if a statistical test does not detect significant differences in the marginal distributions of the sequences. Though the general time-reversible (GTR) model assumes stationarity, it also assumes reversibility and homogeneity. We propose two new stationary and nonhomogeneous models-one constrains the GMM to be reversible, whereas the other does not. The two models, coupled with the GTR model, comprise a set of nested models that can be used to test the assumptions of reversibility and homogeneity for stationary processes. The two models are extended to incorporate invariable sites and used to analyze a seven-taxon hominoid data set that displays compositional homogeneity. We show that within the class of stationary models, a nonhomogeneous model fits the hominoid data better than the GTR model. We note that if one considers a wider set of models that are not constrained to be stationary, then an even better fit can be obtained for the hominoid data. However, the methods for reducing model complexity from an extremely large set of nonstationary models are yet to be developed.},
    author = {Jayaswal, V. and Jermiin, L. S. and Poladian, L. and Robinson, J.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {60},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {74-86}
}

@article{Jayaswal2005,
    title = {Estimation of phylogeny using a general Markov model},
    journal = {Evolutionary Bioinformatics Misc},
    author = {Jayaswal, V. and Jermiin, L. S. and Robinson, J.},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {62-80}
}

@incollection{Jendraschek2007,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {978-0-19-920783-1},
    author = {Jendraschek, Gerd},
    series = {Explorations in linguistic typology},
    booktitle = {Grammars in contact: A cross-linguistic typology},
    title = {Basque in contact with Romance Languages},
    year = {2007},
    volume = {4},
    editor = {Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and Dixon, Robert M. W.},
    address = {Oxford},
    keywords = {areal diffusion;Areallinguistik;Sprachkontakt},
    pages = {143-162}
}

@article{Jensen2001,
    title = {Orthologs and paralogs - we need to get it right},
    journal = {Genome Biology},
    author = {Jensen, R. A.},
    number = {8},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2001},
    pages = {INTERACTIONS1002}
}

@article{Jeon2014,
    title = {EzEditor: a versatile sequence alignment editor for both rRNA- and protein-coding genes},
    journal = {Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.},
    author = {Jeon, Y. S. and Lee, K. and Park, S. C. and Kim, B. S. and Cho, Y. J. and Ha, S. M. and Chun, J.},
    number = {Pt 2},
    volume = {64},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {689-691}
}

@book{Jespersen1922,
    publisher = {George Allen & Unwin},
    author = {Jespersen, Otto},
    year = {1922},
    title = {Language: its nature, development, and origin},
    address = {London}
}

@book{Jespersen1904,
    publisher = {Teubner},
    author = {Jespersen, Otto},
    year = {1904},
    title = {Lehrbuch der Phonetik},
    address = {Leipzig and Berlin}
}

@article{Jepson1991,
    volume = {29},
    journal = {Linguistics},
    year = {1991},
    pages = {5-32},
    author = {Jespon, Jill}
}

@incollection{Jianhunen2008,
    author = {Jianhunen, J. A.},
    booktitle = {In Hot Pursuit of Language in Prehistory},
    title = {Some old world experience of linguistic dating},
    year = {2008},
    editor = {Bengtson, John D},
    address = {Amsterdam and Philadelphia},
    pages = {223-239}
}

@book{Johnson1972,
    publisher = {Mouton},
    author = {Johnson, C. Douglas},
    year = {1972},
    title = {Formal aspects of phonological description},
    address = {The Hague}
}

@misc{Johnson1998,
    url = {http://www.albany.edu/anthro/maldp/mig.html},
    title = {San Miguel Chimalapa Soke online dictionary},
    year = {1998},
    author = {Johnson, Heidi Anna}
}

@book{Johnson2008,
    publisher = {Blackwell},
    author = {Johnson, Keith},
    year = {2008},
    title = {Quantitative methods in linguistics},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@article{Johnson1976,
    title = {A Rate of Change Index for Language},
    journal = {Language in Society},
    author = {Johnson, Lawrence},
    number = {2},
    volume = {5},
    year = {1976},
    pages = {165-172}
}

@incollection{Johnson1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Johnson, Steve},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {Social parameters of linguistic change in an unstraitified Aboriginal society},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Australian;Sprachwandel},
    pages = {419-433}
}

@article{Jones2010,
    title = {Molecular evolution: gene convergence in echolocating mammals},
    journal = {Current Biology},
    abstract = {The motor protein prestin confers sensitive and selective hearing in mammals. Remarkably, prestin amino-acid sequences of echolocating dolphins have converged to resemble those of distantly related echolocating bats.},
    author = {Jones, G.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {20},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {R62-64}
}

@book{Jones2004,
    publisher = {MIT Press},
    author = {Jones, Neil C. and Pevzner, Pavel A.},
    year = {2004},
    title = {An introduction to bioinformatics algorithms},
    address = {Cambridge, London}
}

@incollection{Jones1967,
    publisher = {Indiana University Press},
    author = {Jones, William},
    booktitle = {A Reader in Nineteenth Century Historical Indo-European Linguistics},
    title = {The third anniversary discourse. On the Hindus: Delivered 2 February, 1786},
    year = {1967[1796]},
    editor = {Lehmann, Winfred Philipp},
    address = {Bloomington},
    keywords = {komparative Methode;Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft},
    pages = {7-20}
}

@article{Jones1798,
    title = {The third anniversary discourse, delivered 2 February, 1786, by the president},
    url = {http://books.google.de/books?id=iSsoAAAAYAAJ},
    journal = {Asiatick Researches: or, Transactions of the Society Instituted in Bengal for Inquiring into the History and Antiquities, the Arts, Sciences, and Literature, of Asia},
    author = {Jones, William},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1798},
    pages = {415-431}
}

@article{Jongsma1982,
    publisher = {Wiley},
    title = {Test review: Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test: Revised (PPVT-R)},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40030386},
    journal = {Journal of Reading},
    author = {Eugene A. Jongsma},
    number = {4},
    volume = {25},
    year = {1982},
    pages = {360-364}
}

@article{Jordan2009,
    title = {Matrilocal residence is ancestral in Austronesian societies},
    journal = {Proc. R. Soc. B},
    author = {Jordan, Fiona M. and Gray, Russell D. and Greenhill, Simon J. and Mace, Ruth},
    volume = {276},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {1957–-1964}
}

@book{Joseph2002,
    publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company},
    isbn = {9027245924,9789027245922},
    title = {From Whitney to Chomsky: Essays in the History of American Linguistics},
    series = {Studies in the History of the Language Sciences},
    author = {John E. Joseph},
    year = {2002}
}

@inproceedings{Juola1998,
    title = {Cross-Entropy and Linguistic Typology},
    booktitle = {NeMLaP3/CoNLL98: New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning},
    author = {Juola, Patrick},
    editor = {Powers, D. M. W.},
    year = {1998},
    pages = {141-149}
}

@article{Juola2005,
    title = {A Controlled-corpus Experiment in Authorship Identification by Cross-entropy},
    url = {http://llc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/20/Suppl/59},
    journal = {Literary and Linguistic Computing},
    author = {Juola, Patrick and Baayen, R. Harald},
    number = {Suppl},
    volume = {20},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {59-67}
}

@article{Juola2006,
    title = {A Prototype for Authorship Attribution Studies},
    url = {http://llc.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/21/2/169},
    journal = {Lit Linguist Computing},
    author = {Juola, Patrick and Sofko, John and Brennan, Patrick},
    number = {2},
    volume = {21},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {169-178}
}

@inproceedings{Koellner2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.15496/publikation-10061},
    title = {Ancestral state reconstruction and loanword detection},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.15496/publikation-10061},
    abstract = {Building on established applications of methods from bioinformatics to historical linguistics, we investigate the potential of different ancestral state reconstruction (ASR) methods for the task of loanword detection. Based on a very simple criterion for deriving loanword judgments from reconstructed ancestral states, we compare the performance of two state-of-the-art approaches to ASR against a very simple threshold-based, more linguistically motivated reconstruction method. We evaluate on the Indo-European cognacy judgments encoded in the IELex database. While overall performance is very low due to the properties of the dataset, there are marked differences in precision between the three methods, demonstrating that the development of specialized reconstruction methods for computational historical linguistics is worth pursuing.},
    author = {Köllner, Marisa and Dellert, Johannes},
    editor = {Christian Bentz and Gerhard Jäger and Igor Yanovich},
    year = {2016},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Leiden Workshop on Capturing Phylogenetic Algorithms for Linguistics}
}

@article{Kaan2008,
    title = {Thai lexical tone perception in native speakers of Thai, English and Mandarin Chinese: an event-related potentials training study},
    journal = {BMC Neuroscience},
    abstract = {Tone languages such as Thai and Mandarin Chinese use differences in fundamental frequency (F0, pitch) to distinguish lexical meaning. Previous behavioral studies have shown that native speakers of a non-tone language have difficulty discriminating among tone contrasts and are sensitive to different F0 dimensions than speakers of a tone language. The aim of the present ERP study was to investigate the effect of language background and training on the non-attentive processing of lexical tones. EEG was recorded from 12 adult native speakers of Mandarin Chinese, 12 native speakers of American English, and 11 Thai speakers while they were watching a movie and were presented with multiple tokens of low-falling, mid-level and high-rising Thai lexical tones. High-rising or low-falling tokens were presented as deviants among mid-level standard tokens, and vice versa. EEG data and data from a behavioral discrimination task were collected before and after a two-day perceptual categorization training task. Behavioral discrimination improved after training in both the Chinese and the English groups. Low-falling tone deviants versus standards elicited a mismatch negativity (MMN) in all language groups. Before, but not after training, the English speakers showed a larger MMN compared to the Chinese, even though English speakers performed worst in the behavioral tasks. The MMN was followed by a late negativity, which became smaller with improved discrimination. The High-rising deviants versus standards elicited a late negativity, which was left-lateralized only in the English and Chinese groups. Results showed that native speakers of English, Chinese and Thai recruited largely similar mechanisms when non-attentively processing Thai lexical tones. However, native Thai speakers differed from the Chinese and English speakers with respect to the processing of late F0 contour differences (high-rising versus mid-level tones). In addition, native speakers of a non-tone language (English) were initially more sensitive to F0 onset differences (low-falling versus mid-level contrast), which was suppressed as a result of training. This result converges with results from previous behavioral studies and supports the view that attentive as well as non-attentive processing of F0 contrasts is affected by language background, but is malleable even in adult learners.},
    author = {Kaan, E. and Barkley, C. M. and Bao, M. and Wayland, R.},
    volume = {9},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {53}
}

@book{Kahnemann2012,
    year = {2011},
    publisher = {Farrar, Strauss, and Giroux},
    title = {Thinking, Fast and Slow},
    isbn = {0374275637,9780374275631},
    author = {Daniel Kahneman}
}

@book{Kalusky2017,
    publisher = {LINCOM Europa},
    author = {Kalusky, Werner},
    year = {2017},
    title = {Die Transkription der Sprachlaute des Internationalen Phonetischen Alphabets: Vorschläge zu einer Revision der systematischen Darstellung der IPA-Tabelle},
    address = {München}
}

@incollection{Kalyan2016,
    publisher = {National Museum of Ethnology},
    author = {Kalyan, Siva and François, Alexandre},
    booktitle = {Letś talk about trees: Tackling Problems in Representing Phylogenic Relationships among Languages},
    title = {Freeing the Comparative Method from the tree model: A framework for Historical Glottometry},
    year = {forthcoming},
    editor = {Ritsuko Kikusawa and Lawrence Reid},
    address = {Osaka}
}

@article{Kanj2008,
    title = {Seeing the trees and their branches in the network is hard},
    journal = {Theor. Comput. Sci.},
    author = {Kanj, Iyad A. and Nakhleh, Luay and Than, Cuong and Xia, Ge},
    number = {1-3},
    volume = {401},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {153-164}
}

@incollection{Kanj2006,
    publisher = {Springer},
    isbn = {3-540-36925-2},
    author = {Kanj, Iyad A. and Nakhleh, Luay and Xia, Ge},
    series = {Lecture notes in computer science},
    booktitle = {COMPUTING AND COMBINATORICS, PROCEEDINGS},
    title = {Reconstructing evolution of natural languages: Complexity and parameterized algorithms},
    year = {2006},
    volume = {4112},
    editor = {Chen, D. Z. and Lee, D. T.},
    address = {HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY},
    keywords = {Biologie;Linguistik und Biologie;Gray},
    pages = {299-308}
}

@article{Kanj2008a,
    title = {The compatibility of binary characters on phylogenetic networks: Complexity and parameterized algorithms},
    journal = {ALGORITHMICA},
    author = {Kanj, Iyad A. and Nakhleh, Luay and Xia, Ge},
    number = {2},
    volume = {51},
    year = {2008},
    keywords = {parameterized algorithms and complexity;phylogenetic networks;linguistics;Biologie;Linguistik und Biologie;Gray},
    pages = {99-128}
}

@thesis{Kao2011,
    title = {A computational analysis of poetic craft in contemporary professional and amateur poetry},
    author = {Kao, Justine T.},
    year = {2011},
    institution = {Stanford University},
    address = {Stanford}
}

@article{Kaplan2015,
    title = {A highly improbable data point},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Kaplan, Abby},
    number = {2},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {710-713}
}

@book{Karlgren1915,
    publisher = {Norstedt},
    author = {Karlgren, Bernhard},
    series = {Archives dé́tudes orientales},
    title = {Études sur la phonologie Chinoise},
    year = {1915/1926},
    number = {15},
    address = {Leiden and Stockholm},
    pages = {1-316}
}

@article{Karlgren1957,
    publisher = {Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities},
    author = {Karlgren, Bernhard},
    journal = {Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities},
    title = {Grammata serica recensa},
    year = {1957},
    volume = {29},
    address = {Stockholm},
    pages = {1-332}
}

@article{Karlgren1954,
    title = {Compendium of phonetics in ancient and archaic Chinese},
    journal = {Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities},
    author = {Karlgren, Bernhard},
    year = {1954},
    volume = {26},
    address = {Stockholm},
    pages = {211-367}
}

@book{Karlgren1950,
    publisher = {Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities},
    author = {Karlgren, Bernhard},
    year = {1950},
    title = {The Book of Odes},
    address = {Stockholm}
}

@article{Karlgren1922,
    publisher = {BRILL},
    author = {Karlgren, Bernhard},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4526642},
    series = {Second Series},
    journal = {Tóung Pao},
    title = {The Reconstruction of Ancient Chinese},
    number = {1},
    volume = {21},
    year = {1922},
    pages = {1-42}
}

@book{Karlgren1915b,
    title = {Etudes sur la phonologie Chinoise},
    author = {Karlgren, Bernhard},
    year = {1915},
    address = {Stockholm}
}

@article{Karlin1990,
    title = {Methods for assessing the statistical significance of molecular sequence features by using general scoring schemes},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    author = {Karlin, S. and Altschul, S. F.},
    number = {6},
    volume = {87},
    year = {1990},
    pages = {2264-2268}
}

@incollection{karttunen1993,
    publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
    author = {Karttunen, Lauri},
    booktitle = {The last phonological rule: Reflections on constraints and derivations},
    title = {Finite-state constraints},
    year = {1993},
    editor = {Goldsmith, John},
    address = {London},
    pages = {173-194}
}

@article{Kassian2015,
    title = {Towards a formal genealogical classification of the Lezgian languages (North Caucasus): Testing various phylogenetic methods on lexical data},
    journal = {PLoS ONE},
    author = {Kassian, Alexei},
    number = {2},
    volume = {10},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {e0116950}
}

@article{Kassian2014,
    title = {K formalŉoj genealogičeskoj klassifikacii lezginskich jazykov (Severnyj Kavkaz)},
    journal = {Journal of Language Relationship},
    author = {Kassian, Alexei},
    volume = {11},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {63-80}
}

@article{Kassian2010,
    title = {The Swadesh wordlist. An attempt at semantic specification},
    journal = {Journal of Language Relationships},
    author = {Kassian, Alexei and Starostin, George S. and Dybo, A. and Chernov, Vasiliy},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {46-89}
}

@article{Kassian2015b,
    title = {Proto-Indo-European-Uralic comparison from the probabilistic point of view},
    journal = {The Journal of Indo-European Studies},
    author = {Kassian, Alexei and Zhivlov, Mikhail and Starostin, George S.},
    number = {3-4},
    volume = {43},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {301-347}
}

@article{Kassian2017,
    doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/flih-2017-0008},
    title = {Linguistic homoplasy and phylogeny reconstruction. The cases of Lezgian and Tsezic languages (North Caucasus)},
    journal = {Folia Linguistica Historica},
    author = {Kassian, Alexei S.},
    volume = {38},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {217-262}
}

@article{Kassian2015c,
    title = {Lexicostatistics, probability, and other matters},
    journal = {The Journal of Indo-European Studies},
    author = {Kassian, Alexei S. and Zhivlov, Mikhail and Starostin, George S.},
    number = {3-4},
    volume = {43},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {376-392}
}

@article{Katicic1966,
    title = {Modellbegriffe in der vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft},
    journal = {Kratylos},
    author = {Katičić, Radoslav},
    volume = {11},
    year = {1966},
    pages = {49-67}
}

@misc{Kawabata2014,
    doi = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1181440},
    title = {Ideographic Description Sequence Data},
    url = {https://github.com/cjkvi/cjkvi-ids},
    author = {Kawabata, Taichi},
    note = {The project provides data on CJK ideographs in various forms.},
    year = {2014}
}

@book{Kay1964,
    publisher = {The RAND Corporation},
    author = {Kay, Martin},
    year = {1964},
    title = {The logic of cognate recognition in historical linguistics},
    address = {Santa Monica}
}

@article{Kay1975,
    title = {Synchronic Variability and Diachronic Change in Basic Color Terms},
    journal = {Language in Society},
    author = {Kay, Paul},
    number = {3},
    volume = {4},
    year = {1975},
    pages = {257-270}
}

@article{Ke1996,
    title = {An Empirical Study on the Relationship between Chinese Character Recognition and Production},
    journal = {The Modern Language Journal},
    author = {Ke, Chuanren},
    number = {3},
    volume = {80},
    year = {1996},
    pages = {340-349}
}

@article{Ke2008,
    title = {Language Change and Social Networks},
    journal = {Communications in computational physics},
    author = {Ke, Jinyun and Gong, T. and Wang, William S.-Y.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2008},
    keywords = {Sprachwandel;sprachliche Evolution;lexical diffusion},
    pages = {935-949}
}

@article{Ke2003,
    title = {Optimization models of sound systems using genetic algorithms},
    journal = {Computational Linguistics},
    author = {Ke, Jinyun and Ogura, Mieko and Wang, William S.-Y.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {29},
    year = {2003},
    keywords = {sound systems;genetic algorithms;typological features;Typologie},
    pages = {1-18}
}

@article{Kehoe2018,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728916001279},
    author = {Kehoe, Margaret},
    journal = {Bilingualism: Language and Cognition},
    title = {The development of rhotics: a comparison of monolingual and bilingual children},
    number = {4},
    volume = {21},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {710–731}
}

@article{Kehr2014,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-15-99},
    author = {Kehr, Birte and Trappe, Kathrin and Holtgrewe, Manuel and Reinert, Knut},
    journal = {BMC Bioinformatics},
    abstract = {Recent advances in rapid, low-cost sequencing have opened up the opportunity to study complete genome sequences. The computational approach of multiple genome alignment allows investigation of evolutionarily related genomes in an integrated fashion, providing a basis for downstream analyses such as rearrangement studies and phylogenetic inference.},
    title = {Genome alignment with graph data structures: a comparison},
    number = {1},
    volume = {15},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-15-99},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {99}
}

@article{Keidan2013,
    title = {Branch-crossing Indo-European isoglosses: a call for interest},
    journal = {Indoevropejskoe jazykoznanie i klassičeskaja filologija},
    author = {Keidan, A.},
    volume = {17},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {406-416}
}

@misc{Keisuke2008,
    url = {https://stedt.berkeley.edu/~stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/source/HK-Sak},
    title = {Chakku-go no kijutsu gengogakuteki kenkyuu},
    year = {2008},
    author = {Keisuke, Huziwara}
}

@article{Keith2002,
    title = {A simulated annealing algorithm for finding consensus sequences},
    journal = {Bioinformatics},
    author = {Keith, J. M. and Adams, P. and Bryant, D. and Kroese, D. P. and Mitchelson, K. R. and Cochran, D. A. and Lala, G. H.},
    number = {11},
    volume = {18},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {1494-1499}
}

@article{Keller2014,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093978},
    author = {Keller, Daniela Barbara and Schultz, Jörg},
    journal = {PLoS ONE},
    abstract = { Words are built from smaller meaning bearing parts, called morphemes. As one word can contain multiple morphemes, one morpheme can be present in different words. The number of distinct words a morpheme can be found in is its family size. Here we used Birth-Death-Innovation Models (BDIMs) to analyze the distribution of morpheme family sizes in English and German vocabulary over the last 200 years. Rather than just fitting to a probability distribution, these mechanistic models allow for the direct interpretation of identified parameters. Despite the complexity of language change, we indeed found that a specific variant of this pure stochastic model, the second order linear balanced BDIM, significantly fitted the observed distributions. In this model, birth and death rates are increased for smaller morpheme families. This finding indicates an influence of morpheme family sizes on vocabulary changes. This could be an effect of word formation, perception or both. On a more general level, we give an example on how mechanistic models can enable the identification of statistical trends in language change usually hidden by cultural influences.</p>},
    title = {Word formation is aware of morpheme family size},
    number = {4},
    volume = {9},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0093978},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {e93978}
}

@book{Keller2003,
    publisher = {Francke},
    isbn = {3-8252-1567-9},
    author = {Keller, Rudi},
    series = {UTB für WissenschaftUni-Taschenbücher},
    title = {Sprachwandel: Von der unsichtbaren Hand in der Sprache},
    year = {2003},
    volume = {1567},
    edition = {3., durchges. Aufl.},
    address = {Tübingen}
}

@book{Keller1995,
    publisher = {Francke},
    author = {Keller, Rudi},
    year = {1995},
    title = {Zeichentheorie},
    address = {Tübingen}
}

@book{Keller1990,
    publisher = {Francke},
    author = {Keller, Rudi},
    year = {1990},
    title = {Sprachwandel. Von der unsichtbaren Hand in der Sprache},
    address = {Tübingen}
}

@article{Kemenade2016,
    title = {English: The Extent of Viking Impact Remains Open},
    journal = {Language Dynamics and Change},
    author = {van Kemenade, Ans},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {24-26}
}

@article{Kemmerer2016,
    title = {Do language-specific word meanings shape sensory and motor brain systems? The relevance of semantic typology to cognitive neuroscience},
    journal = {Linguistic Typology},
    author = {Kemmerer, David},
    number = {3},
    volume = {20},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {623-634}
}

@article{Kennedy1947,
    publisher = {American Oriental Society},
    author = {Kennedy, George A.},
    journal = {Journal of the American Oriental Society},
    title = {Equation No. 5: (Chinese fusion-words)},
    number = {1},
    volume = {67},
    year = {1947},
    keywords = {contraction, Old Chinese, Chinese},
    pages = {56-59}
}

@article{Kennedy1940,
    publisher = {American Oriental Society},
    author = {Kennedy, George A.},
    journal = {Journal of the American Oriental Society},
    title = {A study of the particle yen},
    number = {1},
    volume = {60},
    year = {1940},
    keywords = {contraction, Chinese, Old Chinese},
    pages = {1-22}
}

@article{Kennedy1940a,
    publisher = {American Oriental Society},
    author = {Kennedy, George A.},
    journal = {Journal of the American Oriental Society},
    title = {A study of the particle yen},
    number = {2},
    volume = {60},
    year = {1940},
    keywords = {contraction, Chinese, Old Chinese},
    pages = {193-207}
}

@incollection{Kern2004,
    publisher = {Metzler},
    author = {Kern, Martin},
    booktitle = {Chinesische Literaturgeschichte},
    title = {Die Anfänge der chinesischen Literatur},
    year = {2004},
    editor = {Emmerich, Reinhard},
    address = {Weimar},
    pages = {1-87}
}

@incollection{Kessler2015,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Kessler, Brett},
    booktitle = {The Oxford Handbook of historical phonology},
    title = {Computational and quantitative approaches to historical phonology},
    year = {2015},
    editor = {Honeybone, Patrick and Salmons, Joseph},
    address = {Oxford},
    pages = {133-148}
}

@article{Kessler2015b,
    title = {Response to Kassian et al., "Proto-Indo-Euroipean-Uralic comparison from the probabilistic point of view"},
    journal = {The Journal of Indo-European Studies},
    author = {Kessler, Brett},
    number = {3-4},
    volume = {43},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {357-367}
}

@inproceedings{Kessler2007,
    publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
    title = {Word Similarity Metrics and Multilateral Comparison},
    url = {http://aclweb.org/anthology/W07-1302},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of Ninth Meeting of the ACL Special Interest Group in Computational Morphology and Phonology},
    author = {Kessler, Brett},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {6-14}
}

@book{Kessler2001,
    publisher = {CSLI Publications},
    author = {Kessler, Brett},
    year = {2001},
    title = {The significance of word lists},
    address = {Stanford}
}

@inproceedings{Kessler1995,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the seventh conference on European chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
    title = {Computational dialectology in Irish Gaelic},
    year = {1995},
    pages = {60-66},
    author = {Kessler, Brett}
}

@inproceedings{Kessler2006,
    publisher = {McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research; Distributed by Orbow Books},
    isbn = {9781902937335},
    author = {Kessler, Brett and Lehtonen, Annukka},
    series = {McDonald Institute monographs},
    booktitle = {Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages},
    title = {Multilateral comparison and significance testing of the Indo-Uralic Question},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Forster, Peter and Renfrew, Colin},
    address = {Cambridge UK , Oxford UK , Oakville CT USA ,},
    keywords = {Massenvergleich},
    pages = {33-43}
}

@article{Kestler2008,
    title = {VennMaster: area-proportional Euler diagrams for functional GO analysis of microarrays},
    journal = {BMC Bioinformatics},
    author = {Kestler, H. A. and Muller, A. and Kraus, J. M. and Buchholz, M. and Gress, T. M. and Liu, H. and Kane, D. W. and Zeeberg, B. R. and Weinstein, J. N.},
    volume = {9},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {67}
}

@article{Keuleers2012,
    title = {The British Lexicon Project: lexical decision data for 28,730 monosyllabic and disyllabic English words},
    journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
    abstract = {We present a new database of lexical decision times for English words and nonwords, for which two groups of British participants each responded to 14,365 monosyllabic and disyllabic words and the same number of nonwords for a total duration of 16 h (divided over multiple sessions). This database, called the British Lexicon Project (BLP), fills an important gap between the Dutch Lexicon Project (DLP; Keuleers, Diependaele, & Brysbaert, Frontiers in Language Sciences. Psychology, 1, 174, 2010) and the English Lexicon Project (ELP; Balota et al., 2007), because it applies the repeated measures design of the DLP to the English language. The high correlation between the BLP and ELP data indicates that a high percentage of variance in lexical decision data sets is systematic variance, rather than noise, and that the results of megastudies are rather robust with respect to the selection and presentation of the stimuli. Because of its design, the BLP makes the same analyses possible as the DLP, offering researchers with a new interesting data set of word-processing times for mixed effects analyses and mathematical modeling. The BLP data are available at http://crr.ugent.be/blp and as Electronic Supplementary Materials.},
    author = {Keuleers, E. and Lacey, P. and Rastle, K. and Brysbaert, M.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {44},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {287-304}
}

@book{Key2016,
    publisher = {Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology},
    author = {Key, Mary Ritchie and Comrie, Bernard},
    year = {2016},
    title = {The intercontinental dictionary series},
    address = {Leipzig}
}

@article{Kibrik2012,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2012-0017},
    title = {Toward a typology of verbal lexical systems: A case study in Northern Athabaskan},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2012-0017},
    journal = {Linguistics},
    author = {Kibrik, Andrej A.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {50},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {495-532}
}

@book{kieviet_grammar_nodate,
    publisher = {Language Science Press},
    isbn = {978-3-946234-75-3},
    author = {Kieviet, Paulus},
    abstract = {This book is a comprehensive description of the grammar of Rapa Nui, the Polynesian language spoken on Easter Island. After an introductory chapter, the grammar deals with phonology, word classes, the noun phrase, possession, the verb phrase, verbal and nonverbal clauses, mood and negation, and clause combinations. The phonology of Rapa Nui reveals certain issues of typological interest, such as the existence of strict conditions on the phonological shape of words, word-final devoicing, and reduplication patterns motivated by metrical constraints. For Polynesian languages, the distinction between nouns and verbs in the lexicon has often been denied; in this grammar it is argued that this distinction is needed for Rapa Nui. Rapa Nui has sometimes been characterised as an ergative language; this grammar shows that it is unambiguously accusative. Subject and object marking depend on an interplay of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic factors. Other distinctive features of the language include the existence of a ‘neutral’ aspect marker, a serial verb construction, the emergence of copula verbs, a possessive-relative construction, and a tendency to maximise the use of the nominal domain. Rapa Nui’s relationship to the other Polynesian languages is a recurring theme in this grammar; the relationship to Tahitian (which has profoundly influenced Rapa Nui) especially deserves attention. The grammar is supplemented with a number of interlinear texts, two maps and a subject index.},
    title = {A Grammar of Rapa Nui},
    note = {Google-Books-ID: xwzzDQAAQBAJ},
    keywords = {Language Arts & Disciplines / Linguistics / General}
}

@book{Kieviet2017,
    publisher = {Language Science Press},
    isbn = {978-3-946234-75-3},
    title = {A Grammar of Rapa Nui},
    abstract = {This book is a comprehensive description of the grammar of Rapa Nui, the Polynesian language spoken on Easter Island. After an introductory chapter, the grammar deals with phonology, word classes, the noun phrase, possession, the verb phrase, verbal and nonverbal clauses, mood and negation, and clause combinations. The phonology of Rapa Nui reveals certain issues of typological interest, such as the existence of strict conditions on the phonological shape of words, word-final devoicing, and reduplication patterns motivated by metrical constraints. For Polynesian languages, the distinction between nouns and verbs in the lexicon has often been denied; in this grammar it is argued that this distinction is needed for Rapa Nui. Rapa Nui has sometimes been characterised as an ergative language; this grammar shows that it is unambiguously accusative. Subject and object marking depend on an interplay of syntactic, semantic and pragmatic factors. Other distinctive features of the language include the existence of a ‘neutral’ aspect marker, a serial verb construction, the emergence of copula verbs, a possessive-relative construction, and a tendency to maximise the use of the nominal domain. Rapa Nui’s relationship to the other Polynesian languages is a recurring theme in this grammar; the relationship to Tahitian (which has profoundly influenced Rapa Nui) especially deserves attention. The grammar is supplemented with a number of interlinear texts, two maps and a subject index.},
    author = {Kieviet, Paulus},
    year = {2017},
    keywords = {Language Arts & Disciplines / Linguistics / General}
}

@article{Kilani2015,
    title = {Calculating false cognates. An extension of the Baxter & Manaster-Ramer solution and its application to the case of Pre-Greek},
    journal = {Diachronica},
    abstract = {This paper presents an extension of Baxter & Manaster-Ramer’s (2000) approach to the problem of false cognates in the determination of relationships between languages. Their approach uses a Monte Carlo simulation to estimate how many lexical similarities we can expect to be due to chance between two lexical lists from different languages, and consequently how many are too many to be all false cognates. Although very efficient, their model has the shortcoming of being applicable only to simple lexical lists such as the Swadesh list, with one-to-one semantic correspondences between the individual terms. Here I present a new model that can be applied to any kind of word list, and can include comparisons between multiple terms sharing the same semantic field. After a theoretical description, a controlled test and a contra-test, I finally apply the method to a real test case, investigating the probability of relation between Pre-Greek, the non‐Indo-European substrate of classical Greek, and Proto-Basque, Proto-Uralic and ‘Proto-Altaic’.},
    author = {Kilani, Marwan},
    number = {3},
    volume = {32},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {331-364}
}

@article{Kilian2007,
    title = {Molecular diversity of Sitopsis Aegilops and the origin of wheat B and G genomes},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    author = {Kilian, B. and Özkan, H. and Deusch, O. and Effgen, S. and Brandolini, A. and Kohl, J. and Martin, William and Salamini, F.},
    number = {24},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {203-216}
}

@article{Kilian2006,
    title = {Haplotype structure at seven barley genes: relevance to gene pool bottlenecks, phylogeny of ear type and site of barley domestication},
    journal = {Molecular Genetics and Genomics},
    author = {Kilian, B. and Özkan, H. and Kohl, J. and Haeseler, Arndt and Deusch, O. and Brandolini, A. and Yucel, C. and Martin, William and Salamini, F.},
    number = {276},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {230-241}
}

@inproceedings{King2016,
    title = {Evaluating Sequence Alignment for Learning Inflectional Morphology},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th Annual SIGMORPHON Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology},
    author = {David L. King},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {49–53},
    address = {Stroudsberg}
}

@article{King1967,
    publisher = {Linguistic Society of America},
    author = {King, Robert D.},
    journal = {Language},
    abstract = {The idea that functional load offers a tool of potentially great explanatory power in diachronic linguistics is shared by a number of contemporary linguists, particularly those influenced at first or second hand by Prague. It is the purpose of the present paper to investigate the hypothesis that functional load plays a significant role in sound change. I will attempt to demonstrate that functional load, if it is a factor in sound change at all, is one of the least important of those we know anything about, and that it is best disregarded in discussions centering on the cause and direction of phonological change.},
    title = {Functional load and sound change},
    number = {4},
    volume = {43},
    year = {1967},
    pages = {831-852}
}

@book{Kingsada1999,
    publisher = {Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA)},
    author = {Thongpheth Kingsada and Tadahiko Shintani},
    year = {1999},
    title = {Basic vocabularies of the languages spoken in Phonxaly, Lao P. D. R.},
    address = {Tokyo}
}

@incollection{Kiparsky2013,
    booktitle = {Handbook of Historical Linguistics},
    title = {New perspectives in historical linguistics},
    year = {forthcoming},
    editor = {Bowern, C.},
    author = {Kiparsky, P.}
}

@incollection{Kiparsky1995,
    publisher = {Blackwell},
    author = {Kiparsky, Paul},
    booktitle = {Handbook of phonological theory},
    title = {The phonological basis of sound change},
    year = {1995},
    editor = {Goldsmith, J.},
    address = {Oxford},
    pages = {640-670}
}

@article{Kiparsky2006,
    title = {The amphichronic program vs. Evolutionary Phonology},
    journal = {Theoretical Linguistics},
    author = {Kiparsky, P.},
    volume = {32},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {217‒236}
}

@article{Kiparsky1966,
    title = {Etymologie gestern und heute},
    journal = {Kratylos},
    author = {Kiparsky, Valentin},
    volume = {11},
    year = {1966},
    pages = {68-78}
}

@article{Kirby2016,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158391},
    author = {Kirby, Kathryn R. AND Gray, Russell D. AND Greenhill, Simon J. AND Jordan, Fiona M. AND Gomes-Ng, Stephanie AND Bibiko, Hans-Jörg AND Blasi, Damián E. AND Botero, Carlos A. AND Bowern, Claire AND Ember, Carol R. AND Leehr, Dan AND Low, Bobbi S. AND McCarter, Joe AND Divale, William AND Gavin, Michael C.},
    journal = {PLOS ONE},
    abstract = {From the foods we eat and the houses we construct, to our religious practices and political organization, to who we can marry and the types of games we teach our children, the diversity of cultural practices in the world is astounding. Yet, our ability to visualize and understand this diversity is limited by the ways it has been documented and shared: on a culture-by-culture basis, in locally-told stories or difficult-to-access repositories. In this paper we introduce D-PLACE, the Database of Places, Language, Culture, and Environment. This expandable and open-access database (accessible at https://d-place.org) brings together a dispersed corpus of information on the geography, language, culture, and environment of over 1400 human societies. We aim to enable researchers to investigate the extent to which patterns in cultural diversity are shaped by different forces, including shared history, demographics, migration/diffusion, cultural innovations, and environmental and ecological conditions. We detail how D-PLACE helps to overcome four common barriers to understanding these forces: i) location of relevant cultural data, (ii) linking data from distinct sources using diverse ethnonyms, (iii) variable time and place foci for data, and (iv) spatial and historical dependencies among cultural groups that present challenges for analysis. D-PLACE facilitates the visualisation of relationships among cultural groups and between people and their environments, with results downloadable as tables, on a map, or on a linguistic tree. We also describe how D-PLACE can be used for exploratory, predictive, and evolutionary analyses of cultural diversity by a range of users, from members of the worldwide public interested in contrasting their own cultural practices with those of other societies, to researchers using large-scale computational phylogenetic analyses to study cultural evolution. In summary, we hope that D-PLACE will enable new lines of investigation into the major drivers of cultural change and global patterns of cultural diversity.},
    title = {D-PLACE: A Global Database of Cultural, Linguistic and Environmental Diversity},
    number = {7},
    volume = {11},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0158391},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {1-14}
}

@inproceedings{Kirby1999,
    volume = {1674},
    isbn = {3-540-66452-1},
    author = {Kirby, S},
    series = {Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence},
    booktitle = {ADVANCES IN ARTIFICIAL LIFE, PROCEEDINGS},
    title = {Syntax out of learning: The cultural evolution of structured communication in a population of induction algorithms},
    note = {5th European Conference on Artificial Life (ECAL), LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND, SEP 13-17, 1999},
    editor = {Floreano, D and Nicoud, JD and Mondada, F},
    year = {1999},
    pages = {694-703}
}

@article{Kirby2000,
    title = {The role of I-language in diachronic adaptation},
    journal = {Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft},
    author = {Kirby, Simon},
    number = {2},
    volume = {18},
    year = {2000},
    pages = {212 - 225}
}

@article{Kiriloff1983,
    title = {Chinese for Australians: Curriculum Materials for Australian Schools},
    journal = {The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs},
    author = {Kiriloff, Constantine},
    number = {9},
    year = {1983},
    pages = {115-120}
}

@incollection{Kiss1973,
    publisher = {Edinburgh University Press},
    author = {Kiss, G. and Armstrong, Christine and Milroy, R. and Piper, J.},
    booktitle = {The computer and literary studies},
    title = {An associative thesaurus of English and its computer analysis},
    year = {1973},
    editor = {Aitken, A.J. and Bailey, R.W. and Hamilton-Smith, N.},
    address = {Edinburgh},
    pages = {153-165}
}

@article{Kitano2007,
    title = {Towards a theory of biological robustness},
    journal = {Mol. Syst. Biol.},
    author = {Kitano, H.},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {137}
}

@article{Kitchen2009,
    title = {Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of Semitic languages identifies an Early Bronze Age origin of Semitic in the Near East},
    journal = {Proc. Biol. Sci.},
    abstract = {The evolution of languages provides a unique opportunity to study human population history. The origin of Semitic and the nature of dispersals by Semitic-speaking populations are of great importance to our understanding of the ancient history of the Middle East and Horn of Africa. Semitic populations are associated with the oldest written languages and urban civilizations in the region, which gave rise to some of the worldś first major religious and literary traditions. In this study, we employ Bayesian computational phylogenetic techniques recently developed in evolutionary biology to analyse Semitic lexical data by modelling language evolution and explicitly testing alternative hypotheses of Semitic history. We implement a relaxed linguistic clock to date language divergences and use epigraphic evidence for the sampling dates of extinct Semitic languages to calibrate the rate of language evolution. Our statistical tests of alternative Semitic histories support an initial divergence of Akkadian from ancestral Semitic over competing hypotheses (e.g. an African origin of Semitic). We estimate an Early Bronze Age origin for Semitic approximately 5750 years ago in the Levant, and further propose that contemporary Ethiosemitic languages of Africa reflect a single introduction of early Ethiosemitic from southern Arabia approximately 2800 years ago.},
    author = {Kitchen, A. and Ehret, C. and Assefa, S. and Mulligan, C. J.},
    number = {1668},
    volume = {276},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {2703-2710}
}

@incollection{Kitching1992,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Kitching, Ian J.},
    booktitle = {Cladistics: A practical course in systematics},
    title = {Tree-building techniques},
    year = {1992},
    editor = {Forey, P. L. and Humphries, C.J. and Kitching, I.J. and Scotland, R.W. and Siebert, D.J. and Williams, D.M.},
    address = {Oxford},
    pages = {44-71}
}

@book{Klaproth1823,
    publisher = {A. Schubart},
    author = {Klaproth, Julius Heinrich},
    url = {http://archive.org/details/asiapolyglotta02klapgoog},
    title = {Asia Polyglotta},
    year = {1823},
    address = {Paris}
}

@misc{Kleiweg2009,
    title = {RuG/L⁰⁴. Book for dialectometrics and cartography},
    url = {http://www.let.rug.nl/~kleiweg/L04/},
    author = {Kleiweg, Peter},
    keywords = {software-package},
    year = {2009},
    howpublished = {Distributed by the Author. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. Faculteit der Letteren}
}

@article{Klejn2008,
    title = {The Horse, The Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age riders from the steppes shaped the modern world},
    journal = {JOURNAL OF INDO-EUROPEAN STUDIES},
    author = {Klejn, Leo S.},
    number = {3-4},
    volume = {36},
    year = {2008},
    keywords = {Biologie;Linguistik und Biologie;Gray},
    pages = {464-480}
}

@incollection{Klimov1989,
    publisher = {Nauka},
    isbn = {5-02-027964-1},
    author = {Klimov, Georgij Andreevic},
    booktitle = {Aktualŉye voprosy sravnitelŉogo jazykoznanija},
    title = {O prajazykovoj realŉosti},
    year = {1989},
    editor = {Desnickaja, A. V.},
    address = {Leningrad},
    keywords = {proto-language,realism,formalism,linguistic reconstruction},
    pages = {5-20}
}

@incollection{Klimov1991,
    publisher = {Benjamins},
    isbn = {90-272-3578-3},
    author = {Klimov, Georgij Andreevic},
    series = {Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science},
    booktitle = {Language typology 1988},
    title = {On two Kinds of reconstruction in comparative studies},
    year = {1991},
    number = {4},
    volume = {81},
    editor = {Lehmann, Winfred Philipp and Hewitt, Helen-Jo Jakusz},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    keywords = {linguistic reconstruction},
    pages = {11-16}
}

@book{Klimov1990,
    publisher = {Nauka},
    author = {Klimov, Georgij Andreevic},
    title = {Osnovy lingvističeskoj komparativistiki},
    year = {1990},
    keywords = {linguistic reconstruction, comparative method, comparative linguistics, historical linguistics},
    address = {Moscow}
}

@article{Kloesges2011,
    title = {Networks of gene sharing among 329 proteobacterial genomes reveal differences in lateral gene transfer frequency at different phylogenetic depths},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    abstract = {Lateral gene transfer (LGT) is an important mechanism of natural variation among prokaryotes. Over the full course of evolution, most or all of the genes resident in a given prokaryotic genome have been affected by LGT, yet the frequency of LGT can vary greatly across genes and across prokaryotic groups. The proteobacteria are among the most diverse of prokaryotic taxa. The prevalence of LGT in their genome evolution calls for the application of network-based methods instead of tree-based methods to investigate the relationships among these species. Here, we report networks that capture both vertical and horizontal components of evolutionary history among 1,207,272 proteins distributed across 329 sequenced proteobacterial genomes. The network of shared proteins reveals modularity structure that does not correspond to current classification schemes. On the basis of shared protein-coding genes, the five classes of proteobacteria fall into two main modules, one including the alpha-, delta-, and epsilonproteobacteria and the other including beta- and gammaproteobacteria. The first module is stable over different protein identity thresholds. The second shows more plasticity with regard to the sequence conservation of proteins sampled, with the gammaproteobacteria showing the most chameleon-like evolutionary characteristics within the present sample. Using a minimal lateral network approach, we compared LGT rates at different phylogenetic depths. In general, gene evolution by LGT within proteobacteria is very common. At least one LGT event was inferred to have occurred in at least 75% of the protein families. The average LGT rate at the species and class depth is about one LGT event per protein family, the rate doubling at the phylum level to an average of two LGT events per protein family. Hence, our results indicate that the rate of gene acquisition per protein family is similar at the level of species (by recombination) and at the level of classes (by LGT). The frequency of LGT per genome strongly depends on the species lifestyle, with endosymbionts showing far lower LGT frequencies than free-living species. Moreover, the nature of the transferred genes suggests that gene transfer in proteobacteria is frequently mediated by conjugation.},
    author = {Kloesges, T. and Popa, O. and Martin, W. and Dagan, T.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {28},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {1057-1074}
}

@article{Klopfstein12015,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syv052},
    title = {A non-stationary Markov model detects directional evolution in hymenopteran morphology},
    url = {http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2015/08/12/sysbio.syv052.full.pdf+html},
    abstract = {Directional evolution has played an important role in shaping the morphological, ecological and molecular diversity of life. However, standard substitution models assume stationarity of the evolutionary process over the time scale examined, thus hampering the study of directionality. Here we explore a simple, non-stationary model of evolution for discrete data, which assumes that the state frequencies at the root differ from the equilibrium frequencies of the homogeneous evolutionary process along the rest of the tree (i.e., the process is non-stationary, non-reversible, but homogeneous). Within this framework, we develop a Bayesian approach for testing directional versus stationary evolution using a reversible-jump algorithm. Simulations show that when only data from extant taxa is available, the success in inferring directionality is strongly dependent on the evolutionary rate, the shape of the tree, the relative branch lengths, and the number of taxa. Given suitable evolutionary rates (0.1 to 0.5 expected substitutions between root and tips), accounting for directionality improves tree inference and often allows correct rooting of the tree without the use of an outgroup. As an empirical test, we apply our method to study directional evolution in hymenopteran morphology. We focus on three character systems: wing veins, muscles, and sclerites. We find strong support for a trend towards loss of wing veins and muscles, while stationarity cannot be ruled out for sclerites. Adding fossil and time information in a total-evidence dating approach, we show that accounting for directionality results in more precise estimates not only of the ancestral state at the root of the tree, but also of the divergence times. Our model relaxes the assumption of stationarity and reversibility by adding a minimum of additional parameters, and is thus well suited to studying the nature of the evolutionary process in datasets of limited size, such as morphology.},
    author = {Klopfstein, Seraina and Vilhelmsen, Lars and Ronquist, Fredrik},
    year = {2015},
    journal = {Systematic Biology}
}

@article{Kloss1967,
    publisher = {The Trustees of Indiana University on behalf of Anthropological Linguistics},
    title = {`Abstand Languages ́and `Ausbau Languages},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/30029461},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Kloss, Heinz},
    number = {7},
    volume = {9},
    year = {1967},
    pages = {29-41}
}

@book{Kluge1883,
    publisher = {Karl J. Trübner},
    author = {Kluge, Friedrich},
    year = {1883},
    title = {Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache},
    address = {Straßburg}
}

@article{Klukas2005,
    title = {Graph pattern analysis with PatternGravisto},
    journal = {Journal of Graph Algorithms and Applications},
    author = {Klukas, Christian and Koschützki, Dirk and Schreiber, Falk},
    number = {1},
    volume = {9},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {19-29}
}

@incollection{Knappett2016,
    publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
    author = {Knappett, Carl},
    booktitle = {Cultural Phylogenetics: Concepts and Applications in Archaeology},
    title = {Resisting Innovation? Learning, Cultural Evolution and the Potter’s Wheel in the Mediterranean Bronze Age},
    year = {2016},
    editor = {Mendoza Straffon, Larissa},
    address = {Cham and Heidelberg and New York and Dordrecht},
    pages = {97-111}
}

@article{Knight2007,
    title = {PyCogent: a toolkit for making sense from sequence},
    journal = {Genome Biology},
    abstract = {We have implemented in Python the COmparative GENomic Toolkit, a fully integrated and thoroughly tested framework for novel probabilistic analyses of biological sequences, devising workflows, and generating publication quality graphics. PyCogent includes connectors to remote databases, built-in generalized probabilistic techniques for working with biological sequences, and controllers for third-party applications. The toolkit takes advantage of parallel architectures and runs on a range of hardware and operating systems, and is available under the general public license from http://sourceforge.net/projects/pycogent.},
    author = {Knight, Rob and Maxwell, Peter and Birmingham, Amanda and Carnes, Jason and Caporaso, J Gregory and Easton, Brett and Eaton, Michael and Hamady, Micah and Lindsay, Helen and Liu, Zongzhi and Lozupone, Catherine and McDonald, Daniel and Robeson, Michael and Sammut, Raymond and Smit, Sandra and Wakefield, Matthew and Widmann, Jeremy and Wikman, Shandy and Wilson, Stephanie and Ying, Hua and Huttley, Gavin},
    number = {8},
    volume = {8},
    url = {http://genomebiology.com/2007/8/8/R171},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {R171}
}

@book{Knoop2009,
    publisher = {Spektrum},
    author = {Knoop, Volker and Müller, Kai},
    title = {Gene und Stammbäume},
    edition = {2. Auflage},
    year = {2009},
    address = {Heidelberg}
}

@book{Knudson1980,
    publisher = {Centro de Investigación para la Integración Social},
    author = {Lyle Knudson},
    series = {Archivo de Lenguas Indígenas de México},
    title = {Zoque de Chimalapa},
    year = {1980},
    address = {México, D. F.},
    pages = {159}
}

@incollection{Koch2013,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    author = {Koch, Harold and Hercus, Luise},
    booktitle = {Lexical and structural etymology},
    title = {Obscure vs. transparent cognates in linguistic reconstruction},
    year = {2013},
    editor = {Robert Mailhammer},
    address = {Berlin and New York},
    pages = {33-51}
}

@article{Koch1985,
    title = {Sprache der Nähe - Sprache der Distanz. Mündlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit im Spannungsfeld von Sprachtheorie und Sprachgeschichte},
    journal = {Romanistisches Jahrbuch},
    booktitle = {Romanistisches Jahrbuch},
    author = {Koch, Peter and Oesterreicher, Wulf},
    volume = {36},
    year = {1985},
    pages = {15–34}
}

@incollection{Koerner1997,
    publisher = {de Gryuter},
    isbn = {3-11-014905-2},
    author = {Koerner, E. F. K.},
    series = {Trends in linguisticsStudies and monographs},
    booktitle = {Linguistic reconstruction and typology: [International Conference on Linguistic Reconstruction and Typology held at Rydzyna (Poland) from April 14 to 17, 1993] /},
    title = {Toward a history of linguistic typology},
    year = {1997},
    volume = {96},
    editor = {Fisiak, Jacek},
    address = {Berlin},
    keywords = {Typologie;Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft},
    pages = {1-24}
}

@book{Koerner1983,
    publisher = {John Benjamins},
    author = {Koerner, E. F. K.},
    year = {1983},
    title = {Linguistics and Evolutionary Theory: Three Essays by August Schleicher, Ernst Haeckel, and William Bleek, with an Introduction by J Peter Maher},
    address = {Amsterdam.}
}

@article{Koerner1976,
    publisher = {Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG)},
    title = {Zu Ursprung und Geschichte der Besternung in der historischen Sprachwissenschaft. Eine historiographische Notiz},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40849441},
    journal = {Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung},
    author = {E. F. K. Koerner},
    number = {2},
    volume = {89},
    year = {1976},
    pages = {185-190}
}

@incollection{Koerner1987,
    publisher = {Univ. of Pennsylvania Pr.},
    isbn = {9780812280142},
    author = {Koerner, Konrad},
    booktitle = {Biological metaphor and cladistic classification: An interdisciplinary perspective; [papers from a Symposium on Biological Metaphor Outside Biology, held Mar. 4 - 5, 1982 ... at the American Philos. Soc.ś Library in Philadelphia]},
    title = {On Schleicher and trees},
    year = {1987},
    editor = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max},
    address = {Philadelphia},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft},
    pages = {109-114}
}

@incollection{Koerner1990,
    publisher = {Benjamins},
    isbn = {90-272-4532-0},
    author = {Koerner, Konrad},
    series = {Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic scienceSeries 3, Studies in the history of the language sciences},
    booktitle = {Leibniz, Humboldt, and the origins of comparativism},
    title = {The place of Friedrich Schlegel in the developent of historical-comparative linguistics},
    year = {1990},
    volume = {49},
    editor = {Mauro, Tullio and Formigari, Lia and Petrilli, Raffaella and Thornton, Anna Maria},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft;},
    pages = {239-262}
}

@incollection{Koerner1989,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {3110105365},
    author = {Koerner, Konrad},
    series = {Trends in linguisticsStudies and monographs},
    booktitle = {The new sound of Indo-European: Essays in phonolog. reconstruction},
    title = {Comments on reconstructions in historical linguistics},
    year = {1989},
    volume = {41},
    editor = {Vennemann, Theo},
    address = {Berlin},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Validierung},
    pages = {3-16}
}

@article{Koehler1988,
    title = {The symbols for clicks. Journal of the International Phonetic Association},
    journal = {Journal of the International Phonetic Association},
    author = {Köhler, O. and Ladefoged, P. and Snyman, J. and Traill, A. and Vossen, R.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {18},
    year = {1988},
    pages = {140-142}
}

@article{Koehnlein2015,
    title = {The complex durational relationship of contour tones and level tones},
    journal = {Diachronica},
    author = {Köhnlein, Björn},
    number = {2},
    volume = {32},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {1-8}
}

@article{Kolipakam2018,
    title = {A Bayesian phylogenetic study of the Dravidian language family},
    journal = {Royal Society Open Science},
    author = {Vishnupriya Kolipakam and Fiona M. Jordan and Michael Dunn and Simon J. Greenhill and Remco Bouckaert and Russell D. Gray and Annemarie Verkerk},
    number = {171504},
    volume = {5},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {1-17}
}

@article{Kondo-Brown2005,
    title = {Differences in Language Skills: Heritage Language Learner Subgroups and Foreign Language Learners},
    journal = {The Modern Language Journal},
    author = {Kondo-Brown, Kimi},
    number = {4},
    volume = {89},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {563-581}
}

@incollection{Kondrak2003,
    publisher = {Springer},
    isbn = {3540005323},
    author = {Kondrak, Grzegorz},
    booktitle = {Computational linguistics and intelligent text processing},
    title = {Identifying complex sound correspondences in bilingual wordlists},
    year = {2003},
    editor = {Gelbukh, Alexander},
    address = {Berlin},
    keywords = {sound correspondences},
    pages = {432-443}
}

@article{Kondrak2009,
    title = {Identification of cognates and recurrent sound correspondences in word lists},
    journal = {Traitement Automatique des Langues},
    author = {Kondrak, Grzegorz},
    number = {2},
    volume = {50},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {201-235}
}

@inproceedings{Kondrak2005,
    title = {N-Gram Similarity and Distance},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on String Processing and Information Retrieval (SPIRE 2005)},
    author = {Kondrak, Grzegorz},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {115-126},
    address = {Buenos Aires}
}

@article{Kondrak2003a,
    title = {Phonetic alignment and similarity},
    journal = {Computers and the humanities},
    author = {Kondrak, Grzegorz},
    number = {3},
    volume = {37},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {273-291}
}

@thesis{Kondrak2002,
    title = {Algorithms for language reconstruction},
    url = {http://webdocs.cs.ualberta.ca/ kondrak/papers/thesis.pdf},
    author = {Kondrak, Grzegorz},
    year = {2002},
    institution = {University of Toronto},
    address = {Toronto}
}

@inproceedings{Kondrak2002a,
    title = {Determining Recurrent Sound Correspondences by Inducing Translation Models},
    url = {http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~kondrak/papers/cic03.pdf},
    booktitle = {Nineteenth International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING 2002)},
    author = {Kondrak, Grzegorz},
    year = {2002},
    address = {Taipei},
    pages = {488-494}
}

@inproceedings{Kondrak2000,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 1st North American chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics conference},
    title = {A new algorithm for the alignment of phonetic sequences},
    year = {2000},
    pages = {288-295},
    author = {Kondrak, Grzegorz}
}

@article{Kondrak2006,
    journal = {Proceedings of the Workshop on Linguistic Distances},
    title = {Evaluation of Several Phonetic Similarity Algorithms on the Task of Cognate Identification},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {43-50},
    author = {Kondrak, Grzegorz and Sherif, Tarek}
}

@book{Koonin2012,
    year = {2012},
    publisher = {Pearson Education},
    title = {The logic of chance : the nature and origin of biological evolution},
    isbn = {9780132542494,0132542498},
    author = {Eugene V. Koonin}
}

@article{Koonin2005,
    title = {Orthologs, paralogs, and evolutionary genomics},
    journal = {Annual Review of Genetics},
    author = {Koonin, Eugene V.},
    volume = {39},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {309-338}
}

@article{Koonin2001b,
    title = {An apology for orthologs - or brave new memes},
    journal = {Genome Biology},
    author = {Koonin, E. V.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2001},
    pages = {COMMENT1005}
}

@article{Koonin2001,
    title = {Horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes: quantification and classification},
    journal = {Annual Review of Microbiology},
    author = {Koonin, E. V. and Makarova, K. S. and Aravind, L.},
    volume = {55},
    year = {2001},
    pages = {709-742}
}

@article{KoptjevskajaTamm2012,
    title = {New directions in lexical typology},
    journal = {Linguistics},
    author = {Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria},
    number = {3},
    volume = {50},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {373-394}
}

@incollection{KoptjevskajaTamm2017,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria and Liljegren, Henrik},
    booktitle = {The Cambridge handbook of areal linguistics},
    title = {Semantic patterns from an areal perspective},
    year = {2017},
    editor = {Raymond Hickey},
    address = {Cambridge},
    pages = {204-236}
}

@article{Kortmann2016,
    title = {The Viking Hypothesis from a Dialectologist’s Perspective},
    journal = {Language Dynamics and Change},
    author = {Bernd Kortmann},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {27-30}
}

@inproceedings{Koskenniemi2013,
    author = {Koskenniemi, Kimmo},
    series = {Linköping Electronic Conference Proceedings},
    abstract = {Regular correspondences between historically related languages can be modelled using finite- state transducers (FST). A new method is presented by demonstrating it with a bidirectional experiment between Finnish and Estonian. An artificial representation (resembling a proto- language) is established between two related languages. This representation, AFE (Aligned Finnish-Estonian) is based on the letter by letter alignment of the two languages and uses mechanically constructed morphophonemes which represent the corresponding characters. By describing the constraints of this AFE using two-level rules, one may construct useful mappings between the languages. In this way, the badly ambiguous FSTs from Finnish and Estonian to AFE can be composed into a practically unambiguous transducer from Finnish to Estonian. The inverse mapping from Estonian to Finnish is mildly ambiguous. Steps according to the proposed method could be repeated as such with dialectal or older written texts. Choosing a set of model words, aligning them, recording the mechanical correspondences and designing rules for the constraints could be done with a limited effort. For the purposes of indexing and searching, the mild ambiguity may be tolerable as such. The ambiguity can be further reduced by composing the resulting FST with a speller or morphological analyser of the standard language.},
    title = {Finite-state relations between two historicaly closely related languages},
    number = {87},
    year = {2013},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the workshop on computational historical linguistics at NODALIDA 2013},
    pages = {43-53}
}

@article{Kotorova2013,
    title = {Dankesbezeigung im deutschen und russischen Diskurs: soziokulturelle, pragmatische und sprachlich-strukturelle Aspekte},
    journal = {Zeitschrift für Slawistik},
    author = {Kotorova, Elizaveta},
    number = {4},
    volume = {58},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {417 – 434}
}

@article{Koutsovoulos2015,
    publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Labs Journals},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1101/033464},
    title = {The genome of the tardigrade Hypsibius dujardini},
    url = {http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2015/12/13/033464.full.pdf},
    abstract = {Background Tardigrades are meiofaunal ecdysozoans that may be key to understanding the origins of Arthropoda. Many species of Tardigrada can survive extreme conditions through adoption of a cryptobiotic state. A recent high profile paper suggested that the genome of a model tardigrade, Hypsibius dujardini, has been shaped by unprecedented levels of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) encompassing 17% of protein coding genes, and speculated that this was likely formative in the evolution of stress resistance. We tested these findings using an independently sequenced and assembled genome of H. dujardini, derived from the same original culture isolate. Results Whole-organism sampling of meiofaunal species will perforce include gut and surface microbiotal contamination, and our raw data contained bacterial and algal sequences. Careful filtering generated a cleaned H. dujardini genome assembly, validated and annotated with GSSs, ESTs and RNA-Seq data, with superior assembly metrics compared to the published, HGT-rich assembly. A small amount of additional microbial contamination likely remains in our 135 Mb assembly. Our assembly length fits well with multiple empirical measurements of H. dujardini genome size, and is 120 Mb shorter than the HGT-rich version. Among 23,021 protein coding gene predictions we found 216 genes (0.9%) with similarity to prokaryotes, 196 of which were expressed, suggestive of HGT. We also identified 400 genes (&lt;2%) that could be HGT from other non-metazoan eukaryotes. Cross-comparison of the assemblies, using raw read and RNA-Seq data, confirmed that the overwhelming majority of the putative HGT candidates in the previous genome were predicted from scaffolds at very low coverage and were not transcribed. Crucially much of the natural contamination in both projects was non-overlapping, confirming it as foreign to the shared target animal genome. Conclusions We find no support for massive horizontal gene transfer into the genome of H. dujardini. Many of the bacterial sequences in the previously published genome were not present in our raw reads. In construction of our assembly we removed most, but still not all, contamination with approaches derived from metagenomics, which we show are very appropriate for meiofaunal species. We conclude that HGT into H. dujardini accounts for 1-2% of genes and that the proposal that 17% of tardigrade genes originate from HGT events is an artefact of undetected contamination.},
    author = {Koutsovoulos, Georgios and Kumar, Sujai and Laetsch, Dominik R and Stevens, Lewis and Daub, Jennifer and Conlon, Claire and Maroon, Habib and Thomas, Fran and Aboobaker, Aziz and Blaxter, Mark},
    year = {2015},
    journal = {bioRxiv}
}

@article{Kraft2014,
    title = {Multiple lines of evidence for the origin of domesticated chili pepper, Capsicum annuum, in Mexico},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    author = {Kraft, K. H. and Brown, C. H. and Nabhan, G. P. and Luedeling, E. and Luna Ruiz, J. d. e. J. and Coppens dÉeckenbrugge, G. and Hijmans, R. J. and Gepts, P.},
    number = {17},
    volume = {111},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {6165-6170}
}

@article{Kraxenberger2014,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.4396/20140603},
    title = {Jakobson Revisited: Poetic Distinctiveness, Modes of Operation, and Perception},
    journal = {Rivista Italiana di Filosofia del Linguaggio},
    author = {Kraxenberger, Maria},
    number = {1},
    volume = {8},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {10-21}
}

@article{Kreiner2007,
    title = {Validity and objectivity: Reflections on the role and nature of Rasch models},
    journal = {Nordic Psychology},
    author = {Kreiner, Svend},
    number = {3},
    volume = {59},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {268-298}
}

@incollection{Kressing2013a,
    publisher = {Franz Steiner Verlag},
    author = {Kressing, Frank},
    booktitle = {Classification and evolution in biology, linguistics and the history of science. Concepts – methods – visualization},
    title = {The mapping of human biological and linguistic diversity: A bridge between the sciences and the humanities},
    year = {2016},
    editor = {Heiner Fangerau and Hans Geisler and Thorsten Halling and William Martin},
    address = {Stuttgart},
    pages = {97-109}
}

@article{Kressing2015,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-015-9330-y},
    title = {Lateral and Vertical Transfer in Biology, Linguistics and Anthropology: An Account of Widely Neglected Ideas in the Formation of Evolutionary Theories},
    journal = {Evolutionary Biology},
    abstract = {The scope of this paper is to highlight models of reticulate evolution in a dual sense: (1) by stressing the importance of early models of horizontal/lateral transfer instead of models of unilinear vertical transfer in biology, linguistics, anthropology and related disciplines, and (2) by demonstrating that the acceptance of evolutionism as leitmotif in the nineteenth century was only possible by intense and repeated networks between scholars of different academic realms which lead to the assumption that the development of biological species and human cultures could be perceived as part of the same co-evolutionary process. Contrary to these widely popularized models of unilinear evolution, I would like to draw attention to alternative theories emphasizing the horizontal transfer of words, phenotypes/genotypes, and culture traits. Examples are the method of areal typology in linguistics, the theory of endosymbiosis in biology, and the anti-evolutionist attitude in Boasian anthropology, combined with an emphasis on the diffusion of culture traits. Further, it shall be pointed out that, even when--after the general dismissal of evolutionist ideas in the beginning of the twentieth century--the idea of co-evolutionary processes in the development of human populations and languages was again forwarded in the late twentieth century, this `modern synthesis ́of genetics, linguistics and archeology relied largely on interdisciplinary reticulations between sciences and humanities and serves as another example of reticulate evolution.},
    author = {Kressing, Frank},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11692-015-9330-y},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {1-7}
}

@incollection{Kressing2016,
    publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25928-4_2},
    author = {Kressing, Frank and Krischel, Matthis},
    booktitle = {Cultural Phylogenetics: Concepts and Applications in Archaeology},
    title = {Development and Degeneration: Classification and Evolution of Human Populations and Languages in the History of Anthropology},
    year = {2016},
    editor = {Mendoza Straffon, Larissa},
    address = {Cham and Heidelberg and New York and Dordrecht},
    pages = {19-41}
}

@misc{Kressing2013,
    url = {http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/9784/},
    abstract = {Models of biological and cultural evolution that developed from the 19th century onward are characterized by two main features:(1)They were mostly centered on the unilinear transmission of cultural and biological replicators (among others, languages), and (2) They were centered on phylogenetic images of descent, that means, specifically, the tree of life and the tree of languages metaphors. The purpose of this paper is to show that theories of unilinear descent in biology, linguistics and anthropology represent just one among several approaches in explain evolutionary development in all three realms. ?Antidotes? to the pedigree and tree of life metaphors have been presented as early as phylogenetic models, but have been often neglected, surpressed or simply been ignored. We try to draw attention to these alternative models of lateral and vertical transfer of words, genes, and culture traits which form an indispensable part of an all-encompassing evolutionary epistemiology.},
    title = {Lateral and vertical transfer in biology, linguistics and anthropology - An account of widely neglected ideas in the formation of evolutionary theories},
    year = {2013},
    author = {Frank Kressing and Matthis Krischel}
}

@article{Kretzschmar1992,
    publisher = {Duke University Press},
    title = {Isoglosses and predictive modeling},
    journal = {American Speech},
    author = {Kretzschmar, William A.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {67},
    year = {1992},
    pages = {227-249}
}

@article{Krisadawan2000,
    title = {Rgyalthang Tibetan lexicon and an apraisal of a Southeast Asian wordlist},
    journal = {Mon-Khmer Studies},
    author = {Krisadawan, Hongladarom},
    volume = {30},
    year = {2000},
    pages = {83-94}
}

@incollection{Krischel2013,
    publisher = {Franz Steiner Verlag},
    author = {Krischel, Matthis and Fangerau, Heiner},
    booktitle = {Classification and evolution in biology, linguistics and the history of science. Concepts – methods – visualization},
    title = {Historical network analysis can be used to construct a social network of 19th century evolutionists},
    year = {2013},
    editor = {Heiner Fangerau and Hans Geisler and Thorsten Halling and William Martin},
    address = {Stuttgart},
    pages = {45-66}
}

@article{Krishnamurti1983,
    title = {Unchanged Cognates as a Criterion in Linguistic Subgrouping},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Krishnamurti, Bh and Moses, Lincoln and Danforth, Douglas G.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {59},
    year = {1983},
    pages = {541-568}
}

@article{Kroeber1961,
    title = {Semantic Contribution of Lexicostatistics},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Kroeber, A. L.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {27},
    year = {1961},
    pages = {1-8}
}

@article{Kroeber1960,
    title = {Statistics, Indo-European, and Taxonomy},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Kroeber, A. L.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {36},
    year = {1960},
    pages = {1-21}
}

@article{Kroeber1960b,
    title = {On Typological Indices I: Ranking of Languages},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Kroeber, A. L.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {26},
    year = {1960},
    pages = {171-177}
}

@article{Kroeber1958,
    title = {Romance History and Glottochronology},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Kroeber, A. L.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {34},
    year = {1958},
    pages = {454-457}
}

@article{Kroeber1955,
    publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
    title = {Linguistic Time Depth Results so Far and Their Meaning},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1263936},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Kroeber, A. L.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {21},
    year = {1955},
    pages = {91-104}
}

@article{Kroeber1940,
    publisher = {Society for American Archaeology},
    title = {Statistical Classification},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/275944},
    journal = {American Antiquity},
    author = {Kroeber, A. L.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {6},
    year = {1940},
    pages = {29-44}
}

@article{Kroeber1937,
    publisher = {Linguistic Society of America},
    title = {Quantitative Classification of Indo-European Languages},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/408715},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Kroeber, A. L. and Chrétien, C. D.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {13},
    year = {1937},
    pages = {83-103}
}

@article{Kronenfeld1985,
    title = {Numerical Taxonomy: Old Techniques and New Assumptions [and Comments and Reply]},
    journal = {Current Anthropology},
    author = {Kronenfeld, David B. and Bender, M. Lionel and Brown, Cecil H. and Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. and Handy, Rollo and Heath, Jeffrey and Wiener, Linda and Witkowski, Stanley and Zegura, Stephen L.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {26},
    year = {1985},
    pages = {21-41}
}

@phdthesis{Kroymann2005,
    title = {Computational Cladistics: Anwendung eines phylogenetischen Algorithmus auf die Sprachgeschichtsforschung: Ausarbeitung für das Seminar Verwandtschaft und Abstammung in Zeichenketten: Hausarbeit?},
    year = {2005},
    author = {Kroymann, Emil Thoden Klaus}
}

@article{Kruskal1983,
    title = {An overview of sequence comparison},
    journal = {SIAM Review},
    author = {Kruskal, Joseph B.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {25},
    year = {1983},
    keywords = {sequence, string, alignment, algorithms},
    pages = {201-237}
}

@article{Kruskal1956,
    publisher = {American Mathematical Society},
    title = {On the shortest spanning subtree of a graph and the traveling salesman problem},
    journal = {Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society},
    author = {Kruskal, Joseph B.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {7},
    year = {1956},
    pages = {48-50}
}

@incollection{Kruskal1999,
    publisher = {CSLI Publications},
    author = {Kruskal, Joseph B. and Liberman, Mark},
    booktitle = {Time warps, string edits, and macromolecules},
    title = {The symmetric time-warping problem},
    year = {1999},
    edition = {reprint},
    editor = {Sankoff, David and Kruskal, Joseph. B.},
    address = {Stanford},
    pages = {125-161}
}

@article{Kruskal1957,
    publisher = {American Statistical Association},
    title = {Historical notes on the Wilcoxon unpaired two-sample test},
    journal = {Journal of The American Statistical Association},
    author = {Kruskal, William H.},
    number = {279},
    volume = {52},
    year = {1957},
    pages = {356-360}
}

@article{KruzelDavila2017,
    publisher = {eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.29056},
    author = {Kruzel-Davila, Etty and Skorecki, Karl},
    journal = {eLife},
    abstract = {Two gene variants provide different levels of protection against sleeping sickness, but this comes with an increased risk of developing chronic kidney disease.},
    title = {Gene Variation: The double-edged sword of evolution},
    volume = {6},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.29056},
    year = {2017},
    keywords = {Trypanosoma brucei, chronic kidney disease, Human African Trypanosomiasis, sleeping sickness, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense},
    pages = {e29056}
}

@article{Ku2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-016-0315-9},
    author = {Ku, Chuan and Martin, William},
    journal = {BMC Biology},
    abstract = {The literature harbors many claims for lateral gene transfer (LGT) from prokaryotes to eukaryotes. Such claims are typically founded in analyses of genome sequences. It is undisputed that many genes entered the eukaryotic lineage via the origin of mitochondria and the origin of plastids. Claims for lineage-specific LGT to eukaryotes outside the context of organelle origins and claims of continuous LGT to eukaryotic lineages are more problematic. If eukaryotes acquire genes from prokaryotes continuously during evolution, then sequenced eukaryote genomes should harbor evidence for recent LGT, like prokaryotic genomes do.},
    title = {A natural barrier to lateral gene transfer from prokaryotes to eukaryotes revealed from genomes: the 70 % rule},
    number = {1},
    volume = {14},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12915-016-0315-9},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {89}
}

@article{Kubrjakova1989,
    title = {The parts of speech in word formation processes and in the linguistic model of the world},
    journal = {Beiträge zur Erforschung der deutschen Sprache},
    author = {Kubrjakova, E. S.},
    editor = {Fleischer, W. and Große, R. and Lerchner, G.},
    year = {1989},
    pages = {10-12}
}

@book{Kubrjakova2004,
    publisher = {Jazyki Slavjanskoj Kult́ury},
    author = {Kubrjakova, E. S.},
    year = {2004},
    title = {Jazyk i znanie. Na puti polyčenija znanij o jazyke. Časti reči s kognitivnoj točky zrenija. Rol ́zazyka v poznanii mira},
    address = {Moscow}
}

@book{Kuckenburg2004,
    publisher = {Theiss},
    author = {Kuckenburg, Martin},
    title = {Wer sprach das erste Wort?},
    edition = {2},
    year = {2010},
    address = {Tübingen}
}

@book{Kuhn1962,
    publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
    isbn = {0226458075,9780226458076,0226458083,9780226458083},
    author = {Thomas S. Kuhn},
    title = {The structure of scientific revolutions},
    year = {1996},
    edition = {3},
    address = {Chicago}
}

@incollection{Kuiken2000,
    publisher = {Kluwer Academic Publishers},
    author = {Kuiken, Carla L. and Leitner, Thomas},
    booktitle = {Computational and evolutionary analysis of HIV molecular sequences},
    title = {HIV-1 subtyping},
    year = {2000},
    editor = {Rodrigo, Allen G. and Learn, Gerald H. Jr.},
    address = {Boston, Dordrecht, London},
    pages = {27-54}
}

@article{Kukich1992,
    title = {Techniques for autoautomatic correcting words in text},
    journal = {ACM Computing Surveys},
    author = {Kukich, Karen},
    number = {4},
    volume = {24},
    year = {1992},
    pages = {374-439}
}

@book{Kula2011,
    publisher = {Continuum},
    author = {Nancy C. Kula and Bert Botma and Kuniya Nasukawa},
    series = {Continuum Companions},
    title = {The Continuum companion to phonology},
    year = {2011},
    address = {New York}
}

@book{Kuemmel2008,
    publisher = {Reichert},
    author = {Kümmel, Martin Joachim},
    year = {2008},
    title = {Konsonantenwandel},
    address = {Wiesbaden}
}

@article{Kunin2005,
    title = {The net of life: Reconstructing the microbial phylogenetic network},
    url = {doi:10.1101/gr.3666505},
    journal = {Genome Research},
    author = {Kunin, Victor and Goldovsky, Leon and Darzentas, Nikos and Ouzounis, Christos A.},
    number = {15},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {954-959}
}

@book{Kunze1937,
    publisher = {Deutsche Gesellschaft für Natur und Völkerkunde Ostasiens},
    author = {Kunze, R.},
    year = {1937},
    title = {Bau und Anordnung der chinesischen Zeichen. Oder: Wie lernen wir leichter Zeichen lesen?},
    address = {Tokyo}
}

@article{Kuo2010,
    title = {Production and perception of Taiwan Mandarin syllable contraction},
    journal = {UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics},
    author = {Kuo, Grace},
    volume = {108},
    year = {2010},
    keywords = {Chinese, contraction},
    pages = {1-34}
}

@article{Kuperman2012,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-012-0210-4},
    author = {Kuperman, Victor and Stadthagen-Gonzalez, Hans and Brysbaert, Marc},
    journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
    abstract = {We present age-of-acquisition (AoA) ratings for 30,121 English content words (nouns, verbs, and adjectives). For data collection, this megastudy used the Web-based crowdsourcing technology offered by the Amazon Mechanical Turk. Our data indicate that the ratings collected in this way are as valid and reliable as those collected in laboratory conditions (the correlation between our ratings and those collected in the lab from U.S. students reached .93 for a subsample of 2,500 monosyllabic words). We also show that our AoA ratings explain a substantial percentage of the variance in the lexical-decision data of the English Lexicon Project, over and above the effects of log frequency, word length, and similarity to other words. This is true not only for the lemmas used in our rating study, but also for their inflected forms. We further discuss the relationships of AoA with other predictors of word recognition and illustrate the utility of AoA ratings for research on vocabulary growth.},
    title = {Age-of-acquisition ratings for 30,000 English words},
    number = {4},
    volume = {44},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-012-0210-4},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {978-990}
}

@book{Kurpaska2010,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    author = {Kurpaska, Maria},
    year = {2010},
    title = {Chinese language(s)},
    address = {Berlin and New York}
}

@incollection{Kuerschner2014,
    publisher = {Narr},
    author = {Kürschner, Wilfried},
    booktitle = {Beiträge zur Gabelentz-Forschung},
    title = {Georg von der Gabelentz ́"Handbuch zur Aufnahme fremder Sprachen (1892). Entstehung, Ziele, Arbeitsweise, Wirkung},
    year = {2014},
    editor = {Ezawa, Kennosuke and Hundsnurscher, Franz and Vogel, Anemente von},
    address = {Tübingen},
    pages = {239-259}
}

@incollection{Kurylowicz1973,
    publisher = {Mouton},
    author = {Kury, Jerzy},
    series = {Current Trends in Linguistics},
    booktitle = {Diachronic, areal and typological linguistics},
    title = {Internal reconstruction},
    year = {1973},
    volume = {11},
    editor = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max and Langacre, Robert H.},
    address = {The Hague; Paris},
    keywords = {internal reconstruction;Indo-European;Methodik;Rekonstruktion},
    pages = {63-92}
}

@incollection{Kurylowicz1968,
    publisher = {University of Texas Press},
    author = {Kurylowicz, Jerzy},
    booktitle = {Directions for historical linguistics: A symposium},
    title = {The notion of morpho(pho)neme},
    year = {1968},
    editor = {Lehmann, Winfred Philipp and Malkiel, Yakov},
    address = {Austin},
    keywords = {Morphophonem;Morphologie;Phonologie;Sprachwandel},
    pages = {65-82}
}

@incollection{Kurylowicz1927,
    publisher = {Gebethner & Wolf},
    author = {Kuryłowicz, Jerzy},
    booktitle = {Symbolae grammaticae in honorem Ioannis Rozwadowski},
    title = {ə indo-européen et ḫ hittite},
    year = {1927},
    volume = {1},
    editor = {Taszycki, W. and Doroszewski, W.},
    address = {Cracow},
    pages = {95-104}
}

@article{Kushniarevich2015,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135820},
    author = {Kushniarevich, Alena and Utevska, Olga and Chuhryaeva, Marina and Agdzhoyan, Anastasia and Dibirova, Khadizhat and Uktveryte, Ingrida and Möls, Märt and Mulahasanovic, Lejla and Pshenichnov, Andrey and Frolova, Svetlana and Shanko, Andrey and Metspalu, Ene and Reidla, Maere and Tambets, Kristiina and Tamm, Erika and Koshel, Sergey and Zaporozhchenko, Valery and Atramentova, Lubov and Kučinskas, Vaidutis and Davydenko, Oleg and Goncharova, Olga and Evseeva, Irina and Churnosov, Michail and Pocheshchova, Elvira and Yunusbayev, Bayazit and Khusnutdinova, Elza and Marjanović, Damir and Rudan, Pavao and Rootsi, Siiri and Yankovsky, Nick and Endicott, Phillip and Kassian, Alexei and Dybo, Anna and Tyler-Smith, Chris and Balanovska, Elena and Metspalu, Mait and Kivisild, Toomas and Villems, Richard and Balanovsky, Oleg and The Genographic Consortium},
    journal = {PLoS ONE},
    abstract = { The Slavic branch of the Balto-Slavic sub-family of Indo-European languages underwent rapid divergence as a result of the spatial expansion of its speakers from Central-East Europe, in early medieval times. This expansion–mainly to East Europe and the northern Balkans–resulted in the incorporation of genetic components from numerous autochthonous populations into the Slavic gene pools. Here, we characterize genetic variation in all extant ethnic groups speaking Balto-Slavic languages by analyzing mitochondrial DNA (n = 6,876), Y-chromosomes (n = 6,079) and genome-wide SNP profiles (n = 296), within the context of other European populations. We also reassess the phylogeny of Slavic languages within the Balto-Slavic branch of Indo-European. We find that genetic distances among Balto-Slavic populations, based on autosomal and Y-chromosomal loci, show a high correlation (0.9) both with each other and with geography, but a slightly lower correlation (0.7) with mitochondrial DNA and linguistic affiliation. The data suggest that genetic diversity of the present-day Slavs was predominantly shaped <italic>in situ</italic>, and we detect two different substrata: ‘central-east European’ for West and East Slavs, and ‘south-east European’ for South Slavs. A pattern of distribution of segments identical by descent between groups of East-West and South Slavs suggests shared ancestry or a modest gene flow between those two groups, which might derive from the historic spread of Slavic people.</p>},
    title = {Genetic heritage of the Balto-Slavic speaking populations: A synthesis of autosomal, mitochondrial and y-chromosomal data},
    number = {9},
    volume = {10},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0135820},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {e0135820}
}

@article{Kwok2016,
    title = {Grammatical diversity across the Yue dialects},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Kwok, Bit-Chee and Chin, Andy C. and Tsou, Benjamin K.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {44},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {109-152}
}

@book{Labov1994-2010,
    publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
    booktitle = {Principles of linguistic change},
    author = {Labov, W},
    address = {Malden and Oxford and West Sussex}
}

@article{Labov2007,
    title = {Transmission and diffusion},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Labov, William},
    number = {2},
    volume = {83},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {344-387}
}

@book{Labov2001,
    publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
    author = {Labov, W.},
    booktitle = {Principles of linguistic change},
    title = {Social factors},
    year = {2001},
    volume = {2},
    address = {Malden and Oxford and West Sussex}
}

@book{Labov1994,
    publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
    author = {Labov, W.},
    booktitle = {Principles of linguistic change},
    title = {Internal factors},
    year = {1994},
    volume = {1},
    address = {Malden and Oxford and West Sussex}
}

@article{Labov1981,
    title = {Resolving the Neogrammarian Controversy},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Labov, William},
    number = {2},
    volume = {57},
    year = {1981},
    pages = {267-308}
}

@article{Labov1972,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Labov, William},
    journal = {Language in Society},
    abstract = {Current difficulties in achieving intersubjective agreement in linguistics require attention to principles of methodology which consider sources of error and ways to eliminate them. The methodological assumptions and practices of various branches of linguistics are considered from the stand-point of the types of data gathered: texts, elicitations, intuitions and observations. Observations of the vernacular provide the most systematic basis for linguistic theory, but have been the most difficult kinds of data for linguists to obtain; techniques for solving the problems encountered are outlined. Intersubjective agreement is best reached by convergence of several kinds of data with complementary sources of error.},
    title = {Some principles of linguistic methodology},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4166672},
    year = {1972},
    pages = {97-120}
}

@book{Labov2010,
    publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
    author = {Labov, W. and Labov, W},
    booktitle = {Principles of linguistic change},
    title = {Cognitive and cultural factors},
    volume = {3},
    address = {Malden and Oxford and West Sussex}
}

@article{Lackner1955,
    title = {Morphological Similarity as a Criterion of Genetic Relationship between Languages},
    journal = {American Anthropologist},
    author = {Lackner, Jerome A. and Rowe, John H.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {57},
    year = {1955},
    pages = {126-129}
}

@book{Ladefoged1972,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Ladefoged, Peter and Glick, Ruth and Criper, Clive},
    title = {Language in Uganda},
    note = {With an introduction by clifford H. Prator and additional material by Livingstone Walusimbi},
    year = {1972},
    address = {London}
}

@book{Ladusaw1996,
    publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
    isbn = {9780226924885,0226924882},
    author = {Ladusaw, William A. and Pullum, Geoffrey K.},
    title = {Phonetic Symbol Guide},
    year = {1996},
    edition = {2},
    address = {Chicago}
}

@article{Lake2018,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evy129},
    title = {Uncovering the genomic origins of life},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evy129},
    journal = {Genome Biology and Evolution},
    author = {Lake, James A and Larsen, Joseph and Tran, Dan Thy and Sinsheimer, Janet S.},
    number = {7},
    volume = {10},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {1705-1714}
}

@article{Laland2014,
    title = {Does evolutionary theory need a rethink? Yes, urgently},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {Kevin Laland and Tobias Uller and Marc Feldman and Kim Sterelny and Gerd B. Müller and Armin Moczek and Eva Jablonka and John Odling-Smee},
    volume = {514},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {161-164}
}

@article{Laland2015,
    publisher = {The Royal Society},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1019},
    author = {Laland, Kevin N. and Uller, Tobias and Feldman, Marcus W. and Sterelny, Kim and Müller, Gerd B. and Moczek, Armin and Jablonka, Eva and Odling-Smee, John},
    url = {http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/282/1813/20151019.full.pdf},
    abstract = {Scientific activities take place within the structured sets of ideas and assumptions that define a field and its practices. The conceptual framework of evolutionary biology emerged with the Modern Synthesis in the early twentieth century and has since expanded into a highly successful research program to explore the processes of diversification and adaptation. Nonetheless, the ability of that framework satisfactorily to accommodate the rapid advances in developmental biology, genomics and ecology has been questioned. We review some of these arguments, focusing on literatures (evo-devo, developmental plasticity, inclusive inheritance and niche construction) whose implications for evolution can be interpreted in two ways—one that preserves the internal structure of contemporary evolutionary theory and one that points towards an alternative conceptual framework. The latter, which we label the extended evolutionary synthesis (EES), retains the fundaments of evolutionary theory, but differs in its emphasis on the role of constructive processes in development and evolution, and reciprocal portrayals of causation. In the EES, developmental processes, operating through developmental bias, inclusive inheritance and niche construction, share responsibility for the direction and rate of evolution, the origin of character variation and organism–environment complementarity. We spell out the structure, core assumptions and novel predictions of the EES, and show how it can be deployed to stimulate and advance research in those fields that study or use evolutionary biology.},
    title = {The extended evolutionary synthesis: its structure, assumptions and predictions},
    number = {1813},
    volume = {282},
    year = {2015},
    journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences}
}

@thesis{Lam2007,
    title = {Syllable contraction in Cantonese A-not-A constructions},
    author = {Lam, Wai Man},
    year = {2007},
    keywords = {contraction, Chinese, Cantonese},
    institution = {The Chinese University of Hong Kong},
    address = {Hong Kong}
}

@phdthesis{Lama2012,
    title = {Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) languages: A study from the perspectiv eof shared innovation and phylogenetic estimation},
    year = {2012},
    institution = {University of Texas at Arlington},
    author = {Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan}
}

@book{Lamarck1809,
    publisher = {Dentu},
    author = {Lamarck, J. B.},
    title = {Philosophie zoologique, ou exposition des considérations relatives à lh́istoire naturelle des animaux ….},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1809},
    address = {Paris}
}

@article{Lamb1959,
    title = {Some Proposals for Linguistic Taxonomy},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Lamb, Sydney M.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1959},
    pages = {33-49}
}

@article{Lambert1997,
    title = {Predicting look-alike and sound-alike medication errors},
    journal = {American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy},
    author = {Lambert, B. L.},
    number = {10},
    volume = {54},
    year = {1997},
    pages = {1161-1171}
}

@incollection{Lancey2008,
    title = {Grammaticalization: from syntax to morphology},
    booktitle = {Morphology. Aan international handbook on inflection and word formation},
    author = {de Lancey, Scott},
    volume = {2},
    editor = {Walter de Gruyter and Booij, Geert E. and Lehmann, Christian and Mugdan, Joachim and Skopeteas, Stavros},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {1590-1599}
}

@article{Lancichinetti2009,
    title = {Community detection algorithms: a comparative analysis},
    journal = {Physical Review E},
    abstract = {Uncovering the community structure exhibited by real networks is a crucial step toward an understanding of complex systems that goes beyond the local organization of their constituents. Many algorithms have been proposed so far, but none of them has been subjected to strict tests to evaluate their performance. Most of the sporadic tests performed so far involved small networks with known community structure and/or artificial graphs with a simplified structure, which is very uncommon in real systems. Here we test several methods against a recently introduced class of benchmark graphs, with heterogeneous distributions of degree and community size. The methods are also tested against the benchmark by Girvan and Newman [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99, 7821 (2002)] and on random graphs. As a result of our analysis, three recent algorithms introduced by Rosvall and Bergstrom [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 7327 (2007); Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 1118 (2008)], Blondel [J. Stat. Mech.: Theory Exp. (2008), P10008], and Ronhovde and Nussinov [Phys. Rev. E 80, 016109 (2009)] have an excellent performance, with the additional advantage of low computational complexity, which enables one to analyze large systems.},
    author = {Lancichinetti, A. and Fortunato, S.},
    number = {5 Pt 2},
    volume = {80},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {056117}
}

@article{Landan2007,
    title = {Heads or tails. A simple reliability check for multiple sequence alignments},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    author = {Landan, Giddy and Graur, Dan},
    number = {6},
    volume = {24},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {1380–1383}
}

@book{Langacker1987,
    publisher = {Stanford University Press},
    author = {Langacker, Ronald},
    booktitle = {Foundations of cognitive grammar},
    title = {Theoretical prerequisites},
    year = {1987},
    volume = {1},
    address = {Stanford}
}

@incollection{Langdon1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Langdon, Margaret},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {Morphosyntax and problems of reconstruction in Yuman and Hokan},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Morphosyntax;Yuman;Hokan},
    pages = {57-72}
}

@incollection{Langer2012,
    publisher = {Blackwell},
    author = {Langer, Nils and Nesse, Agnete},
    booktitle = {The handbook of historical sociolinguistics},
    title = {Linguistic purism},
    year = {2012},
    editor = {Hernández-Campoy, Juan M. and Conde-Silvestre, J. Camilo},
    address = {Malden and Oxford},
    pages = {607-625}
}

@article{LaPolla2012,
    title = {Comments on methodology and evidence in Sino-Tibetan comparative linguistics},
    journal = {Language and Linguistics},
    author = {LaPolla, Randy J.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {13},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {117-132}
}

@article{LaPolla2010,
    volume = {2},
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.05.036},
    author = {LaPolla, Randy J.},
    abstract = {The Sino-Tibetan language family is one of the largest language families in the world, both in terms of number of speakers and in terms of geographic distribution. It includes the majority languages of China and Myanmar, plus minority languages in China, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and Northeast India. Three main factors have been involved in the formation of the present-day Sino-Tibetan language family: a shared genetic origin, divergent population movements (i.e. innovations appearing in the different groups after their split), and language contact (among themselves and with non-Sino-Tibetan languages). Population movements and language contact have in fact generally been two aspects of a single phenomenon. This paper looks at the history of the development of the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family from the point of view of population movements and language contact, to show the role language contact has had in the formation of the branch as we know it today. These factors have been an important part of the development of the branch from its origin in the central plains of what is now north China, in the valley of the Yellow River, some 6,500 years ago, right up to the present, and are still the main factors in language change today.},
    title = {Language contact and language change in the history of the Sinitic languages},
    number = {5},
    pages = {6858 - 6868},
    note = {The Harmony of Civilization and Prosperity for All: Selected Papers of Beijing Forum (2004-2008)},
    year = {2010},
    keywords = {Sino-Tibetan},
    journal = {Procedia, Social and Behavioral Sciences}
}

@article{DeLara2002,
    title = {The role of oblivion, memory size and spatial separation in dynamic language games},
    journal = {JASSS-THE JOURNAL OF ARTIFICIAL SOCIETIES AND SOCIAL SIMULATION},
    author = {de Lara, J and Alfonseca, M},
    number = {2},
    volume = {5},
    year = {2002}
}

@article{Lass2017,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.2218/pihph.2.2017.2506},
    title = {Reality in a soft science: the metaphonology of historical reconstruction},
    journal = {Papers in Historical Phonology},
    author = {Lass, Roger},
    number = {1},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {152-163}
}

@book{Lass1997,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Lass, Roger},
    title = {Historical linguistics and language change},
    year = {1997},
    keywords = {komparative Methode;Sprachwandel;Sprachklassifikation},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@article{Lass1990,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    title = {How to Do Things with Junk: Exaptation in Language Evolution},
    journal = {Journal of Linguistics},
    author = {Lass, Roger},
    number = {1},
    volume = {26},
    year = {1990},
    pages = {pp. 79-102}
}

@article{Lass1988,
    title = {How to do things with junk: Exaptation in language evolution},
    journal = {Stellenbosch Papers in Linguistics},
    author = {Lass, Roger},
    volume = {17},
    year = {1988},
    pages = {33-62}
}

@book{Lass1984,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Lass, Roger},
    year = {1984},
    title = {Phonology. An introduction to basic concepts},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@article{Lassmann2002,
    title = {Quality assessment of multiple alignment programs},
    journal = {FEBS Letters},
    author = {Lassmann, T. and Sonnhammer, E. L.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {529},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {126-130}
}

@book{Latham1862,
    publisher = {Walton and Maberly},
    author = {Latham, R. G.},
    year = {1862},
    title = {Elements of comparative philology},
    address = {London}
}

@article{Lathrop1982,
    title = {Evolutionary trees and admixture: phylogenetic inference when some populations are hybridized.},
    journal = {Annals of Human Genetics},
    abstract = {Maximum likelihood estimation of admixture parameters and divergence times for an evolutionary tree in which some populations may be hybridised is developed. A test of "treeness" (i.e. non-hybridisation) vs. hybridisation, using a hierarchy of admixture models, is proposed as an adjunct to the goodness-of-fit test suggested by Cavalli-Sforza and Piazza [see ABA 44, 1442]. The method is illustrated by an application to human gene frequency data.},
    author = {Lathrop, G. M.},
    volume = {46},
    year = {1982},
    pages = {245-255}
}

@article{Laughlin1975,
    title = {Lexicostatistics and the mystery of so ethnolinguistic relations},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Laughlin, Charles D.},
    number = {7},
    volume = {17},
    year = {1975},
    pages = {325-341}
}

@book{Roux2004,
    year = {2004},
    publisher = {Kluwer},
    title = {Geometric data analysis: from correspondence analysis to structured data analysis},
    isbn = {1-4020-2235-2,1-4020-2236-0},
    author = {Le Roux B., Rouanet H.}
}

@article{Leavens2017,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-017-1119-1},
    title = {The mismeasure of ape social cognition},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-017-1119-1},
    abstract = {In his classic analysis, Gould (The mismeasure of man, WW Norton, New York, 1981) demolished the idea that intelligence was an inherent, genetic trait of different human groups by emphasizing, among other things, (a) its sensitivity to environmental input, (b) the incommensurate pre-test preparation of different human groups, and (c) the inadequacy of the testing contexts, in many cases. According to Gould, the root cause of these oversights was confirmation bias by psychometricians, an unwarranted commitment to the idea that intelligence was a fixed, immutable quality of people. By virtue of a similar, systemic interpretive bias, in the last two decades, numerous contemporary researchers in comparative psychology have claimed human superiority over apes in social intelligence, based on two-group comparisons between postindustrial, Western Europeans and captive apes, where the apes have been isolated from European styles of social interaction, and tested with radically different procedures. Moreover, direct comparisons of humans with apes suffer from pervasive lapses in argumentation: Research designs in wide contemporary use are inherently mute about the underlying psychological causes of overt behavior. Here we analyze these problems and offer a more fruitful approach to the comparative study of social intelligence, which focuses on specific individual learning histories in specific ecological circumstances.},
    author = {Leavens, David A. and Bard, Kim A. and Hopkins, William D.},
    year = {2017},
    journal = {Animal Cognition}
}

@book{Buffon1755,
    publisher = {Imprimerie Royale},
    author = {Leclerc de Buffon, Georges-Louis},
    title = {Histoire naturelle générale et particulière},
    volume = {5},
    year = {1755},
    address = {Paris}
}

@book{Lee1992,
    publisher = {Lang},
    isbn = {3631448244},
    author = {Lee, Ki-Sook},
    series = {Europäische HochschulschriftenReihe 21, Linguistik},
    title = {Entstehung und Wandel der evolutionären Sprachauffassung in England und Deutschland},
    year = {1992},
    volume = {110},
    address = {Frankfurt am Main},
    keywords = {Evolution;Evolutionstheorie;sprachliche Evolution;Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft}
}

@article{Lee2013,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    author = {Lee, Sean and Hasegawa, Toshikazu},
    journal = {PLoS ONE},
    abstract = {<sec><title/> Languages evolve over space and time. Illuminating the evolutionary history of language is important because it provides a unique opportunity to shed light on the population history of the speakers. Spatial and temporal aspects of language evolution are particularly crucial for understanding demographic history, as they allow us to identify when and where the languages originated, as well as how they spread across the globe. Here we apply Bayesian phylogeographic methods to reconstruct spatiotemporal evolution of the Ainu language: an endangered language spoken by an indigenous group that once thrived in northern Japan. The conventional dual-structure model has long argued that modern Ainu are direct descendants of a single, Pleistocene human lineage from Southeast Asia, namely the Jomon people. In contrast, recent evidence from archaeological, anthropological and genetic evidence suggest that the Ainu are an outcome of significant genetic and cultural contributions from Siberian hunter-gatherers, the Okhotsk, who migrated into northern Hokkaido around 900–1600 years ago. Estimating from 19 Ainu language varieties preserved five decades ago, our analysis shows that they are descendants of a common ancestor who spread from northern Hokkaido around 1300 years ago. In addition to several lines of emerging evidence, our phylogeographic analysis strongly supports the hypothesis that recent expansion of the Okhotsk to northern Hokkaido had a profound impact on the origins of the Ainu people and their culture, and hence calls for a refinement to the dual-structure model.</p></sec>},
    title = {Evolution of the Ainu language in space and time},
    number = {4},
    volume = {8},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {e62243}
}

@article{Lee2011,
    title = {Bayesian phylogenetic analysis supports an agricultural origin of Japonic languages},
    journal = {Proc. Biol. Sci.},
    abstract = {Languages, like genes, evolve by a process of descent with modification. This striking similarity between biological and linguistic evolution allows us to apply phylogenetic methods to explore how languages, as well as the people who speak them, are related to one another through evolutionary history. Language phylogenies constructed with lexical data have so far revealed population expansions of Austronesian, Indo-European and Bantu speakers. However, how robustly a phylogenetic approach can chart the history of language evolution and what language phylogenies reveal about human prehistory must be investigated more thoroughly on a global scale. Here we report a phylogeny of 59 Japonic languages and dialects. We used this phylogeny to estimate time depth of its root and compared it with the time suggested by an agricultural expansion scenario for Japanese origin. In agreement with the scenario, our results indicate that Japonic languages descended from a common ancestor approximately 2182 years ago. Together with archaeological and biological evidence, our results suggest that the first farmers of Japan had a profound impact on the origins of both people and languages. On a broader level, our results are consistent with a theory that agricultural expansion is the principal factor for shaping global linguistic diversity.},
    author = {Lee, S. and Hasegawa, T.},
    number = {1725},
    volume = {278},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {3662-3669}
}

@article{Lee2009,
    title = {Hakka Chinese},
    journal = {Journal of the International Phonetic Association},
    abstract = {Hakka Chinese is also known in China as Kejia dialect. The present study is based on phonetic data collected from native speakers of Hakka Chinese, male and female, aged between 18 and 22, during our field trips to Hakka-speaking Meixian County in the northeastern part of Guangdong Province in southeastern China in 2007. The speakers have lived all their life in Meijiang District of the county, speaking Meijiang variety which is considered representative of Meixian Hakka. The style of speech illustrated here is that typical of the educated younger generation and the recording is that of a 22-year-old male college student.},
    author = {Lee, Wai-Sum and Zee, Eric},
    number = {1},
    volume = {39},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {107-111}
}

@article{Lee2003,
    title = {Standard Chinese (Beijing)},
    journal = {Journal of the International Phonetic Association},
    author = {Lee, Wai-Sum and Zee, Eric},
    number = {1},
    volume = {33},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {109-112}
}

@article{Lee1996,
    title = {Tone perception in Cantonese and Mandarin: a cross-linguistic comparison},
    journal = {J Psycholinguist Res},
    abstract = {This study investigated the effects of linguistic experience on tone perception. Both Cantonese (in Experiment 1) and Mandarin (in Experiment 2) tones, including both lexical and nonlexical tones, were presented to three groups of subjects: Cantonese, Mandarin, and English native speakers. Subjects were asked to determine whether two auditorily presented tones were the same or different. The interval between the presentation of the two tones, and the level of interference during this interval, were manipulated. Native speakers did better at discriminating tones from their own languages than the other two groups of subjects, for both lexical and nonlexical tones. Subjects did worst when they were required to count backward during the interstimulus interval. Cantonese speakers were better than both Mandarin and English speakers at discriminating Cantonese tones, and there was no difference between Mandarin and English speakers, except in one condition. Mandarin speakers did better than both Cantonese and English speakers, and Cantonese speakers did better than English speakers, at discriminating Mandarin tones. Results are discussed in terms of the effects of language background, differences between Cantonese and Mandarin tones, and the nature of encoding in short-term memory.},
    author = {Lee, Y. S. and Vakoch, D. A. and Wurm, L. H.},
    number = {5},
    volume = {25},
    year = {1996},
    pages = {527-542}
}

@article{Lee2008,
    title = {No limits to borrowing: The case of Bai and Chinese},
    journal = {Diachronica},
    author = {Lee, Yeon-Ju and Sagart, Laurent},
    number = {3},
    volume = {25},
    year = {2008},
    keywords = {Sprachklassifikation;lexical borrowing;Rekonstruktion;Sprachgeschichte;Sprachverwandtschaft;Nachweis von Sprachverwandtschaft},
    pages = {357-385}
}

@incollection{Leer1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Leer, Jeff},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {Tlingit: A portmanteau language family?},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Tlingit},
    pages = {99-114}
}

@article{Lees1953,
    publisher = {Linguistic Society of America},
    author = {Lees, Robert B.},
    journal = {Language},
    abstract = {It is shown that a linguistic dating system can be set up on the basis of several explicit assumptions about morpheme decay. Thirteen sets of data, presented in partial justification of these assumptions, serve as a basis for calculating a universal constant to express the average rate of retention k̄ of the basic-root-morphemes: k = 0.8048 +- 0.0176 per millennium, with a confidence limit of 90%. Finally an expression is derived for the sampling-error to be expected in the calculated time-depths of related dialects.},
    title = {The basis of glottochronology},
    number = {2},
    volume = {29},
    year = {1953},
    pages = {113-127}
}

@incollection{Lehmann1968,
    publisher = {University of Texas Press},
    author = {Lehmann, Winfred Philipp},
    booktitle = {Directions for historical linguistics: A symposium},
    title = {Saussureś dichotomy between descriptive and historical linguistics},
    year = {1968},
    editor = {Lehmann, Winfred Philipp and Malkiel, Yakov},
    address = {Austin},
    keywords = {Saussure;historische Linguistik},
    pages = {3-20}
}

@book{Lehmann1993,
    publisher = {Routledge},
    isbn = {0-415-08201-3},
    author = {Lehmann, Winfred Philipp},
    title = {Theoretical bases of Indo-European linguistics},
    year = {1993},
    edition = {Repr.},
    address = {London},
    keywords = {Indo-European;Grundlagen;Rekonstruktion;historische Linguistik;komparative Methode}
}

@book{Lehmann1992,
    publisher = {Routledge},
    isbn = {0-415-07242-5},
    author = {Lehmann, Winfred Philipp},
    title = {Historical linguistics},
    year = {1992},
    edition = {3},
    address = {London},
    keywords = {komparative Methode;Sprachklassifikation;Sprachgeschichte}
}

@book{Lehmann1969,
    note = {Autorisierte, vom Verfasser durchgesehene Übersetzung von Rudolf Freudenberg},
    publisher = {Carl Winter},
    title = {Einführung in die historische Linguistik},
    year = {1969},
    author = {Lehmann, Winfred Philipp}
}

@book{Lehmann1962,
    publisher = {Holt, Rinehart and Winston},
    author = {Lehmann, Winfred Philipp},
    year = {1962},
    title = {Exercises to accompany Historical linguistics. An introduction},
    address = {New York}
}

@book{Lehmann1952,
    title = {Proto-Indo-European phonology},
    author = {Lehmann, Winfred Philipp},
    year = {1952},
    address = {Austin}
}

@incollection{Lehrer1985,
    publisher = {Mouton},
    author = {Lehrer, Adrienne},
    booktitle = {Historical semantics. Historical word-formation},
    title = {The influence of semantic fields on semantic change},
    year = {1985},
    editor = {Fisiak, Jacek},
    address = {Berlin and New York and Amsterdam},
    pages = {283-296}
}

@incollection{Leibniz1768,
    publisher = {Fratres des Tournes},
    author = {von Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhem},
    booktitle = {Godefridi Guilielmi Leibnitii opera omnia, nunc primum collecta, in classes distributa, praefationibus et indicibus exornata},
    title = {Desiderata circa linguas populorum, ad Dn. Podesta},
    year = {1768},
    number = {2},
    volume = {6},
    editor = {Dutens, Louis},
    address = {Geneva},
    pages = {228-231}
}

@incollection{Leibniz1765,
    publisher = {Jean Schreuder},
    author = {Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm},
    booktitle = {Oeuvres philosophiques. Latines & Françoises de feu Mr. de Leibniz. Tireés de ses manuscrits qui se conservent dans la Bilbiotheque Royale a Hanovre et publieés par Mr. Rud Eric Raspe: Avéc une Préface de Mr. Kaestner, Professeur en Mathémathiques à Göttingue},
    title = {Nouveaux essais sur léntendement humain},
    year = {1765},
    editor = {Raspe, Rud Eric},
    address = {Amsterdam and Leipzig},
    pages = {1-496}
}

@article{Leicht2008,
    title = {Community structure in directed networks},
    journal = {Physical Review Letters},
    author = {Leicht, E. A. and Newman, M. E. J.},
    number = {118703},
    volume = {100},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {1-4}
}

@article{Leigh2011,
    title = {Let them fall where they may: congruence analysis in massive phylogenetically messy data sets},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    abstract = {Interest in congruence in phylogenetic data has largely focused on issues affecting multicellular organisms, and animals in particular, in which the level of incongruence is expected to be relatively low. In addition, assessment methods developed in the past have been designed for reasonably small numbers of loci and scale poorly for larger data sets. However, there are currently over a thousand complete genome sequences available and of interest to evolutionary biologists, and these sequences are predominantly from microbial organisms, whose molecular evolution is much less frequently tree-like than that of multicellular life forms. As such, the level of incongruence in these data is expected to be high. We present a congruence method that accommodates both very large numbers of genes and high degrees of incongruence. Our method uses clustering algorithms to identify subsets of genes based on similarity of phylogenetic signal. It involves only a single phylogenetic analysis per gene, and therefore, computation time scales nearly linearly with the number of genes in the data set. We show that our method performs very well with sets of sequence alignments simulated under a wide variety of conditions. In addition, we present an analysis of core genes of prokaryotes, often assumed to have been largely vertically inherited, in which we identify two highly incongruent classes of genes. This result is consistent with the complexity hypothesis.},
    author = {Leigh, J. W. and Schliep, K. and Lopez, P. and Bapteste, E.},
    number = {10},
    volume = {28},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {2773-2785}
}

@article{Leigh2008,
    title = {Testing congruence in phylogenomic analysis},
    journal = {Systems Biology},
    abstract = {Phylogenomic analyses of large sets of genes or proteins have the potential to revolutionize our understanding of the tree of life. However, problems arise because estimated phylogenies from individual loci often differ because of different histories, systematic bias, or stochastic error. We have developed Concaterpillar, a hierarchical clustering method based on likelihood-ratio testing that identifies congruent loci for phylogenomic analysis. Concaterpillar also includes a test for shared relative evolutionary rates between genes indicating whether they should be analyzed separately or by concatenation. In simulation studies, the performance of this method is excellent when a multiple comparison correction is applied. We analyzed a phylogenomic data set of 60 translational protein sequences from the major supergroups of eukaryotes and identified three congruent subsets of proteins. Analysis of the largest set indicates improved congruence relative to the full data set and produced a phylogeny with stronger support for five eukaryote supergroups including the Opisthokonts, the Plantae, the stramenopiles + Apicomplexa (chromalveolates), the Amoebozoa, and the Excavata. In contrast, the phylogeny of the second largest set indicates a close relationship between stramenopiles and red algae, to the exclusion of alveolates, suggesting gene transfer from the red algal secondary symbiont to the ancestral stramenopile host nucleus during the origin of their chloroplast. Investigating phylogenomic data sets for conflicting signals has the potential to both improve phylogenetic accuracy and inform our understanding of genome evolution.},
    author = {Leigh, J. W. and Susko, E. and Baumgartner, M. and Roger, A. J.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {57},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {104-115}
}

@article{Leinonen2016,
    volume = {178},
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2015.02.004},
    author = {Therese Leinonen and Çağrı Çöltekin and John Nerbonne},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0024384115000315},
    abstract = {Abstract Gabmap is a freely available, open-source web application that analyzes the data of language variation, e.g. varying words for the same concepts, varying pronunciations for the same words, or varying frequencies of syntactic constructions in transcribed conversations. Gabmap is an integrated part of CLARIN (see e.g. http://portal.clarin.nl). This article summarizes Gabmapś basic functionality, adding material on some new features and reporting on the range of uses to which Gabmap has been put. Gabmap is modestly successful, and its popularity underscores the fact that the study of language variation has crossed a watershed concerning the acceptability of automated language analysis. Automated analysis not only improves researchers’ efficiency, it also improves the replicability of their analyses and allows them to focus on inferences to be drawn from analyses and other more abstract aspects of that study. },
    title = {Using Gabmap},
    pages = {71 - 83},
    note = {Linguistic Research in the CLARIN Infrastructure},
    year = {2016},
    keywords = {Dialectology},
    journal = {Lingua}
}

@article{Leong1972,
    title = {A Study of Written Chinese Vocabulary},
    journal = {The Modern Language Journal},
    author = {Leong, Che Kan},
    number = {4},
    volume = {56},
    year = {1972},
    pages = {230-234}
}

@book{Lepsius1854,
    publisher = {Wilhelm Hertz},
    author = {Lepsius, C. R.},
    year = {1854},
    title = {Das allgemeine linguistische Alphabet: Grundsätze der Übertragung fremder Schriftsysteme und bisher noch ungeschriebener Sprachen in europäische Buchstaben},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@thesis{Lesage2016,
    title = {Words, trees, and the dispersal of iron working in sub-Saharan Afric. Some explorations of a computational linguistic approach to tracing the spread of words for `iron ́across Africa},
    author = {Lesage, Jacob},
    year = {2016},
    institution = {Radboud Universiteit},
    address = {Nijmegen}
}

@book{Leskien2002,
    publisher = {Winter},
    title = {Handbuch der altbulgarischen (altkirchenslavischen) Sprache},
    author = {Leskien, August},
    year = {2002},
    edition = {reprint},
    editor = {Rottmann, Otto A.},
    address = {Heidelberg}
}

@inproceedings{Leskovec2008,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Word Wide Web Conference 2008. Refereed Track: Social Networks & Web 2.0 - Discovery and Evolution of Communities},
    title = {Statistical properties of community structure in large social and information networks},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {695-704},
    author = {Leskovec, Jure and Lang, Kevin J. and Dasgupta, Anirban and Mahoney, Michael W.}
}

@article{Leslie2004,
    title = {Mismatch string kernels for discriminative protein classification},
    journal = {Bioinformatics},
    author = {Leslie, C. S. and Eskin, E. and Cohen, A. and Weston, J. and Noble, W. S.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {20},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {467-476}
}

@article{Levenshtein1969,
    author = {Levenshtein, V. I.},
    journal = {Problemy peredači informacii},
    booktitle = {Problemy peredači informacii},
    title = {Ocenky dlja kodov, obespeçivajuššix isplavlenie ošibok i sinxronzaciu},
    number = {2},
    volume = {5},
    year = {1969},
    keywords = {Levenshtein, string distance, sequence analysis},
    pages = {3-13}
}

@article{Levenshtein1966,
    title = {Binary codes capable of correcting deletions, insertions, and reversals},
    journal = {Soviet Physics Doklady},
    author = {Levenshtein, V. I.},
    number = {8},
    volume = {10},
    year = {1966},
    keywords = {thesis, Levenshtein distance, edit distance, sequence alignment},
    pages = {707-710}
}

@article{Levenshtein1965,
    title = {Dvoičnye kody s ispravleniem vypadenij, vstavok i zameščenij simvolov},
    journal = {Doklady Akademij Nauk SSSR},
    author = {Levenshtein, V. I.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {163},
    year = {1965},
    pages = {845-848}
}

@incollection{Levin1964,
    publisher = {Sijthoff},
    title = {The fallacy of a universal list of basic vocabulary},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the international congress of linguistics. Cambridge, Mass., August 27 - 31, 1962},
    author = {Levin, Saul},
    year = {1964},
    pages = {232-236}
}

@article{Levinson1996,
    publisher = {Annual Reviews},
    title = {Language and space},
    journal = {Annual Review of Anthropology},
    abstract = {This review describes some recent, unexpected findings concerning variation in spatial language across cultures, and places them in the context of the general anthropology of space on the one hand, and theories of spatial cognition in the cognitive sciences on the other. There has been much concern with the symbolism of space in anthropological writings, but little on concepts of space in practical activities. This neglect of everyday spatial notions may be due to unwitting ethnocentrism, the assumption in Western thinking generally that notions of space are universally of a single kind. Recent work shows that systems of spatial reckoning and description can in fact be quite divergent across cultures, linguistic differences correlating with distinct cognitive tendencies. This unexpected cultural variation raises interesting questions concerning the relation between cultural and linguistic concepts and the biological foundations of cognition. It argues for more sophisticated models relating culture and cognition than we currently have available.},
    author = {Levinson, Stephen C.},
    volume = {25},
    year = {1996},
    pages = {353-382}
}

@article{Levinson2012,
    title = {Tools from evolutionary biology shed new light on the diversification of languages},
    journal = {Trends in Cognitive Sciences},
    author = {Levinson, Stephen C. and Gray, Russell D.},
    volume = {1051},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {167-173}
}

@book{Levinton2001,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    isbn = {0 521 80317 9},
    author = {Levinton, Jeffrey S.},
    url = {http://www.gbv.de/dms/goettingen/330106686.pdf},
    title = {Genetics, paleontology, and macroevolution},
    year = {2001},
    edition = {2. ed.},
    address = {Cambridge},
    keywords = {Evolution;Evolutionstheorie;Biologie}
}

@article{Lew2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v1i0.3740},
    title = {An acoustic analysis of tone and register in Louma Oeshi},
    journal = {Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America},
    author = {Lew, Sigrid and Gruber, James},
    number = {33},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {1-14}
}

@article{Lewis2016,
    doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2016.04.003},
    author = {Molly L. Lewis and Michael C. Frank},
    journal = {Cognition},
    abstract = {Abstract Are the forms of words systematically related to their meaning? The arbitrariness of the sign has long been a foundational part of our understanding of human language. Theories of communication predict a relationship between length and meaning, however: Longer descriptions should be more conceptually complex. Here we show that both the lexicons of human languages and individual speakers encode the relationship between linguistic and conceptual complexity. Experimentally, participants mapped longer words to more complex objects in comprehension and production tasks and across a range of stimuli. Explicit judgments of conceptual complexity were also highly correlated with implicit measures of study time in a memory task, suggesting that complexity is directly related to basic cognitive processes. Observationally, judgments of conceptual complexity for a sample of real words correlate highly with their length across 80 languages, even controlling for frequency, familiarity, imageability, and concreteness. While word lengths are systematically related to usage—both frequency and contextual predictability—our results reveal a systematic relationship with meaning as well. They point to a general regularity in the design of lexicons and suggest that pragmatic pressures may influence the structure of the lexicon. },
    title = {The length of words reflects their conceptual complexity},
    volume = {153},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010027716300919},
    year = {2016},
    keywords = {Communication},
    pages = {182 - 195}
}

@article{Lewis2001,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1080/106351501753462876},
    author = {Lewis, Paul O.},
    journal = {Systematic Biology},
    abstract = {Evolutionary biologists have adopted simple likelihood models for purposes of estimating ancestral states and evaluating character independence on specified phylogenies; however, for purposes of estimating phylogenies by using discrete morphological data, maximum parsimony remains the only option. This paper explores the possibility of using standard, well-behaved Markov models for estimating morphological phylogenies (including branch lengths) under the likelihood criterion. An important modification of standard Markov models involves making the likelihood conditional on characters being variable, because constant characters are absent in morphological data sets. Without this modification, branch lengths are often overestimated, resulting in potentially serious biases in tree topology selection. Several new avenues of research are opened by an explicitly model-based approach to phylogenetic analysis of discrete morphological data, including combined-data likelihood analyses (morphology + sequence data), likelihood ratio tests, and Bayesian analyses.},
    title = {A Likelihood Approach to Estimating Phylogeny from Discrete Morphological Character Data},
    number = {6},
    volume = {50},
    url = {http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/6/913.full.pdf+html},
    year = {2001},
    pages = {913-925}
}

@article{Lewis2016a,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syw042},
    author = {Lewis, Paul O. and Chen, Ming-Hui and Kuo, Lynn and Lewis, Louise A. and Fučíková, Karolina and Neupane, Suman and Wang, Yu-Bo and Shi, Daoyuan},
    journal = {Systematic Biology},
    abstract = {Measuring the phylogenetic information content of data has a long history in systematics. Here we explore a Bayesian approach to information content estimation. The entropy of the posterior distribution compared with the entropy of the prior distribution provides a natural way to measure information content. If the data have no information relevant to ranking tree topologies beyond the information supplied by the prior, the posterior and prior will be identical. Information in data discourages consideration of some hypotheses allowed by the prior, resulting in a posterior distribution that is more concentrated (has lower entropy) than the prior. We focus on measuring information about tree topology using marginal posterior distributions of tree topologies. We show that both the accuracy and the computational efficiency of topological information content estimation improve with use of the conditional clade distribution, which also allows topological information content to be partitioned by clade. We explore two important applications of our method: providing a compelling definition of saturation and detecting conflict among data partitions that can negatively affect analyses of concatenated data. [Bayesian; concatenation; conditional clade distribution; entropy; information; phylogenetics; saturation.]},
    title = {Estimating Bayesian phylogenetic information content},
    number = {6},
    volume = {65},
    url = {http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/65/6/1009.full.pdf+html},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {1009-1023}
}

@book{Lexer1992,
    publisher = {Hirzel},
    title = {Mittelhochdeutsches Taschenwörterbuch},
    author = {Matthias Lexer},
    year = {1992},
    edition = {38},
    editor = {Ulrich Pretzel},
    address = {Stuttgart}
}

@article{Li2006,
    title = {Guānyǔ fāngyán yǔyīn lìshǐ céngcì de yánjiū},
    journal = {Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {李如龍 Lǐ Rǔlóng},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {47-59}
}

@book{Li1992,
    url = {https://books.google.fr/books?id=ApAtAQAAIAAJ},
    publisher = {Xiàmén Dàxué 厦门大学},
    title = {Kègàn fāngyán diàochá bàogào},
    year = {1992},
    author = {Lǐ Rúlóng 李如龍 and Zhāng Shuāngqìng 张双庆}
}

@article{Li2008,
    title = {Zhèng Shījīng yāyùn},
    journal = {Zhōngguó Yǔwén 中国语文},
    author = {Lǐ Shūxián 李书娴 and Mài Yún 麦耘},
    number = {4},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {371-384}
}

@incollection{Li1978,
    publisher = {University of Texas Press},
    author = {Li, Charles N. and Thompson, Sandra A.},
    booktitle = {Syntactic Typology: Studies in the Phenomenology of Language},
    title = {An exploration of Mandarin Chinese},
    year = {1978},
    editor = {Lehman, Winfred P.},
    address = {Austin},
    pages = {223-266}
}

@article{Li1998,
    title = {Itś Always More Difficult Than You Plan and Imagine: Teachers ́Perceived Difficulties in Introducing the Communicative Approach in South Korea},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3588000},
    journal = {TESOL Quarterly},
    author = {Li, Defeng},
    number = {4},
    volume = {32},
    year = {1998},
    pages = {677-703}
}

@inproceedings{Li2011,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of ICPhS XVII},
    title = {Vowel coupling in Mandarin syllable contraction},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {1206-1209},
    author = {Li, David Cheng-Huan}
}

@incollection{Li1976,
    title = {Sino-Tai},
    booktitle = {Computational Analysis of Asian and African Languages},
    author = {Li, Fang-kuei},
    volume = {3},
    editor = {Hashimoto, Mantaro J.},
    year = {1976},
    keywords = {Sprachkontakt;Entlehnung},
    pages = {39-48}
}

@article{Li1937,
    title = {Languages and dialects of China},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Li, Fang-kuei},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1973},
    pages = {1-13}
}

@article{Li1973,
    title = {Languages and dialects of China},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Li, Fang-Kuei},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1973},
    pages = {1-11}
}

@article{Li1959,
    publisher = {The Trustees of Indiana University on behalf of Anthropological Linguistics},
    title = {Classification by Vocabulary: Tai Dialects},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Li, Fang-Kuei},
    number = {2},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1959},
    pages = {pp. 15-21}
}

@article{Li1999,
    title = {Cross-Componential Causativity},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4047957},
    journal = {Natural Language & Linguistic Theory},
    author = {Li, Yafei},
    number = {3},
    volume = {17},
    year = {1999},
    pages = {445-497}
}

@article{Li1995a,
    title = {The Thematic Hierarchy and Causativity},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4047827},
    journal = {Natural Language & Linguistic Theory},
    author = {Li, Yafei},
    number = {2},
    volume = {13},
    year = {1995},
    pages = {255-282}
}

@article{Li2005,
    title = {Modeling variation in Taiwan Southern Min syllable contraction},
    journal = {Taiwan Journal of Linguistics},
    author = {Li, Yingshing and Myers, James},
    number = {2},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2005},
    keywords = {contraction, Chinese},
    pages = {79-118}
}

@article{Li1998b,
    title = {Argument Determiner Phrases and Number Phrases},
    journal = {Linguistic Inquiry},
    author = {Li, Yen-hui Audrey},
    number = {4},
    volume = {29},
    year = {1998},
    pages = {693-702}
}

@article{Li2013,
    title = {Discovering link communities in complex networks by an integer programming model and a genetic algorithm},
    journal = {PLoS ONE},
    author = {Li, Z. and Zhang, X. S. and Wang, R. S. and Liu, H. and Zhang, S.},
    number = {12},
    volume = {8},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {e83739}
}

@article{Liang2016,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2015.12.121},
    author = {Wei Liang and Guanrong Chen},
    journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
    abstract = {Abstract The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the adjacency matrix of a network contain essential information about its topology. For each of the Chinese language co-occurrence networks constructed from four literary genres, i.e., essay, popular science article, news report, and novel, it is found that the largest eigenvalue depends on the network size N , the number of edges, the average shortest path length, and the clustering coefficient. Moreover, it is found that their node-degree distributions all follow a power-law. The number of different eigenvalues, N λ , is found numerically to increase in the manner of N λ ∝ log N for novel and N λ ∝ N for the other three literary genres. An “M” shape or a triangle-like distribution appears in their spectral densities. The eigenvector corresponding to the largest eigenvalue is mostly localized to a node with the largest degree. For the above observed phenomena, mathematical analysis is provided with interpretation from a linguistic perspective. },
    title = {Spectral analysis of Chinese language: Co-occurrence networks from four literary genres},
    volume = {450},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378437115011589},
    year = {2016},
    keywords = {Chinese language},
    pages = {49 - 56}
}

@article{Liang20142,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2013.08.034},
    author = {Wei Liang and Yuming Shi and Qiuling Huang},
    journal = {Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications},
    abstract = {Abstract The evolution of Chinese language has three main features: the total number of characters is gradually increasing, new words are generated in the existing characters, and some old words are no longer used in daily-life language. Based on the features, we propose an evolving language network model. Finally, we use this model to simulate the character co-occurrence networks (nodes are characters, and two characters are connected by an edge if they are adjacent to each other) constructed from essays in 11 different periods of China, and find that characters that appear with high frequency in old words are likely to be reused when new words are formed. },
    title = {Modeling the Chinese language as an evolving network},
    volume = {393},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378437113007632},
    year = {2014},
    keywords = {Language},
    pages = {268 - 276}
}

@inbook{Liao2001,
    publisher = {John Wiley & Sons, Ltd},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0005132.pub2},
    isbn = {9780470015902},
    author = {Liao, Daiqing},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470015902.a0005132.pub2},
    booktitle = {eLS},
    title = {Concerted Evolution},
    year = {2001},
    keywords = {molecular evolution, repetitive sequence, multigene family, sequence homogenization, DNA recombination, gene conversion}
}

@article{Lieberherr2017,
    title = {Sub-grouping Kho-Bwa based on shared core vocabulary},
    journal = {Himalayan Linguistics},
    author = {Lieberherr, Ismael and Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus},
    number = {2},
    volume = {16},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {25-63}
}

@article{Lieberman2007,
    title = {Quantifying the evolutionary dynamics of language},
    url = {doi:10.1038/nature06137},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {Lieberman, Erez and Michel, Jean-Baptiste and Jackson, Joe and Tang, Tina and Nowak, Martin A.},
    number = {449},
    year = {2007}
}

@incollection{Lieberman1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Lieberman, Stephen J.},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {Summary report: Linguistic change and reconstruction in the Afro-Asiatic languages},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Afro-Asiatic},
    pages = {565-575}
}

@incollection{Lieberman1990a,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Lieberman, Stephen J.},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {The regularity of sound change: A Semitistic perspective},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Afro-Asiatic;Semitic},
    pages = {697-721}
}

@book{Liebert1995,
    publisher = {Prentice Hall},
    author = {Liebert, Robert M. and Langenbach Liebert, Lynn},
    year = {1995},
    title = {Science and behavior. An introduction to methods of psychological research},
    address = {Englewood Cliffs}
}

@article{Liejiong2003,
    title = {Remarks on VP-Ellipsis in Disguise},
    journal = {Linguistic Inquiry},
    author = {Liejiong, Xu},
    number = {1},
    volume = {34},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {163-171}
}

@book{Lightfoot2006,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Lightfoot, David W.},
    year = {2006},
    title = {How New Languages Emerge},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@article{Lightfoot2002,
    title = {Myths and the Prehistory of Grammars},
    journal = {Journal of Linguistics},
    author = {Lightfoot, David W.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {38},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {113-136}
}

@article{Lightfoot2002c,
    title = {More Myths},
    journal = {Journal of Linguistics},
    author = {Lightfoot, David W.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {38},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {619-626}
}

@article{Leima-Mendez2008,
    title = {Reticulate representation of evolutionary and functional relationships between phage genomes},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    abstract = {Bacteriophage genomes show pervasive mosaicism, indicating the importance of horizontal gene exchange in their evolution. Phage genomes represent unique combinations of modules, each of them with a different phylogenetic history. The traditional classification, based on a variety of criteria such as nucleic acid type (single/double-stranded DNA/RNA), morphology, and host range, appeared inconsistent with sequence analyses. With the genomic era, an ever increasing number of sequenced phages cannot be classified, in part due to a lack of morphological information and in part to the intrinsic incapability of tree-based methods to efficiently deal with mosaicism. This problem led some virologists to call for a moratorium on the creation of additional taxa in the order Caudovirales, in order to let virologists discuss classification schemes that might better suit phage evolution. In this context, we propose a framework for a reticulate classification of phages based on gene content. Starting from gene families, we built a weighted graph, where nodes represent phages and edges represent phage-phage similarities in terms of shared genes. We then apply various measures of graph topology to analyze the resulting graph. Most double-stranded DNA phages are found in a single component. The values of the clustering coefficient and closeness distinguish temperate from virulent phages, whereas chimeric phages are characterized by a high betweenness coefficient. We apply a 2-step clustering method to this graph to generate a reticulate classification of phages: Each phage is associated with a membership vector, which quantitatively characterizes its membership to the set of clusters. Furthermore, we cluster genes based on their "phylogenetic profiles" to define "evolutionary cohesive modules." In virulent phages, evolutionary modules span several functional categories, whereas in temperate phages they correspond better to functional modules. Moreover, despite the fact that modules only cover a fraction of all phage genes, phage groups can be distinguished by their different combination of modules, serving the bases for a higher level reticulate classification. These 2 classification schemes provide an automatic and dynamic way of representing the relationships within the phage population and can be extended to include newly sequenced phage genomes, as well as other types of genetic elements.},
    author = {Lima-Mendez, G. and Van Helden, J. and Toussaint, A. and Leplae, R.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {25},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {762-777}
}

@article{LTY2010,
    title = {Mǐn fāngyán de cíyuán tǒngjì fēnlèi},
    journal = {Yǔyán Kēxué 语言科学 [Linguistic Sciences]},
    abstract = {Based on the 100 basic words proposed by Swadesh, this paper adopts the glottochronological approach to give a statistic analysis on the genetic relationship among Min dialects. The genetic distances between 16 dialects are indicated by the branch lengths of the trees constructed. The result shows that Min dialects should be divided into coastal Min and inland Min, and Putian dialect and Qiongzhou-Leizhou dialects belong to the Southern Min group.},
    author = {Lín Tiānsòng 林天送 and Fàn Yíng 范莹},
    number = {6},
    volume = {9},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {661-669}
}

@article{Lin2010,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    author = {Lin, Hongbin AND Fan, Hao AND Zhang, Feng AND Huang, Xiaoqin AND Lin, Keqin AND Shi, Lei AND Hu, Songnian AND Chu, Jiayou AND Wang, Duen-Mei},
    journal = {PLoS ONE},
    abstract = { Population migrations in Southwest and South China have played an important role in the formation of East Asian populations and led to a high degree of cultural diversity among ethnic minorities living in these areas. To explore the genetic relationships of these ethnic minorities, we systematically surveyed the variation of 10 autosomal STR markers of 1,538 individuals from 30 populations of 25 ethnic minorities, of which the majority were chosen from Southwest China, especially Yunnan Province. With genotyped data of the markers, we constructed phylogenies of these populations with both <italic>D<sub>A</sub></italic> and <italic>D<sub>C</sub></italic> measures and performed a principal component analysis, as well as a clustering analysis by <italic>structure</italic>. Results showed that we successfully recovered the genetic structure of analyzed populations formed by historical migrations. Aggregation patterns of these populations accord well with their linguistic affiliations, suggesting that deciphering of genetic relationships does in fact offer clues for study of ethnic differentiation.</p>},
    title = {Genetic relationships of ethnic minorities in Southwest China revealed by microsatellite markers},
    number = {3},
    volume = {5},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {e9895}
}

@article{Lin1994,
    title = {Lexical Government and Tone Group Formation in Xiamen Chinese},
    journal = {Phonology},
    author = {Lin, Jo-wang},
    number = {2},
    volume = {11},
    year = {1994},
    pages = {237-275}
}

@incollection{Lin2008,
    author = {Lin, Yen-Hwei},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-20)},
    title = {Patterned vowel variation in Mandarin loanword adaptation: Evidence from a dictionary corpus},
    year = {2008},
    volume = {1},
    editor = {Chan, Marjorie K. M. and Kang, Hana},
    address = {Columbus, Ohio},
    keywords = {lexical borrowing;loanword adaptation},
    pages = {175-187}
}

@article{Lin1993,
    title = {Degenerate Affixes and Templatic Constraints: Rime Change in Chinese},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Lin, Yen-Hwei},
    number = {4},
    volume = {69},
    year = {1993},
    pages = {649-682}
}

@book{Lingl2008,
    publisher = {BHV-Buch},
    author = {Lingl, Gregor},
    title = {Python für Kids},
    edition = {3.},
    year = {2008},
    address = {Heidelberg}
}

@misc{IPA2017,
    publisher = {University of Victoria},
    author = {Department of Linguistics},
    url = {http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/charts/IPAlab/IPAlab.htm},
    title = {Multimedia IPA chart},
    year = {2017},
    address = {Victoria}
}

@misc{SIL1980,
    howpublished = {Manuscript},
    title = {Southeast Asia Word List (revised)},
    year = {1980?},
    author = {Summer Institute of Linguistics}
}

@article{Linz2007,
    title = {A Likelihood Framework to Measure Horizontal Gene Transfer},
    url = {http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/24/6/1312},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    author = {Linz, Simone and Radtke, Achim and Haeseler, Arndt},
    number = {6},
    volume = {24},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {1312-1319}
}

@inproceedings{Lipka1990,
    publisher = {Akademie Verlag},
    author = {Lipka, L.},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the XIVth International Congress of Linguists.},
    title = {Metaphor and Metonymy as productive processes on the level of the lexicon},
    year = {1990},
    volume = {II},
    editor = {Bahner, W. and Schildt, J. and Viehweger, D.},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@inproceedings{List2012,
    title = {Multiple sequence alignment in historical linguistics},
    url = {http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/console19-proceedings-list.pdf},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of ConSOLE XIX},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    editor = {Boone, Enrico and Linke, Kathrin and Schulpen, Maartje},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {241-260}
}

@inproceedings{List2012d,
    title = {Improving phonetic alignment by handling secondary sequence structures},
    url = {http://lingulist.de/documents/esslli-2012.pdf},
    booktitle = {Computational approaches to the study of dialectal and typological variation. Working papers submitted for the workshop organized as part of the ESSLLI 2012},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    editor = {Hinrichs, E. and Jäger, G.},
    year = {2012},
    howpublished = {paperworkshop}
}

@inproceedings{List2010a,
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    url = {http://lingulist.de/documents/list_sound_classes.pdf},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th Student Session of the European Summer School for Logic, Language and Information},
    title = {Phonetic alignment based on sound classes},
    year = {2010},
    editor = {Slavkovik, Marija},
    address = {Kopenhagen},
    pages = {192-202}
}

@incollection{List2012c,
    publisher = {Springer},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    booktitle = {New directions in logic, language, and computation},
    title = {SCA: Phonetic alignment based on sound classes},
    year = {2012},
    editor = {Slavkovik, Marija and Lassiter, Dan},
    address = {Berlin and Heidelberg},
    keywords = {phonetic alignment, sound classes},
    pages = {32-51}
}

@incollection{List2017a,
    volume = {2},
    publisher = {Brill},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Chinese language and linguistics},
    title = {Fāngyán 方言},
    year = {2017},
    note = {First published online in 2015},
    editor = {Sybesma, Rint},
    address = {Leiden and Boston},
    keywords = {Chinese dialectology, historical linguistics, overview},
    pages = {219-225}
}

@incollection{List2017b,
    volume = {1},
    publisher = {Brill Misc},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Chinese language and linguistics},
    title = {Contraction},
    year = {2017},
    note = {First published online in 2015},
    editor = {Sybesma, Rint},
    address = {Leiden and Boston},
    keywords = {overview, Chinese, phonology},
    pages = {672-675}
}

@inproceedings{List2018a,
    publisher = {Li Fang-Kuei Society for Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    booktitle = {The 2nd Li Fang-Kuei Society Young Scholars Symposium},
    title = {More on Network Approaches in Historical Chinese Phonology (音韵学)},
    year = {2018},
    address = {Taipei},
    pages = {157-174}
}

@article{List2018c,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.21036/LTPUB10576},
    title = {Ho well do automatic methods for language comparison work?},
    journal = {Latest Thinking},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    number = {3},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {LTPUB10576}
}

@misc{List2018DATAa,
    publisher = {Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1194088},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1194088},
    title = {Data underlying CLICS Version 1.0},
    year = {2018},
    address = {Jena},
    keywords = {_calc, dataset, colexification, wordlists}
}

@misc{List2018g,
    publisher = {Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    url = {https://github.com/lingpy/sinopy},
    title = {SinoPy: A Python library for quantitative tasks in Chinese historical linguistics},
    year = {2018},
    address = {Jena}
}

@article{List2018PBLOG1,
    title = {Networks of pronunciation glosses in Traditional Chinese phonology},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.de/2018/01/networks-of-pronunciation-glosses-in.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {1},
    volume = {7},
    year = {2018}
}

@article{List2018PBLOG2,
    title = {Tossing coins: linguistic phylogenies and extensive synonymy},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.de/2018/02/tossing-coins-linguistic-phylogenies.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {2},
    volume = {7},
    year = {2018}
}

@article{List2018PBLOG3,
    title = {Itś the system, stupid! More thoughts on sound change in language history},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.com/2018/03/its-system-stupid-more-thoughts-on.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {3},
    volume = {7},
    year = {2018}
}

@article{List2018PBLOG4,
    title = {Stratification: how linguists traditionally identify borrowings},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.com/2018/04/stratification-how-linguists.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {4},
    volume = {7},
    year = {2018}
}

@article{List2018PBLOG6,
    title = {Horizontal and vertical language comparison},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.com/2018/06/horizontal-and-vertical-language.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {6},
    volume = {5},
    year = {2018}
}

@inproceedings{List2017d,
    publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics. System Demonstrations},
    title = {A web-based interactive tool for creating, inspecting, editing, and publishing etymological datasets},
    year = {2017},
    address = {Valencia},
    keywords = {JavaScript, annotation, etymology, _calc},
    pages = {9-12}
}

@article{List2017f,
    title = {Using network models to analyze Old Chinese rhyme data},
    journal = {Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    number = {2},
    volume = {9},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {218-241}
}

@article{List2017g,
    title = {[Book Review] Cultural Phylogenetics: Concepts and Applications in Archaeology. — Edited by Larissa Mendoza Straffon},
    url = {http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/09/10/sysbio.syw085.full.pdf+html},
    journal = {Systematic Biology},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    number = {2},
    volume = {66},
    year = {2017},
    keywords = {cultural evolution, book review, archaeology},
    pages = {474-476}
}

@report{List2017h,
    title = {Vertikale und laterale Aspekte der chinesischen Dialektgeschichte},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    year = {2017},
    institution = {Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History},
    address = {Jena}
}

@article{List2017PBLOG1,
    title = {Similarities and language relationship},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.de/2017/01/similarities-and-language-relationship.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {1},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2017}
}

@article{List2017PBLOG2,
    title = {Models and processes in phylogenetic reconstruction},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.de/2017/02/models-and-processes-in-phylogenetic.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {2},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2017}
}

@article{List2017PBLOG3,
    title = {Why we need alignments in historical linguistics},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.de/2017/03/why-we-need-alignments-in-historical.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {3},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2017}
}

@article{List2017PBLOG4,
    title = {The site-swap annotation in juggling, and the power of annotation and modeling},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.de/2017/04/the-siteswap-annotation-in-juggling-and.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {4},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2017}
}

@article{List2017PBLOG5,
    title = {Killer arguments and the nature of proof in historical sciences},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.de/2017/05/killer-arguments-and-nature-of-proof-in.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {5},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2017}
}

@article{List2017PBLOG6,
    title = {Trees do not necessarily help in linguistic reconstruction},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.de/2017/06/trees-do-not-necessarily-help-in.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {6},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2017}
}

@misc{List2016d,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.3158836.v1},
    title = {Wagner-Fischer Demo},
    url = {https://figshare.com/articles/Wagner_Fischer_Demo/3158836},
    journal = {figshare},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    year = {2016},
    keywords = {Wagner-Fischer algorithm, web application, pairwise alignment}
}

@article{List2016f,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/jole/lzw006},
    title = {Beyond cognacy: Historical relations between words and their implication for phylogenetic reconstruction},
    journal = {Journal of Language Evolution},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    number = {2},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {119-136}
}

@report{List2016i,
    title = {Computer-Assisted Language Comparison: Reconciling Computational and Classical Approaches in Historical Linguistics},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    year = {2016},
    keywords = {_calc, computer-assisted language comparison, project proposal, Sino-Tibetan},
    institution = {Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History},
    address = {Jena}
}

@article{List2015d,
    title = {Network perspectives on Chinese dialect history},
    journal = {Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    volume = {8},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {42-67}
}

@article{List2014c,
    title = {Investigating the impact of sample size on cognate detection},
    journal = {Journal of Language Relationship},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    volume = {11},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {91-101}
}

@book{List2014d,
    publisher = {Düsseldorf University Press},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    year = {2014},
    title = {Sequence comparison in historical linguistics},
    address = {Düsseldorf}
}

@inproceedings{List2012b,
    title = {LexStat. Automatic detection of cognates in multilingual wordlists},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the EACL 2012 Joint Workshop of Visualization of Linguistic Patterns and Uncovering Language History from Multilingual Resources},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {117-125},
    address = {Stroudsburg}
}

@article{List2009,
    title = {Sprachvariation im modernen Chinesisch},
    journal = {CHUN - Chinesischunterricht},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    volume = {24},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {123-140}
}

@misc{List2009b,
    howpublished = {Working paper},
    keywords = {comparative method, linguistic reconstruction, history of science},
    title = {Historische Aspekte der komparativen Methode},
    year = {2009},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis}
}

@thesis{List2008,
    title = {Rekonstruktion der Aussprache des Mittel- und Altchinesischen},
    url = {http://hprints.org/docs/00/74/25/52/PDF/list-2008-magisterarbeit.pdf},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    year = {2008},
    institution = {Freie Universität Berlin},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@misc{List2008a,
    howpublished = {Research Proposal},
    keywords = {methodology, validity, linguistic reconstruction},
    title = {The validity of reconstruction systems},
    year = {2008},
    author = {List, J.-M.}
}

@misc{List2008b,
    howpublished = {Working paper},
    keywords = {tone sandhi, Chinese dialectology},
    title = {The puzzling case of Boshan tone sandhi},
    year = {2008},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis}
}

@misc{List2008c,
    howpublished = {Summary},
    keywords = {resultative compounds, Chinese},
    title = {Resultativkomposita im Chinesischen},
    year = {2008},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis}
}

@misc{List2007a,
    howpublished = {Summary},
    keywords = {linguistic reconstruction, Old Chinese, Middle Chinese},
    title = {Osnovy rekonstrukcii srednekitajskogo i drevnekitajskogo jazykov},
    year = {2007},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis}
}

@misc{List2007b,
    howpublished = {Working paper},
    keywords = {linguistic reconstruction, typology, methodology},
    title = {Typology and linguistic reconstruction},
    year = {2007},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis}
}

@misc{List2007c,
    howpublished = {Working paper},
    keywords = {Chinese writing system, character formation},
    title = {The derivational character of the Chinese writing system},
    year = {2007},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis}
}

@misc{List2007d,
    howpublished = {Working paper},
    keywords = {typology, copula, Old Chinese},
    title = {Cóng Éwén de jiǎodù lái kàn pànduàn dòngcí "shì" de qǐyuán yǔ yǎnbiàn},
    year = {2007},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis}
}

@misc{List2003,
    url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1216990},
    title = {До свидания Сталину! Die Absage sowjetischer Historiker an stalinistische Dogmatik der Marxinterpretation, dargestellt am Beispiel der VDI-Diskussion in den Jahren 1953-1955},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1216990},
    year = {2003},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis}
}

@inproceedings{List2016a,
    publisher = {European Language Resources Association (ELRA)},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis and Cysouw, Michael and Forkel, Robert},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation},
    title = {Concepticon. A resource for the linking of concept lists},
    editor = {Nicoletta Calzolari (Conference Chair) and Khalid Choukri and Thierry Declerck and Marko Grobelnik and Bente Maegaard and Joseph Mariani and Asuncion Moreno and Jan Odijk and Stelios Piperidis},
    year = {2016},
    keywords = {concept list, Swadesh list, linked data, resource},
    pages = {2393-2400}
}

@misc{List2015f,
    publisher = {Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis and Cysouw, Michael and Forkel, Robert},
    url = {http://concepticon.clld.org},
    title = {Concepticon: A resource for the linking of concept lists},
    year = {2015},
    address = {Leipzig},
    keywords = {concept list, Swadesh list, linked data, cross-linguistic resource}
}

@misc{List2018b,
    publisher = {Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis and Cysouw, Michael and Greenhill, Simon and Forkel, Robert},
    url = {http://concepticon.clld.org/},
    title = {Concepticon. A Resource for the linking of concept list},
    year = {2018},
    address = {Jena},
    keywords = {_calc, comparative cconcept, dataset, reference catalog}
}

@misc{List2016e,
    publisher = {Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History},
    doi = {https://zenodo.org/badge/latestdoi/5137/lingpy/lingpy},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis and Forkel, Robert},
    url = {http://lingpy.org},
    title = {LingPy. A Python library for historical linguistics},
    year = {2016},
    address = {Jena},
    keywords = {cognate detection, sequence modeling, phonetic alignment}
}

@misc{List2017i,
    publisher = {Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History},
    doi = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1065403},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis and Greenhill, Simon and Forkel, Robert},
    url = {http://lingpy.org},
    title = {LingPy. A Python library for quantitative tasks in historical linguistics},
    year = {2017},
    address = {Jena},
    keywords = {_calc, computer-assisted language comparison, Python, sequence comparison}
}

@article{List2018e,
    title = {CLICS². An improved database of cross-linguistic colexifications assembling lexical data with help of cross-linguistic data formats},
    journal = {Linguistic Typology},
    abstract = {The Database of Cross-Linguistic Colexifications (CLICS), has established a computer-assisted framework for the interactive representation of cross-linguistic colexification patterns. In its current form, it has proven to be a useful tool for various kinds of investigation into cross-linguistic semantic associations, ranging from studies on semantic change, patterns of conceptualization, and linguistic paleontology. But CLICS has also been criticized for obvious shortcomings, ranging from the underlying dataset, which still contains many errors, up to the limits of cross-linguistic colexification studies in general. Building on recent standardization efforts reflected in the Cross-Linguistic Data Formats initiative (CLDF) and novel approaches for fast, efficient, and reliable data aggregation, we have created a new database for cross-linguistic colexifications, which not only supersedes the original CLICS database in terms of coverage but also offers a much more principled procedure for the creation, curation and aggregation of datasets. The paper presents the new database and discusses its major features.},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis and Greenhill, Simon J. and Anderson, Cormac and Mayer, Thomas and Tresoldi, Tiago and Forkel, Robert},
    number = {2},
    volume = {22},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {277-306}
}

@article{List2017c,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis and Greenhill, Simon J. and Gray, Russell D.},
    journal = {PLOS ONE},
    abstract = {The amount of data from languages spoken all over the world is rapidly increasing. Traditional manual methods in historical linguistics need to face the challenges brought by this influx of data. Automatic approaches to word comparison could provide invaluable help to pre-analyze data which can be later enhanced by experts. In this way, computational approaches can take care of the repetitive and schematic tasks leaving experts to concentrate on answering interesting questions. Here we test the potential of automatic methods to detect etymologically related words (cognates) in cross-linguistic data. Using a newly compiled database of expert cognate judgments across five different language families, we compare how well different automatic approaches distinguish related from unrelated words. Our results show that automatic methods can identify cognates with a very high degree of accuracy, reaching 89% for the best-performing method Infomap. We identify the specific strengths and weaknesses of these different methods and point to major challenges for future approaches. Current automatic approaches for cognate detection-although not perfect-could become an important component of future research in historical linguistics.},
    title = {The potential of automatic word comparison for historical linguistics},
    number = {1},
    volume = {12},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {1-18}
}

@inproceedings{List2016g,
    title = {Using sequence similarity networks to identify partial cognates in multilingual wordlists},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Association of Computational Linguistics 2016 (Volume 2: Short Papers)},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis and Lopez, Philippe and Bapteste, Eric},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {599-605},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@inproceedings{List2013b,
    title = {An open source toolkit for quantitative historical linguistics},
    url = {http://aclweb.org/anthology/P/P13/P13-4003.pdf},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACL 2013 System Demonstrations},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis and Moran, Steven},
    year = {2013},
    address = {Stroudsburg},
    pages = {13-18}
}

@article{List2014a,
    title = {Networks of lexical borrowing and lateral gene transfer in language and genome evolution},
    journal = {Bioessays},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis and Nelson-Sathi, Shijulal and Geisler, Hans and Martin, William},
    number = {2},
    volume = {36},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {141-150}
}

@article{List2014b,
    title = {Using phylogenetic networks to model Chinese dialect history},
    journal = {Language Dynamics and Change},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis and Nelson-Sathi, Shijulal and Martin, William and Geisler, Hans},
    number = {2},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {222–252}
}

@article{List2017e,
    title = {Vowel purity and rhyme evidence in Old Chinese reconstruction},
    journal = {Lingua Sinica},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis and Pathmanathan, Jananan Sylvestre and Hill, Nathan W. and Bapteste, Eric and Lopez, Philippe},
    number = {1},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2017},
    keywords = {Old Chinese reconstruction, rhyme networks, assortativity},
    pages = {1-17}
}

@article{List2016h,
    title = {Unity and disunity in evolutionary sciences: process-based analogies open common research avenues for biology and linguistics},
    journal = {Biology Direct},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis and Pathmanathan, Jananan Sylvestre and Lopez, Philippe and Bapteste, Eric},
    number = {39},
    volume = {11},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {1-17}
}

@inproceedings{List2014e,
    publisher = {European Language Resources Association (ELRA)},
    isbn = {978-2-9517408-8-4},
    author = {List, J.-M. and Prokić, J.},
    url = {http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/pdf/299_Paper.pdf},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation},
    title = {A benchmark database of phonetic alignments in historical linguistics and dialectology.},
    editor = {Nicoletta Calzolari (Conference Chair) and Khalid Choukri and Thierry Declerck and Hrafn Loftsson and Bente Maegaard and Joseph Mariani and Asuncion Moreno and Jan Odijk and Stelios Piperidis},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {288-294}
}

@incollection{List2016b,
    publisher = {Düsseldorf University Press},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis and Terhalle, Anselm and Schulzek, Daniel},
    booktitle = {Sensory-motor concepts. At the crossroad between language & cognition},
    title = {Traces of embodiment in Chinese character formation. A frame approach to the interaction of writing, speaking, and meaning},
    editor = {Ströbel, Liane},
    year = {2016},
    keywords = {embodiment, Chinese writing system, Chinese character formation},
    pages = {45-62}
}

@inproceedings{List2013a,
    title = {Using network approaches to enhance the analysis of cross-linguistic polysemies},
    url = {http://aclweb.org/anthology-new/W/W13/W13-0208.pdf},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computational Semantics - Short Papers},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis and Terhalle, Anselm and Urban, Matthias},
    year = {2013},
    address = {Stroudsburg},
    pages = {347-353}
}

@article{List2018d,
    title = {Sequence comparison in computational historical linguistics},
    journal = {Journal of Language Evolution},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis and Walworth, Mary and Greenhill, Simon J. and Tresoldi, Tiago and Forkel, Robert},
    number = {2},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {130–144}
}

@inproceedings{Littell2017,
    publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
    author = {Littell, Patrick and Mortensen, David R. and Lin, Ke and Kairis, Katherine and Turner, Carlisle and Levin, Lori},
    url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/E17-2002},
    abstract = {We introduce the URIEL knowledge base for massively multilingual NLP and the lang2vec utility, which provides information-rich vector identifications of languages drawn from typological, geographical, and phylogenetic databases and normalized to have straightforward and consistent formats, naming, and semantics. The goal of URIEL and lang2vec is to enable multilingual NLP, especially on less-resourced languages and make possible types of experiments (especially but not exclusively related to NLP tasks) that are otherwise difficult or impossible due to the sparsity and incommensurability of the data sources. lang2vec vectors have been shown to reduce perplexity in multilingual language modeling, when compared to one-hot language identification vectors.},
    title = {URIEL and lang2vec: Representing languages as typological, geographical, and phylogenetic vectors},
    year = {2017},
    address = {Valencia, Spain},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 2, Short Papers},
    pages = {8-14}
}

@book{Liu1992,
    publisher = {Bāshǔ Shūshè 巴蜀書社},
    author = {Liú Jūnhuì 劉君惠 and Lǐ Shùháo 李恕豪 and Yáng Gàng 楊鋼 and Huá Xuéchéng 華學誠},
    year = {1992},
    title = {Yáng Xióng Fāngyán yánjiū},
    address = {Chéngdū 成都}
}

@book{Liu2007,
    publisher = {Fènghuáng 凤凰},
    author = {Liú Lìlǐ 刘俐李 and Wáng Hóngzhōng 王洪钟 and Bǎi Yíng 柏莹},
    year = {2007},
    title = {Xiàndài Hànyǔ fāngyán héxīncí, tèzhēng cíjí},
    address = {Nánjīng 南京}
}

@article{Leo2018,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728917000165},
    author = {Lleó, Conxita},
    journal = {Bilingualism: Language and Cognition},
    title = {Aspects of the Phonology of Spanish as a Heritage Language: from Incomplete Acquisition to Transfer},
    number = {4},
    volume = {21},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {732–747}
}

@book{Loebner2003,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    author = {Löbner, Sebastian},
    year = {2003},
    title = {Semantik},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@article{Longobardi2009,
    title = {Evidence for syntax as a signal of historical relatedness},
    journal = {Lingua},
    author = {Longobardi, Guiseppe and Guardiano, Cristina},
    volume = {119},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {1679-1706}
}

@article{Longobardi2013,
    title = {Toward a syntactic phylogeny of modern Indo-European languages},
    journal = {Journal of Historical Linguistics},
    author = {Longobardi, G. and Guardiano, C. and Silvestri, G. and Boattini, A. and Ceolin, A.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {122-152}
}

@article{Lopez2015,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1186/s13062-015-0092-3},
    title = {Highly divergent ancient gene families in metagenomic samples are compatible with additional divisions of life},
    journal = {Biology Direct},
    author = {Lopez, Philippe and Halary, Sébastien and Bapteste, Eric},
    number = {64},
    volume = {10},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {1-15}
}

@book{Lopez-Garcia2005,
    publisher = {Peter Lang},
    isbn = {3039106546},
    author = {López-García, Ángel},
    series = {European semiotics, Sémiotique Européenne},
    title = {The grammar of genes: How the genetic code resembles the linguistic code},
    year = {2005},
    volume = {6},
    address = {Frankfurt}
}

@article{Lorenzen1994,
    title = {Phylogenetische Systematik gestern, heute und morgen},
    journal = {Biologie in unserer Zeit},
    author = {Sievert Lorenzen},
    volume = {4},
    year = {1994},
    pages = {200-206}
}

@article{Los2016,
    title = {The Viking Hypothesis from a Dialectologist’s Perspective},
    journal = {Language Dynamics and Change},
    author = {Bettelou Los},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {31-33}
}

@article{Lottner1962,
    publisher = {Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG)},
    title = {Ausnahmen der ersten lautverschiebung},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40844790},
    journal = {Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete des Deutschen, Griechischen und Lateinischen},
    author = {Carl Friedrich Lottner},
    number = {3/4},
    volume = {11},
    year = {1862},
    pages = {161-205}
}

@article{Lowe1994,
    title = {The reconstruction engine},
    journal = {Computational Linguistics},
    author = {Lowe, John B. and Mazaudon, Martine},
    number = {3},
    volume = {20},
    year = {1994},
    keywords = {reconstruction, algorithms, alignment},
    pages = {381-417}
}

@incollection{Lowenstamm1996,
    publisher = {European Studies Research Institute},
    author = {Lowenstamm, Jean},
    booktitle = {Current trends in phonology, models and methods.},
    title = {CV as the only syllable type},
    year = {1996},
    editor = {Durang, J. and Laks, B.},
    address = {Salford},
    pages = {419-443}
}

@article{Lowrance1975,
    publisher = {ACM},
    author = {Lowrance, Roy and Wagner, Robert A.},
    journal = {Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery},
    title = {An extension of the string-to-string correction problem},
    year = {1975},
    number = {2},
    volume = {22},
    address = {New York, NY, USA},
    pages = {177-183}
}

@article{Lu2016,
    doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2016.07.002},
    author = {Dongsheng Lu and Haiyi Lou and Kai Yuan and Xiaoji Wang and Yuchen Wang and Chao Zhang and Yan Lu and Xiong Yang and Lian Deng and Ying Zhou and Qidi Feng and Ya Hu and Qiliang Ding and Yajun Yang and Shilin Li and Li Jin and Yaqun Guan and Bing Su and Longli Kang and Shuhua Xu},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0002929716302737},
    abstract = {The origin of Tibetans remains one of the most contentious puzzles in history, anthropology, and genetics. Analyses of deeply sequenced (30×–60×) genomes of 38 Tibetan highlanders and 39 Han Chinese lowlanders, together with available data on archaic and modern humans, allow us to comprehensively characterize the ancestral makeup of Tibetans and uncover their origins. Non-modern human sequences compose ∼6% of the Tibetan gene pool and form unique haplotypes in some genomic regions, where Denisovan-like, Neanderthal-like, ancient-Siberian-like, and unknown ancestries are entangled and elevated. The shared ancestry of Tibetan-enriched sequences dates back to ∼62,000–38,000 years ago, predating the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and representing early colonization of the plateau. Nonetheless, most of the Tibetan gene pool is of modern human origin and diverged from that of Han Chinese ∼15,000 to ∼9,000 years ago, which can be largely attributed to post-LGM arrivals. Analysis of ∼200 contemporary populations showed that Tibetans share ancestry with populations from East Asia (∼82%), Central Asia and Siberia (∼11%), South Asia (∼6%), and western Eurasia and Oceania (∼1%). Our results support that Tibetans arose from a mixture of multiple ancestral gene pools but that their origins are much more complicated and ancient than previously suspected. We provide compelling evidence of the co-existence of Paleolithic and Neolithic ancestries in the Tibetan gene pool, indicating a genetic continuity between pre-historical highland-foragers and present-day Tibetans. In particular, highly differentiated sequences harbored in highlanders’ genomes were most likely inherited from pre-LGM settlers of multiple ancestral origins (SUNDer) and maintained in high frequency by natural selection. },
    title = {Ancestral Origins and Genetic History of Tibetan Highlanders},
    number = {3},
    pages = {580 - 594},
    volume = {99},
    year = {2016},
    keywords = {Tibetan, Sherpa, genetic history, next-generation sequencing, archaic ancestry, Denisovan, Neanderthal },
    journal = {The American Journal of Human Genetics}
}

@book{Lu2005,
    publisher = {Běijīng Dàxué},
    author = {Lù, Jiǎnmíng},
    year = {2005},
    title = {Xiàndài Hànyǔ yǔfǎ yánjū jiàochéng},
    address = {Běijīng}
}

@thesis{Lu2012,
    title = {An investigation of various linguistic changes in Chinese and Naxi},
    year = {2012},
    institution = {University of Oregon},
    author = {Jung-Yao Lu}
}

@book{Lu2007,
    publisher = {Fúdàn Dàxué 复旦大学},
    author = {Lú, Yīngshùn},
    year = {2007},
    title = {Xiàndài Hànyǔ yǔhuìxúe (Modern Chinese lexicology)},
    address = {Shànghǎi 上海i}
}

@misc{Lubotsky2010,
    howpublished = {Webressource},
    note = {Misc available under: http://www.indo-european.nl},
    title = {Indo-European Etyomological Dictionary},
    year = {2010},
    author = {Lubotsky, Alexander and Beekes, Robert}
}

@book{Luce1985,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Luce, G. H.},
    year = {1985},
    title = {Phases of Pre-Pagán Burma: Languages and history},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@article{Luhn1957,
    title = {A statistical approach to mechanized encoding and searching of literary information},
    journal = {IBM Journal},
    abstract = {Written communication of ideas is carried out on the basis of statistical probability in that a writer chooses that level of subject specificity and that combination of words which he feels will convey the most meaning. Since this process varies among individuals and since similar ideas are therefore relayed at differ- ent levels of specificity and by means of different words, the problem of literature searching by machines still presents major difficulties. A statistical approach to this problem will be outlined and the various steps of a system based on this approach will be described. Steps include the statistical analysis of a collection of documents in a field of interest, the establishment of a set of "notions" and the vocabulary by which they are expressed, the compilation of a thesaurus-type dictionary and index, the automatic encoding of docu- ments by machine with the aid of such a dictionary, the encoding of topological notations (such as branched structures), the recording of the coded information, the establishment of a searching pattern for finding pertinent information, and the programming of appropriate machines to carry out a search.},
    author = {Luhn, Hans Peter},
    number = {4},
    volume = {1},
    url = {http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/eb026526},
    year = {1957},
    pages = {309-317}
}

@article{Lukes2011,
    title = {How a neutral evolutionary ratchet can build cellular complexity},
    journal = {IUBMB Life},
    abstract = {Complex cellular machines and processes are commonly believed to be products of selection, and it is typically understood to be the job of evolutionary biologists to show how selective advantage can account for each step in their origin and subsequent growth in complexity. Here, we describe how complex machines might instead evolve in the absence of positive selection through a process of "presuppression," first termed constructive neutral evolution (CNE) more than a decade ago. If an autonomously functioning cellular component acquires mutations that make it dependent for function on another, pre-existing component or process, and if there are multiple ways in which such dependence may arise, then dependence inevitably will arise and reversal to independence is unlikely. Thus, CNE is a unidirectional evolutionary ratchet leading to complexity, if complexity is equated with the number of components or steps necessary to carry out a cellular process. CNE can explain "functions" that seem to make little sense in terms of cellular economy, like RNA editing or splicing, but it may also contribute to the complexity of machines with clear benefit to the cell, like the ribosome, and to organismal complexity overall. We suggest that CNE-based evolutionary scenarios are in these and other cases less forced than the selectionist or adaptationist narratives that are generally told.},
    author = {Lukeš, J. and Archibald, J. M. and Keeling, P. J. and Doolittle, W. F. and Gray, M. W.},
    number = {7},
    volume = {63},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {528-537}
}

@article{Lukjancenko2010,
    title = {Comparison of 61 sequenced Escherichia coli genomes},
    journal = {Microbial Ecology},
    author = {Lukjancenko, O. and Wassenaar, T. M. and Ussery, D. W.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {60},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {708-720}
}

@book{Luo1958,
    publisher = {Zhònghuá Shūjú 中华书局},
    author = {Luó Chángpéi 罗常培 and Zhōu Zǔmó 周祖谟},
    year = {1958},
    title = {Hàn Wèijìn Nánběi cháo yùnbù yǎnbiàn yánjiū},
    address = {Běijīng 北京}
}

@article{Lupyan2010,
    title = {Language structure is partly determined by social structure},
    journal = {PLoS ONE},
    author = {Lupyan, G. and Dale, R.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {5},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {e8559}
}

@incollection{Luschutzky1997,
    publisher = {de Gryuter},
    isbn = {3-11-014905-2},
    author = {Luschützky, Hans Christian},
    series = {Trends in linguisticsStudies and monographs},
    booktitle = {Linguistic reconstruction and typology: [International Conference on Linguistic Reconstruction and Typology held at Rydzyna (Poland) from April 14 to 17, 1993] /},
    title = {Typological paradoxes in phonological reconstruction},
    year = {1997},
    volume = {96},
    editor = {Fisiak, Jacek},
    address = {Berlin},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Typologie;Validierung},
    pages = {241-256}
}

@book{Lutz2009,
    publisher = {OŔeilly},
    author = {Lutz, Mark},
    title = {Learning Python},
    edition = {4},
    year = {2009},
    address = {Sebastopol}
}

@incollection{Lycett2016,
    publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
    author = {Stephen J. Lycett},
    booktitle = {Cultural Phylogenetics: Concepts and Applications in Archaeology},
    title = {The Importance of a “Quantitative Genetic” Approach to the Evolution of Artifact Morphological Traits},
    year = {2016},
    editor = {Mendoza Straffon, Larissa},
    address = {Cham and Heidelberg and New York and Dordrecht},
    pages = {73-93}
}

@book{Lyell1863,
    publisher = {John Murray},
    author = {Lyell, Charles},
    url = {http://books.google.de/books?id=AkDr6jk3EooC},
    title = {The geological evidences of the antiquity of man with remarks on theories of the origin of species by variation},
    year = {1863},
    address = {London}
}

@book{Lyell1830,
    publisher = {John Murray},
    author = {Lyell, Charles},
    title = {Principles of geology, being an attempt to explain the former changes of the Earthś surface, by reference to causes now in operation},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1830},
    address = {London}
}

@article{Lynch2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1353/ol.2016.0019},
    author = {Lynch, John},
    journal = {Oceanic Linguistics},
    abstract = { The languages of Malakula belong to the Central Vanuatu subgroup of Southern Oceanic. Although many of them are not well described grammatically or lexicographically, there is sufficient information available to attempt a preliminary classification. Building on earlier work by Tryon and Clark, evidence of a phonological nature will be presented below to show that there appear to be three major lower-order groupings of Malakula languages: a Northern subgroup, an Eastern linkage, and a Western linkage. There is also some evidence that all Malakula languages probably belong to a single grouping exclusive of other Central Vanuatu languages, though this evidence is not very strong.</p>},
    title = {Malakula Internal Subgrouping: Phonological Evidence},
    number = {2},
    volume = {55},
    url = {https://muse.jhu.edu/article/640593},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {399-431}
}

@book{Lyons1975,
    publisher = {Beck},
    author = {Lyons, John},
    title = {Einführung in die Linguistik},
    edition = {4},
    year = {1975},
    address = {München}
}

@article{Lyubetsky2003,
    title = {Methods of horizontal gene transfer determination using phylogenetic data},
    journal = {In Silico Biol. (Gedrukt)},
    abstract = {A new approach for comparative analysis of multiple trees reconstructed for representative protein families is proposed. This approach is based on the hypothesis of gene duplication, gene loss and horizontal gene transfer and makes use of stochastic methods and optimization. We present a species tree of 40 prokaryotic organisms obtained by our algorithm on the basis of 132 clusters of orthologous groups of proteins (COGs) from the GenBank of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (USA). We also present a computer technology intended to determine horizontally transferred genes. Some application results of the technology, based on comparative analysis of protein and species trees, are given.},
    author = {Lyubetsky, V. A. and Výugin, V. V.},
    number = {1-2},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {17-31}
}

@incollection{Mueller2016,
    publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20863-3_12},
    isbn = {978-3-319-20863-3},
    author = {Müller, Jan and Wenzel, André and Lasch, Rainer},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-20863-3_12},
    booktitle = {Logistics Management: Contributions of the Section Logistics of the German Academic Association for Business Research, 2015, Braunschweig, Germany},
    title = {Identifying Complexity-Inducing Variety: Adapting ClustalW for Semiconductor Industry},
    year = {2016},
    editor = {Mattfeld, Dirk and Spengler, Thomas and Brinkmann, Jan and Grunewald, Martin},
    address = {Cham},
    pages = {159-171}
}

@inproceedings{Munch2015,
    title = {Evaluating the potential of a large-scale polysemy network as a model of plausible semantic shifts},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Quantitative Investigations in Theoretical Linguistics},
    author = {Münch, Alla and Dellert, Johannes},
    editor = {Baayen, H. and Jäger, G. and Köllner, M. and Wahle, J. and Baayen-Oudshoorn, A.},
    year = {2015},
    address = {Tübingen}
}

@book{Macdonell1927,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Macdonell, Arthur A.},
    url = {http://archive.org/details/sanskritgrammarf014425mbp},
    title = {A Sanskrit grammar for students},
    year = {1927},
    edition = {3},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@article{Mace2005,
    title = {A phylogenetic approach to cultural evolution},
    journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
    author = {Mace, Ruth and Holden, Clare J.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {20},
    year = {2005},
    keywords = {Gray;Linguistik und Biologie},
    pages = {116-121}
}

@article{Mace1994,
    title = {The comparative method in anthropology},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2744082?origin=JSTOR-pdf},
    journal = {Current Anthropology},
    author = {Ruth Mace and Mark Pagel},
    volume = {35(5)},
    year = {1994},
    pages = {549-564}
}

@book{MacKay2003,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {MacKay, David J. C.},
    title = {Information theory, inference, and learning algorithms},
    edition = {4},
    year = {2003},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@inproceedings{Mackay2005,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning},
    title = {Computing word similarity and identifying cognates with pair hidden markov models},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {40-47},
    author = {Mackay, Wesley and Kondrak, Grzegorz}
}

@inproceedings{MacklinCordes2015,
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.15496/publikation-8609},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Quantitative Investigations in Theoretical Linguistics},
    title = {High-definition phonotactics reflect linguistic past},
    year = {2015},
    author = {Mackling-Cordes, Jayden L. and Round, Erich R.}
}

@incollection{MacQueen1967,
    publisher = {University of California Press},
    author = {MacQueen, J.},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fifth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability},
    title = {Some methods for classification and analysis of multivariate observations},
    year = {1967},
    volume = {1},
    address = {Berkeley},
    pages = {281-297}
}

@incollection{Benesova2015,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    author = {Mačutek, Ján and Mikros, George K.},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110362879-009},
    booktitle = {Sequences in language and text},
    title = {Menzerath-Altmann law for word length motifs},
    year = {2015},
    editor = {Mikros, George K. and Mačutek, Ján},
    address = {Berlin and New York},
    pages = {125-132}
}

@incollection{Maddieson2011,
    publisher = {Max Planck Digital Library},
    author = {Maddieson, Ian},
    url = {http://wals.info/chapter/1},
    booktitle = {The world atlas of language structures online},
    title = {Consonant inventories},
    year = {2011},
    editor = {Dryer, Matthew and Haspelmath, Martin},
    address = {Munich}
}

@book{Maddieson1984,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    isbn = {978-0-521-26536-2},
    author = {Maddieson, Ian},
    series = {Cambridge studies in speech science and communication},
    title = {Patterns of sounds},
    year = {1984},
    address = {Cambridge [Cambridgeshire] ; New York},
    keywords = {Grammar, Comparative and general, phonetics, Phonology}
}

@inproceedings{Maddieson2013,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of Interspeech},
    title = {LAPSyD: Lyon-Albuquerque Phonological Systems Database},
    year = {2013},
    author = {Maddieson, Ian and Sébastien Flavier and Egidio Marsico and Christophe Coupé and François Pellegrino.}
}

@article{Maddison1991,
    title = {The discovery and importance of multiple islands of most-parsimonious trees},
    journal = {Systematic Zoology},
    abstract = {Fifty-nine reports of suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were received by the Adverse Drug Reaction Subcommittee of the Australian Veterinary Association from February 1991-March 1992 inclusive. The number of reports received/number of animals involved per species was: dogs (23/24); cats (20/30); horses (4/4); cattle (7/10); sheep (3/745); poultry (1/580); pigs (1/8). Of these, 38 (64%) were classified as definite ADRs and 9 (15%) as probable ADRs. In 10 (17%) reports an ADR could not be substantiated or there was insufficient information available to make a decision. Two reports involved veterinarians inadvertently overdosing animals. Eighteen reports involved apparent hypersensitivity reactions and 6 reports involved probable drug interactions. Four reports involved the use of drugs at appropriate doses but in inappropriate clinical situations, and 3 reports were associated with óff-label ́use.},
    author = {Maddison, David R.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {40},
    year = {1991},
    pages = {315-328}
}

@article{Maddison1997,
    title = {NEXUS: an extensible file format for systematic information},
    journal = {Syst. Biol.},
    abstract = {NEXUS is a file format designed to contain systematic data for use by computer programs. The goals of the format are to allow future expansion, to include diverse kinds of information, to be independent of particular computer operating systems, and to be easily processed by a program. To this end, the format is modular, with a file consisting of separate blocks, each containing one particular kind of information, and consisting of standardized commands. Public blocks (those containing information utilized by several programs) house information about taxa, morphological and molecular characters, distances, genetic codes, assumptions, sets, trees, etc.; private blocks contain information of relevance to single programs. A detailed description of commands in public blocks is given. Guidelines are provided for reading and writing NEXUS files and for extending the format.},
    author = {Maddison, D. R. and Swofford, D. L. and Maddison, W. P.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {46},
    year = {1997},
    pages = {590-621}
}

@article{Maddison2006,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1080/10635150500354928},
    author = {Maddison, Wayne P. and Knowles, L. Lacey},
    journal = {Systematic Biology},
    abstract = {It is now well known that incomplete lineage sorting can cause serious difficulties for phylogenetic inference, but little attention has been paid to methods that attempt to overcome these difficulties by explicitly considering the processes that produce them. Here we explore approaches to phylogenetic inference designed to consider retention and sorting of ancestral polymorphism. We examine how the reconstructability of a species (or population) phylogeny is affected by (a) the number of loci used to estimate the phylogeny and (b) the number of individuals sampled per species. Even in difficult cases with considerable incomplete lineage sorting (times between divergences less than 1 Ne generations), we found the reconstructed species trees matched the “true” species trees in at least three out of five partitions, as long as a reasonable number of individuals per species were sampled. We also studied the tradeoff between sampling more loci versus more individuals. Although increasing the number of loci gives more accurate trees for a given sampling effort with deeper species trees (e.g., total depth of 10 Ne generations), sampling more individuals often gives better results than sampling more loci with shallower species trees (e.g., depth = 1 Ne). Taken together, these results demonstrate that gene sequences retain enough signal to achieve an accurate estimate of phylogeny despite widespread incomplete lineage sorting. Continued improvement in our methods to reconstruct phylogeny near the species level will require a shift to a compound model that considers not only nucleotide or character state substitutions, but also the population genetics processes of lineage sorting.},
    title = {Inferring phylogeny despite incomplete lineage sorting},
    number = {1},
    volume = {55},
    url = {http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/55/1/21.full.pdf+html},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {21-30}
}

@misc{Maddison2011,
    url = {http://mesquiteproject.org},
    title = {Mesquite: a modular system for evolutionary analysis},
    year = {2011},
    author = {Maddison, W. P. and D.R. Maddison}
}

@book{Maderthaner2008,
    publisher = {UTB},
    author = {Maderthaner, Rainer},
    year = {2008},
    title = {Psychologie},
    address = {Köln and Weimar and Wien}
}

@inproceedings{Mahendran2015,
    booktitle = {2015 IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition (CVPR)},
    title = {Understanding deep image representations by inverting them},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {5188-5196},
    author = {Mahendran, Aravindh and Vedaldi, Andrea}
}

@article{MaherMar.1966,
    title = {More on the History of the Comparative Method: The Tradition of Darwinism in August Schleicherś Work},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Maher, John P.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {8},
    year = {1966},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft;},
    pages = {1-12}
}

@article{Majid2015,
    title = {Can Nomenclature for the Body be Explained by Embodiment Theories?},
    journal = {Topics in Cognitive Science},
    abstract = {According to widespread opinion, the meaning of body part terms is determined by salient discontinuities in the visual image; such that hands, feet, arms, and legs, are natural parts. If so, one would expect these parts to have distinct names which correspond in meaning across languages. To test this proposal, we compared three unrelated languages—Dutch, Japanese, and Indonesian—and found both naming systems and boundaries of even basic body part terms display variation across languages. Bottom-up cues alone cannot explain natural language semantic systems; there simply is not a one-to-one mapping of the body semantic system to the body structural description. Although body parts are flexibly construed across languages, body parts semantics are, nevertheless, constrained by non-linguistic representations in the body structural description, suggesting these are necessary, although not sufficient, in accounting for aspects of the body lexicon.},
    author = {Majid, Asifa and van Staden, Miriam},
    volume = {7},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {570-594}
}

@incollection{Majtinskaja1981,
    publisher = {Nauka},
    author = {Majtinskaja, K. J.},
    series = {Sravnitelŉo-istoričeskoe izučenie jazykov raznych semej [Comparative historical investigation of languages of different families]},
    booktitle = {Sovremennoe sostojanie i problemy [Current state and problems]},
    title = {Finno-ugorskij jazyk},
    year = {1981},
    volume = {1},
    editor = {Gadžieva, Ninel ́Z.},
    address = {Moscow},
    keywords = {finno-ugrisch;Rekonstruktion;Sprachklassifikation},
    pages = {259-275}
}

@incollection{Makaev1960,
    publisher = {AN SSSR},
    author = {Makaev, E. A.},
    booktitle = {O sootnošenii sinchronnogo analiza i istoričeskogo izučenija jazykov [On the relationship of synchronic analysis and the historical study of languages]},
    title = {Sinchronija i diachronija i voprosy rekonstrukcii [Synchrony, diachrony and questions of reconstruction]},
    year = {1960},
    editor = {Guchman, Mirra M.},
    address = {Moscow},
    pages = {144-152}
}

@book{Makaev1977,
    publisher = {Nauka},
    author = {Makaev, E. A.},
    title = {Obščaja teorija sravnitelŉogo jazykoznanija},
    year = {1977},
    keywords = {komparative Methode;historische Linguistik},
    address = {Moscow}
}

@article{Makaev1969,
    publisher = {Armand Colin},
    title = {Les rapports entre grammaire comparée, grammaire contrastive et grammaire typologique},
    url = {http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/lgge_0458-726x_1969_num_4_15_2516},
    journal = {Langages},
    author = {E. A. Makaev},
    number = {15},
    volume = {4},
    year = {1969},
    pages = {32-42}
}

@book{Malau2016,
    publisher = {Walter de Gruyter},
    isbn = {978-1-5015-0358-0},
    title = {A Grammar of Vurës, Vanuatu},
    abstract = {From 1963 to 2011 Pacific Linguistics, located at the Australian National University, published over six hundred books concerned with the languages of the Pacific, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Southeast, South and East Asia. The Mouton Pacific Linguistics series represents a continuation of this publishing venture under the same Editorial Board. The Pacific Linguistics series presents linguistic descriptions, dictionaries, and other materials concerned with languages of this region. The authors and editors of Pacific Linguistics publications are drawn from a wide range of institutions around the world, and its publications are refereed by international scholars with relevant expertise. Pacific Linguistics has built a reputation as the most authoritative publisher of works on the languages of the Pacific and neighbouring areas, read by scholars with an interest in the region as well as by linguists with interests in language typology, sociolinguistics, language contact and the reconstruction of linguistic change and culture history. Pacific Linguistics is proud to act as a vehicle for the dissemination of knowledge about the languages of the Pacific and the Pacific Rim, many of which are little known, and to bring them to the attention of scholars around the world, as well as providing local communities with published language material, at a time when many minority languages are under threat.},
    author = {Malau, Catriona},
    year = {2016},
    keywords = {Language Arts & Disciplines / General, Language Arts & Disciplines / Linguistics / General}
}

@incollection{Malkiel1968,
    publisher = {University of Texas Press},
    author = {Malkiel, Yakov},
    booktitle = {Directions for historical linguistics: A symposium},
    title = {The inflectional paradigm as an occasional determinant of sound change},
    year = {1968},
    editor = {Lehmann, Winfred Philipp and Malkiel, Yakov},
    address = {Austin},
    keywords = {Sprachwandel;Lautgesetz;Lautwandel},
    pages = {21-64}
}

@article{Malkiel1975,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(75)90009-1},
    title = {Etymology and modern linguistics},
    url = {//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0024384175900091},
    journal = {Lingua},
    author = {Yakov Malkiel},
    number = {2–3},
    volume = {36},
    year = {1975},
    pages = {101 - 120}
}

@article{Malkiel1967,
    title = {Each word has a history of its own},
    journal = {Glossa},
    author = {Malkiel, Yakov},
    number = {2},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1967},
    pages = {137-140}
}

@article{Malkiel1954,
    title = {Etymology and the Structure of Word Families},
    journal = {Word},
    author = {Malkiel, Yakov},
    number = {2-3},
    volume = {10},
    year = {1954},
    pages = {265-274}
}

@incollection{Mallinson1988,
    publisher = {Croom Helm},
    author = {Mallinson, Graham},
    booktitle = {The Romance languages},
    title = {Rumanian},
    year = {1988},
    editor = {Harris, Martin and Nigel, Vincent},
    address = {London and Sydney},
    pages = {391-419}
}

@article{Mallory1976a,
    title = {Time Perspective and Proto-Indo-European Culture},
    journal = {World Archaeology},
    author = {Mallory, J. P.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {8},
    year = {1976},
    pages = {44-56}
}

@book{Mallory2006,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Mallory, J. P. and Adams, D. Q.},
    year = {2006},
    title = {The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@book{Malmqvist1995,
    publisher = {Norstedts},
    author = {Malmqvist, Göran},
    year = {1995},
    title = {Bernhard Karlgren. Ett forskarporträtt},
    address = {Stockholm}
}

@article{Malone1971,
    title = {Wave Theory, Rule Ordering, and Hebrew-Aramaic Segolation},
    journal = {Journal of the American Oriental Society},
    author = {Malone, Joseph L.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {91},
    year = {1971},
    pages = {44-66}
}

@thesis{Malone1987,
    title = {Proto-Tucanoan and Tucanoan genetic relationship},
    author = {Malone, T.},
    year = {1987},
    institution = {IInstitut Linguístico de Verano},
    address = {Colombia}
}

@article{Manaster1996,
    title = {Sapirś Classifications: Coahuiltecan},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Manaster Ramer, Alexis},
    number = {1},
    volume = {38},
    year = {1996},
    pages = {1-38}
}

@article{Manaster1996a,
    title = {Tonkawa and Zuni: Two Test Cases for the Greenberg Classification},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Manaster Ramer, Alexis},
    number = {3},
    volume = {62},
    year = {1996},
    pages = {264-288}
}

@incollection{Manczak1997,
    publisher = {de Gryuter},
    isbn = {3-11-014905-2},
    author = {Mańczak, Witold},
    series = {Trends in linguistics Studies and monographs},
    booktitle = {Linguistic reconstruction and typology: International Conference on Linguistic Reconstruction and Typology held at Rydzyna (Poland) from April 14 to 17, 1993},
    title = {Linguistic reconstruction, typology and criteria of truth},
    year = {1997},
    volume = {96},
    editor = {Fisiak, Jacek},
    address = {Berlin},
    keywords = {Typologie;Rekonstruktion;Validierung},
    pages = {257-266}
}

@article{Mandera2016,
    title = {Explaining human performance in psycholinguistic tasks with models of semantic similarity based on prediction and counting: A review and empirical validation},
    url = {http://zipf.ugent.be/snaut/},
    journal = {Journal of Memory and Language},
    author = {Mandera, Paweł and Keuleers, Emmanuel and Brysbaert, Marc},
    note = {in press},
    year = {2016}
}

@book{Mann1987,
    publisher = {Zell Publishers},
    author = {Mann, M. and Dalby, D.},
    year = {1987},
    title = {A thesaurus of African languages: A classified and annotated inventory of the spoken languages of Africa with an appendix on their written representation},
    address = {London}
}

@thesis{Mann1998,
    title = {A phonological reconstruction of Proto Northern Burmic},
    author = {Mann, Noel Walter},
    year = {1998},
    institution = {The University of Texas},
    address = {Arlington}
}

@article{Marchal1975,
    publisher = {The University of Chicago Press on behalf of the Philosophy of Science Association},
    author = {Marchal, J. H.},
    journal = {Philosophy of Science},
    abstract = {The area of investigation known as general systems theory or research features the study of systems as interesting in its own right or one fruitful approach to the study of science in general. This leads to an interesting and still open problem, namely, explicating the concept of a system that seems to unify the interests of researchers in this area. Contrary to received opinion, I argue that there is a unique and interesting concept of a system that underlies the expressed interests of general systems researchers and that it can be given a satisfactory explication. The concept in question has systems as extralinguistic entities that we theorize about, namely, certain sorts of sets of re-related elements. Criteria for its explication are suggested; examples of systems, earlier analyses, and various objections are all considered in leading up to a partial formal explication of the concept and a statement of additional open problems.},
    title = {On the concept of a system},
    number = {4},
    volume = {42},
    year = {1975},
    pages = {448-468}
}

@misc{Marcus2017,
    url = {https://medium.com/@GaryMarcus/6e8bfd5ae0f1},
    publisher = {Medium Corporation},
    title = {In defense of skepticism about deep learning},
    year = {2017},
    author = {Marcus, Gary}
}

@article{Guilherme2016,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167822},
    author = {Marmerola, Guilherme D. AND Oikawa, Marina A. AND Dias, Zanoni AND Goldenstein, Siome AND Rocha, Anderson},
    journal = {PLOS ONE},
    abstract = {Over the history of mankind, textual records change. Sometimes due to mistakes during transcription, sometimes on purpose, as a way to rewrite facts and reinterpret history. There are several classical cases, such as the logarithmic tables, and the transmission of antique and medieval scholarship. Today, text documents are largely edited and redistributed on the Web. Articles on news portals and collaborative platforms (such as Wikipedia), source code, posts on social networks, and even scientific publications or literary works are some examples in which textual content can be subject to changes in an evolutionary process. In this scenario, given a set of near-duplicate documents, it is worthwhile to find which one is the original and the history of changes that created the whole set. Such functionality would have immediate applications on news tracking services, detection of plagiarism, textual criticism, and copyright enforcement, for instance. However, this is not an easy task, as textual features pointing to the documents’ evolutionary direction may not be evident and are often dataset dependent. Moreover, side information, such as time stamps, are neither always available nor reliable. In this paper, we propose a framework for reliably reconstructing text phylogeny trees, and seamlessly exploring new approaches on a wide range of scenarios of text reusage. We employ and evaluate distinct combinations of dissimilarity measures and reconstruction strategies within the proposed framework, and evaluate each approach with extensive experiments, including a set of artificial near-duplicate documents with known phylogeny, and from documents collected from Wikipedia, whose modifications were made by Internet users. We also present results from qualitative experiments in two different applications: text plagiarism and reconstruction of evolutionary trees for manuscripts (stemmatology).},
    title = {On the Reconstruction of Text Phylogeny Trees: Evaluation and Analysis of Textual Relationships},
    number = {12},
    volume = {11},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167822},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {1-35}
}

@article{Marris2008,
    title = {The language barrier},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {Marris, Emma},
    number = {7194},
    volume = {453},
    year = {2008},
    keywords = {Biologie;Linguistik und Biologie;Gray},
    pages = {446-448}
}

@article{Marsden1782,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1017/S026134090002021X},
    title = {XXI. Remarks on the Sumatran Languages, by Mr. Marsden. In a Letter to Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. President of the Royal Society.},
    journal = {Archaeologia},
    author = {Marsden, William},
    volume = {6},
    year = {1782},
    pages = {154-158}
}

@inproceedings{Marten2006,
    publisher = {McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research; Distributed by Orbow Books},
    isbn = {9781902937335},
    author = {Marten, Lutz},
    series = {McDonald Institute monographs},
    booktitle = {Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages},
    title = {Bantu classification, Bantu trees and phylogenetic methods},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Forster, Peter and Renfrew, Colin},
    address = {Cambridge UK , Oxford UK , Oakville CT USA ,},
    keywords = {Sprachklassifikation;Kladistik;Bantu;Netzwerke},
    pages = {43-56}
}

@inproceedings{Martin1990a,
    publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum Associates},
    author = {Martin, L. E.},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society},
    title = {Knowledge extraction},
    year = {1990},
    address = {Hillsdale},
    pages = {252-262}
}

@incollection{Martin1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Martin, Samual E.},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {Morphological clues to the relationships of Japanese and Korean},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Morphologie;Japanese;Korean},
    pages = {483-509}
}

@article{Martin2007,
    title = {The evolution of eukaryotes},
    journal = {Science},
    author = {Martin, William and Dagan, Tal and Koonin, E. V. and Dipippo, J. L. and Gogarten, J. P. and Lake, J. A.},
    number = {316},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {542-543.}
}

@article{Martin2006,
    title = {Introns and the origin of nucleus-cytosol compartmentation},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {Martin, William and Koonin, E. V.},
    number = {440},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {41-45}
}

@article{Martin2002,
    title = {Evolutionary analysis of Arabidopsis, cyanobacterial, and chloroplast genomes re-veals plastid phylogeny and thousands of cyanobacterial genes in the nucleus},
    journal = {Proc Natl Acad Sci USA},
    author = {Martin, William and Rujan, T. and Richly, E. and Hansen, A. and Cornelsen, S. and Lins, T. and Leister, D. and Stoebe, B. and Hasegawa, M. and Penny, David},
    number = {99},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {12246-12251.}
}

@article{Martinet1984,
    title = {Double articulation as a criterium for linguisticity},
    journal = {Language Sciences},
    author = {Martinet, André},
    number = {1},
    volume = {6},
    year = {1984},
    pages = {31-38}
}

@article{Martinet1952,
    title = {Function, structure, and sound change},
    journal = {Word},
    author = {Martinet, André},
    number = {1},
    volume = {8},
    year = {1952},
    pages = {1-33}
}

@article{Martins1996a,
    title = {Conducting Phylogenetic Comparative Studies When the Phylogeny is not Known},
    journal = {Evolution},
    author = {Martins, Emilia P.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {50},
    year = {1996},
    pages = {12-22}
}

@bookinbook{Marx1848,
    publisher = {Dietz Verlag},
    author = {Marx, Karl and Engels, Friedrich},
    booktitle = {Karl Marx / Friedrich Engels - Werke},
    title = {Manifest der kommunistischen Partei},
    year = {1959},
    volume = {4},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {459-493}
}

@article{Mason1950,
    title = {The languages of South American Indians},
    journal = {Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin},
    author = {Mason, J. A.},
    volume = {143},
    year = {1950},
    pages = {157-317}
}

@article{Massam1992,
    title = {Null Objects and Non-Thematic Subjects},
    journal = {Journal of Linguistics},
    author = {Massam, Diane},
    number = {1},
    volume = {28},
    year = {1992},
    pages = {115-137}
}

@article{Mathur2016,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejbas.2016.07.004},
    author = {Rinku Mathur and Neeru Adlakha},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2314808X16300227},
    abstract = {Abstract Phylogenies are the commonly used tools for the prediction of ancestry of present day organisms from the past decades. Several methods have been developed to construct phylogenetic trees that predict the history of species by direct linkage of edges. Very few studies have been developed for the phylogenetic networks (which is the generalization of trees). Presently, the methods used to determine phylogenetic networks are based on distance measures or character measures of the sequences of species. It is a very challenging task for computational biologists to find the exact method that can predict the accurate networks of organisms. In this study, a phylogenetic network construction model based on basic graph theory concepts is reported. This model finds the distance matrix of every sequence considered in the study. The two features (positioning and stack interactions) of every DNA sequence and their combined effect have been taken into account to calculate the distances. Results suggested that reticulate events can be observed by using the distances obtained by the proposed method and no such event is predicted by using the distances calculated by the previous method. The important results obtained in the form of distances are 1.637300, 2.000000, 0.932700, 2.331300, 2.829200 and the significance of these values is to represent the different reticulation events among the sequences for different features. Hence distances calculated by this model gives better insights to study the phylogenetic networks. },
    title = {A graph theoretic model for prediction of reticulation events and phylogenetic networks for DNA sequences},
    number = {3},
    pages = {263 - 271},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2016},
    keywords = {DNA sequences},
    journal = {Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences}
}

@incollection{Matisoff1973,
    publisher = {UCLA},
    author = {Matisoff, J. A.},
    booktitle = {Consonant Types and Tone},
    title = {Tonogenesis in Southeast Asia},
    year = {1973},
    editor = {Hyman, Larry H.},
    address = {Los Angeles},
    pages = {71-95}
}

@incollection{Matisoff2009,
    author = {Matisoff, James A},
    series = {Senri Ethnological Studies},
    booktitle = {Issues in Tibeto-Burman historical linguistics},
    title = {Stable Roots in Sino-Tibetan/Tibeto-Burman},
    year = {2009},
    number = {75},
    editor = {Yasuhiko Nagano},
    address = {Osaka},
    pages = {291-318}
}

@book{Matisoff2015,
    publisher = {University of California},
    author = {Matisoff, James A.},
    year = {2015},
    title = {The Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus project},
    address = {Berkeley}
}

@misc{Matisoff2001,
    note = {Paper presented at the 34th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan languages and linguistics, Yunnan minzu xueyuan.},
    title = {On the genetic position of Bai within Tibeto-Burman.},
    year = {2001},
    author = {Matisoff, James A.}
}

@article{Matisoff2000a,
    title = {On Śino-Bodic ́and Other Symptoms of Neosubgroupitis},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1559492},
    journal = {Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London},
    author = {Matisoff, James A.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {63},
    year = {2000},
    pages = {356-369}
}

@article{Matisoff1991,
    title = {Sino-Tibetan Linguistics: Present State and Future Prospects},
    journal = {Annual Review of Anthropology},
    author = {Matisoff, James A.},
    volume = {20},
    year = {1991},
    pages = {469-504}
}

@article{Matisoff1990,
    title = {On Megalocomparison},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Matisoff, James A.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {66},
    year = {1990},
    pages = {106-120}
}

@book{Matisoff1978,
    publisher = {Institute for the Study of Human Issues},
    title = {Variational semantics in Tibeto-Burman. The órganic ́approach to linguistic comparison},
    year = {1978},
    author = {Matisoff, James A.}
}

@incollection{Matras2003,
    publisher = {de Gryuter},
    isbn = {3-11-017776-5},
    author = {Matras, Yaron},
    booktitle = {The Mixed Language Debate},
    title = {Mixed languages: Re-examining the structured prototype},
    year = {2003},
    editor = {Matras, Yaron and Bakker, P.},
    address = {Berlin},
    keywords = {Mischsprachen}
}

@book{Matras2006,
    publisher = {Palgrave Macmillan},
    isbn = {9781403996572},
    author = {Matras, Yaron and McMahon, April and Vincent, Nigel},
    url = {http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0634/2005056583-t.html},
    title = {Linguistic areas: Convergence in historical and typological perspective},
    year = {2006},
    address = {Basingstoke}
}

@article{Matsue2013,
    title = {Old Chinese dialects according to Fangyan},
    journal = {Dialectologia},
    abstract = {This paper discusses Fāngyán, the oldest dialectal dictionary in China, considered to have been authored by Yáng Xióng (53 B.C.HA.D. 18). It describes how Fāngyán was compiled as well as its basic structure and its linguistic value, and then introduces actual examples of studies of old Chinese dialects that have used Fāngyán as a linguistic resource in documenting lexical histories and in determining linguistic distance between dialectal regions.},
    author = {Takashi Matsue},
    volume = {IV},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {181-197}
}

@article{Matthews2016,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0152979},
    author = {Matthews, Luke J. and Passmore, Sam and Richard, Paul M. and Gray, Russell D. and Atkinson, Quentin D.},
    journal = {PLoS ONE},
    abstract = { Political and economic risks arise from social phenomena that spread within and across countries. Regime changes, protest movements, and stock market and default shocks can have ramifications across the globe. Quantitative models have made great strides at predicting these events in recent decades but incorporate few explicitly measured cultural variables. However, in recent years cultural evolutionary theory has emerged as a major paradigm to understand the inheritance and diffusion of human cultural variation. Here, we combine these two strands of research by proposing that measures of socio-linguistic affiliation derived from language phylogenies track variation in cultural norms that influence how political and economic changes diffuse across the globe. First, we show that changes over time in a country?s democratic or autocratic character correlate with simultaneous changes among their socio-linguistic affiliations more than with changes of spatially proximate countries. Second, we find that models of changes in sovereign default status favor including socio-linguistic affiliations in addition to spatial data. These findings suggest that better measurement of cultural networks could be profoundly useful to policy makers who wish to diversify commercial, social, and other forms of investment across political and economic risks on an international scale.</p>},
    title = {Shared Cultural History as a Predictor of Political and Economic Changes among Nation States},
    number = {4},
    volume = {11},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0152979},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {1-18}
}

@incollection{Matthews2007,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {978-0-19-920783-1},
    author = {Matthews, Stephen},
    series = {Explorations in linguistic typology},
    booktitle = {Grammars in contact: A cross-linguistic typology},
    title = {Cantonese grammar in areal perspective},
    year = {2007},
    volume = {4},
    editor = {Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and Dixon, Robert M. W.},
    address = {Oxford},
    keywords = {Sprachkontakt;areal diffusion;Areallinguistik},
    pages = {220-237}
}

@article{Maurits2017,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180908},
    author = {Maurits, Luke AND Forkel, Robert AND Kaiping, Gereon A. AND Atkinson, Quentin D.},
    journal = {PLOS ONE},
    abstract = {We present a new open source software tool called BEASTling, designed to simplify the preparation of Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of linguistic data using the BEAST 2 platform. BEASTling transforms comparatively short and human-readable configuration files into the XML files used by BEAST to specify analyses. By taking advantage of Creative Commons-licensed data from the Glottolog language catalog, BEASTling allows the user to conveniently filter datasets using names for recognised language families, to impose monophyly constraints so that inferred language trees are backward compatible with Glottolog classifications, or to assign geographic location data to languages for phylogeographic analyses. Support for the emerging cross-linguistic linked data format (CLDF) permits easy incorporation of data published in cross-linguistic linked databases into analyses. BEASTling is intended to make the power of Bayesian analysis more accessible to historical linguists without strong programming backgrounds, in the hopes of encouraging communication and collaboration between those developing computational models of language evolution (who are typically not linguists) and relevant domain experts.},
    title = {BEASTling: A software tool for linguistic phylogenetics using BEAST 2},
    number = {8},
    volume = {12},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180908},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {1-17}
}

@article{Maurits2014,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1319042111},
    title = {Tracing the roots of syntax with Bayesian phylogenetics},
    abstract = {The ordering of subject, verb, and object is one of the fundamental components of the syntax of natural languages. The distribution of basic word orders across the world’s languages is highly nonuniform, with the majority of languages being either subject-object-verb (SOV) or subject-verb-object (SVO). Explaining this fact using psychological accounts of language acquisition or processing requires understanding how the present distribution has resulted from ancestral distributions and the rates of change between orders. We show that Bayesian phylogenetics can provide quantitative answers to three important questions: how word orders are likely to change over time, which word orders were dominant historically, and whether strong inferences about the origins of syntax can be drawn from modern languages. We find that SOV to SVO change is more common than the reverse and VSO to SVO change is more common than VSO to SOV, and that if the seven language families we consider share a common ancestor then that common ancestor likely had SOV word order, but also that there are limits on how confidently we can make inferences about ancestral word order based on modern-day observations. These results shed new light on old questions from historical linguistics and provide clear targets for psychological explanations of word-order distributions.},
    author = {Maurits, Luke and Griffiths, Thomas L.},
    year = {2014},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}
}

@thesis{Mayer2012,
    title = {The induction of phonological structure},
    author = {Mayer, Thomas},
    year = {2012},
    institution = {Universität Konstanz},
    address = {Konstanz}
}

@inproceedings{Mayer2014b,
    publisher = {European Language Resources Association (ELRA)},
    isbn = {978-2-9517408-8-4},
    author = {Mayer, Thomas and Cysouw, Michael},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation},
    title = {Creating a massively parallel bible corpus},
    editor = {Nicoletta Calzolari (Conference Chair) and Khalid Choukri and Thierry Declerck and Hrafn Loftsson and Bente Maegaard and Joseph Mariani and Asuncion Moreno and Jan Odijk and Stelios Piperidis},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {3158-3162}
}

@incollection{Mayer2014,
    title = {An interactive visualization of cross-linguistic colexification patterns},
    url = {http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2014/workshops/LREC2014Workshop-VisLR%20Proceedings.pdf},
    booktitle = {Visualization as added value in the development, use and evaluation of Linguistic Resources. Workshop organized as part of the International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation},
    author = {Mayer, Thomas and List, Johann-Mattis and Terhalle, Anselm and Urban, Matthias},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {1-8}
}

@book{Mayrhofer1978,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    author = {Mayrhofer, Manfred},
    title = {Sanskrit-Grammatik mit sprachvergleichenden Erläuterungen},
    edition = {3},
    year = {1978},
    address = {Berlin and New York}
}

@article{McCarthy1988,
    title = {Feature Geometry and Dependency: A Review},
    journal = {Phonetica},
    author = {McCarthy, John J.},
    volume = {43(45)},
    year = {1988},
    pages = {84-108}
}

@incollection{McCone1992,
    publisher = {Inst. für Sprachwiss.},
    isbn = {3851246136},
    author = {McCone, Kim R.},
    series = {Innsbrucker Beiträge zur SprachwissenschaftVorträge und kleinere Schriften},
    booktitle = {Rekonstruktion und relative Chronologie: Akten der 8. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, Leiden, 31. August - 4. September 1987},
    title = {Relative Chronologie: Keltisch},
    year = {1992},
    volume = {65},
    editor = {Beekes, Robert S. P.},
    address = {Innsbruck},
    keywords = {relative chronology},
    pages = {11-40}
}

@article{McDermott2016,
    journal = {Nature},
    title = {Indifference to dissonance in native Amazonians reveals cultural variation in music perception},
    year = {2016},
    author = {McDermott, J. H. and Schultz, A. F. and Undurraga, E. A. and Godoy, R. A.}
}

@article{McElhanon1967,
    publisher = {University of Hawaií Press},
    title = {Preliminary Observations on Huon Peninsula Languages},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3622923},
    journal = {Oceanic Linguistics},
    author = {McElhanon, Kenneth A.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {6},
    year = {1967},
    pages = {1-45}
}

@book{McFarland1977,
    publisher = {Institut for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa},
    author = {McFarland, Curtis D.},
    year = {1977},
    title = {Northern Philippine linguistic geography},
    address = {Tokyo}
}

@book{McGregor1995,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {McGregor, R. S.},
    title = {Outline of Hindi grammar},
    edition = {3},
    year = {1995},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@article{Mckaughan1964,
    title = {A Study of Divergence in Four New Guinea Languages},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/668433},
    journal = {American Anthropologist},
    author = {Mckaughan, Howard},
    number = {4},
    volume = {66},
    year = {1964},
    pages = {98-120}
}

@misc{Edwards2009,
    howpublished = {Internet ressource},
    note = {Python Code available under http://iysik.com/index.php?page=sequence-alignments},
    title = {Approximate approach for finding a multiple alignment.},
    year = {2009},
    author = {McKinnon Edwards, Stefan}
}

@article{McMahon2005a,
    title = {Special Issue: Quantitative methods in language comparison - Introduction},
    journal = {Transactions of the Philological Society},
    author = {McMahon, April},
    number = {2},
    volume = {103},
    year = {2005},
    keywords = {Gray;Linguistik und Biologie},
    pages = {113-119}
}

@book{McMahon1994,
    year = {1994},
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    title = {Understanding Language Change},
    isbn = {0-521-44119-6},
    author = {McMahon, April}
}

@article{McMahon2007,
    title = {The sound patterns of Englishes},
    journal = {English Language and Linguistics},
    author = {McMahon, April and Heggarty, Paul and McMahon, Robert and Maguire, Warren},
    number = {1},
    volume = {11},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {113-142}
}

@article{McMahon2005b,
    title = {Swadesh sublists and the benefits of borrowing: An Andean case study},
    journal = {Transactions of the Philological Society},
    author = {McMahon, April and Heggarty, Paul and McMahon, Robert and Slaska, Natalia},
    volume = {103},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {147-170}
}

@inproceedings{McMahon2006,
    publisher = {McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research; Distributed by Orbow Books},
    isbn = {9781902937335},
    author = {McMahon, April and McMahon, Robert},
    series = {McDonald Institute monographs},
    booktitle = {Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages},
    title = {Why Lingustics Dont́ Do Dates: Evidence from Indo-European and Australian Languages},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Forster, Peter and Renfrew, Colin},
    address = {Cambridge UK , Oxford UK , Oakville CT USA ,},
    keywords = {Chronologie;relative chronology},
    pages = {153-160}
}

@article{McMahon2008,
    title = {Genetics, Historical Linguistics and Language Variation},
    url = {doi:10.1111/j.1749-818x.2008.00052.x},
    journal = {Language and Linguistics Compass},
    author = {McMahon, April and McMahon, Robert},
    number = {2},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2008},
    keywords = {Genetik;historische Linguistik;Sprachvariation},
    pages = {264-288}
}

@book{McMahon2005,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {McMahon, April and McMahon, Robert},
    year = {2005},
    title = {Language classification by numbers},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@article{McMahon2003,
    title = {Finding Families: Quantitative Methods in Language Classification},
    url = {doi:10.1111/1467-968X.00108},
    journal = {Transactions of the Philological Society},
    author = {McMahon, April and McMahon, Robert},
    number = {1},
    volume = {101},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {7-55}
}

@article{McNamara1961,
    title = {Morpheme Retention in Irish},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {McNamara, Leo F.},
    number = {9},
    volume = {3},
    year = {1961},
    pages = {23-30}
}

@article{McRae2005,
    title = {Semantic feature production norms for a large set of living and nonliving things},
    journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
    abstract = {Semantic features have provided insight into numerous behavioral phenomena concerning concepts, categorization, and semantic memory in adults, children, and neuropsychological populations. Numerous theories and models in these areas are based on representations and computations involving semantic features. Consequently, empirically derived semantic feature production norms have played, and continue to play, a highly useful role in these domains. This article describes a set of feature norms collected from approximately 725 participants for 541 living (dog) and nonliving (chair) basic-level concepts, the largest such set of norms developed to date. This article describes the norms and numerous statistics associated with them. Our aim is to make these norms available to facilitate other research, while obviating the need to repeat the labor-intensive methods involved in collecting and analyzing such norms. The full set of norms may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive.},
    author = {McRae, K. and Cree, G. S. and Seidenberg, M. S. and McNorgan, C.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {37},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {547-559}
}

@article{McWorther2016,
    title = {Too Good to be True. English is Not Norse},
    journal = {Language Dynamics and Change},
    author = {McWorther, John},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {34-36}
}

@misc{Medler2005,
    url = {http://www.neuro.mcw.edu/ratings/},
    title = {The Wisconsin Perceptual Attribute Ratings Database},
    year = {2005},
    author = {Medler, D. A. and Arnoldussen, A. and Binder, J.R., and Seidenberg, M. S.}
}

@article{Meheust2016,
    note = {in press},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    title = {Protein networks identify novel symbiogenetic genes resulting from plastid endosymbiosis},
    year = {2016},
    author = {Méheust, Raphaël and Zelzion, Ehud and Bhattacharya, Debashish and Lopez, Philippe and Bapteste, Eric}
}

@article{Mei1970,
    title = {Tone and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone},
    journal = {HJAS},
    author = {Mei, Tsulin},
    volume = {30},
    year = {1970},
    pages = {86-110}
}

@incollection{Meid1987,
    publisher = {Winter},
    author = {Meid, Wolfgang},
    booktitle = {Althochdeutsch},
    title = {Germanische oder indogermanische Lautverschiebung?},
    year = {1987},
    volume = {1},
    editor = {Bergmann, Rolf and Schützeichel, Rudolf},
    address = {Heidelberg},
    pages = {3-11}
}

@book{Meier-Bruegger2002,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    author = {Meier-Brügger, Michael},
    title = {Indogermanische Sprachwissenschaft},
    edition = {8},
    year = {2002},
    address = {Berlin and New York}
}

@book{Meillet1965,
    publisher = {Libr. Champion},
    title = {Linguistique historique et linguistique générale},
    year = {1965[1921]},
    author = {Meillet, Antoine}
}

@book{Meillet1925,
    publisher = {Honoré Champion},
    author = {Meillet, Antoine},
    title = {La méthode comparative en linguistique historique},
    edition = {reprint},
    year = {1954},
    address = {Paris}
}

@book{Meillet1908,
    publisher = {Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion},
    author = {Meillet, Antoine},
    url = {http://archive.org/details/lesdialectesindo00meil},
    title = {Les dialectes Indo-Européens},
    year = {1908},
    address = {Paris}
}

@book{Meillet1903,
    publisher = {Hachette},
    author = {Meillet, A.},
    year = {1903},
    title = {Introduction à lé́tude comparative des langues indo-européennes},
    address = {Paris}
}

@article{Meisel2018,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728916000237},
    author = {Meisel, Jürgen M.},
    journal = {Bilingualism: Language and Cognition},
    title = {Early child second language acquisition: French gender in German children},
    number = {4},
    volume = {21},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {656–673}
}

@book{Meiser1998,
    publisher = {Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft},
    isbn = {3-534-09210-4},
    author = {Meiser, Gerhard},
    title = {Historische Laut- und Formenlehre der lateinischen Sprache},
    year = {1998},
    address = {Darmstadt}
}

@book{Melcuk2006,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    author = {Melč́uk, Igor},
    title = {Aspects of the theory of morphology},
    editor = {Beck, David},
    year = {2006},
    address = {Berlin and New York}
}

@incollection{Melchuk1974,
    publisher = {Athenaion},
    author = {Melč́uk, I. A.},
    booktitle = {Machine Translation and Applied Linguistics},
    title = {Grammatical Meanings in Interlinguas for Automatic Translation and the Concept of Grammatical Meaning},
    year = {1974},
    volume = {1},
    editor = {Rozencvejg, Viktor Ju.},
    address = {Frankfurt am Main}
}

@incollection{Melnicuk1989,
    publisher = {Nauka},
    isbn = {5-02-027964-1},
    author = {Melŉičuk, A. S.},
    booktitle = {Aktualŉye voprosy sravnitelŉogo jazykoznanija [Current problems of comparative linguistics]},
    title = {Problematika rekonstrukcii v sravnitelŉo-istoričeskoj jazykoznanii},
    year = {1989},
    editor = {Desnickaja, A. V.},
    address = {Leningrad},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Formalisten-Realistendebatte;Ursprache},
    pages = {21-35}
}

@incollection{Melcher1992,
    publisher = {Inst. für Sprachwiss.},
    isbn = {3851246136},
    author = {Melcher, H. Craig},
    series = {Innsbrucker Beiträge zur SprachwissenschaftVorträge und kleinere Schriften},
    booktitle = {Rekonstruktion und relative Chronologie: Akten der 8. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, Leiden, 31. August - 4. September 1987},
    title = {Relative chronology and Anatolian: The vowel system},
    year = {1992},
    volume = {65},
    editor = {Beekes, Robert S. P.},
    address = {Innsbruck},
    keywords = {relative chronology},
    pages = {41-54}
}

@thesis{Mellinger2014,
    title = {Computer-assisted translation: An empirical investigation of cognitive effort},
    author = {Mellinger, Christopher D.},
    year = {2014},
    institution = {Kent State University},
    address = {Kent}
}

@article{Mendes2016,
    title = {Gene tree discordance causes apparent substitution rate variation},
    series = {4},
    journal = {Systematic Biology},
    author = {Mendes, Fábio and Hahn, Matthew W.},
    volume = {64},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {711-721}
}

@incollection{Straffon2016a,
    publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25928-4_1},
    author = {Mendoza Straffon, Larissa},
    booktitle = {Cultural Phylogenetics: Concepts and Applications in Archaeology},
    title = {The Applications and Challenges of Cultural Phylogenetics in Archaeology: An Introduction},
    year = {2016},
    editor = {Mendoza Straffon, Larissa},
    address = {Cham and Heidelberg and New York and Dordrecht},
    pages = {1-15}
}

@article{Mennecier2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1163/22105832-00601015},
    title = {A Central Asian language survey},
    journal = {Language Dynamics and Change},
    author = {Phillipe Mennecier and John Nerbonne and Evelyne Heyer and Franz Manni},
    number = {1},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {57–98}
}

@book{Menzerath1928,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    author = {Menzerath, P. and de Oleza, J. M.},
    url = {https://books.google.fr/books?id=9XixAAAAMAAJ},
    series = {Phonetische Untersuchungen},
    title = {Spanische Lautdauer. Eine experimentelle Untersuchung},
    year = {1928},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@article{Merwe1966,
    title = {New Mathematics for Glottochronology [and Comments and Reply]},
    journal = {Current Anthropology},
    author = {van der Merwe, Nikolaas J.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {7},
    year = {1966},
    pages = {485-500}
}

@article{Meschyan2002,
    title = {Age of acquisition and word frequency. Determinants of object-naming speed and accuracy},
    journal = {Memory and Cognition},
    author = {Meschyan, Gayane and Hernandez, Arturo},
    number = {2},
    volume = {30},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {262-269}
}

@article{Mesoudi2007,
    title = {Biological and Cultural Evolution: Similar but Different},
    url = {http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/biot.2007.2.2.119},
    journal = {Biological Theory},
    author = {Mesoudi, Alex},
    number = {2},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {119-123}
}

@article{Mesoudi2007a,
    title = {A Darwinian Theory of Cultural Evolution Can Promote an Evolutionary Synthesis for the Social Sciences},
    url = {http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/biot.2007.2.3.263},
    journal = {Biological Theory},
    author = {Mesoudi, Alex},
    number = {3},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {263-275}
}

@article{Mesoudi2008,
    title = {Ethics, evolution and culture},
    journal = {THEORY IN BIOSCIENCES},
    author = {Mesoudi, Alex and Danielson, Peter},
    number = {3},
    volume = {127},
    year = {2008},
    keywords = {cultural evolution;cultural transmission;evolutionary ethics;evolutionary game theory;moral norms;moral philosophy;moral;psychology;Biologie;Linguistik und Biologie;Gray},
    pages = {229-240}
}

@article{Mesoudi2006,
    title = {Towards a unified science of cultural evolution},
    url = {doi:10.1017/S0140525X06009083},
    journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
    author = {Mesoudi, Alex and Whiten, Andrew and Laland, Kevin N.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {29},
    year = {2006},
    keywords = {cultural anthropology;cultural evolution;cultural transmission;culture;Evolution;evolutionary archaeology;evolutionary biology;gene-culture coevolution;memes;social learning;Biologie;Linguistik und Biologie;Gray},
    pages = {329-383}
}

@incollection{Metcalf1974,
    publisher = {Indiana University Press},
    isbn = {0-253-35559-1},
    author = {Metcalf, George J.},
    series = {Indiana University studies in the history and theory of linguistics},
    booktitle = {Studies in the history of linguistics: Traditions and paradigms},
    title = {The Indo-European hypothesis in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries},
    year = {1974},
    editor = {Hymes, Dell H.},
    address = {Bloomington},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft;},
    pages = {233-257}
}

@article{Metoz2006,
    publisher = {Société dH́istoire et dÉ́pistémologie des Sciences du Langage},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.3406/hel.2006.2886},
    author = {Laurent Métoz},
    url = {http://www.persee.fr/doc/hel_0750-8069_2006_num_28_2_2886},
    abstract = {Le but de cet article est de montrer, par l’étude des travaux de l’américain Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (1783-1840) et des français Jules Dumont d’Urville (1790-1842) et Paul Broca (1824-1880), que la glottochronologie de Morris Swadesh, à la base de l’édifice «Nouvelle Synthèse» ne peut en aucun cas être considérée comme novatrice tant méthodologiquement qu’historiquement. Il s’agira donc par une analyse exhaustive de leurs travaux de comprendre le développement intrinsèque de la lexicostatistique et de la glottochronologie au 19e s. et de faire prendre conscience du rôle majeur mais souvent minoré des travaux de C. S. Rafinesque dans l’émergence de ces disciplines.},
    title = {L’émergence de la lexicostatistique et de la glottochronologie en France au 19e s. : Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, Jules Dumont d’Urville et Paul Broca},
    number = {2},
    pages = {125-155},
    volume = {28},
    year = {2006},
    keywords = {Rafinesque Constantine Samuel,Dumont d’Urville Jules,19th century,New synthesis,France,Glottochronology,Lexicostatistics,Broca Paul,Broca Paul,Glottochronologie,France,19e s.,Nouvelle synthèse,Dumont d’Urville Jules,Rafinesque Constantine Samuel,Lexicostatistique},
    journal = {Histoire Épistémologie Langage}
}

@book{Greenacre2006,
    publisher = {Chapman and Hall/CRC},
    isbn = {1584886285,9781584886280},
    title = {Multiple Correspondence Analysis and Related Methods (Chapman & Hall CRC Statistics in the Social and Behavioral Scie)},
    author = {Michael Greenacre, Jorg Blasius},
    edition = {1},
    year = {2006}
}

@article{Michael2015,
    title = {A Bayesian phylogenetic classification of Tupí-Guaraní},
    journal = {LIAMES},
    author = {Michael, Lev and Chousou-Polydouri, Natalia and Bartolomei, Keith and Donnelly, Erin and Wauters, Vivian and Meira, Sérgio and O’Hagan, Zachary},
    number = {2},
    volume = {15},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {193-221}
}

@book{Michaelis2013,
    publisher = {Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology},
    author = {Michaelis, Susanne Maria and Maurer, Philippe and Haspelmath, Martin and Huber, Magnus},
    year = {2013},
    title = {The Atlas of Pidign and Creole language structures online},
    address = {Leipzig}
}

@article{Michalove1998a,
    title = {Current Issues in Linguistic Taxonomy},
    journal = {Annual Review of Anthropology},
    author = {Michalove, Peter A. and Georg, Stefan and Ramer, Alexis Manaster},
    volume = {27},
    year = {1998},
    pages = {451-472}
}

@book{Michaud2017,
    publisher = {Language Science Press},
    author = {Michaud, Alexis},
    year = {2017},
    title = {Tone in Yongning Na. Lexical tones and morphotonology},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@article{Miele2012,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts098},
    author = {Miele, Vincent and Penel, Simon and Daubin, Vincent and Picard, Franck and Kahn, Daniel and Duret, Laurent},
    journal = {Bioinformatics},
    abstract = {Motivation: Proteins can be naturally classified into families of homologous sequences that derive from a common ancestor. The comparison of homologous sequences and the analysis of their phylogenetic relationships provide useful information regarding the function and evolution of genes. One important difficulty of clustering methods is to distinguish highly divergent homologous sequences from sequences that only share partial homology due to evolution by protein domain rearrangements. Existing clustering methods require parameters that have to be set a priori. Given the variability in the evolution pattern among proteins, these parameters cannot be optimal for all gene families.Results: We propose a strategy that aims at clustering sequences homologous over their entire length, and that takes into account the pattern of substitution specific to each gene family. Sequences are first all compared with each other and clustered into pre-families, based on pairwise similarity criteria, with permissive parameters to optimize sensitivity. Pre-families are then divided into homogeneous clusters, based on the topology of the similarity network. Finally, clusters are progressively merged into families, for which we compute multiple alignments, and we use a model selection technique to find the optimal tradeoff between the number of families and multiple alignment likelihood. To evaluate this method, called HiFiX, we analyzed simulated sequences and manually curated datasets. These tests showed that HiFiX is the only method robust to both sequence divergence and domain rearrangements. HiFiX is fast enough to be used on very large datasets.Availability and implementation: The Python software HiFiX is freely available at http://lbbe.univ-lyon1.fr/hifixContact: vincent.miele@univ-lyon1.frSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.},
    title = {High-quality sequence clustering guided by network topology and multiple alignment likelihood},
    number = {8},
    volume = {28},
    url = {http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/28/8/1078.full.pdf+html},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {1078-1085}
}

@inproceedings{Mielke2005,
    title = {Modeling distinctive feature emergence},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 24th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics},
    author = {Mielke, Jeff},
    editor = {Alderete, John},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {281-289}
}

@book{Mielke2008,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Mielke, Jeff},
    url = {http://aix1.uottawa.ca/~jmielke/pbase/},
    title = {The emergence of distinctive features},
    year = {2008},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@article{Mihov2004,
    title = {Fast approximate search in large dictionaries},
    journal = {Computational Linguistics},
    author = {Mihov, Stoyan and Schulz, Klaus U.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {30},
    year = {2004},
    keywords = {Levenshtein, String Comparison, String Distance},
    pages = {451-477}
}

@book{Militarev2000,
    publisher = {McDonald Institute for Archaelogical Research},
    author = {Militarev, A IU},
    year = {2000},
    title = {Towards the chronology of Afrasian (Afroasiatic) and its daughter families},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@article{Miller1994,
    title = {Evaluation of the wordlist used in a Mon-Khmer research project in Northeast Thailand},
    url = {http://purl.org/sealang/miller1994evaluation.pdf},
    journal = {Mon-Khmer Studies},
    author = {Miller, John D.},
    volume = {23},
    year = {1993},
    pages = {67-81}
}

@article{Miller1976,
    title = {The Relevance of Historical Linguistics for Japanese Studies},
    journal = {Journal of Japanese Studies},
    author = {Miller, Roy Andrew},
    number = {2},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1976},
    pages = {335-388}
}

@article{Miller1971,
    title = {A Lexicostatistic Study of Shoshoni Dialects},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Miller, Wick R. and Tanner, James L. and Foley, Lawrence P.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {13},
    year = {1971},
    pages = {142-164}
}

@article{Mills2013,
    title = {Adjusting scoring matrices to correct overextended alignments},
    journal = {Bioinformatics},
    author = {Mills, L. J. and Pearson, W. R.},
    number = {23},
    volume = {29},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {3007-3013}
}

@article{Milroy1985,
    title = {Linguistic Change, Social Network and Speaker Innovation},
    journal = {Journal of Linguistics},
    author = {Milroy, James and Milroy, Lesley},
    number = {2},
    volume = {21},
    year = {1985},
    pages = {339-384}
}

@incollection{Milton2010,
    publisher = {Eurosla},
    author = {Milton, James},
    booktitle = {Communicative proficiency and linguistic development: intersections between SLA and language testing research},
    title = {The development of vocabulary breadth across the CEFR levels. A common basis for the elaboration of language syllabuses, curriculum guidelines, examinations, and textbooks across Europe},
    year = {2010},
    editor = {Bartning, INge and Martin, Maisa and Vedder, Ineke},
    address = {York},
    pages = {211-232}
}

@misc{Minett2001,
    keywords = {Entlehnung;Sprachkontakt;Kognaten},
    title = {On the detection of borrowing among languages: Second Workshop on Language Acquisition Change and Emergence},
    year = {2001},
    institution = {City University of Hong Kong},
    author = {Minett, James W.}
}

@book{Minett2006,
    keywords = {sprachliche Evolution;Sprachgeschichte;word order},
    title = {A language emergence model predicts word order bias: Sixth International Conference on the Evolution of Language, Rome, Italy, April 2006. Accepted for oral presentation.},
    year = {2006},
    author = {Minett, James W. and Gong, T. and Wang, William S.-Y.}
}

@book{Minett2004,
    keywords = {Sprachkontakt;Sprachwandel},
    url = {http://www.ee.cuhk.edu.hk/~wsywang/publications/Lexicalskewing_1.pdf},
    title = {An analysis of the lexical skewing method for detecting language contact: Unpublished},
    year = {2004},
    author = {Minett, James W. and Wang, William S.-Y.}
}

@article{Minett2003,
    title = {On detecting borrowing},
    journal = {Diachronica},
    author = {Minett, James W. and Wang, William S.-Y.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {20},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {289–330}
}

@article{Miranda1959,
    title = {Some Findings on Oaxaca Language Classification and Culture Terms},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Miranda, Maria Teresa Fernandez and Swadesh, Morris and Weitlaner, Robert W.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {25},
    year = {1959},
    pages = {54-58}
}

@article{Mirkin2003,
    title = {Algorithms for computing parsimonious evolutionary scenarios for genome evolution, the last universal common ancestor and dominance of horizontal gene transfer in the evolution of prokaryotes},
    journal = {BMC Evolutionary Biology},
    author = {Mirkin, B. G. and Fenner, T. I. and Galperin, M. Y. and Koonin, E. V.},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {2}
}

@incollection{Mithun1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Mithun, Marianne},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {The role of typology in American Indian historical linguistics},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Typologie;Validierung;American Indian},
    pages = {33-56}
}

@article{Mithun2007,
    title = {Grammar, contact and time},
    journal = {Journal of Language Contact},
    author = {Mithun, Marianne},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {144-167}
}

@book{Mitterhofer2013,
    publisher = {SIL International},
    title = {Lessons from a dialect survey of Bena: Analyzing wordlists},
    year = {2013},
    author = {Mitterhofer, Bernadette}
}

@article{Miyazawa1995,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/protein/8.10.999},
    author = {Miyazawa, Sanzo},
    journal = {Protein Engineering},
    abstract = {Probabilities of all possible correspondences of residues in aligning two proteins are evaluated by assuming that the statistical weight of each alignment is proportional to the exponent of its total similarity score. Based on such probabilities, a probability alignment that includes the most probable correspondences is proposed. In the cases of highly similar sequence pairs, the probability alignments agree with the maximum similarity alignments that correspond to the alignments with the maximum similarity score. Significant correspondences in the probability alignments are those whose probabilities are >0.5. The probability alignment method is applied to a few protein pairs, and results indicate that such highly probable correspondences in the probability alignments are probably correct correspondences that agree with the structural alignments and that incorrect correspondences in the maximum similarity alignments are usually insignificant correspondences in the probability alignments. The root mean square deviations in superimposition of corresponding residues tend to be smaller for significant correspondences in the probability alignments than for all correspondences in the maximum similarity alignments, indicating that incorrect correspondences in the maximum similarity alignments tend to be insignificant correspondences in probability alignments. This fact is also confirmed in 109 protein pairs that are similar to each other with sequence identities between 90 and 35%. In addition, the probability alignment method may better predict correct correspondences than the maximum similarity alignment method. Probability alignments do, of course, depend on a scoring scheme but are less sensitive to the value of parameters such as gap penalties. The present probability alignment method is useful for constructing reliable alignments based on the probabilities of correspondences and can be used with any scoring scheme.},
    title = {A reliable sequence alignment method based on probabilities of residue correspondences},
    number = {10},
    volume = {8},
    url = {http://peds.oxfordjournals.org/content/8/10/999.full.pdf+html},
    year = {1994},
    pages = {999-1009}
}

@thesis{Modi2017,
    school = {Universität Bern},
    title = {The Milang language. Grammar and texts},
    author = {Modi, Yankee},
    year = {2017},
    address = {Bern},
    keywords = {Sino-Tibetan, Milang, grammar, texts},
    institution = {Universität Bern}
}

@article{Mohammad2013,
    title = {Crowdsourcing a Word-Emotion Association Lexicon},
    journal = {Computational Intelligence},
    author = {Mohammad, Saif M. and Turney, Peter D.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {29},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {436-465}
}

@article{Moehn1964,
    publisher = {Franz Steiner Verlag},
    author = {Dieter Möhn},
    journal = {Zeitschrift für Mundartforschung},
    abstract = {The current system of phonetic transcription for German dialectology was set out in 1924 in the first issue of the journal "Teuthonista". This article gives a survey of the main dialectological studies of the last 40 years, showing how and for what sounds the "Teuthonista"-system was adopted, modified of rejected, and in what respects it proved inadequate.},
    title = {Die Lautschrift der Zeitschrift "Teuthonista". Ihre Bewährung und Erweiterung in der deutschen Mundartforschung 1924—1964},
    number = {1},
    volume = {31},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40500598},
    year = {1964},
    pages = {21-42}
}

@article{Mohr1998,
    title = {Measuring Meaning Structures},
    journal = {Annual Review of Sociology},
    author = {Mohr, John W.},
    volume = {24},
    year = {1998},
    pages = {345-370}
}

@article{Sankoff1990,
    title = {Comparison of musical sequences},
    journal = {Computers and the Humanities},
    author = {Mongeau, Marcel and Sankoff, David},
    number = {3},
    volume = {24},
    year = {1990},
    pages = {161-175}
}

@article{Moore2012,
    title = {The dynamics and evolutionary potential of domain loss and emergence},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    abstract = {The wealth of available genomic data presents an unrivaled opportunity to study the molecular basis of evolution. Studies on gene family expansions and site-dependent analyses have already helped establish important insights into how proteins facilitate adaptation. However, efforts to conduct full-scale cross-genomic comparisons between species are challenged by both growing amounts of data and the inherent difficulty in accurately inferring homology between deeply rooted species. Proteins, in comparison, evolve by means of domain rearrangements, a process more amenable to study given the strength of profile-based homology inference and the lower rates with which rearrangements occur. However, adapting to a constantly changing environment can require molecular modulations beyond reach of rearrangement alone. Here, we explore rates and functional implications of novel domain emergence in contrast to domain gain and loss in 20 arthropod species of the pancrustacean clade. Emerging domains are more likely disordered in structure and spread more rapidly within their genomes than established domains. Furthermore, although domain turnover occurs at lower rates than gene family turnover, we find strong evidence that the emergence of novel domains is foremost associated with environmental adaptation such as abiotic stress response. The results presented here illustrate the simplicity with which domain-based analyses can unravel key players of natureś adaptational machinery, complementing the classical site-based analyses of adaptation.},
    author = {Moore, Andrew D. and Bornberg-Bauer, Erich},
    number = {2},
    volume = {29},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {787-796}
}

@article{Moore1994,
    title = {Putting Anthropology Back Together Again: The Ethnogenetic Critique of Cladistic Theory},
    journal = {American Anthropologist},
    author = {Moore, John H.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {96},
    year = {1994},
    pages = {925-948}
}

@article{Moran2011,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-011-9158-8},
    author = {Moran, Steven},
    journal = {Language Resources and Evaluation},
    abstract = {This paper presents the design and implementation of the Ontology for Accessing Transcription Systems (OATS), a knowledge base that supports interoperation over disparate transcription systems and practical orthographies. OATS uses RDF, SPARQL and Unicode to facilitate resource discovery and intelligent search over linguistic data. The knowledge base includes an ontological description of writing systems and relations for mapping transcription system segments to an interlingua pivot, the IPA. It includes orthographic and phonemic inventories from 203 African languages, which were mined from the Web. OATS is motivated by four use cases: querying data in the knowledge base via IPA, querying it in native orthography, error checking of digitized data, and conversion between transcription systems. The model in this paper implements each of these use cases.},
    title = {An ontology for accessing transcription systems},
    number = {3},
    volume = {45},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10579-011-9158-8},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {345}
}

@book{Moran2018,
    publisher = {Language Science Press},
    author = {Moran, Steven and Cysouw, Michael},
    url = {http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/176},
    title = {The Unicode Cookbook for Linguists: Managing writing systems using orthography profiles},
    year = {2018},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@article{Moran2013,
    title = {Investigating the relatedness of the endangered Dogon languages},
    journal = {Literary and Linguistic Computing},
    author = {Moran, Steven and Prokić, Jelena},
    number = {4},
    volume = {28},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {676-691}
}

@book{Moravec1988,
    publisher = {Harvard University Press},
    isbn = {0674576187,9780674576186},
    title = {Mind children: The future of robot and human intelligence},
    author = {Hans Moravec},
    edition = {Reprint},
    year = {1988}
}

@article{Moret2004,
    title = {Phylogenetic networks: Modeling, reconstructibility, and accuracy},
    journal = {IEEE/ACM Trans. Comput. Biol. Bioinformatics},
    author = {Moret, Bernard M. E. and Nakhleh, Luay and Warnow, Tandy and Linder, C. Randal and Tholse, Anna and Padolina, Anneke and Sun, Jerry and Timme, Ruth},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {13-23}
}

@inproceedings{Morgenstern1998,
    publisher = {AAAI Press},
    author = {Morgenstern, B. and Atchley, W. R. and Hahn, K. and Dress, A.},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology},
    title = {Segment-based scores for pairwise and multiple sequence alignments},
    year = {1998},
    editor = {Glasgow, Janice and Littlejohn, Tim and Lathrop, Francois Major Richard and Sankoff, David and Sensen, Christoph},
    address = {Menlo Park},
    pages = {115 - 121}
}

@article{Morgenstern1996,
    title = {Multiple DNA and protein sequence alignment based on segment-to-segment comparison},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    author = {Morgenstern, Burkhard and Dress, Andreas and Werner, Thomas},
    volume = {93},
    year = {1996},
    keywords = {multiple sequence alignment},
    pages = {12098-12103}
}

@article{Morgenstern1976,
    title = {Eight Activities for the Conversation Class},
    journal = {The Modern Language Journal},
    author = {Morgenstern, Douglas},
    number = {1/2},
    volume = {60},
    year = {1976},
    pages = {35-38}
}

@article{Morin2016a,
    title = {Birth of the cool: a two-centuries decline in emotional expression in Anglophone fiction},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2016.1260528},
    journal = {Cognition and Emotion},
    author = {Olivier Morin and Alberto Acerbi},
    note = {PMID: 27910735},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {1-13}
}

@article{Morrison2015,
    title = {Molecular homology and multiple-sequence alignment: an analysis of concepts and practice},
    journal = {Australian Systematic Botany},
    author = {Morrison, David},
    volume = {28},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {46-62}
}

@article{Morrison2009,
    title = {Why would phylogeneticists ignore computerized sequence alignment?},
    journal = {Systematic Biology},
    author = {Morrison, David},
    number = {1},
    volume = {58},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {150-158}
}

@article{Morrison2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/s11692-016-9376-5},
    title = {Genealogies: Pedigrees and phylogenies are reticulating networks not just divergent trees},
    journal = {Evolutionary Biology},
    author = {Morrison, David A.},
    note = {Published online before print},
    year = {2016}
}

@article{Morrison2015a,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syv038},
    title = {Aristotleś Ladder, Darwinś Tree: The Evolution of Visual Metaphors for Biological Order. — By J. David Archibald.},
    url = {http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/64/5/892.2.short},
    journal = {Systematic Biology},
    author = {Morrison, David A.},
    number = {5},
    volume = {64},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {892-895}
}

@article{Morrison2014,
    title = {Is the Tree of Life the best metaphor, model, or heuristic for phylogenetics?},
    journal = {Systematic Biology},
    author = {Morrison, David A.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {63},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {628-638}
}

@article{Morrison2014a,
    publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Labs Journals},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1101/006486},
    title = {Are phylogenetic patterns the same in anthropology and biology?},
    abstract = {The use of phylogenetic methods in anthropological fields such as archaeology, linguistics and stemmatology (involving what are often called ?culture data?) is based on an analogy between human cultural evolution and biological evolution. We need to understand this analogy thoroughly, including how well anthropology data fit the model of a phylogenetic tree, as used in biology. I provide a direct comparison of anthropology datasets with both phenotype and genotype datasets from biology. The anthropology datasets fit the tree model approximately as well as do the genotype data, which is detectably worse than the fit of the phenotype data. This is true for datasets with &lt;500 parsimony-informative characters, as well as for larger datasets. This implies that cross-cultural (horizontal) processes have been important in the evolution of cultural artifacts, as well as branching historical (vertical) processes, and thus a phylogenetic network will be a more appropriate model than a phylogenetic tree.},
    author = {Morrison, David A.},
    year = {2014},
    journal = {bioRxiv}
}

@article{Morrison2014b,
    title = {Phylogenetic networks: a new form of multivariate data summary for data mining and exploratory data analysis},
    journal = {WIREs Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery},
    doi = {http://doi.org/doi: 10.1002/widm.1130},
    year = {2014},
    author = {Morrison, David A.}
}

@book{Morrison2011,
    publisher = {RJR Productions},
    author = {Morrison, D. A.},
    year = {2011},
    title = {An introduction to phylogenetic networks},
    address = {Uppsala}
}

@article{Morrison2010,
    title = {Review of Sequence Alignment: Methods, Models, Concepts, and Strategies ed. by M. S. Rosenberg (2009)},
    journal = {Systematic Biology},
    author = {Morrison, David A.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {359},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {363-365}
}

@article{Morrison2006,
    title = {Multiple sequence alignment for phylogenetic purposes},
    journal = {Australian Systematic Botany},
    author = {Morrison, David A.},
    number = {19},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {479–539}
}

@article{Morrison2005,
    title = {Networks in phylogenetic analysis: new tools for population biology},
    journal = {International Journal for Parasitology},
    author = {David A. Morrison},
    number = {5},
    volume = {35},
    year = {2005},
    keywords = {Phylogeny},
    pages = {567-582}
}

@article{Mortarino2009,
    title = {An improved statistical test for historical linguistics},
    journal = {Statistical Methods and Applications},
    author = {Mortarino, Cinzia},
    number = {2},
    volume = {18},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {193-204}
}

@incollection{Mortarino2004,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the XLII scientific meeting of the Italian statistical society},
    title = {A statistical test useful in historical linguistics},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {107–110},
    author = {Mortarino, Cinzia}
}

@book{Mortensen2017,
    publisher = {Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science},
    author = {David Mortensen},
    year = {2017},
    title = {PanPhon. Python API for Accessing Phonological Features of IPA Segments},
    address = {Pittsburgh}
}

@inproceedings{Mortensen2016,
    publisher = {ACL},
    title = {PanPhon: A Resource for Mapping IPA Segments to Articulatory Feature Vectors},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers},
    author = {David R. Mortensen and Patrick Littell and Akash Bharadwaj and Kartik Goyal and Chris Dyer and Lori S. Levin},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {3475-3484}
}

@book{Mount2001,
    publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press},
    author = {Mount, David W.},
    year = {2001},
    title = {Bioinformatics. Sequence and genome analysis},
    address = {New York}
}

@book{Mous2003,
    publisher = {John Benjamins},
    isbn = {978 90 272 5248 7},
    author = {Mous, Maarten},
    url = {http://www.benjamins.nl/cgi-bin/t_bookview.cgi?bookid=CLL%2026},
    series = {Creole language library},
    title = {The Making of a Mixed Language - The case of Maá/Mbugu},
    year = {2003},
    volume = {26},
    address = {Amsterdam}
}

@article{Mowrey1995,
    title = {The reductive character of articulatory evolution},
    journal = {Rivista di Linguistica},
    author = {Mowrey, Richard and Pagliuca, William},
    volume = {7},
    year = {1995},
    pages = {37–124}
}

@book{Mufwene2008,
    publisher = {New York: Continuum INternational Publishing Group},
    title = {Language Evolution: Contact, Competition and Change},
    year = {2008},
    author = {Mufwene, Salikoko S.}
}

@article{Mufwene2007,
    title = {Population movements and contacts in language evolution},
    journal = {Journal of Language Contact},
    author = {Mufwene, Salikoko S.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {62-92}
}

@article{Mufwene2004,
    title = {Language birth and death},
    journal = {Annu. Rev. Anthropol.},
    author = {Mufwene, Salikoko S.},
    volume = {33},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {201-222}
}

@article{Mufwene2002,
    title = {Competition and Selection in Language Evolution},
    journal = {Selection},
    author = {Mufwene, Salikoko S.},
    volume = {3(1)},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {45-56}
}

@book{Mufwene2001,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Mufwene, Salikoko S.},
    year = {2001},
    title = {The ecology of language evolution},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@article{Mugdan2014,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1075/hl.41.1.13mug},
    title = {More on the origins of the term phonème},
    journal = {Historiographia Linguistica},
    author = {Mugdan, Joachim},
    number = {1},
    volume = {41},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {185–187}
}

@article{Mulder1959,
    publisher = {BRILL},
    author = {Mulder, J. W. F.},
    series = {Second Series},
    journal = {Tóung Pao},
    title = {On the morphology of the negatives in Archaic Chinese},
    number = {3/5},
    volume = {47},
    year = {1959},
    keywords = {Chinese, Old Chinese, contraction},
    pages = {251-280}
}

@article{Mulder2006,
    title = {Cultural macroevolution and the transmission of traits},
    journal = {EVOLUTIONARY ANTHROPOLOGY},
    author = {Mulder, M. B. and Nunn, C. L. and Towner, M. C.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {15},
    year = {2006},
    keywords = {Gray;Linguistik und Biologie},
    pages = {52-64}
}

@article{Mulder1992,
    title = {Chinese Is a VO Language},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4047775},
    journal = {Natural Language & Linguistic Theory},
    author = {Mulder, RenÃ© and Sybesma, Rint},
    number = {3},
    volume = {10},
    year = {1992},
    pages = {439-476}
}

@article{Muller1986,
    title = {Early stages of language comparison from Sassetti to Sir William Jones (1786)},
    journal = {Kratylos},
    author = {Muller, Jean-Claude},
    volume = {31},
    year = {1986},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft;},
    pages = {1-31}
}

@book{Mueller1861,
    publisher = {Longman and Green and Longman and Roberts},
    author = {Müller, Max},
    title = {Lectures on the science of language},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1861},
    address = {London}
}

@book{Mueller1864,
    publisher = {Longman and Green and Longman and Roberts},
    author = {Müller, Max Friedrich},
    url = {http://books.google.de/books?id=zuRk3iLXzLQC},
    title = {Lectures on the science of language},
    year = {1864},
    volume = {2},
    address = {London}
}

@article{Mullie1952,
    publisher = {Harvard-Yenching Institute},
    author = {Mullie, Jos L. M.},
    journal = {Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies},
    title = {Note sur yên},
    number = {1/2},
    volume = {15},
    year = {1952},
    keywords = {contraction, Chinese},
    pages = {140-165}
}

@inproceedings{Mulloni2006,
    title = {Automatic detection of orthographic cues for cognate recognition},
    abstract = {Present-day machine translation technologies crucially depend on the size and quality of lexical resources. Much of recent research in the area has been concerned with methods to build bilingual dictionaries automatically. In this paper we propose a methodology for the automatic detection of cognates between two languages based solely on the orthography of words. From a set of known cognates, the method induces rules capturing regularities of orthographic mutations that a word undergoes when migrating from one language into the other. The rules are then applied as a preprocessing step before measuring the orthographic similarity between putative cognates. As a result, the method allows to achieve an improvement in the F-measure of 11,86 % in comparison with detecting cognates based only on the edit distance between them.},
    author = {Andrea Mulloni and Viktor Pekar},
    year = {2006},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation},
    pages = {2387-2390}
}

@book{Muenster1523,
    publisher = {apud Frobenium},
    title = {Dictionarium Hebraicum, nunc primum editum et typis excusum, adiectis Chaldaicis vocabulis non parum multis},
    year = {1523},
    author = {Münster, Sebastian}
}

@article{Myers2009,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1016/j.wocn.2009.02.002},
    title = {Lexical frequency effects in Taiwan Southern Min syllable contraction},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0095447009000163},
    journal = {Journal of Phonetics},
    author = {James Myers and Yingshing Li},
    number = {2},
    volume = {37},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {212 - 230}
}

@article{Naderi2007,
    title = {Large-scale mitochondrial DNA analysis of the domestic goat reveals six haplogroups with high diversity},
    journal = {PLoS ONE},
    author = {Naderi, S. and Rezaei, H. R. and Taberlet, P. and Zundel, S. and Rafat, S. A. and Naghash, H. R. and el-Barody, M. A. and Ertugrul, O. and Pompanon, F. and Abo-Shehada, M. and Ajmone, M. P. and Al Tarrayrah, J. and Angiolillo, A. and Baret, P. and Baumung, R. and Beja-Pereira, A. and Bertaglia, M. and Bordonaro, S. and Bruford, M. and Caloz, R. and Canali, G. and Canon, J. and Cappuccio, I. and Carta, A. and Cicogna, M. and Crepaldi, P. and Dalamitra, S. and Krugmann, D. and Dobi, P. and Popielarczyk, D. and Dunner, S. and DÚrso, G. and el-Barody, M. A. and England, P. and Erhardt, G. and Ertugrul, O. and Prinzenberg, E. M. and Ibeagha-Awemu, E. and Strzelec, E. and Aziz, F. and Fornarelli, F. and Garcia, D. and Georgoudis, A. and Gesine, L. and Giovenzana, S. and Gutscher, K. and Hewitt, G. and Hoda, A. and Horst, B. and Istvan, A. and Juma, G. and Joost, S. and Jones, S. and Karetsou, K. and Kliambas, G. and Koban, E. and Kutita, O. and Lazlo, F. and Lenstra, J. A. and Ligda, C. and Lipsky, S. and Luikart, G. and Glowatzki, M. L. and Marilli, M. and Marletta, D. and Milanesi, E. and Negrini, R. and Nijman, I. J. and Obexer-Ruff, G. and Papachristoforou, C. and Pariset, L. and Pellecchia, M. and Peter, C. and Perez, T. and Pietrola, E. and Pilla, F. and Niznikowski, R. and Roosen, J. and Scarpa, R. and Sechi, T. and Taberlet, P. and Taylor, M. and Togan, I. and Trommetter, M. and Valentini, A. and Van Cann, L. M. and Vlaic, A. and Wiskin, L. and Zundel, S.},
    number = {10},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {e1012}
}

@article{Nagaraja2013,
    title = {A lexicostatistical study of the Khasian language},
    journal = {Mon-Khmer Studies},
    author = {Nagaraja, K. S. and Sidwell, Paul and Greenhill, Simon},
    volume = {42},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {1-11}
}

@article{Nagy1984,
    publisher = {Wiley},
    author = {Nagy, William E. and Anderson, Richard C.},
    journal = {Reading Research Quarterly},
    abstract = {The purpose of this research was to determine the number of distinct words in printed school English. A detailed analysis was done of a 7,260 word sample from the Carroll, Davies and Richman, Word Frequency Book. Projecting from this sample to the total vocabulary of school English, our best estimate is that there are about 88,500 distinct words. Furthermore, for every word a child learns, we estimate that there are an average of one to three additional related words that should also be understandable to the child, the exact number depending on how well the child is able to utilize context and morphology to induce meanings. Based on our analysis, a reconcilation of estimates of childrenś vocabulary size was undertaken, which showed that the extreme divergence in estimates is due mainly to the definition of "word" adopted. Our findings indicate that even the most ruthlessly systematic direct vocabulary instruction could neither account for a significant proportion of all the words children actually learn, nor cover more than a modest proportion of the words they will encounter in school reading materials. /// [French] Le but de cette recherche était de déterminer le nombre de mots distincts dans lÁnglais scolaire imprimé. Une analyse détaillée a été faite dún échantillon de 7260 mots à partir du Livre de fréquence de mots Carroll, Davies et Richman. En projetant à partir de cet échantillon jusquáu vocabulaire total de lÁnglais scolaire, notre estimation meilleure est quíl y a environ 88500 mots distincts. De plus, pour chaque mot quún enfant apprend, nous estimons quíl y a une moyenne dún à trois mots additionnels en rapport qui devraient être aussi compris par lénfant, le nombre exact dépendant de combien lénfant est capable dútiliser le contexte et la morphologie pour produire des significations. Basée sur notre analyse, on a entrepris une réconciliation déstimations de la quantité de vocabulaire des enfants, qui a montré que léxtrême divergence en estimations est due principalement à la définition du "mot" adopté. Nos découvertes indiquent que même línstruction de vocabulaire directe la plus systématique ne pourrait ni compter pour une proportion significative de tous les mots que les enfants apprennent vraiment, ni couvrir plus quúne proportion modeste de mots quíls rencontreront dans le matériel de lecture scolaire. /// [Spanish] El objetivo de esta investigacion era determinar el número de distintas palabras en el inglés escolar escrito. Se hizo un análisis detallado de una muestra de 7.260 palabras del Word Frequency Book (Libro de Frecuencia de Palabras) de Carroll, Davies y Richman. Reflejando desde esta muestra al vocabulario total del inglés escolar, nuestro mejor cálculo indica que hay aproximadamente 88.500 palabras distintas. Además, por cada palabra que un niño aprende, calculamos que hay un promedio de una a tres palabras relacionadas adicionales que también deberían comprenderse por el niño, dependiendo el número exacto hasta qué punto el niño es capaz de utilizar contexto y morfología para inducir significado. Basado en nuestro análisis, se procedió a una conciliación de cálculos sobre la extensión del vocabulario de los niños, que demostró que la extrema discrepancia en los cálculos se debe principalmente a cuál definición se adopta sobre lo que es "palabra". Nuestros resultados indican que ni siquiera la más rigurosa y sistemática instrucción directa de vocabulario podía justificar una proporción significativa de todas las palabras que los niños realmente aprenden, ni cubrir más que una modesta proporción de las palabras con las que se enfrentarán en materiales de lectura escolares.},
    title = {How many words are there in printed school english?},
    number = {3},
    volume = {19},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/747823},
    year = {1984},
    pages = {304-330}
}

@thesis{Nakagawa2006,
    title = {Aspects of the phonetic and phonological structure of the Gui language},
    year = {2006},
    author = {Nakagawa, H.}
}

@article{Nakamura2007,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msl138},
    author = {Nakamura, Yoji and Itoh, Takeshi and Martin, William},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    abstract = {Eukaryotic gene fusion and fission events are mechanistically more complicated than in prokaryotes, and their quantitative contributions to genome evolution are still poorly understood. We have identified all differentially composite or split genes in 2 fully sequenced plant genomes, Oryza sativa and Arabidopsis thaliana. Out of 10,172 orthologous gene pairs, 60 (0.6% of the total) revealed a verified fusion or fission event in either lineage after the divergence of O. sativa and A. thaliana. Polarizing these events by outgroup comparison revealed differences in the rate of gene fission but not of gene fusion in the rice and Arabidopsis lineages. Gene fission occurred at a higher rate than gene fusion in the O. sativa lineage and was furthermore more common in rice than in Arabidopsis. Nucleotide insertion bias has promoted gene fission in the O. sativa lineage, consistent with its generally longer nucleotide sequences than A. thaliana in selectively neutral regions, and with the abundance of transposable elements in rice. The divergence time of monocots and dicots (140–200 Myr) indicates that gene fusion/fission events occur at an average rate of 1 × 10−11 to 2 × 10−11 events per gene per year, ∼100-fold slower than the average per site nuclear nucleotide substitution rate in these lineages. Gene fusion and fission are thus rare and slow processes in higher plant genomes; they should be of utility to address deeper evolutionary relationships among plants—and the relationship of plants to other eukaryotic lineages—where sequence-based phylogenies provide equivocal or conflicting results.},
    title = {Rate and Polarity of Gene Fusion and Fission in Oryza sativa and Arabidopsis thaliana},
    number = {1},
    volume = {24},
    url = {http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/24/1/110.full.pdf+html},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {110-121}
}

@article{Nakhleh2013a,
    title = {Computational approaches to species phylogeny inference and gene tree reconciliation},
    journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
    author = {Nakhleh, Luay},
    number = {12},
    volume = {28},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {719-728}
}

@article{Nakhleh2005,
    title = {Perfect Phylogenetic Networks: A new methodology for reconstructing the evolutionary history of natural languages},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Nakhleh, Luay and Ringe, Don and Warnow, Tandy},
    number = {2},
    volume = {81},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {382-420}
}

@inproceedings{Nakhleh2004,
    publisher = {ACM},
    isbn = {1-58113-755-9},
    author = {Nakhleh, Luay and Warnow, Tandy and Linder, C. Randal},
    booktitle = {RECOMB 0́4: Proceedings of the eighth annual international conference on Resaerch in computational molecular biology},
    title = {Reconstructing reticulate evolution in species: theory and practice},
    year = {2004},
    address = {New York, NY, USA},
    pages = {337-346}
}

@article{Nakhleh2005b,
    title = {A comparison of phylogenetic reconstruction methods on an Indo-European dataset},
    url = {DOI:10.1111/j.1467-968X.2005.00149.x},
    journal = {Transactions of the Philological Society},
    author = {Nakhleh, Luay and Warnow, Tandy and Ringe, Donald and Evans, Steven N.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {103},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {171-192}
}

@inproceedings{Naradowsky2011,
    publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
    author = {Naradowsky, Jason and Toutanova, Kristina},
    url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1090},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies},
    title = {Unsupervised Bilingual Morpheme Segmentation and Alignment with Context-rich Hidden Semi-Markov Models},
    year = {2011},
    address = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
    pages = {895-904}
}

@article{Nasir2014,
    title = {Global patterns of protein domain gain and loss in superkingdoms},
    journal = {PLoS Computational Biology},
    author = {Nasir, Arshan and Kim, Kyung Mo and Caetano-Anollés, Gustavo},
    number = {1},
    volume = {10},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {e1003452}
}

@article{Natale2000,
    title = {Computer-assisted analysis of molecular mimicry between human papillomavirus 16 E7 oncoprotein and human protein sequences},
    journal = {Immunology and Cell Biology},
    abstract = {The immunology of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections has peculiar characteristics. The long latency for cervical cancer development after primary viral infection suggests mechanisms that may aid the virus in avoiding the host immunosurveillance and establishing persistent infections. In order to understand whether molecular mimicry phenomena might explain the ability of HPV to avoid a protective immune response by the host cell, sequence similarity between HPV16 E7 oncoprotein and human self-proteins was examined by computer-assisted analysis. Data were obtained showing that the HPV16 E7 protein has high and widespread similarity to several human proteins involved in a number of critical regulatory processes. In addition, multiple identical and different E7 peptide motifs are present in the same human protein. Thus, sharing of common motifs between viral oncoproteins and molecules of normal cells may be one cause underlying the scarce immunogenicity of HPV infections. The hypothesis is advanced that synthetic peptides harbouring viral motifs not and/or scarcely represented in the hostś cellular proteins may represent a valuable immunotherapeutic approach for cervical cancer treatment.},
    author = {Natale, C. and Giannini, T. and Lucchese, A. and Kanduc, D.},
    number = {6},
    volume = {78},
    year = {2000},
    pages = {580-585}
}

@article{NavigliPonzetto2012,
    title = {BabelNet: The automatic construction, evaluation and application of a wide-coverage multilingual semantic network},
    journal = {Artificial Intelligence},
    author = {Navigli, Roberto and Ponzetto, Simone Paolo},
    volume = {193},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {217-250}
}

@article{Navlakha2011,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1001119},
    title = {Network Archeology: Uncovering Ancient Networks from Present-Day Interactions},
    journal = {PLoS Computational Biology},
    author = {Saket Navlakha and Carl Kingsford},
    number = {4},
    volume = {7},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {1-16}
}

@article{Needleman1970,
    title = {A gene method applicable to the search for similarities in the amino acid sequence of two proteins},
    journal = {Journal of Molecular Biology},
    author = {Needleman, Saul B. and Wunsch, Christan D.},
    volume = {48},
    year = {1970},
    keywords = {sequence, alignment, algorithms},
    pages = {443-453}
}

@article{Nelson2004,
    title = {The University of South Florida free association, rhyme, and word fragment norms},
    journal = {Behaviour Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers},
    abstract = {Preexisting word knowledge is accessed in many cognitive tasks, and this article offers a means for indexing this knowledge so that it can be manipulated or controlled. We offer free association data for 72,000 word pairs, along with over a million entries of related data, such as forward and backward strength, number of competing associates, and printed frequency. A separate file contains the 5,019 normed words, their statistics, and thousands of independently normed rhyme, stem, and fragment cues. Other files provide nn associative networks for more than 4,000 words and a list of idiosyncratic responses for each normed word. The database will be useful for investigators interested in cuing, priming, recognition, network theory, linguistics, and implicit testing applications. They also will be useful for evaluating the predictive value of free association probabilities as compared with other measures, such as similarity ratings and co-occurrence norms. Of several procedures for measuring preexisting strength between two words, the best remains to be determined. The norms may be down- loaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive/.},
    author = {Nelson, Douglas L. and McEvoy, Cathy and Schreiber, Thomas A.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {36},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {402-407}
}

@article{Nelson1979,
    publisher = {[Oxford University Press, Society of Systematic Biologists, Taylor & Francis, Ltd.]},
    author = {Gareth Nelson},
    journal = {Systematic Zoology},
    abstract = {Cladistic analysis is the analysis of hierarchically branching diagrams (cladograms), which estimate, with more or less informativeness and efficiency, one or more cladistic parameters. Branch points (components) comprise part of the information of a cladogram (the component information); and branch tips (terminal taxa) comprise the other part (the term information). In an analysis of five cladograms published on allodapine bees, components were segregated into four categories: (1) replicates; (2) components non-combinable with replicates; (3) components combinable with replicates and with each other; (4) components individually combinable with replicates but not with each other. Components replicated in cladograms based on independent data sets have low, but specifiable, probabilities of occurrence. For the five cladograms of bees, the replicates were found to be non-random (P = 10-17%). Through cladistic synthesis, categories (1) and (3) were combined in a general cladogram-the best estimate of the only apparent cladistic parameter. In a comparison of the five cladograms of bees, phyletic procedures proved more efficient and more informative than phenetic procedures in estimating the cladistic parameter, as represented by the general cladogram. The number of characters on which each of the five cladograms is based seems either uncorrelated, or inversely correlated, with the cladogramś efficiency in estimating the cladistic parameter.},
    title = {Cladistic Analysis and Synthesis: Principles and Definitions, with a Historical Note on Adansonś Familles des plantes (1763-1764)},
    number = {1},
    volume = {28},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2412995},
    year = {1979},
    pages = {1-21}
}

@article{Nelson2001,
    volume = {27},
    journal = {Deseret Language and Lingustic Society Symposium},
    title = {Lexicostatistics applied to the historical development of three languages of the Philippines},
    year = {2001},
    author = {Nelson, Hans}
}

@article{NelsonSathi2011,
    title = {Networks uncover hidden lexical borrowing in Indo-European language evolution},
    journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences},
    abstract = {Language evolution is traditionally described in terms of family trees with ancestral languages splitting into descendent languages. However, it has long been recognized that language evolution also entails horizontal components, most commonly through lexical borrowing. For example, the English language was heavily influenced by Old Norse and Old French; eight per cent of its basic vocabulary is borrowed. Borrowing is a distinctly non-tree-like process—akin to horizontal gene transfer in genome evolution—that cannot be recovered by phylogenetic trees. Here, we infer the frequency of hidden borrowing among 2346 cognates (etymologically related words) of basic vocabulary distributed across 84 Indo-European languages. The dataset includes 124 (5%) known borrowings. Applying the uniformitarian principle to inventory dynamics in past and present basic vocabularies, we find that 1373 (61%) of the cognates have been affected by borrowing during their history. Our approach correctly identified 117 (94%) known borrowings. Reconstructed phylogenetic networks that capture both vertical and horizontal components of evolutionary history reveal that, on average, eight per cent of the words of basic vocabulary in each Indo-European language were involved in borrowing during evolution. Basic vocabulary is often assumed to be relatively resistant to borrowing. Our results indicate that the impact of borrowing is far more widespread than previously thought.},
    author = {Nelson-Sathi, Shijulal and List, Johann-Mattis and Geisler, Hans and Fangerau, Heiner and Gray, Russell D. and Martin, William and Dagan, Tal},
    number = {1713},
    volume = {278},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {1794-1803}
}

@incollection{NelsonSathi2013,
    publisher = {Franz Steiner Verlag},
    author = {Shijulal Nelson-Sathi and Popa, Ovidiu and List, Johann-Mattis and Geisler, Hans and Martin, William F. and Dagan, Tal},
    booktitle = {Classification and evolution in biology, linguistics and the history of science. Concepts – methods – visualization},
    title = {Reconstructing the lateral component of language history and genome evolution using network approaches},
    year = {2013},
    address = {Stuttgart},
    pages = {163-180}
}

@article{NelsonSathi2014,
    title = {Origins of major archaeal clades correspond to gene acquisitions from bacteria},
    journal = {Nature},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1038/nature13805},
    year = {2014},
    author = {Nelson-Sathi, S. and Sousa, F. L. and Roettger, M. and Lozada-Chavez, N. and Thiergart, T. and Janssen, A. and Bryant, D. and Landan, G. and Schonheit, P. and Siebers, B. and McInerney, J. O. and Martin, W. F.}
}

@incollection{Nerbonne2010a,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    author = {Nerbonne, John},
    series = {Language and Space},
    booktitle = {Mapping Language},
    title = {Mapping aggregate variation},
    year = {2010},
    number = {2},
    editor = {Stephan Rabanus and Ronald Kehrein and Alfred Lameli},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {476-495}
}

@article{Nerbonne2011,
    title = {Gabmap - A web application for dialectology},
    url = {http://www.gabmap.nl/},
    journal = {Dialectologia},
    author = {Nerbonne, John and Colen, Rinke and Gooskens, Charlotte and Kleiweg, Peter and Leinonen, Therese},
    volume = {Special Issue II},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {65-89}
}

@inproceedings{Nerbonne2007,
    publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
    author = {Nerbonne, John and Ellison, T. Mark and Kondrak, Grzegorz},
    url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W/W07/W07-1301},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of Ninth Meeting of the ACL Special Interest Group in Computational Morphology and Phonology},
    title = {Computing and Historical Phonology},
    year = {2007},
    editor = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
    address = {Prague, Czech Republic},
    keywords = {Phonologie;Lautwandel},
    pages = {1-5}
}

@incollection{Nerbonne2010,
    publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
    author = {Nerbonne, John and Heeringa, Wilbert},
    booktitle = {Language and space. An international handbook of linguistic variation. Vol. 1. Theories and method},
    title = {Measuring dialect differences},
    year = {2010},
    editor = {Auer, Peter and Schmidt, Jürgen Erich},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {550-567}
}

@inproceedings{Nerbonne1996,
    title = {Phonetic distance between Dutch dialects},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the CLIN 9́5 meeting},
    author = {Nerbonne, J. and Heeringa, W. and van den Hout, E. and van de Kooi, P. and Otten, S. and van de Vis, W.},
    editor = {Durieux, G. and Daelemans, W. and Gills, S.},
    year = {1996},
    pages = {185-202}
}

@article{Nerbonne2006,
    title = {Progress in Dialectometry: Toward Explanation},
    url = {doi:10.1093/llc/fql034},
    journal = {Literary and Linguistic Computing},
    author = {Nerbonne, John and Kretzschmar, William},
    number = {4},
    volume = {21},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {387-397}
}

@article{Nerbonne2005,
    title = {Dialektklassifikation auf der Grundlage aggregierter Ausspracheunterschiede},
    journal = {Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik},
    author = {Nerbonne, J. and Siedle, Christine},
    number = {2},
    volume = {72},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {129-147}
}

@incollection{Neroznak1988,
    publisher = {Nauka},
    author = {Neroznak, V. P.},
    booktitle = {Sravnitelŉo-istoričeskoe izučenie jazykov raznych semej. Teorija lingvističeskoj rekonstrukcii (Comparative-historical investigations of languages of different language families. Theory of linguistic reconstruction)},
    title = {Prajazyk: Rekonstrukt ili realŉost?́ (The protolanguage: Reconstruct or reality?)},
    year = {1988},
    editor = {Gadžieva, Ninel ́Z.},
    address = {Moscow},
    pages = {26-43}
}

@book{Nesetril2012,
    publisher = {Springer},
    author = {Jaroslav Nešetřil and Patrice Ossona de Mendez},
    year = {2012},
    title = {Sparsity. Graphs, structures, algorithms.},
    address = {Berlin and Heidelberg}
}

@article{Nettle1999,
    title = {Is the rate of linguistic change constant?},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6H-3WXWT57-2/2/6e5bd277bd196d00ea6415b66e81a180},
    journal = {LINGUA},
    author = {Nettle, Daniel},
    number = {2-3},
    volume = {108},
    year = {1999},
    keywords = {Language change;Lexicostatistics;word order;Computer simulation},
    pages = {119-136}
}

@article{Nettle1998,
    title = {Explaining global patterns of language diversity},
    journal = {Journal of Anthropological Archaeology},
    abstract = {The six and a half thousand languages spoken by humankind are very unevenly distributed across the globe. Language diversity generally increases as one moves from the poles toward the equator and is very low in arid environments. Two belts of extremely high language diversity can be identified. One runs through West and Central Africa, while the other covers South and South-East Asia and the Pacific. Most of the world’s languages are found in these two areas. This paper attempts to explain aspects of the global distribution of language diversity. It is proposed that a key factor influencing it has been climatic variability. Where the climate allows contin- uous food production throughout the year, small groups of people can be reliably self-sufficient and so populations fragment into many small languages. Where the variability of the climate is greater, the size of social network necessary for reliable subsistence is larger, and so languages tend to be more widespread. A regression analysis relating the number of languages spoken in the major tropical countries to the variability of their climates is performed and the results support the hypothesis. The geographical patterning of languages has, however, begun to be destroyed by the spread of Eurasian diseases, Eurasian people, and the world economy.},
    author = {Nettle, Daniel},
    volume = {17},
    year = {1998},
    pages = {354-374}
}

@book{Newman2010,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Newman, M. E. J.},
    year = {2010},
    title = {Networks. An Introduction},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@article{Newman2006,
    volume = {74 (3)},
    title = {Finding community structure in networks using the eigenvectors of matrices},
    journal = {Physical Review E},
    abstract = {We consider the problem of detecting communities or modules in networks, groups of vertices with a higher-than-average density of edges connecting them. Previous work indicates that a robust approach to this problem is the maximization of the benefit function known as “modularity” over possible divisions of a network. Here we show that this maximization process can be written in terms of the eigenspectrum of a matrix we call the modularity matrix, which plays a role in com- munity detection similar to that played by the graph Laplacian in graph partitioning calculations. This result leads us to a number of possible algorithms for detecting community structure, as well as several other results, including a spectral measure of bipartite structure in networks and a new centrality measure that identifies those vertices that occupy central positions within the communities to which they belong. The algorithms and measures proposed are illustrated with applications to a variety of real-world complex networks.},
    author = {Newman, M. E. J.},
    note = {ISSN: 1539-3755, ISBN: 1539-3755},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {1-19}
}

@article{Newman2004,
    title = {Analysis of weighted networks},
    journal = {Physical Review E},
    author = {Newman, M. E. J.},
    number = {5},
    volume = {70},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {056131}
}

@article{Newman2003,
    publisher = {American Physical Society},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.67.026126},
    title = {Mixing patterns in networks},
    journal = {Physical Review E},
    author = {Newman, M. E. J.},
    volume = {67},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {026126}
}

@article{Newman2004a,
    publisher = {American Physical Society},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.69.026113},
    author = {Newman, M. E. J. and Girvan, M.},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.69.026113},
    abstract = {We propose and study a set of algorithms for discovering community structure in networks—natural divisions of network nodes into densely connected subgroups. Our algorithms all share two definitive features: first, they involve iterative removal of edges from the network to split it into communities, the edges removed being identified using any one of a number of possible ” betweenness” measures, and second, these measures are, crucially, recalculated after each removal. We also propose a measure for the strength of the community structure found by our algorithms, which gives us an objective metric for choosing the number of communities into which a network should be divided. We demonstrate that our algorithms are highly effective at discovering community structure in both computer-generated and real-world network data, and show how they can be used to shed light on the sometimes dauntingly complex structure of networked systems.},
    title = {Finding and evaluating community structure in networks},
    number = {2},
    pages = {026113+},
    volume = {69},
    year = {2004},
    keywords = {graphs, networks},
    journal = {Physical Review E}
}

@misc{Nicholaev2007,
    note = {Available online: http://starling.rinet.ru},
    title = {Germanic etymology},
    year = {2007},
    author = {Nicholaev, S.}
}

@misc{Nicholaev2007a,
    note = {Available online: http://starling.rinet.ru/},
    title = {Indo-European etymology},
    year = {2007},
    author = {Nicholaev, S.}
}

@inproceedings{Nicholas1989,
    publisher = {College-Hill Press},
    author = {Nicholas, Linda E. and Brookshire, Robert H. and MacLennan, Donald L. and Schumacher, James G. and Porrazzo, Shirley A.},
    booktitle = {Clinical Aphasiology Conference},
    title = {The Boston Naming Test: Revised administration and scoring procedures and normative information for non-brain-damaged adults},
    year = {1989},
    address = {Boston},
    pages = {103-115}
}

@inproceedings{Nicholls2006,
    publisher = {McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research; Distributed by Orbow Books},
    isbn = {9781902937335},
    author = {Nicholls, Geoff K. and Gray, Russell D.},
    series = {McDonald Institute monographs},
    booktitle = {Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages},
    title = {Quantifying uncertainty in a stochastic dollo model of vocabulary evolution},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Forster, Peter and Renfrew, Colin},
    address = {Cambridge UK , Oxford UK , Oakville CT USA ,},
    keywords = {quantitative Methoden;sprachliche Evolution},
    pages = {161-172}
}

@inproceedings{Nichols2006,
    publisher = {McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research; Distributed by Orbow Books},
    isbn = {9781902937335},
    author = {Nichols, Johanna},
    series = {McDonald Institute monographs},
    booktitle = {Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages},
    title = {Quasi-cognates and lexical type shifts: Rigorous distance measures for long-range comparison},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Forster, Peter and Renfrew, Colin},
    address = {Cambridge UK , Oxford UK , Oakville CT USA ,},
    keywords = {cognate;long-range comparison},
    pages = {57-66}
}

@incollection{Nichols2003,
    publisher = {Blackwell},
    isbn = {0-631-19571-8},
    author = {Nichols, Johanna},
    series = {Blackwell handbooks in linguistics},
    booktitle = {The handbook of historical linguistics},
    title = {Diversity and stability in language},
    year = {2003},
    editor = {Joseph, Brian D. and Janda, Richard D.},
    address = {Malden, Mass.},
    keywords = {historische Linguistik;sprachliche Evolution},
    pages = {283-310}
}

@book{Nichols1992,
    publisher = {University Of Chicago Press},
    isbn = {9780226580562,9780226580562},
    author = {Johanna Nichols},
    url = {http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php?md5=84590A36924516AFA77C18A1BA725B48},
    title = {Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time},
    year = {1992},
    edition = {1},
    address = {Chicago}
}

@article{Nichols2008,
    title = {Tutorial on computational linguistic phylogeny},
    journal = {Linguistics Compass},
    author = {Nichols, J. and Warnow, T.},
    number = {5},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {760-820}
}

@article{Nichols1990,
    title = {More on Human Phylogeny and Linguistic History},
    journal = {Current Anthropology},
    author = {Nichols, Johanna and Wiley, E. O. and Comuzzie, Anthony and Bamshad, Michael and Bateman, Richard M. and Goddard, Ives and OǴrady, Richard T. and Funk, V. A. and Mooi, Rich and Kress, W. John and Cannell, Peter F.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {31},
    year = {1990},
    pages = {313-316}
}

@article{Nicolai2016,
    title = {Language mixture, contact and semiotic dynamics: Some thoughts in counterpoint to Schuchardt’s approach},
    journal = {Journal of Language Contact},
    author = {Robert Nicolaï},
    number = {3},
    volume = {9},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {543-571}
}

@article{Nielsen2002,
    title = {Mapping mutations on phylogenies},
    journal = {Systems Biology},
    author = {Nielsen, R.},
    number = {5},
    volume = {51},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {729-739}
}

@bookinbook{Nietzsche1920,
    publisher = {Musarion},
    author = {Nietzsche, Friedrich},
    url = {http://archive.org/details/gesammeltewerke02nietuoft},
    booktitle = {Kleinere Schriften},
    title = {Homer und die classische Philologie},
    year = {1920},
    volume = {2},
    address = {München},
    pages = {1-32}
}

@misc{Nikolaev2017,
    publisher = {RGGU},
    author = {Nikolaev, Dmitry and Andrey Nikulin and Anton Kukhto},
    url = {http://eurasianphonology.info},
    title = {The database of Eurasian phonological inventories},
    year = {2015},
    address = {Moscow}
}

@book{Nishi1999,
    publisher = {Institute for the study of languages and cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies},
    author = {Nishi, Yoshio},
    year = {1999},
    title = {Four papers on Burmese: Toward the history of Burmese (the Myanmar language).},
    address = {Tokyo}
}

@article{Niyazov2016,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0148257},
    author = {Niyazov, Yuri AND Vogel, Carl AND Price, Richard AND Lund, Ben AND Judd, David AND Akil, Adnan AND Mortonson, Michael AND Schwartzman, Josh AND Shron, Max},
    journal = {PLoS ONE},
    abstract = { Using matching and regression analyses, we measure the difference in citations between articles posted to Academia.edu and other articles from similar journals, controlling for field, impact factor, and other variables. Based on a sample size of 31,216 papers, we find that a paper in a median impact factor journal uploaded to Academia.edu receives 16% more citations after one year than a similar article not available online, 51% more citations after three years, and 69% after five years. We also found that articles also posted to Academia.edu had 58% more citations than articles only posted to other online venues, such as personal and departmental home pages, after five years.</p>},
    title = {Open access meets discoverability: Citations to articles posted to academia.edu},
    number = {2},
    volume = {11},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0148257},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {1-23}
}

@incollection{Norman2003,
    publisher = {Routledge},
    author = {Norman, Jerry},
    booktitle = {The Sino-Tibetan languages},
    title = {The Chinese dialects},
    year = {2003},
    editor = {Thurgood, Graham and LaPolla, Randy J.},
    address = {London and New York},
    pages = {72-83}
}

@article{Norman1991,
    title = {The Mǐn dialects in historical perspective},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese linguistics},
    author = {Norman, Jerry},
    volume = {3},
    editor = {Wang, William Shi-Yuan},
    year = {1991},
    pages = {325-360}
}

@article{Norman1995a,
    title = {A glossary of the Herpyng dialect},
    journal = {Yuen Ren Society Treasury of Chinese Dialect Data},
    author = {Norman, Jerry},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1995},
    pages = {107-126}
}

@inproceedings{Norman1989,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Sinology},
    title = {What is a Kèjiā dialect?},
    year = {1989},
    pages = {323-344},
    author = {Norman, Jerry}
}

@book{Norman1988,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Norman, Jerry},
    year = {1988},
    title = {Chinese},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@article{Norman1974,
    author = {Norman, Jerry},
    journal = {Orbis: A Journal of World Affairs},
    title = {The Shaowu dialect},
    year = {1974},
    number = {2},
    volume = {23},
    address = {Philadelphia, PA},
    pages = {328-334}
}

@article{Norman1995,
    title = {A new approach to Chinese historical linguistics},
    journal = {Journal of the American Oriental Society},
    author = {Norman, Jerry and Coblin, Weldon South},
    number = {4},
    volume = {115},
    year = {1995},
    pages = {576-584}
}

@thesis{Norquest2007,
    title = {A phonological reconstruction of Proto-Hlai},
    author = {Norquest, Peter K.},
    year = {2007},
    institution = {The University of Arizona},
    address = {Tucson}
}

@article{Notredame2007,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.0030123},
    author = {Notredame, Cédric},
    journal = {PLoS Computational Biology},
    title = {Recent evolutions of multiple sequence alignment algorithms},
    number = {8},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {1405-1408}
}

@article{Notredame2000,
    title = {T-Coffee},
    journal = {Journal of Molecular Biology},
    author = {Notredame, Cédric and Higgins, Desmond G. and Heringa, Jaap},
    volume = {302},
    year = {2000},
    pages = {205-217}
}

@article{Notredame1998,
    title = {COFFEE},
    journal = {Bioinformatics},
    author = {Notredame, Cédric and Holm, Liisa and Higgins, Desmond G.},
    number = {5},
    volume = {14},
    year = {1998},
    pages = {407-422}
}

@incollection{Novacek1987,
    publisher = {Univ. of Pennsylvania Pr.},
    isbn = {9780812280142},
    author = {Novacek, Michael},
    booktitle = {Biological metaphor and cladistic classification: An interdisciplinary perspective; [papers from a Symposium on Biological Metaphor Outside Biology, held Mar. 4 - 5, 1982 ... at the American Philos. Soc.ś Library in Philadelphia]},
    title = {Characters and cladograms: Examples from zoological systematics},
    year = {1987},
    editor = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max},
    address = {Philadelphia},
    keywords = {Biologie;Kladistik;Klassifikationssysteme},
    pages = {181-192}
}

@article{Nowak2000,
    title = {Evolutionary Biology of Language},
    journal = {Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences},
    author = {Nowak, Martin A.},
    number = {1403},
    volume = {355},
    year = {2000},
    pages = {1615-1622}
}

@book{Nunn2011,
    publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
    author = {Nunn, Charles L.},
    year = {2011},
    title = {The comparative approach in evolutionary anthropology and biology},
    address = {Chicago and London}
}

@article{Nunn2006,
    title = {Comparative methods for studying cultural trait evolution: A simulation study},
    journal = {CROSS-CULTURAL RESEARCH},
    author = {Nunn, C. L. and Mulder, M. B. and Langley, S.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {40},
    year = {2006},
    keywords = {comparative methods;cultural trait evolution;phylogeny;simulation;study;Gray;Linguistik und Biologie},
    pages = {177-209}
}

@article{Nurse1997,
    title = {The Contributions of Linguistics to the Study of History in Africa},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/182541},
    journal = {The Journal of African History},
    author = {Nurse, Derek},
    number = {3},
    volume = {38},
    year = {1997},
    pages = {359-391}
}

@book{Nurse1975,
    publisher = {Department of Foreign Languages and Linguistics, University of Dar es Salaam},
    author = {Nurse, Derek and Phillipson, Gérard},
    year = {1975},
    title = {Tanzania Language Survey},
    address = {Dar es Salaam}
}

@book{Nussbaum1968,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    author = {Nussbaum, Alan J.},
    year = {1968},
    title = {Head and horn in Indo-European. The words for "horn," "head," and "hornet"},
    address = {Berlin and New York}
}

@incollection{OGrady1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {OǴrady, Geoff N.},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {Prenazalization in Pama-Nyungan},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Pama-Nyungan},
    pages = {451-476}
}

@article{OGrady1969,
    title = {Australian linguistics classification: A plea for coordination of effort},
    journal = {Oceania},
    author = {OǴrady, G. N. and Klokeid, T. J.},
    volume = {39},
    year = {1969},
    pages = {298-311}
}

@incollection{OHara1996,
    publisher = {California Acad. of Sciences},
    author = {OH́ara, R. J.},
    booktitle = {New Perspectives on the History of Life: Systematic Biology as Historical Narrative},
    title = {Mapping the space of time: temporal representation in the historical sciences},
    year = {1996},
    editor = {Ghiselin, M. T. and Pinna, T.},
    address = {San Francisco},
    keywords = {PRÜFEN},
    pages = {7-17}
}

@article{OHara1996a,
    title = {Trees of History in Systematics and Philology},
    journal = {Memorie della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano},
    abstract = {«The Natural System» is the name given to the underlying arrangement present in the diversity of life. Unlike a classification, which is made up of classes and members, a system or arrangement is an integrated whole made up of connected parts. In the pre-evolutionary period a variety of forms were proposed for the Natural System, including maps, circles, stars, and abstract multidimensional objects. The trees sketched by Darwin in the 1830s should probably be considered the first genuine evolutionary diagrams of the Natural System—the first genuine evolutionary trees. Darwin refined his image of the Natural System in the well-known evolutionary tree published in the Origin of Species, where he also carefully distinguished between arrangements and classifications. Following the publication of the Origin, there was a great burst of evolutionary tree building, but interest in trees declined substantially after 1900, only to be revived in recent years with the development of cladistic analysis. While evolutionary trees are modern diagrams of the Natural System, they are at the same time instances of another broad class of diagrams that may be called «trees of history»: branching diagrams of genealogical descent and change. During the same years that Darwin was sketching his first evolutionary trees, the earliest examples of two other trees of history also appeared: the first trees of language evolution and of manuscript genealogy. Though these were apparently independent of evolutionary trees in their origin, the similarities among all these trees of history, and among the historical processes that underlie them, were soon recognized. Darwin compared biological evolution and language evolution several times in the Origin of Species, and both Ernst Haeckel and the linguist August Schleicher made similar comparisons. Both linguists and stemmaticists (students of manuscript descent) understood the principle of apomorphy—the principle that only shared innovations provide evidence of common ancestry—more clearly than did systematists, and if there had been more cross-fertilization among these fields the cladistic revolution in systematics might well have taken place in the nineteenth century. Although historical linguists and stemmaticists have in some respects had sounder theory than have systematists, at least until recently, they have also had the practical problem of very large amounts of data, a problem not often faced by systematists until the advent of molecular sequencing. The opportunity now exists for systematists to contribute to the theory and practice of linguistics and stemmatics, their sister disciplines in historical reconstruction, through application of our commonly used computer programs for tree estimation. Preliminary results from the application of numerical cladistic analysis to a large stemmatic data set have been very encouraging, and have already generated much discussion in the stemmatics community.},
    author = {OH́ara, Robert J},
    volume = {27 (1)},
    year = {1996},
    pages = {81-88}
}

@incollection{OHara1993,
    publisher = {Office for Humanities Comunication Publications},
    author = {OH́ara, R. J. and Robinson, P. M. W.},
    booktitle = {Occasional Papers of the Canterbury Tales Project},
    title = {Computer-assisted methods of stemmatic analysis},
    year = {1993},
    editor = {Blake, N. and Robinson, P. M. W.},
    address = {Oxford},
    pages = {53-74}
}

@article{Oakes2000,
    title = {Computer estimation of vocabulary in a protolanguage from word lists in four daughter languages},
    journal = {Journal of Quantitative Linguistics},
    author = {Michael P. Oakes},
    number = {3},
    volume = {7},
    year = {2000},
    pages = {233-243}
}

@incollection{Oesterreicher2001,
    publisher = {Walter de Gruyter},
    author = {Oesterreicher, Wulf},
    booktitle = {Language typology and language universals},
    title = {Historizität, Sprachvariation, Sprachverschiedenheit, Sprachwandel},
    year = {2001},
    editor = {Haspelmath, Marting},
    address = {Berlin and New York},
    pages = {1554-1595}
}

@article{Oflazer1996,
    title = {Error-tolerant finite-state recognition with applications to morphological analysis and spelling},
    journal = {Computational Linguistics},
    author = {Oflazer, Kemal},
    number = {1},
    volume = {22},
    year = {1996},
    pages = {73-89}
}

@book{Ogden1930,
    publisher = {Kegan Paul},
    author = {Ogden, C. K.},
    year = {1930},
    title = {Basic English: A general introduction with rules and grammar},
    address = {London}
}

@book{Ogden1923,
    publisher = {Harcourt, Brace & World Inc.},
    author = {Ogden, C. K. and Richards, I. A.},
    title = {The meaning of meaning},
    edition = {8},
    year = {1989},
    address = {New York}
}

@article{Ogura2016,
    title = {Comment on Geoffrey Sampson, "A Chinese phonological enigma"},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Ogura, Mieko},
    number = {2},
    volume = {43},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {702-709}
}

@incollection{Ogura1996,
    publisher = {Benjamins},
    isbn = {9027236399},
    author = {Ogura, Mieko and Wang, William S.-Y.},
    series = {Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic scienceCurrent issues in linguistic theory},
    booktitle = {English Historical Linguistics 1994: Papers from the 8th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics (8.ICEHL, Edinburgh, 19 - 23 September 1994)},
    title = {Snowball effect in lexical diffusion},
    year = {1996},
    volume = {135},
    editor = {Britton, Derek},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    keywords = {linguistics and lexical diffusion},
    pages = {119-141}
}

@incollection{Ohala1989,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    author = {Ohala, J. J.},
    booktitle = {Language Change: Contributions to the study of its causes},
    title = {Sound change is drawn from a pool of synchronic variation},
    year = {1989},
    editor = {Breivik, L. E. and Jahr, E. H.},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {173-198}
}

@incollection{Ohala1993,
    publisher = {Longman},
    author = {Ohala, J. J.},
    booktitle = {Historical linguistics: Problems and perspectives},
    title = {The phonetics of sound change},
    year = {1993},
    editor = {Johnes, Charles},
    address = {London}
}

@article{Ohala1971,
    title = {The role of physiological and acoustic models in explaining the direction of sound change},
    journal = {Project on Linguistic Analysis Reports (Berkeley)},
    author = {Ohala, John J.},
    volume = {15},
    year = {1971},
    pages = {25-40}
}

@article{Okasha2007,
    title = {Cultural Inheritance and Fisherś "Fundamental Theorem" ́of Natural Selection},
    url = {doi:10.1162/biot.2007.2.3.290},
    journal = {Biological Theory},
    author = {Okasha, Samir},
    number = {3},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {290-299}
}

@book{Okasha2006,
    publisher = {Clarendon},
    isbn = {9780199267972},
    author = {Okasha, Samir},
    url = {http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0723/2006039679-d.html},
    title = {Evolution and the levels of selection},
    year = {2006},
    address = {Oxford u.a}
}

@inproceedings{Okell1971,
    title = {K Clusters in Proto-Burmese},
    booktitle = {Papers presented at the Sino-Tibetan Conference},
    author = {Okell, J.},
    year = {1971},
    address = {Bloomington}
}

@article{Oldman2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw068},
    title = {TriLoNet: Piecing together small networks to reconstruct reticulate evolutionary histories},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msw068},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    author = {Oldman, James and Wu, Taoyang and van Iersel, Leo and Moulton, Vincent},
    number = {8},
    volume = {33},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {2151-2162}
}

@article{Olmsted1961,
    title = {Lexicostatistics as Ṕroof ́of Genetic Relationship: The Case of Macro Manguean},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Olmsted, D. L.},
    number = {6},
    volume = {3},
    year = {1961},
    pages = {9-14}
}

@article{Olson2015,
    publisher = {The University of Chicago Press},
    author = {Olson, Mark E. and Arroyo-Santos, Alfonso},
    journal = {The Quarterly Review of Biology},
    abstract = {ABSTRACT Some adaptationist explanations are regarded as maximally solid and others fanciful just-so stories. Just-so stories are explanations based on very little evidence. Lack of evidence leads to circular-sounding reasoning: “this trait was shaped by selection in unseen ancestral populations and this selection must have occurred because the trait is present.” Well-supported adaptationist explanations include evidence that is not only abundant but selected from comparative, populational, and optimality perspectives, the three adaptationist subdisciplines. Each subdiscipline obtains its broad relevance in evolutionary biology via assumptions that can only be tested with the methods of the other subdisciplines. However, even in the best-supported explanations, assumptions regarding variation, heritability, and fitness in unseen ancestral populations are always present. These assumptions are accepted given how well they would explain the data if they were true. This means that some degree of “circularity” is present in all evolutionary explanations. Evolutionary explanation corresponds not to a deductive structure, as biologists usually assert, but instead to ones such as abduction or Bayesianism. With these structures in mind, we show the way to a healthier view of “circularity” in evolutionary biology and why integration across the comparative, populational, and optimality approaches is necessary.},
    title = {How to study adaptation (and why to do it that way)},
    number = {2},
    volume = {90},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/681438},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {pp. 167-191}
}

@misc{OmegaWiki,
    howpublished = {URL: http://www.omegawiki.org/},
    title = {OmegaWiki: A dictionary in all languages},
    year = {2005},
    author = {OmegaWiki}
}

@article{Oommen1995,
    publisher = {Elsevier Science Inc.},
    author = {Oommen, B. John},
    journal = {Information Sciences},
    title = {String alignment with substitution, insertion, deletion, squashing, and expansion operations},
    year = {1995},
    number = {1-2},
    volume = {83},
    address = {New York, NY, USA},
    pages = {89-107}
}

@article{Oommen1997,
    title = {Pattern recognition of strings with substitutions, insertions, deletions and generalized transpositions},
    journal = {Pattern Recognition},
    author = {Oommen, B. J. and Loke, R. K. S.},
    number = {5},
    volume = {30},
    year = {1997},
    pages = {789-800}
}

@book{Opgenort2005,
    publisher = {Brill},
    author = {Opgenort, Jean Robert},
    year = {2005},
    title = {A grammar of Jero. With a historical comparative study of the Kiranti languages},
    address = {Leiden}
}

@incollection{Oppenheimer1987,
    publisher = {Univ. of Pennsylvania Pr.},
    isbn = {9780812280142},
    author = {Oppenheimer, J. M.},
    booktitle = {Biological metaphor and cladistic classification: An interdisciplinary perspective; [papers from a Symposium on Biological Metaphor Outside Biology, held Mar. 4 - 5, 1982 ... at the American Philos. Soc.ś Library in Philadelphia]},
    title = {Haeckelś variations on Darwin},
    year = {1987},
    editor = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max},
    address = {Philadelphia},
    keywords = {PRÜFEN},
    pages = {123-135}
}

@book{Orel2000,
    publisher = {Brill},
    title = {A concise historical grammar of the Albanian language},
    year = {2000},
    author = {Orel, V.}
}

@thesis{Orlovaite2015,
    title = {Automatic identification of cognate words},
    year = {2015},
    institution = {University of Edinburgh},
    author = {Ernesta Orlovaitė}
}

@article{Osenova2009,
    title = {A quantitative analysis of Bulgarian dialect pronunciation},
    journal = {Zeitschrift für slavische Philologie},
    author = {Osenova, Petya and Heeringa, W. and Nerbonne, J.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {66},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {425-458}
}

@book{Osthoff1878,
    publisher = {Hirzel},
    author = {Osthoff, Hermann and Brugmann, Karl},
    title = {Morphologische Untersuchungen auf dem Gebiete der indogermanischen Sprachen},
    year = {1878},
    volume = {1},
    address = {Leipzig},
    keywords = {komparative Methode;Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft}
}

@article{Oswalt1971,
    title = {Towards the Construction of a Standard Lexicostatistic List},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Oswalt, Robert L.},
    number = {9},
    volume = {13},
    year = {1971},
    pages = {421-434}
}

@book{Owen1843,
    publisher = {Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans},
    author = {Owen, Richard},
    year = {1843},
    title = {Lectures on comparative anatomy},
    address = {London}
}

@book{Packard2000,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Packard, Jerome L.},
    year = {2000},
    title = {The morphology of Chinese},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@article{Padian1999,
    title = {Charles Darwinś Views of Classification in Theory and Practice},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2585359},
    journal = {Systematic Biology},
    author = {Padian, Kevin},
    number = {2},
    volume = {48},
    year = {1999},
    pages = {352-364}
}

@article{Page2002,
    journal = {Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing},
    title = {Vertebrate phylogenomics: reconciled trees and gene duplications},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {536-547},
    author = {Page, R. D. and Cotton, J. A.}
}

@article{Pagel2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-016-1072-z},
    title = {Darwinian perspectives on the evolution of human languages},
    journal = {Psychonomic Bulletin & Review},
    abstract = {Human languages evolve by a process of descent with modification in which parent languages give rise to daughter languages over time and in a manner that mimics the evolution of biological species. Descent with modification is just one of many parallels between biological and linguistic evolution that, taken together, offer up a Darwinian perspective on how languages evolve. Combined with statistical methods borrowed from evolutionary biology, this Darwinian perspective has brought new opportunities to the study of the evolution of human languages. These include the statistical inference of phylogenetic trees of languages, the study of how linguistic traits evolve over thousands of years of language change, the reconstruction of ancestral or proto-languages, and using language change to date historical events.},
    author = {Pagel, Mark},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-016-1072-z},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {1-7}
}

@article{Pagel2016a,
    title = {Anthropology: The Long Lives of Fairy Tales},
    journal = {Current Biology},
    author = {Pagel, Mark},
    number = {4},
    volume = {26},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {R279-R281}
}

@article{Pagel2009,
    title = {Human language as a culturally transmitted replicator},
    journal = {Nature Reviews. Genetics},
    author = {Pagel, Mark},
    volume = {10},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {405-415}
}

@article{Pagel2013,
    title = {Ultraconserved words point to deep language ancestry across Eurasia},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    author = {Pagel, Mark and Atkinson, Quentin D. and Calude, Andreea S. and Meade, Andrew},
    number = {21},
    volume = {110},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {8471-8476}
}

@article{Pagel2007a,
    title = {Frequency of word-use predicts rates of lexical evolution throughout Indo-European history},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {Pagel, Mark and Atkinson, Quentin D. and Meade, Andrew},
    number = {449, 7163},
    volume = {449},
    year = {2007}
}

@article{Pagel2006b,
    author = {Mark Pagel and Andrew Meade},
    journal = {The American Naturalist},
    abstract = {We describe a Bayesian method for investigating correlated evolution of discrete binary traits on phylogenetic trees. The method fits a continuous‐time Markov model to a pair of traits, seeking the best fitting models that describe their joint evolution on a phylogeny. We employ the methodology of reversible‐jump (RJ) Markov chain Monte Carlo to search among the large number of possible models, some of which conform to independent evolution of the two traits, others to correlated evolution. The RJ Markov chain visits these models in proportion to their posterior probabilities, thereby directly estimating the support for the hypothesis of correlated evolution. In addition, the RJ Markov chain simultaneously estimates the posterior distributions of the rate parameters of the model of trait evolution. These posterior distributions can be used to test among alternative evolutionary scenarios to explain the observed data. All results are integrated over a sample of phylogenetic trees to account for phylogenetic uncertainty. We implement the method in a program called RJ Discrete and illustrate it by analyzing the question of whether mating system and advertisement of estrus by females have coevolved in the Old World monkeys and great apes.},
    title = {Bayesian Analysis of Correlated Evolution of Discrete Characters by Reversible‐Jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo.},
    number = {6},
    volume = {167},
    url = {http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/503444},
    year = {2006},
    keywords = {Bayesian character_reconstruction phylogenetics},
    pages = {808-825}
}

@incollection{Pagel2000,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    isbn = {0-521-78696-7},
    author = {Pagel, Mark D.},
    booktitle = {The evolutionary emergence of language: Social function and the origins of linguistic form ; [... grew out of the Second International Conference on the Evolution of Language, held at the University of East London in April 1998]: International Conference on the Evolution of Language},
    title = {The History, Rate and Pattern of World Linguistic Evolution},
    year = {2000},
    editor = {Knight, Chris and Studdert-Kennedy, M. and Hurford, J. R.},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@article{Pagel2006,
    title = {Darwinian cultural evolution rivals genetic evolution},
    url = {doi:10.1017/S0140525X06379083},
    journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
    author = {Pagel, Mark D.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {29},
    year = {2006},
    keywords = {Biologie;Linguistik und Biologie;Gray},
    pages = {360}
}

@article{Pagel1999,
    title = {Inferring the historical patterns of biological evolution},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {Mark D. Pagel},
    volume = {401},
    year = {1999},
    pages = {877-884}
}

@inproceedings{Pagel2006a,
    publisher = {McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research; Distributed by Orbow Books},
    isbn = {9781902937335},
    author = {Pagel, Mark D. and Maede, Andrew},
    series = {McDonald Institute monographs},
    booktitle = {Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages},
    title = {Estimating Rates of Lexical Replacement on Phylogenetic Trees of Languages},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Forster, Peter and Renfrew, Colin},
    address = {Cambridge UK , Oxford UK , Oakville CT USA ,},
    keywords = {Glottochronologie;lexical replacement;Chronologie},
    pages = {173-182}
}

@article{Paivio1968,
    title = {Concreteness, imagery, and meaningfulness values for 925 nouns},
    journal = {Journal of Experimental Psychology},
    author = {Paivio, A. and Yuille, J. C. and Madigan, S. A.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {76},
    year = {1968},
    pages = {1-25}
}

@article{Palander1900,
    publisher = {Modern Language Society},
    title = {Vom Suppletivwesen im Deutschen},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/43339438},
    journal = {Neuphilologische Mitteilungen},
    author = {Hugo Palander},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1900},
    pages = {1-14}
}

@book{Pallas1789,
    publisher = {Šnor},
    author = {Pallas, Peter Simon},
    title = {Sravnitel’nye slovari vsech jazykov i narečij, sobrannye desniceju Vsevysočajšeij Osoby. Otdelenie pervoe, soderžaščee v sebe evropejskie i aziatskie jazyki},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1789},
    address = {Saint Petersburg}
}

@book{Pallas1786,
    url = {http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN600483541},
    title = {Modèle du Vocabulaire, qui doit servir à la comparaison de toutes les langues},
    author = {Pallas, Peter Simon},
    year = {1786},
    address = {Sankt Pétersbourg}
}

@article{Pan1996,
    title = {Imperfective Aspect Zhe, Agent Deletion, and Locative Inversion in Mandarin Chinese},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4047855},
    journal = {Natural Language & Linguistic Theory},
    author = {Pan, Haihua},
    number = {2},
    volume = {14},
    year = {1996},
    pages = {409-432}
}

@article{Pan1991,
    title = {An introduction to the Wu dialects},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Pan, Wuyun},
    volume = {3},
    editor = {Wang, William Shi-Yuan},
    year = {1991},
    pages = {237-293}
}

@article{Ting1980,
    publisher = {Centre de Recherches Linguistiques sur lÁsie Orientale - EHESS},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.3406/clao.1980.1079},
    author = {Ting Pang-hsin},
    url = {http://www.persee.fr/doc/clao_0153-3320_1980_num_8_1_1079},
    journal = {Cahiers de linguistique - Asie orientale},
    title = {The Tan-Chou dialect of Hainan},
    number = {1},
    volume = {8},
    year = {1980},
    pages = {5-27}
}

@article{Pappas2011,
    title = {Phylogenetic methods in historical linguistics: Greek as a case Study},
    journal = {Journal of Greek Linguistics},
    author = {Pappas, Panayiotis A. and Mooers, Arne O.},
    volume = {11},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {198-220}
}

@article{Park2010,
    title = {Bootstrap-based support of HGT inferred by Maximum Parsimony},
    abstract = {Background Maximum parsimony is one of the most commonly used criteria for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Recently, Nakhleh and co-workers extended this criterion to enable reconstruction of phylogenetic networks, and demonstrated its application to detecting reticulate evolutionary relationships. However, one of the major problems with this extension has been that it favors more complex evolutionary relationships over simpler ones, thus having the potential for overestimating the amount of reticulation in the data. An ad hoc solution to this problem that has been used entails inspecting the improvement in the parsimony length as more reticulation events are added to the model, and stopping when the improvement is below a certain threshold. Results In this paper, we address this problem in a more systematic way, by proposing a nonparametric bootstrap-based measure of support of inferred reticulation events, and using it to determine the number of those events, as well as their placements. A number of samples is generated from the given sequence alignment, and reticulation events are inferred based on each sample. Finally, the support of each reticulation event is quantified based on the inferences made over all samples. Conclusions We have implemented our method in the NEPAL software tool (available publicly at http://bioinfo.cs.rice.edu/ webcite), and studied its performance on both biological and simulated data sets. While our studies show very promising results, they also highlight issues that are inherently challenging when applying the maximum parsimony criterion to detect reticulate evolution.},
    author = {Park, Hyun Jung and Jin, Guohua and and Nakhleh, Luay},
    number = {131},
    volume = {10},
    year = {2010},
    journal = {BMC Bioinformatics}
}

@article{Parkvall2008,
    title = {Which parts of langauge are the most stable?},
    journal = {Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung},
    author = {Parkvall, Mikael},
    number = {3},
    volume = {61},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {234-250}
}

@article{Patthy2003,
    title = {Modular assembly of genes and the evolution of new functions},
    journal = {Genetica},
    abstract = {Modular assembly of novel genes from existing genes has long been thought to be an important source of evolutionary novelty. Thanks to major advances in genomic studies it has now become clear that this mechanism contributed significantly to the evolution of novel biological functions in different evolutionary lineages. Analyses of completely sequenced bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic genomes has revealed that modular assembly of novel constituents of various eukaryotic intracellular signalling pathways played a major role in the evolution of eukaryotes. Comparison of the genomes of single-celled eukaryotes, multicellular plants and animals has also shown that the evolution of multicellularity was accompanied by the assembly of numerous novel extracellular matrix proteins and extracellular signalling proteins that are absolutely essential for multicellularity. There is now strong evidence that exon-shuffling played a general role in the assembly of the modular proteins involved in extracellular communications of metazoa. Although some of these proteins seem to be shared by all major groups of metazoa, others are restricted to certain evolutionary lineages. The genomic features of the chordates appear to have favoured intronic recombination as evidenced by the fact that exon-shuffling continued to be a major source of evolutionary novelty during vertebrate evolution.},
    author = {Patthy, L.},
    number = {2-3},
    volume = {118},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {217-231}
}

@book{Paul1880,
    publisher = {Max Niemeyer},
    author = {Paul, Hermann},
    title = {Principien der Sprachgeschichte},
    edition = {2},
    year = {1886},
    address = {Halle}
}

@article{Pawelec2009,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1515/cogsem.2013.5.12.153},
    title = {CMT and the `work ́of metaphor},
    journal = {Cognitive Semiotics},
    author = {Pawelec, Andrzej},
    volume = {5},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {153-178}
}

@incollection{Pawley2007,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {9780195300307},
    author = {Pawley, Andrew},
    series = {Human evolution series},
    booktitle = {Genes, language, and culture history in the Southwest Pacific},
    title = {Recent research on the historical relationships of the Papuan languages, or, What does linguistics say about the prehistory of Melanesia?},
    year = {2007},
    editor = {Friedlaender, Jonathan Scott},
    address = {New York},
    keywords = {Sprachverwandtschaft;Papuan languages},
    pages = {36-59}
}

@article{Pawley1973,
    title = {Dating the Dispersal of the Oceanic Languages},
    journal = {Oceanic Linguistics},
    author = {Pawley, Andrew and Green, Roger},
    number = {1/2},
    volume = {12},
    year = {1973},
    pages = {1-67}
}

@incollection{Payne1991,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    author = {Payne, David L.},
    booktitle = {Handbook of Amazonian languages},
    title = {A classification of Maipuran (Arawakan) languages based on shared lexical retentions},
    year = {1991},
    volume = {3},
    editor = {Derbyshire, Desmond C. and Pullum, Geoffrey K.},
    address = {Berlin and New York},
    pages = {355-499}
}

@article{Pearce2010,
    title = {The role of expectation and probabilistic learning in auditory boundary perception: a model comparison},
    journal = {Perception},
    abstract = {Grouping and boundary perception are central to many aspects of sensory processing in cognition. We present a comparative study of recently published computational models of boundary perception in music. In doing so, we make three contributions. First, we hypothesise a relationship between expectation and grouping in auditory perception, and introduce a novel information-theoretic model of perceptual segmentation to test the hypothesis. Although we apply the model to musical melody, it is applicable in principle to sequential grouping in other areas of cognition. Second, we address a methodological consideration in the analysis of ambiguous stimuli that produce different percepts between individuals. We propose and demonstrate a solution to this problem, based on clustering of participants prior to analysis. Third, we conduct the first comparative analysis of probabilistic-learning and rule-based models of perceptual grouping in music. In spite of having only unsupervised exposure to music, the model performs comparably to rule-based models based on expert musical knowledge, supporting a role for probabilistic learning in perceptual segmentation of music.},
    author = {Pearce, M. T. and Mullensiefen, D. and Wiggins, G. A.},
    number = {10},
    volume = {39},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {1365-1389}
}

@book{Pedersen1983,
    publisher = {John Benjamins},
    isbn = {9027208980},
    title = {A Glance at the History of Linguistics, with Particular Regard to the Historical Study of Phonology},
    author = {Pedersen, Holger},
    year = {1983},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft;}
}

@book{Pedersen1972,
    publisher = {Indiana University Press},
    isbn = {0253200407},
    author = {Pedersen, Holger},
    series = {Indiana University studies in the history and theory of linguistics},
    title = {The discovery of language},
    year = {1972},
    volume = {40},
    edition = {5. print.},
    address = {Bloomington},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft;}
}

@book{Peirce1958,
    publisher = {Harvard University Press},
    author = {Peirce, Charles Sanders},
    series = {Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce},
    title = {Science and Philosophy},
    year = {1958},
    number = {7},
    editor = {Burke, Arthur W.},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@book{Peirce1931,
    publisher = {Harvard University Press},
    author = {Peirce, Charles Sanders},
    title = {Collected papers of Charles Sanders Peirce},
    editor = {Hartshorne, Charles and Weiss, Paul},
    year = {1931/1958},
    address = {Cambridge, Mass.}
}

@incollection{Peiros1997,
    publisher = {Institute for the Study of Man},
    isbn = {0-941694-59-3},
    author = {Peiros, Ilja},
    url = {http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/mistake.pdf},
    series = {Journal of Indo-European studiesMonograph},
    booktitle = {Indo-European, Nostratic, and beyond: Festschrift for Vitalij V. Shevoroshkin},
    title = {Macro families: Can a mistake be detected?},
    year = {1997},
    volume = {22},
    editor = {Hegedîus, Irén and Shevoroshkin, Vitalij V.},
    address = {Washington, DC},
    keywords = {long-range comparison;Validierung},
    pages = {265-292}
}

@incollection{Peiros1999,
    publisher = {Assoc. for the History of Language},
    isbn = {0957725116},
    author = {Peiros, Ilja},
    url = {http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/evolution.pdf},
    series = {AHL Studies in the science & history of language},
    booktitle = {Historical linguistics & lexicostatistics},
    title = {Family evolution, language history and genetic classification},
    year = {1999},
    volume = {3},
    editor = {Shevoroshkin, Vitaly and Sidwell, Paul J.},
    address = {Melbourne},
    keywords = {Sprachgeschichte;Sprachklassifikation},
    pages = {257-305}
}

@book{Peiros2004,
    publisher = {Russian State University for the Humanities},
    author = {Peiros, Ilia},
    url = {http://starling.rinet.ru/download/SINTIB.exe},
    title = {[Dataset on Sino-Tibetan languages encoded in STARLING in the file] sintib.exe},
    year = {2004},
    address = {Moscow}
}

@book{Peiros1998,
    year = {1998},
    publisher = {Pacific Linguistics. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University},
    title = {Comparative linguistics in Southeast Asia (Pacific linguistics)},
    isbn = {0858834898,9780858834897},
    author = {Ilia Peiros}
}

@article{Pelkey2013,
    title = {Chiastic antisymmetry in language evolution},
    journal = {The American Journal of Semiotics},
    author = {Pelkey, Jamin},
    number = {1-4},
    volume = {29},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {39-68}
}

@book{Pelkey2011,
    publisher = {SIL International},
    title = {A Phula comparative lexicon},
    year = {2011},
    author = {Pelkey, Jamin}
}

@thesis{Pellard2009,
    title = {Ōgami. Éléments de description dún parler du Sud des Ryūkyū},
    author = {Pellard, Thomas},
    year = {2009},
    institution = {École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales},
    address = {Paris}
}

@article{Penny1993,
    title = {Trees from langauges and genes are very similar},
    journal = {Systematic Biology},
    author = {Penny, David and Watson, Elizabeth E. and Steel, Michael A.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {42},
    year = {1993},
    pages = {382-384}
}

@incollection{Percival1987,
    publisher = {Univ. of Pennsylvania Pr.},
    isbn = {9780812280142},
    author = {Percival, Keith},
    booktitle = {Biological metaphor and cladistic classification: An interdisciplinary perspective; [papers from a Symposium on Biological Metaphor Outside Biology, held Mar. 4 - 5, 1982 ... at the American Philos. Soc.ś Library in Philadelphia]},
    title = {Biological analogy in the study of languages before the advent of comparative grammar},
    year = {1987},
    editor = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max},
    address = {Philadelphia},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft},
    pages = {3-38}
}

@article{Percival1976,
    title = {The Applicability of Kuhnś Paradigms to the History of Linguistics},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/412560},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Percival, W. Keith},
    number = {2},
    volume = {52},
    year = {1976},
    pages = {285-294}
}

@book{Pereltsvaig2015,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Pereltsvaig, Asya and Lewis, Martin W.},
    year = {2015},
    title = {The Indo-European Controversy. Facts and fallacies in historical linguistics},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@article{Pericliev2015,
    title = {On colexification among basic vocabulary},
    journal = {Journal of Universal Language},
    author = {Vladimir Pericliev},
    number = {2},
    volume = {16},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {63-93}
}

@article{Perrin2010,
    title = {Polysemous qualities and universal networks, invariance and diversity},
    journal = {Linguistic Discovery},
    author = {Perrin, Loïc-Michel},
    number = {1},
    volume = {8},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {259-280}
}

@misc{Peters2004,
    publisher = {Python Book Foundation},
    author = {Peters, Tim},
    url = {https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0020/},
    title = {PEP 20 - The Zen of Python},
    year = {2004},
    address = {Beaverton}
}

@article{Petersen2007,
    title = {Representation of concepts as frames},
    journal = {The Baltic International Yearbook of Cognition, Logic and Communication},
    author = {Petersen, Wiebke},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {151-170}
}

@article{Petersen2004,
    title = {A mathematical analysis of Pāṇiniś Śivasūtras},
    journal = {Journal of Logic, Language, and Information},
    author = {Petersen, Wiebke},
    volume = {13},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {471-489}
}

@article{Serva2010,
    title = {Lexical evolution rates derived from automated stability measures},
    journal = {Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment},
    abstract = {Phylogenetic trees can be reconstructed from the matrix which contains the distances between all pairs of languages in a family. Recently, we proposed a new method which uses normalized Levenshtein distances among words with the same meaning and averages over all the items of a given list. Decisions about the number of items in the input lists for language comparison have been debated since the beginning of glottochronology. The point is that words associated with some of the meanings have a rapid lexical evolution. Therefore, a large vocabulary comparison is only apparently more accurate than a smaller one, since many of the words do not carry any useful information. In principle, one should find the optimal length of the input lists, studying the stability of the different items. In this paper we tackle the problem with an automated methodology based only on our normalized Levenshtein distance. With this approach, the program of an automated reconstruction of language relationships is completed.},
    author = {Filippo Petroni and Maurizio Serva},
    number = {3},
    volume = {2010},
    url = {http://stacks.iop.org/1742-5468/2010/i=03/a=P03015},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {P03015}
}

@article{Petroni2008,
    keywords = {phylogeny (theory);population dynamics (theory);analysis of;algorithms;new applications of statistical mechanics;Biologie;Linguistik und Biologie;Gray},
    journal = {JOURNAL OF STATISTICAL MECHANICS-THEORY AND EXPERIMENT},
    title = {Language distance and tree reconstruction},
    year = {2008},
    author = {Petroni, Filippo and Serva, Maurizio}
}

@article{Petsko2001,
    title = {Homologuephobia},
    journal = {Genome Biology},
    author = {Petsko, G. A.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2001},
    pages = {COMMENT1002}
}

@misc{Peust2013,
    howpublished = {Draft},
    url = {http://www.peust.de/peustBasicVocabularyList.pdf},
    title = {Towards establishing a new basic vocabulary list (Swadesh list)},
    year = {2013},
    author = {Peust, Carsten}
}

@article{Phillips2006,
    title = {Homology assessment and molecular sequence alignment},
    journal = {Journal of Biomedical Informatics},
    author = {Phillips, Aloysius J.},
    volume = {39},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {18-33}
}

@article{Piantadosi2016,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0147734},
    author = {Piantadosi, Steven AND Aslin, Richard},
    journal = {PLoS ONE},
    abstract = { Compositional “language of thought” models have recently been proposed to account for a wide range of children’s conceptual and linguistic learning. The present work aims to evaluate one of the most basic assumptions of these models: children should have an ability to represent and compose <italic>functions</italic>. We show that 3.5–4.5 year olds are able to predictively compose two novel functions at significantly above chance levels, even without any explicit training or feedback on the composition itself. We take this as evidence that children at this age possess some capacity for compositionality, consistent with models that make this ability explicit, and providing an empirical challenge to those that do not.</p>},
    title = {Compositional Reasoning in Early Childhood},
    number = {9},
    volume = {11},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {1-12}
}

@incollection{Picard1997,
    publisher = {de Gryuter},
    isbn = {3-11-014905-2},
    author = {Picard, Marc},
    series = {Trends in linguisticsStudies and monographs},
    booktitle = {Linguistic reconstruction and typology: [International Conference on Linguistic Reconstruction and Typology held at Rydzyna (Poland) from April 14 to 17, 1993] /},
    title = {On typological plausibility and natural sound change},
    year = {1997},
    volume = {96},
    editor = {Fisiak, Jacek},
    address = {Berlin},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Typologie;naturalness;Validierung},
    pages = {267-272}
}

@article{Pilling2004,
    title = {Linguistic relativism and colour cognition},
    journal = {Br J Psychol},
    author = {Pilling, M. and Davies, I. R.},
    number = {Pt 4},
    volume = {95},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {429-455}
}

@article{Pinget2016,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1017/jlg.2016.13},
    author = {Pinget, Anne-France and Kager, René and Van de Velde, Hans},
    journal = {Journal of Linguistic Geography},
    title = {Regional differences in the perception of a consonant change in progress},
    number = {2},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {65–75}
}

@article{Pinker1990,
    title = {Natural language and natural selection},
    journal = {Behavioral and Brain Sciences},
    author = {Pinker, Steven and Bloom, P.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {13},
    year = {1990},
    pages = {707-727}
}

@article{Pisani1954,
    title = {August Schleicher und einige Richtungen der heutigen Sprachwissenschaft},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V6H-468JPBK-10/2/115cb5e007ba510ffb4680ca7a9ddc3d},
    journal = {Lingua},
    author = {Vittore Pisani},
    volume = {4},
    year = {1954-1955},
    pages = {337-368}
}

@article{Pisani1957,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(57)90103-1},
    title = {Líndo-européen reconstruit},
    journal = {Lingua},
    abstract = {A travers la reconstruction on parvient à des formes dont descendent celles qui nous sont attestées historiquement. Ces formes reconstruites, si elles apparaissent dans deux ou dans plusieurs diverses traditions et ne sont pas surgies indépendemment dans chacune délles, constituent des isoglosses qui en partie sont dues à des relatiobs entre parlers i.-e. postérieurement à la dissolution de lúnité primitive, en partie remontent à cette unité. Mais les secondes ne nous donnent pas le tableau dún système linguistique rigidement un (comme p. ex. le latin classique), dont on puisse partir pour atteindre les origines ultimes de lí.-e. (racines monosyllabiques, etc.): ce sont là des phantaisies qui se réclament des théories de Schleicher, fondées sur une vision de la langue comme organisme naturel. Líndo-européen est un phénomène historique comparable au “latin vulgaire”; comme celui-ci nést pas une langue unique, mass un ensemble de dialectes réunis par des isoglosses partielles ou totales et au fond une “ligue linguistique” née de la rencontre de langues diverses qui en ont déterminé láspect général et les traits locaux, ainsi on devra penser de líndo-européen, dans qui, comme le latin de Rome a donné la partie la plus importante et substantielle des traits propres aux dialectes du “latin vulgaire”, une des langues qui y sont confluées (peut-être une phase plus ancienne du sanskrit) peut avoir fourm le schéma fondamental et une bonne partie des formes, qui suivant les régions ont pu être acceptées dans une mesure plus ou moins large. Notre tâche est précisément de chercher à rétablir les variétés de lúnité i.-e. et de retracer les lignes fondamentales selon qui cette unité relative sést constituée, non de façonner un “indo-européen” dúne seule pièce, qui est un postulat indémontrable.},
    author = {Vittore Pisani},
    volume = {7},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0024384157901031},
    year = {1957},
    pages = {337 - 348}
}

@article{Pisani1952,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1016/0024-3841(52)90002-8},
    title = {Parenté linguistique},
    journal = {Lingua},
    author = {Vittore Pisani},
    volume = {3},
    year = {1952},
    pages = {3-16}
}

@book{Pisani1933,
    publisher = {Giovanni Bardi},
    author = {Pisani, V.},
    journal = {Memorie della R. Accademia Nazionale dei Cincei},
    title = {Studi sulla preispreis delle lingue indo-europee},
    year = {1933},
    address = {Rome}
}

@book{Plaisier2007,
    publisher = {Brill},
    author = {Plaisier, Heleen},
    url = {https://stedt.berkeley.edu/ stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/source/HP-GL},
    title = {A grammar of Lepcha},
    year = {2007},
    address = {Leiden and Boston}
}

@article{Platnick1979,
    title = {Philosophy and the Transformation of Cladistics},
    journal = {Systems Biology},
    abstract = {Platnick, N. I. (Department of Entomology, The American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024) 1979. Philosophy and the transformation of cladistics. Syst. Zool. 28:537-546.-Although Hennig presented cladistic methods by referring to a model of the evolutionary process, neither the value nor the success of the methods is limited by the value or success of that evolutionary model. Dichotomous cladograms can be preferred simply on the basis of their maximal information content, without reference to speciation mechanisms. Because only the interrelationships of diagnosable taxa (those with unique sets of apomorphic characters) can be investigated, questions about whether speciation can occur without branching, or whether species become extinct at branching points, are irrelevant to cladistic practice. The distinction between plesiomorphic and apomorphic character states depends not on the reconstruction of actual evolutionary history, but on the discrimination of more general from less general characters; groups based on plesiomorphy are defined by the absence of characters and are therefore artificial. Hence cladistic methods are not the methods of phylogenetics per se, but the methods of natural classification in general; phylogenetic conclusions are an extrapolation from hypotheses about natural order.},
    author = {Platnick, Norman I.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {28},
    url = {http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/28/4/537},
    year = {1979},
    pages = {537-546}
}

@article{Platnick1977,
    title = {Cladistic Methods in Textual, Linguistic, and Phylogenetic Analysis},
    journal = {Systematic Zoology},
    author = {Platnick, Norman I. and Cameron, H. Don},
    number = {4},
    volume = {26},
    year = {1977},
    pages = {380-385}
}

@article{Platnick1978,
    title = {A Method of Analysis for Historical Biogeography},
    journal = {Systems Biology},
    abstract = {Platnick, N. I., and G. Nelson (Departments of Entomology and Ichthyology, The American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York 10024) 1978. A method of analysis for historical biogeography. Syst. Zool. 27:1-16.-Historical explanations of biotic distribution fall into two classes, dispersal explanations and vicariance explanations. Dispersal models explain disjunctions by dispersal across pre-existing barriers, vicariance models by the appearance of barriers fragmenting the ranges of ancestral species. Distributional data seem insufficient to resolve decisively either dispersal or vicariance as the cause of particular allopatric distribution patterns. When faced with such a pattern our first question should therefore be directed not to its cause, but to whether or not it conforms to a general pattern of relationships shown by taxa endemic to the areas occupied. Two-taxon statements are always compatible with a general pattern; three-taxon statements are therefore the most basic possible units of biogeographic (as well as phylogenetic) analysis. Analysis of three-taxon statements involves converting a hypothesis about the interrelationships of taxa (a cladogram indicating relative recency of common ancestry) to one concerning the interrelationships of areas (a cladogram indicating relative recency of common ancestral biotas). The generality of the area hypothesis may be tested by comparison with other groups endemic to the relevant areas. If the area hypothesis is corroborated as general, a statement of the relative recency of interconnections among areas is obtained, and evidence from historical geology may allow us to specify the nature of those interconnections and thereby the cause of those distributions that conform to the general pattern. Analysis of four-taxon statements indicates that the availability of structurally different patterns and of groups that can serve as adequate tests of the generality of those patterns increases with the addition of taxa to the hypothesis, and that neither extinction nor the failure of some groups to respond (by speciating) to given dispersal or vicariance events interferes with the analysis.},
    author = {Platnick, Norman I. and Nelson, Gareth},
    number = {1},
    volume = {27},
    url = {http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/27/1/1},
    year = {1978},
    pages = {1-16}
}

@incollection{Plato1903,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Plato},
    url = {http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/},
    booktitle = {Platonis Opera},
    title = {Cratylus},
    year = {1903[ca. 399 BC]},
    editor = {Burnet, John},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@incollection{Plato1921,
    publisher = {Harvard University Press},
    author = {Plato},
    url = {http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/},
    booktitle = {Plato in twelve volumes. Translated by Harold N. Fowler},
    title = {Cratylus},
    year = {1921[ca. 399 BC]},
    volume = {12},
    address = {Cambridge, MA}
}

@article{Playfoot2013,
    title = {Imageability, age of acquisition, and frequency factors in acronym comprehension},
    journal = {Q J Exp Psychol (Hove)},
    author = {Playfoot, D. and Izura, C.},
    number = {6},
    volume = {66},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {1131-1145}
}

@article{Plebe2015,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.4396/201512205},
    title = {When language shapes perception},
    journal = {Rivista Italiana di Filosofia del Linguaggio},
    author = {Plebe, Alessio and De La Cruz, Vivian M.},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {42-57}
}

@book{Pokorny1959,
    publisher = {Francke},
    author = {Pokorny, Julius},
    title = {Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1959},
    address = {Bern}
}

@article{Politzer1951,
    title = {The Phonemic Interpretation of Late Latin Orthography},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Politzer, Robert L.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {27},
    year = {1951},
    pages = {151-154}
}

@report{Pollock2015,
    url = {https://www.w3.org/TR/tabular-metadata/},
    title = {Metadata Vocabulary for Tabular Data},
    year = {2015},
    institution = {World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)},
    author = {Rufus Pollock and Jeni Tennison and Gregg Kellogg and Ivan Herman}
}

@incollection{Polome1992,
    publisher = {Inst. für Sprachwiss.},
    isbn = {3851246136},
    author = {Polomé, Edgar C.},
    series = {Innsbrucker Beiträge zur SprachwissenschaftVorträge und kleinere Schriften},
    booktitle = {Rekonstruktion und relative Chronologie: Akten der 8. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, Leiden, 31. August - 4. September 1987},
    title = {Zur Chronologie des Germanischen},
    year = {1992},
    volume = {65},
    editor = {Beekes, Robert S. P.},
    address = {Innsbruck},
    keywords = {relative chronology},
    pages = {55-74}
}

@article{Pompei2011,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020109},
    author = {Pompei, Simone and Loreto, Vittorio and Tria, Francesca},
    journal = {PLoS ONE},
    abstract = { Historical linguistics aims at inferring the most likely language phylogenetic tree starting from information concerning the evolutionary relatedness of languages. The available information are typically lists of homologous (lexical, phonological, syntactic) features or characters for many different languages: a set of parallel corpora whose compilation represents a paramount achievement in linguistics.</p> From this perspective the reconstruction of language trees is an example of inverse problems: starting from present, incomplete and often noisy, information, one aims at inferring the most likely past evolutionary history. A fundamental issue in inverse problems is the evaluation of the inference made. A standard way of dealing with this question is to generate data with artificial models in order to have full access to the evolutionary process one is going to infer. This procedure presents an intrinsic limitation: when dealing with real data sets, one typically does not know which model of evolution is the most suitable for them. A possible way out is to compare algorithmic inference with expert classifications. This is the point of view we take here by conducting a thorough survey of the accuracy of reconstruction methods as compared with the Ethnologue expert classifications. We focus in particular on state-of-the-art <italic>distance-based</italic> methods for phylogeny reconstruction using worldwide linguistic databases.</p> In order to assess the accuracy of the inferred trees we introduce and characterize two generalizations of standard definitions of distances between trees. Based on these scores we quantify the relative performances of the distance-based algorithms considered. Further we quantify how the completeness and the coverage of the available databases affect the accuracy of the reconstruction. Finally we draw some conclusions about where the accuracy of the reconstructions in historical linguistics stands and about the leading directions to improve it.</p>},
    title = {On the Accuracy of Language Trees},
    number = {6},
    volume = {6},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0020109},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {e20109}
}

@inproceedings{Poornima2010,
    title = {Modeling and encoding traditional wordlists for machine applications},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2010 Workshop on NLP and Linguistics: Finding the Common Ground.},
    author = {Shakthi Poornima and Jeff Good},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {1-9},
    address = {Stroudsburg}
}

@article{Popa2011a,
    title = {Trends and barriers to lateral gene transfer in prokaryotes},
    journal = {Current Opinion in Microbiology},
    author = {Popa, O. and Dagan, T.},
    number = {5},
    volume = {14},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {615-623}
}

@article{Popa2011,
    title = {Directed networks reveal genomic barriers and DNA repair bypasses to lateral gene transfer among prokaryotes},
    journal = {Genome Research},
    author = {Popa, O. and Hazkani-Covo, E. and Landan, G. and Martin, W. and Dagan, T.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {21},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {599-609}
}

@incollection{Popper1967,
    publisher = {Princeton University Press},
    author = {Popper, Karl Raimund},
    booktitle = {Popper selections},
    title = {Knowledge: subjective versus objective},
    year = {1985},
    editor = {Miller, D.},
    address = {Princeton},
    pages = {58-77}
}

@article{Popper1978,
    title = {Three worlds},
    url = {http://www.tannerlectures.utah.edu/lectures/documents/popper80.pdf},
    journal = {The Tanner Lectures on Human Values},
    author = {Popper, Karl Raimund},
    year = {1978},
    pages = {143-167}
}

@article{Poser2002,
    title = {Sir Thomas Young and Statistical Evidence of Historical Relationship},
    journal = {Historiographia Linguistica},
    author = {Poser, William John},
    number = {1/2},
    volume = {29},
    year = {2002},
    keywords = {Nachweis von Sprachverwandtschaft;Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft;quantitative Methoden;Statistik},
    pages = {262-268}
}

@article{Poser1992,
    title = {Indo-European practice and historical methodology},
    journal = {Proceedings of the Eighteenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society},
    author = {Poser, William John and Campbell, Lyle},
    year = {1992},
    keywords = {Sprachklassifikation;Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft;Nachweis von Sprachverwandtschaft;komparative Methode},
    pages = {214-236}
}

@article{Postel1969,
    title = {Die Kölner Phonetik. Ein Verfahren zur Identifizierung von Personennamen auf der Grundlage der Gestaltanalyse},
    journal = {IBM-Nachrichten},
    author = {Postel, Hans Joachim},
    volume = {19},
    year = {1969},
    pages = {925-931}
}

@book{Postovalova1978,
    publisher = {Nauka},
    author = {Postovalova, V. I.},
    title = {Istoričeskaja fonologija i ee osnovanija (Historical phonology and its foundations)},
    year = {1978},
    keywords = {historical linguistics, historical phonology, sound change},
    address = {Moscow}
}

@book{Poulisse1999,
    publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company},
    isbn = {9027241309,9789027241306},
    title = {Slips of the Tongue: Speech Errors in First and Second Language Production},
    series = {Studies in Bilingualism},
    author = {Nanda Poulisse},
    year = {1999}
}

@book{Powell1880,
    publisher = {United States Government Printing Office},
    author = {Powell, John Wesley},
    title = {Introduction to the study of Indian languages, with words, phrases, and sentences to be collected},
    edition = {2},
    year = {1880},
    address = {Washington}
}

@article{Pozdniakov2014,
    title = {O poroge rodstva i indekse stabilŉosti v bazisnoj leksike pri massovom sravnenii: Atlantičeskie jazyki},
    url = {http://jolr.ru/files/(144)jlr2014-11(187-237).pdf},
    abstract = {The paper deals with certain key aspects of the procedure of establishing long-range genetic relationship between languages in the absence of a classic step-by-step reconstruction, such as: 1) the issue of establishing the randomness threshold for lexical matches on the Swadesh 100­item wordlist, depending on the particularities of the employed algorithm; 2) the issue of stability ranking in the sphere of the basic lexicon; 3) the issue of multiple isolated roots that do not find any parallels in the other languages of the family. These general topics are discussed in the context of specific problems that arise during research on the genetic classification of Atlantic languages. The latter are traditionally considered to constitute a branch of the Niger-Congo macrofamily, but lexicostatistics suggests that their date of separation is no younger than 8000 . Two critical responses to the paper present further opinions on the difficult problematics of establishing long-range relationship; the author’s final response is also to be regarded as an important constituent of the published paper. В статье рассматриваются некоторые ключевые проблемы установления дальнего родства языков в условиях, когда отсутствует классическая ступенчатая реконструкция, а именно: 1) проблема установления порога случайных сходств в стословном списке Сводеша (при различных алгоритмах их фиксации); 2) проблема ранжирования базисной лексики по ее устойчивости; 3) проблема многочисленных изолированных корней, не находящих параллелей в других языках семьи. Эти общие сюжеты рассматриваются на основе конкретной проблематики построения генетической классификации атлантических языков. Атлантические языки традиционно считаются одной из ветвей нигеро-конголезской макросемьи, но при этом лексикостатистика говорит о том, что дата их разделения составляет не менее 8000 лет. Публикуемые два критических отзыва на статью в определенном смысле явяются ее продолжением, развивая сложную проблематику установления дальнего родства языков; авторский ответ на эти отзывы следует также рассматривать как важный фрагмент публикуемой статьи.},
    author = {Pozdniakov, Konstantin},
    volume = {11},
    year = {2014},
    journal = {Journal of Language Relationship},
    pages = {187-237}
}

@book{Pratchett1991,
    publisher = {Wilhelm Goldmann},
    author = {Pratchett, Terry},
    year = {1991},
    title = {Alles Sense},
    address = {München}
}

@incollection{Prentiss2016,
    publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
    author = {Anna Marie Prentiss and Matthew J. Walsh and Randall R. Skelton and Matt Mattes},
    booktitle = {Cultural Phylogenetics: Concepts and Applications in Archaeology},
    title = {Mosaic Evolution in Cultural Frameworks: Skateboard Decks and Projectile Points},
    year = {2016},
    editor = {Mendoza Straffon, Larissa},
    address = {Cham and Heidelberg and New York and Dordrecht},
    pages = {113-130}
}

@article{Jon1998,
    title = {Classification and Counter-Classification of Language on Saint BarthÃ},
    journal = {Language in Society},
    author = {Pressman, Jon F.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {27},
    year = {1998},
    pages = {459-494}
}

@article{Priestly1973,
    title = {Subgrouping in Comparative Reconstruction},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Priestly, Tom},
    number = {7},
    volume = {15},
    year = {1973},
    pages = {299-323}
}

@article{Prim1957,
    title = {Shortest connection networks and some generalizations},
    journal = {Bell System Technical Journal},
    author = {Prim, R.C.},
    number = {36},
    year = {1957},
    pages = {1389-1401}
}

@article{Pritchard2000,
    title = {Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data},
    journal = {Genetics},
    author = {Jonathan K. Pritchard and Matthew Stephens and Peter Donnelly},
    volume = {155},
    year = {2000},
    pages = {945–959}
}

@article{Progovac2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01714},
    title = {A Gradualist Scenario for Language Evolution: Precise Linguistic Reconstruction of Early Human (and Neandertal) Grammars},
    journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
    abstract = {In making an argument for the antiquity of language, based on comparative evidence, Dediu & Levinson (2013) express hope that some combinations of structural features will prove so conservative that they will allow deep linguistic reconstruction. I propose that the earliest stages of syntax/grammar as reconstructed in Progovac (2015a), based on a theoretical and data-driven linguistic analysis, provide just such a conservative platform, which would have been commanded also by Neandertals and the common ancestor. I provide a fragment of this proto-grammar, which includes flat verb-noun compounds used for naming and insult (e.g. rattle-snake, cry-baby, scatter-brain), and paratactic (loose) combinations of such flat structures (e.g. Come one, come all; You seek, you find). This flat, binary, paratactic platform is found in all languages, and can be shown to serve as foundation for any further structure building. However, given the degree and nature of variation across languages in elaborating syntax beyond this proto-stage, I propose that hierarchical syntax did not emerge once and uniformly in all its complexity, but rather multiple times, either within Africa, or after dispersion from Africa. If so, then, under the uniregional hypothesis, our common ancestor with Neandertals, H. heidelbergensis, could not have commanded hierarchical syntax, but “only” the proto-grammar. Linguistic reconstructions of this kind are necessary for formulating precise and testable hypotheses regarding language evolution. In addition to the hominin timeline, this reconstruction can also engage, and negotiate between, the fields of neuroscience and genetics, as I illustrate with one specific scenario involving FOXP2 gene.},
    author = {Progovac, Ljiljana},
    volume = {7},
    url = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01714},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {1714}
}

@article{Progovac1993,
    title = {Long-Distance Reflexives: Movement-to-Infl versus Relativized SUBJECT},
    journal = {Linguistic Inquiry},
    author = {Progovac, Ljiljana},
    number = {4},
    volume = {24},
    year = {1993},
    pages = {755-772}
}

@incollection{Prokic2013b,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    author = {Prokić, Jelena and Moran, Steven},
    booktitle = {Approaches to Measuring Linguistic Differences},
    title = {Black box approaches to genealogical classification and their shortcomings},
    year = {2013},
    editor = {Borin, Lars and Saxena, Anju},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {437-457}
}

@incollection{Prokic2017,
    publisher = {College Publications},
    author = {Prokić, Jelena},
    booktitle = {From semantics to dialectometry. Festschrift in honor of John Nerbonne.},
    title = {Quantitative diachronic dialectology},
    year = {2017},
    editor = {Martijn Wieling and Martin Kroon and Gertjan van Noord and Gosse Bouma},
    address = {Groningen},
    pages = {293-301}
}

@thesis{Prokic2010,
    title = {Families and resemblences},
    url = {http://dissertations.ub.rug.nl/FILES/faculties/arts/2010/j.prokic/15complete.pdf},
    author = {Prokić, Jelena},
    year = {2010},
    institution = {Rijksuniversiteit Groningen},
    address = {Groningen}
}

@article{Prokic2013a,
    title = {Combining regular sound correspondences with geographic spread},
    journal = {Language Dynamics and Change},
    author = {Prokić, Jelena and Cysouw, Michael},
    number = {2},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2013},
    keywords = {sound change; diffusion model; geography},
    pages = {147-168}
}

@article{Prokic2009b,
    title = {The computational analysis of Bulgarian dialect pronunciation},
    journal = {Serdica Journal of Computing},
    author = {Prokić, J. and Nerbonne, J. and Zhobov, V. and Osenova, P. and Simov, K. and Zastrow, T. and E. Hinrichs},
    number = {3},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {269-298}
}

@inproceedings{Prokic2009,
    title = {Multiple sequence alignments in linguistics},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the EACL 2009 Workshop on Language Technology and Resources for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities, and Education},
    author = {Prokić, Jelena and Wieling, Martijn and Nerbonne, John},
    year = {2009},
    keywords = {multiple sequence alignment, historical linguistics},
    pages = {18-25}
}

@article{Proulx1988,
    title = {Lexical Coding and Culture Loss: The Case of Quechua},
    journal = {American Anthropologist},
    author = {Proulx, Paul},
    number = {2},
    volume = {90},
    year = {1988},
    pages = {423-424}
}

@article{Proulx1984,
    publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
    title = {Proto-Algic I: Phonological Sketch},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1265603},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Paul Proulx},
    number = {2},
    volume = {50},
    year = {1984},
    pages = {165-207}
}

@article{Puigbo2007,
    title = {TOPD/FMTS: a new software to compare phylogenetic trees},
    journal = {Bioinformatics},
    author = {Puigbò, Pere and Garcia-Vallvé, Santiago and McInemey, James O.},
    number = {12},
    volume = {23},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {1556-1558}
}

@article{Puigbo2010,
    title = {The tree and net components of prokaryote evolution},
    journal = {Genome Biol Evol},
    author = {Puigbo, P. and Wolf, Y. I. and Koonin, E. V.},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {745-756}
}

@article{Pulgram1995,
    title = {Proto-languages in prehistory: Reality and reconstruction},
    journal = {Language Sciences},
    author = {Pulgram, Ernst},
    number = {3},
    volume = {17},
    year = {1995},
    pages = {223-239}
}

@article{Pulgram1959,
    title = {Proto-Indo-European Reality and Reconstruction},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Pulgram, Ernst},
    number = {3},
    volume = {35},
    year = {1959},
    pages = {421-426}
}

@article{Pulgram1950,
    title = {Spoken and Written Latin},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Pulgram, Ernst},
    number = {4},
    volume = {26},
    year = {1950},
    pages = {458-466}
}

@article{Pulgram1949,
    title = {Prehistory and the Italian dialects},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Pulgram, Ernst},
    number = {3},
    volume = {25},
    year = {1949},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Validierung},
    pages = {241-252}
}

@incollection{Pulleyblank1995,
    publisher = {University of California Press},
    author = {Pulleyblank, Edwin},
    booktitle = {The ancestry of the Chinese language},
    title = {Historical and prehistorical relationships of Chinese},
    year = {1995},
    editor = {Wang, William S.-Y.},
    address = {Berkeley},
    pages = {149-194}
}

@book{Pulleyblank1995a,
    publisher = {UBC},
    author = {Pulleyblank, Edwin},
    year = {1995},
    title = {Outline of Classical Chinese grammar},
    address = {Vancouver}
}

@book{Pulleyblank1984,
    publisher = {UBC Press},
    author = {Pulleyblank, Edwin},
    year = {1984},
    title = {Middle Chinese: A study in historical phonology},
    address = {Vancouver}
}

@article{Pulleyblank2003,
    publisher = {American Oriental Society},
    author = {Pulleyblank, Edwin G.},
    journal = {Journal of the American Oriental Society},
    title = {Once Again Old Chinese yan 焉 and an 安},
    number = {3},
    volume = {123},
    year = {2003},
    keywords = {chinese, contraction},
    pages = {635-639}
}

@book{Pullum1996,
    publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
    isbn = {9780226924885,0226924882},
    author = {Pullum, Geoffrey K. and Ladusaw, William A.},
    title = {Phonetic symbol guide},
    year = {1996},
    edition = {2},
    address = {Chicago}
}

@article{Purzycki2016,
    title = {Moralistic gods, supernatural punishment and the expansion of human sociality},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature16980},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {Purzycki, Benjamin Grant and Apicella, Coren and Atkinson, Quentin D. and Cohen, Emma and McNamara, Rita Anne and Willard, Aiyana K. and Xygalatas, Dimitris and Norenzayan, Ara and Henrich, Joseph},
    volume = {advance online publication},
    year = {2016-02-10}
}

@article{Pyenson2005,
    title = {Treating medieval manuscripts as fossils},
    journal = {Science},
    author = {Pyenson, N. D. and Pyenson, L.},
    number = {5735},
    volume = {309},
    year = {2005},
    keywords = {Gray;Linguistik und Biologie},
    pages = {698-699}
}

@book{Watson2006,
    title = {Institutes of oratory},
    url = {http://honeyl.public.iastate.edu/quintilian/},
    author = {Quintilian},
    editor = {Honeycutt, Lee},
    year = {2006},
    address = {Iowa}
}

@article{Ragan2009,
    title = {Trees and networks before and after Darwin},
    journal = {Biology Direct},
    abstract = {:It is well-known that Charles Darwin sketched abstract trees of relationship in his 1837 notebook, and depicted a tree in the Origin of Species (1859). Here I attempt to place Darwinś trees in historical context. By the mid-Eighteenth century the Great Chain of Being was increasingly seen to be an inadequate description of order in nature, and by about 1780 it had been largely abandoned without a satisfactory alternative having been agreed upon. In 1750 Donati described aquatic and terrestrial organisms as forming a network, and a few years later Buffon depicted a network of genealogical relationships among breeds of dogs. In 1764 Bonnet asked whether the Chain might actually branch at certain points, and in 1766 Pallas proposed that the gradations among organisms resemble a tree with a compound trunk, perhaps not unlike the tree of animal life later depicted by Eichwald. Other trees were presented by Augier in 1801 and by Lamarck in 1809 and 1815, the latter two assuming a transmutation of species over time. Elaborate networks of affinities among plants and among animals were depicted in the late Eighteenth and very early Nineteenth centuries. In the two decades immediately prior to 1837, so-called affinities and/or analogies among organisms were represented by diverse geometric figures. Series of plant and animal fossils in successive geological strata were represented as trees in a popular textbook from 1840, while in 1858 Bronn presented a system of animals, as evidenced by the fossil record, in a form of a tree. Darwinś 1859 tree and its subsequent elaborations by Haeckel came to be accepted in many but not all areas of biological sciences, while network diagrams were used in others. Beginning in the early 1960s trees were inferred from protein and nucleic acid sequences, but networks were re-introduced in the mid-1990s to represent lateral genetic transfer, increasingly regarded as a fundamental mode of evolution at least for bacteria and archaea. In historical context, then, the Network of Life preceded the Tree of Life and might again supersede it.REVIEWERS:This article was reviewed by Eric Bapteste, Patrick Forterre and Dan Graur.},
    author = {Ragan, Mark},
    number = {1},
    volume = {4},
    url = {http://www.biology-direct.com/content/4/1/43},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {43}
}

@article{Raghava2006,
    title = {Quantification of the variation in percentage identity for protein sequence alignments},
    journal = {BMC Bioinformatics},
    author = {Raghava, G. P. S. and Barton, Geoffrey J.},
    number = {415},
    volume = {7},
    year = {2006},
    keywords = {multiple sequence alignment, percentage identity}
}

@article{Raghava2003,
    title = {OXBench: A benchmark for evaluation of protein multiple sequence alignment accuracy},
    journal = {BMC Bioinformatics},
    author = {Raghava, G. P. S. and Searle, Stephen M. J. and Audley, Patrick C. and Barber, Jonathan D. and Barton, Geoffrey J.},
    number = {47},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2003}
}

@book{Raimy2009,
    publisher = {MIT Press},
    author = {Eric Raimy and Charles E. Cairns},
    series = {Current Studies in Linguistics},
    title = {Contemporary views on architecture and representation in phonology},
    year = {2009},
    number = {48},
    editor = {Eric Raimy and Charles E. Cairns},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@article{Rama2016,
    journal = {ArXiv e-prints},
    title = {Chinese Restaurant Process for cognate clustering: A threshold free approach},
    year = {2016},
    author = {Rama, Taraka}
}

@inproceedings{Rama2016b,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers},
    title = {Siamese convolutional networks for cognate identification},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {1018–1027},
    author = {Rama, Taraka}
}

@incollection{Rama2015,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    title = {Comparative evaluation of string similarity measures for automatic language classification},
    booktitle = {Sequences in language and text},
    author = {Rama, Taraka and Borin, Lars},
    editor = {Mikros, George K. and Mačutek, Ján},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {171-200}
}

@inproceedings{Rama2017,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on NLP for Similar Languages, Varieties and Dialects},
    title = {Computational analysis of Gondi dialects},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {26-35},
    author = {Rama, Taraka and Çağrı Çöltekin and Sofroniev, Pavel}
}

@inproceedings{Rama2013,
    title = {Two methods for automatic identification of cognates},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Quantitative Investigations in Theoretical Linguistics},
    author = {Rama, Taraka and Kolachina, Prasant and Kolachina, Sudheer},
    institution = {University of Leuven},
    editor = {Wielfaert, Thomas and Heylen, Kris and Speelman, Dirk},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {76-80}
}

@inproceedings{Rama2018,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the North American Chapter of the Association of Computational Linguistics},
    title = {Are automatic methods for cognate detection good enough for phylogenetic reconstruction in historical linguistics?},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {393-400},
    author = {Rama, Taraka and List, Johann-Mattis and Wahle, Johannes and Jäger, Gerhard}
}

@article{Rama2017a,
    title = {Fast and unsupervised methods for multilingual cognate clustering},
    url = {http://arxiv.org/abs/1702.04938},
    journal = {CoRR},
    author = {Taraka Rama and Johannes Wahle and Pavel Sofroniev and Gerhard Jäger},
    volume = {abs/1702.04938},
    year = {2017}
}

@incollection{Raman1997,
    publisher = {Routledge},
    isbn = {0415117607},
    author = {Raman, Anand and Patrick, Jon},
    series = {One world archaeology},
    booktitle = {Archeology and Language I: Theoretical and methodological orientations},
    title = {Linguistic similarity measures using the minimum message length principle},
    year = {1997},
    volume = {27},
    editor = {Blench, Roger and Spriggs, Matthew},
    address = {London},
    pages = {262-279}
}

@article{Ramer1996,
    title = {Tonkawa and Zuni: Two Test Cases for the Greenberg Classification},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Ramer, Alexis Manaster},
    number = {3},
    volume = {62},
    year = {1996},
    pages = {264-288}
}

@article{Ramer1996a,
    title = {Sapirś Classifications: Coahuiltecan},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/30028442},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Ramer, Alexis Manaster},
    number = {1},
    volume = {38},
    year = {1996},
    pages = {1-38}
}

@book{Ramers2007,
    publisher = {Fink},
    author = {Ramers, Karl Heinz},
    title = {Einführung in die Syntax},
    edition = {2},
    year = {2007},
    address = {München}
}

@book{Ramirez1997,
    publisher = {Inspetoria Salesiana Missionaria da Amazônia, CEDEM},
    author = {Ramirez, Henry},
    booktitle = {A fala Tukano dos Yeṕâ-Masa},
    title = {Gramática},
    year = {1997},
    volume = {1},
    address = {Manaus}
}

@book{Rask1993,
    publisher = {The Linguistic Circle of Copenhagen},
    isbn = {87-7421-857-3},
    author = {Rask, Rasmus K.},
    series = {Travaux du Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague},
    title = {Investigation of the origin of the Old Norse or Icelandic language},
    year = {1993},
    number = {26},
    address = {Copenhagen},
    keywords = {komparative Methode;Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft}
}

@book{Rask1818,
    publisher = {Gyldendalske Boghandlings Forlag},
    author = {Rask, Rasmus K.},
    url = {http://books.google.de/books?id=cWgJAAAAQAAJ},
    title = {Undersögelse om det gamle Nordiske eller Islandske sprogs oprindelse},
    year = {1818},
    address = {Copenhagen}
}

@article{Ratcliffe2012,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1075/jhl.2.2.04ra},
    title = {On calculating the reliability of the comparative method at long and medium distances},
    journal = {Journal of Historical Linguistics},
    author = {Ratcliffe, Robert R.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {239–281}
}

@book{Ratliff2010,
    publisher = {Pacific Linguistics},
    author = {Martha Ratliff},
    year = {2010},
    title = {Hmong-Mien language history},
    address = {Canberra}
}

@book{Rauhut2001,
    publisher = {Wiley-VCH},
    author = {Rauhut, Reinhard},
    year = {2001},
    title = {Bioinformatik. Sequenz-Struktur-Funktion},
    address = {Weinheim and New York}
}

@article{Ravindranath2015,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1111/lnc3.12137},
    title = {Sociolinguistic variation and language contact},
    journal = {Language and Linguistics Compass},
    author = {Ravindranath, Maya},
    number = {6},
    volume = {9},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {243-255}
}

@article{Ray1895,
    publisher = {[Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Wiley]},
    title = {The Languages of British New Guinea},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2842475},
    journal = {The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland},
    author = {Sidney H. Ray},
    volume = {24},
    year = {1895},
    pages = {15-39}
}

@incollection{Rea1973,
    publisher = {Mouton},
    author = {Rea, John A.},
    series = {Current Trends in Linguistics},
    booktitle = {Diachronic, areal and typological linguistics},
    title = {The Romance data of pilot studies for glottochronology},
    year = {1973},
    volume = {11},
    editor = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max and Langacre, Robert H.},
    address = {The Hague; Paris},
    pages = {355-367}
}

@article{Rea1958,
    title = {Concerning the Validity of Lexicostatistics},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Rea, John A.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {24},
    year = {1958},
    pages = {145-150}
}

@book{Regan1974,
    publisher = {Wellington},
    author = {Regan, Brian T.},
    year = {1974},
    title = {Dictionary of the Biblical Gothic language},
    address = {Gilbert}
}

@article{Regier2016,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151138},
    author = {Regier, Terry AND Carstensen, Alexandra AND Kemp, Charles},
    journal = {PLOS ONE},
    abstract = {The claim that Eskimo languages have words for different types of snow is well-known among the public, but has been greatly exaggerated through popularization and is therefore viewed with skepticism by many scholars of language. Despite the prominence of this claim, to our knowledge the line of reasoning behind it has not been tested broadly across languages. Here, we note that this reasoning is a special case of the more general view that language is shaped by the need for efficient communication, and we empirically test a variant of it against multiple sources of data, including library reference works, Twitter, and large digital collections of linguistic and meteorological data. Consistent with the hypothesis of efficient communication, we find that languages that use the same linguistic form for snow and ice tend to be spoken in warmer climates, and that this association appears to be mediated by lower communicative need to talk about snow and ice. Our results confirm that variation in semantic categories across languages may be traceable in part to local communicative needs. They suggest moreover that despite its awkward history, the topic of “words for snow” may play a useful role as an accessible instance of the principle that language supports efficient communication.},
    title = {Languages support efficient communication about the environment: Words for snow revisited},
    number = {4},
    volume = {11},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151138},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {1-17}
}

@book{Reitz2008,
    year = {2008},
    edition = {2},
    title = {Zooarchaeology},
    isbn = {9780511378799,9780521857260,0521857260},
    author = {Elizabeth J. Reitz and Elizabeth S. Wing}
}

@article{Renfrew2009,
    title = {Anthropology: Where Bacteria and Languages Concur},
    journal = {Science},
    author = {Renfrew, Colin},
    number = {5913},
    volume = {323},
    year = {2009},
    keywords = {Biologie;Linguistik und Biologie;Gray},
    pages = {467-468}
}

@article{Renfrew2005,
    title = {`Indo-European ́designates languages},
    journal = {ANTIQUITY},
    author = {Renfrew, Colin},
    number = {305},
    volume = {79},
    year = {2005},
    keywords = {Gray;Linguistik und Biologie},
    pages = {692-693}
}

@article{Renfrew1989,
    title = {Models of change in language and archeology},
    journal = {Transactions of the Philological Society},
    author = {Renfrew, Colin},
    number = {2},
    volume = {87},
    year = {1989},
    pages = {103-155}
}

@misc{LanguagesEurope,
    url = {http://www.languagesandpeoples.com/},
    title = {Languages and Origins in Europe},
    year = {2009},
    author = {Renfrew, Colin and Heggarty, Paul}
}

@book{Reuchlin1506,
    publisher = {Thomas Anshelm},
    title = {Ioannis Reuchlin Phorcensis LL. Doc. ad Dionysium fratrem suum Germanum de rudimentis Hebraicis libri III},
    year = {1506},
    author = {Reuchlin, Johannes}
}

@article{Rexova2006,
    title = {Cladistic analysis of Bantu languages: a new tree based on combined lexical and grammatical data},
    url = {doi:10.1007/s00114-006-0088-z},
    journal = {Naturwissenschaften},
    author = {Rexovà, Kateřina and Bastin, Yvonne and Frynta, Daniel},
    number = {4},
    volume = {93},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {189-194}
}

@book{Rey1992dictionnaire,
    publisher = {Robert},
    isbn = {9782850361876},
    title = {Dictionnaire historique de la langue française. Tome 1: A-L.},
    url = {http://books.google.de/books?id=LzewXwAACAAJ},
    author = {Rey, A.},
    year = {1992}
}

@article{ReyesCenteno2016,
    title = {Tracking modern human population history from linguistic and cranial phenotype},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep36645},
    journal = {Scientific Reports},
    author = {Reyes-Centeno, Hugo and Harvati, Katerina and Jäger, Gerhard},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {36645}
}

@article{Ringe2015,
    title = {[Review of] Classification and Evolution in Biology, Linguistics, and the History of Science (2013)},
    journal = {Historische Sprachforschung},
    author = {Don Ringe},
    volume = {128},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {316-320}
}

@article{Ringe2015b,
    title = {Response to Kassian et al., "Proto-Indo-Euroipean-Uralic comparison from the probabilistic point of view"},
    journal = {The Journal of Indo-European Studies},
    author = {Ringe, Don},
    number = {3-4},
    volume = {43},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {348-356}
}

@book{Ringe2006,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {9780199284139},
    author = {Ringe, Donald},
    url = {http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/508752566.pdf},
    series = {A linguistic history of English / Don Ringe},
    title = {From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic},
    year = {2006},
    volume = {Vol. 1},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@article{Ringe1992,
    publisher = {American Philosophical Society},
    author = {Ringe, Donald A.},
    series = {New Series},
    journal = {Transactions of the American Philosophical Society},
    title = {On calculating the factor of chance in language comparison},
    number = {1},
    volume = {82},
    year = {1992},
    pages = {1-110}
}

@article{Ringe2002,
    title = {Indo-European and computational cladistics},
    journal = {Transactions of the Philological Society},
    author = {Ringe, Donald and Warnow, Tandy and Taylor, Ann},
    number = {1},
    volume = {100},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {59-129}
}

@article{Rissanen1978,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-1098(78)90005-5},
    author = {J. Rissanen},
    url = {//www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0005109878900055},
    abstract = {The number of digits it takes to write down an observed sequence x1, …, xN of a time series depends on the model with its parameters that one assumes to have generated the observed data. Accordingly, by finding the model which minimizes the description length one obtains estimates of both the integer-valued structure parameters and the real-valued system parameters. },
    title = {Modeling by shortest data description},
    number = {5},
    pages = {465 - 471},
    volume = {14},
    year = {1978},
    keywords = {Modeling},
    journal = {Automatica}
}

@book{Ritt2004,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    isbn = {978-0521826716},
    author = {Ritt, Nikolaus},
    url = {http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/cam041/2003055900.html / http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/cam041/2003055900.html},
    title = {Selfish Sounds and Linguistic Evolution: A Darwinian approach to language change},
    year = {2004},
    address = {Cambridge.}
}

@article{Rivas2008,
    title = {Probabilistic phylogenetic inference with insertions and deletions},
    journal = {PLoS Computational Biology},
    abstract = {A fundamental task in sequence analysis is to calculate the probability of a multiple alignment given a phylogenetic tree relating the sequences and an evolutionary model describing how sequences change over time. However, the most widely used phylogenetic models only account for residue substitution events. We describe a probabilistic model of a multiple sequence alignment that accounts for insertion and deletion events in addition to substitutions, given a phylogenetic tree, using a rate matrix augmented by the gap character. Starting from a continuous Markov process, we construct a non-reversible generative (birth-death) evolutionary model for insertions and deletions. The model assumes that insertion and deletion events occur one residue at a time. We apply this model to phylogenetic tree inference by extending the program dnaml in phylip. Using standard benchmarking methods on simulated data and a new "concordance test" benchmark on real ribosomal RNA alignments, we show that the extended program dnamlepsilon improves accuracy relative to the usual approach of ignoring gaps, while retaining the computational efficiency of the Felsenstein peeling algorithm.},
    author = {Rivas, E. and Eddy, S. R.},
    number = {9},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {e1000172}
}

@incollection{Rivero2016,
    publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25928-4_3},
    author = {Rivero, Daniel García},
    booktitle = {Cultural Phylogenetics: Concepts and Applications in Archaeology},
    title = {Darwinian Archaeology and Cultural Phylogenetics},
    year = {2016},
    editor = {Mendoza Straffon, Larissa},
    address = {Cham and Heidelberg and New York and Dordrecht},
    pages = {43-72}
}

@book{Rix1986,
    publisher = {Inst. für Sprachwiss. d. Univ. Innsbruck},
    isbn = {3-85124-588-1},
    author = {Rix, Helmut},
    title = {Zur Entstehung des urindogermanischen Modussystems: Vortrag, gehalten am 25. Oktober 1984 auf Einladung d. Inst. für Sprachwiss. d. Univ. Innsbruck, sowie vorher am 2. November 1983 als Antrittsvorlesung an d. Univ. Freiburg im Breisgau},
    year = {1986},
    address = {Insbruck}
}

@inproceedings{Roark2012,
    publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
    author = {Roark, Brian and Sproat, Richard and Allauzen, Cyril and Riley, Michael and Sorensen, Jeffrey and Tai, Terry},
    url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P12-3011},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACL 2012 System Demonstrations},
    title = {The OpenGrm open-source finite-state grammar software libraries},
    year = {2012},
    address = {Jeju Island, Korea},
    pages = {61-66}
}

@book{Robbeets2005,
    publisher = {Harrassowitz},
    author = {Robbeets, Martine Irma},
    year = {2005},
    title = {Is Japanese related to Korean, Tungusic, Mongolic and Turkic},
    address = {Wiesbaden}
}

@article{Roberts2018,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00166},
    title = {Robust, Causal, and Incremental Approaches to Investigating Linguistic Adaptation},
    journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
    abstract = {This paper discusses the maximum robustness approach for studying cases of adaptation in language. We live in age where we have more data on more languages than ever before, and more data to link it with from other domains. This should make it easier to test hypotheses involving adaptation, and also to spot new patterns that might be explained by adaptation. However, there is not much discussion of the overall approach to research in this area. There are outstanding questions about how to formalise theories, what the criteria are for directing research and how to integrate results from different methods into a clear assessment of a hypothesis. This paper addresses some of those issues by suggesting an approach which is causal, incremental and robust. It illustrates the approach with reference to a recent claim that dry environments select against the use of precise contrasts in pitch. Study 1 replicates a previous analysis of the link between humidity and lexical tone with an alternative dataset and finds that it is not robust. Study 2 performs an analysis with a continuous measure of tone and finds no significant correlation. Study 3 addresses a more recent analysis of the link between humidity and vowel use and finds that it is robust, though the effect size is small and the measurement robustness is only moderate. Methodological robustness of the hypothesis is addressed by suggesting additional approaches including iterated learning, a historical case study, corpus studies and studying individual speech.},
    author = {Roberts, Seán G.},
    volume = {9},
    url = {https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00166},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {166}
}

@article{Roberts2015,
    title = {Commentary: Large-scale psychological differences within China explained by rice vs. wheat agriculture},
    journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
    author = {Roberts, Seán G.},
    number = {950},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {1-4}
}

@incollection{Robins1973,
    publisher = {Mouton},
    author = {Robins, R. H.},
    series = {Current Trends in Linguistics},
    booktitle = {Diachronic, areal and typological linguistics},
    title = {The history of language classification},
    year = {1973},
    number = {11},
    editor = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max and Langacre, Robert H.},
    address = {The Hague and Paris},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft;Sprachklassifikation},
    pages = {3-41}
}

@incollection{Robins1990,
    publisher = {Benjamins},
    isbn = {90-272-4532-0},
    author = {Robins, Robert H.},
    series = {Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic scienceSeries 3, Studies in the history of the language sciences},
    booktitle = {Leibniz, Humboldt, and the origins of comparativism},
    title = {Leibniz and Wilhelm von Hiumboldt and the history of comparative linguistics},
    year = {1990},
    volume = {49},
    editor = {Mauro, Tullio and Formigari, Lia and Petrilli, Raffaella and Thornton, Anna Maria},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft;},
    pages = {85-102}
}

@book{Robins1973a,
    publisher = {Athenäum},
    author = {Robins, R. H.},
    year = {1973},
    title = {Ideen- und Problemgeschichte der Sprachwissenschaft},
    address = {Frankfurt am Main}
}

@book{Robins1967,
    year = {1967},
    publisher = {Longman Group},
    title = {A short history of linguistics},
    isbn = {0582523974,9780582523975},
    author = {R. H. Robins}
}

@article{Robins1966,
    publisher = {Springer},
    title = {The development of the word class system of the European grammatical tradition},
    journal = {Foundations of Language},
    author = {Robins, R. H.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1966},
    pages = {3-19}
}

@book{Robinson1995,
    publisher = {BCA},
    author = {Robinson, Andrew},
    year = {1995},
    title = {The story of writing},
    address = {London and New York and Sydney and Toronto}
}

@article{Robinson2012,
    publisher = {Brill},
    title = {Internal classification of the Alor-Pantar language family using computational methods applied to the lexicon},
    journal = {Language Dynamics and Change},
    author = {Robinson, Laura C and Holton, Gary},
    number = {2},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {123-149}
}

@article{Rodd2002,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2001.2810},
    author = {Jennifer Rodd and Gareth Gaskell and William Marslen-Wilson},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749596X01928104},
    abstract = {There have been several reports in the literature of faster visual lexical decisions to words that are semantically ambiguous. All current models of this ambiguity advantage assume that it is the presence of multiple unrelated meanings that produce this benefit. A set of three lexical decision experiments reported here challenge this assumption. We contrast the ambiguity seen in words like bark, which have multiple unrelated meanings, with words that have multiple related word senses (e.g., twist). In all three experiments we find that while multiple word senses do produce faster responses, ambiguity between multiple meanings delays recognition. These results suggest that, while competition between the multiple meanings of ambiguous words delays their recognition, the rich semantic representations associated with words with many senses facilitate their recognition. },
    title = {Making Sense of Semantic Ambiguity: Semantic Competition in Lexical Access},
    number = {2},
    pages = {245 - 266},
    volume = {46},
    year = {2002},
    keywords = {lexical ambiguity},
    journal = {Journal of Memory and Language}
}

@book{Downey1999,
    publisher = {Springer},
    isbn = {978-1-4612-6798-0,978-1-4612-0515-9},
    title = {Parameterized Complexity},
    series = {Monographs in Computer Science},
    author = {Rodney G. Downey, Michael R. Fellows},
    year = {1999}
}

@thesis{Roettger2014,
    title = {Active transitivity clustering of large-scale biomedical datasets},
    author = {Roettger, Richard},
    year = {2014},
    institution = {Saarland University},
    address = {Saarbrücken}
}

@article{Rogers2014,
    title = {Comparative primate genomics: emerging patterns of genome content and dynamics},
    journal = {Nat. Rev. Genet.},
    author = {Rogers, J. and Gibbs, R. A.},
    number = {5},
    volume = {15},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {347-359}
}

@article{Rogers2001,
    title = {Maximum likelihood estimation of phylogenetic trees is consistent when substitution rates vary according to the invariable sites plus gamma distribution},
    journal = {Syst. Biol.},
    abstract = {Maximum likelihood estimation of phylogenetic trees from nucleotide sequences is completely consistent when nucleotide substitution is governed by the general time reversible (GTR) model with rates that vary over sites according to the invariable sites plus gamma (I + gamma) distribution.},
    author = {Rogers, J. S.},
    number = {5},
    volume = {50},
    year = {2001},
    pages = {713-722}
}

@incollection{Rogozin2006,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Rogozin, Igor B. and Wolf, Yuri I. and Babenko, Vladimir N. and Koonin, Eugene V.},
    url = {http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199297306.001.0001/acprof-9780199297306-chapter-11},
    booktitle = {Parsimony, phylogeny, and genomics},
    title = {Dollo parsimony and the reconstruction of genome evolution},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Albert, Victor A.},
    address = {Oxford and New York}
}

@article{Rong1997,
    title = {The Continuing Decline in Asian American Teachers},
    journal = {American Educational Research Journal},
    author = {Rong, Xue Lan and Preissle, Judith},
    number = {2},
    volume = {34},
    year = {1997},
    pages = {267-293}
}

@article{Ronquist2004,
    title = {Bayesian inference of character evolution},
    journal = {Trends in Ecology and Evolution},
    author = {Ronquist, Frederik},
    volume = {19},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {475-481}
}

@article{Ronquist2003,
    title = {MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models},
    journal = {Bioinformatics},
    author = {Ronquist, Frederik and Huelsenbeck, J. P.},
    number = {12},
    volume = {19},
    year = {2003},
    keywords = {software-package},
    pages = {1572–1574}
}

@incollection{Ronquist2009,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Ronquist, Frederik and Mark, Paul van der and Huelsenbeck, John P.},
    booktitle = {The phylogenetic handbook. A practical approach to phylogenetic analysis and hypothesis testing},
    title = {Bayesian phylogenetic analysis using MrBayes},
    year = {2009},
    edition = {Second Edition},
    editor = {Lemey, Philippe and Salemi, Marco and Vandamme, Anne-Mieke},
    address = {Cambridge},
    pages = {210-266}
}

@article{Rose2006,
    title = {Introducing Phon: A Book Solution for the Study of Phonological Acquisition},
    journal = {Proceedings of the Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development},
    author = {Rose, Y. and MacWhinney, B. and Byrne, R. and Hedlund, G. and Maddocks, K. and OB́rien, P. and Wareham, T.},
    volume = {2006},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {489-500}
}

@article{Ross1950,
    publisher = {Blackwell Publishing for the Royal Statistical Society},
    author = {Ross, Alan S. C.},
    journal = {Journal of the Royal Statistical Society},
    title = {Philological probability problems},
    number = {1},
    volume = {12},
    year = {1950},
    keywords = {root retention},
    pages = {19-59}
}

@incollection{Ross1996a,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Ross, Malcom and Durie, Mark},
    booktitle = {The comparative method reviewed. Regularity and irregularity in language change},
    title = {Introduction},
    year = {1996},
    editor = {Durie, Mark},
    address = {New York},
    pages = {3-38}
}

@incollection{Ross1997,
    publisher = {Routledge},
    isbn = {0415117607},
    author = {Ross, Malcolm D.},
    series = {One world archaeology},
    booktitle = {Archeology and Language I: Theoretical and methodological orientations},
    title = {Social networks and kinds of speech-community event},
    year = {1997},
    volume = {27},
    editor = {Blench, Roger and Spriggs, Matthew},
    address = {London},
    pages = {209-261}
}

@book{Ross1988,
    publisher = {Pacific Linguistics},
    author = {Ross, Malcom D.},
    year = {1988},
    title = {Proto-Oceanic and the Austronesian languages of Western Melanesia},
    address = {Canberra}
}

@article{Ross2016,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2015.08.001},
    author = {Robert M. Ross and Quentin D. Atkinson},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513815000768},
    abstract = {Abstract There exist striking resemblances in the stories of ethnolinguistic groups separated by vast geographic distances, with nearby groups having the most in common. The causes of these geographic associations are uncertain. Here we use method and theory from population genetics to examine cultural transmission in folktale inventories of 18 hunter–gatherer groups spread across 6000 km of Siberia, Alaska, Canada, and Greenland. We find that linguistic relatedness and geographic proximity independently predict overlap in folktale inventories, which provides evidence for both vertical transmission down cultural lineages and horizontal transmission between groups. These results suggest that high-bandwidth social learning across group boundaries is a feature of traditional hunter–gatherers, which may help explain how complex cultural traditions can develop and be retained in ostensibly small groups. },
    title = {Folktale transmission in the Arctic provides evidence for high bandwidth social learning among hunter–gatherer groups},
    number = {1},
    pages = {47 - 53},
    volume = {37},
    year = {2016},
    keywords = {Arctic},
    journal = {Evolution and Human Behavior}
}

@article{Rosser2000,
    title = {Y-chromosomal diversity within Europe is clinal and influenced primarily by geography rather than language},
    journal = {American Journal of Human Genetics},
    author = {Rosser, Z. H. and Zerjal, T. and Hurles, M. E. and Adojaan, M. and Alavantic, D. and Amorim, A. and Amos, W. and Armenteros, M. and Arroyo, E. and Barbujani, Guido},
    volume = {67},
    year = {2000},
    pages = {1526-1543}
}

@article{Rossiter2013,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1080/02687038.2012.751579},
    title = {“Penguins dont́ fly”: An investigation into the effect of typicality on picture naming in people with aphasia},
    abstract = {BACKGROUND: Previous research has highlighted psycholinguistic variables influencing naming ability for individuals with aphasia, including: familiarity, frequency, age of acquisition, imageability, operativity, and length () and a potential link between typicality and generalisation to untreated items in intervention (). However, the effect of concept typicality (the extent to which an item can be considered a prototype of a category) on naming in aphasia warrants further examination. AIMS: To investigate first whether typicality can be reliably rated across a range of natural semantic categories and second whether, and if so in which direction, typicality influences naming performance for people with aphasia. To provide quantitative and qualitative information on typicality for a set of stimuli for use in future research. METHODS & PROCEDURES: Typicality ratings were obtained and the results compared with those in the existing literature. The influence of typicality on picture naming was investigated employing both matched sets (high and low typicality matched for other psycholinguistic variables) and logistic regression analyses for the group and individual participants with aphasia (n = 20). OUTCOMES & RESULTS: Typicality rating correlated strongly with ratings obtained in previous research (: r = .798, N = 35, p < .001; : r = .844, N = 47, p < .001). Typicality was a significant predictor of picture naming for the group and some individuals, with generally better performance for typical items. This was demonstrated in both matched sets and regression analyses. However, other psycholinguistic variables proved more strongly related to naming success, particularly age of acquisition. CONCLUSIONS: Typicality can be rated reliably and should be considered alongside other psycholinguistic variables when investigating word retrieval and intervention in aphasia. Further research is necessary to accurately model the direction of typicality effects found in word retrieval. Finally, the differing nature, size, and internal structure of categories require further exploration when investigating typicality effects.},
    author = {Rossiter, Clare and Best, Wendy},
    number = {7},
    volume = {27},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {784-798}
}

@article{Rosvall2008,
    title = {Maps of random walks on complex networks reveal community structure},
    journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.},
    abstract = {To comprehend the multipartite organization of large-scale biological and social systems, we introduce an information theoretic approach that reveals community structure in weighted and directed networks. We use the probability flow of random walks on a network as a proxy for information flows in the real system and decompose the network into modules by compressing a description of the probability flow. The result is a map that both simplifies and highlights the regularities in the structure and their relationships. We illustrate the method by making a map of scientific communication as captured in the citation patterns of >6,000 journals. We discover a multicentric organization with fields that vary dramatically in size and degree of integration into the network of science. Along the backbone of the network-including physics, chemistry, molecular biology, and medicine-information flows bidirectionally, but the map reveals a directional pattern of citation from the applied fields to the basic sciences.},
    author = {Rosvall, M. and Bergstrom, C. T.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {105},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {1118-1123}
}

@article{Roth2005,
    title = {Co-evolution in epistemic networks. Reconstructing social complex systems},
    journal = {Structure and Dynamics},
    author = {Roth, Camille},
    number = {3},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {1-160}
}

@article{Roettger2013,
    title = {Density parameter estimation for finding clusters of homologous proteins-tracing actinobacterial pathogenicity lifestyles},
    journal = {Bioinformatics},
    author = {Rottger, R. and Kalaghatgi, P. and Sun, P. and Soares, S. d. e. C. and Azevedo, V. and Wittkop, T. and Baumbach, J.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {29},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {215-222}
}

@incollection{Rousseau1980,
    publisher = {Benjamins},
    isbn = {9027245010},
    author = {Rousseau, Jean},
    series = {Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic scienceStudies in the history of linguistics},
    booktitle = {Progress in linguistic historiography: Papers from the International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences (Ottawa, 28-31 August 1978)},
    title = {Flexion et racine: Trois etapes de leur constitution: J. C. Adelung, F. Schlegel, F. Bopp},
    year = {1980},
    volume = {v. 20},
    editor = {Koerner, E. F. K.},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    keywords = {Wurzel;Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft},
    pages = {235-247}
}

@article{Rowe1954,
    title = {Cuestionario para la comparación y clasificación de las lenguas indígenas de Sudamérica},
    journal = {Boletín Indigenista Venezolano},
    author = {Rowe, John H.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1954},
    pages = {137-146}
}

@book{Ruhlen2008,
    publisher = {RGGU},
    author = {Merrit Ruhlen},
    year = {2008},
    title = {A global linguistic database},
    address = {Moscow}
}

@book{Ruehling1774,
    publisher = {Abrah. Vandenhoeck},
    author = {Rühling, Johann-Philipp},
    year = {1774},
    title = {Ordines naturales plantarum commentatio botanica},
    address = {Goettingae}
}

@incollection{Ruvolo1987,
    publisher = {Univ. of Pennsylvania Pr.},
    isbn = {9780812280142},
    author = {Ruvolo, Maryellen},
    booktitle = {Biological metaphor and cladistic classification: An interdisciplinary perspective; [papers from a Symposium on Biological Metaphor Outside Biology, held Mar. 4 - 5, 1982 ... at the American Philos. Soc.ś Library in Philadelphia]},
    title = {Reconstructing genetic and linguistics trees: Phenetic and cladistic approaches},
    year = {1987},
    editor = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max},
    address = {Philadelphia},
    keywords = {Biologie;Rekonstruktion;historische Linguistik},
    pages = {193-216}
}

@article{Ryzhkov1975,
    volume = {11},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/BF01074241},
    author = {Ryzhkov, A. P.},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01074241},
    journal = {Cybernetics},
    title = {Partitioning a graph into the minimal number of complete subgraphs},
    number = {6},
    note = {Original article: Рыжков А. П., Разбиение графа на минимальное число полных подграфов ... 90-96. Kybernetika 1975. 6.},
    year = {1975},
    pages = {939-943}
}

@article{Saavedra2016,
    title = {Automatically identifying blend splinters that are morpheme candidates},
    journal = {Digital Scholarship in the Humanities},
    abstract = {Forms such as -topia in privatopia or -ercise in dancercise are known as blend splinters: they might not be morphemes, but they are clearly involved in word formation. This article offers an automated method that can highlight blend splinters which have the potential to become morphemes in their own right. For instance, the word alcoholic has given rise a large number of blends such as workaholic or rageaholic, so that the splinter -holic is now recognized as a morpheme in the Oxford English Dictionary Misc. Because of the sheer number of newly coined blends, it is difficult to identify splinters that are turning into morphemes on the sole basis of human observation. It would therefore be desirable to have an automated method that could process large amounts of data and identify such elements. This article develops such a method, relying on unsupervised morphological segmentation (Harris, 1955). A custom blend database was established for this purpose. The method is able to detect splinters mentioned in previous research, such as -tainment, -ercise, and cyber-, but in addition, it also detects elements that have not been discussed so far, including -tastic, -sumer, and -verse.},
    author = {Saavedra, David Correia},
    number = {1},
    volume = {31},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {55-71}
}

@misc{Saenko2015,
    title = {Annotated Swadesh wordlists for the Romance group (Indo-European family)},
    url = {http://starling.rinet.ru/new100/rom.xls},
    booktitle = {The Global Lexicostatistical Database},
    author = {Saenko, Mikhail},
    editor = {Starostin, Georgij},
    year = {2015}
}

@incollection{Sagart2001,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    title = {Vestiges of Archaic Chinese derivational affixes in modern Chinese dialects},
    booktitle = {Sinitic grammar},
    author = {Sagart, Laurent},
    editor = {Chappell, Hillary},
    year = {2001},
    pages = {123-142}
}

@incollection{Sagart2008,
    publisher = {The University of Auckland},
    author = {Sagart, Laurent},
    url = {http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz/austronesian/language.php?id=331},
    booktitle = {Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database},
    title = {Old Chinese},
    year = {2008},
    editor = {Simon Greenhill},
    address = {Auckland},
    pages = {331}
}

@misc{Sagart2015,
    howpublished = {Talk, held at the 13th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, Taipei, July 18-22},
    note = {URL: https://www.academia.edu/22871609/},
    title = {`East Formosan ́and the PAN palatals},
    year = {2015},
    author = {Sagart, Laurent}
}

@article{Sagart2014,
    title = {In defense of the numeral-based model of Austronesian phylogeny, and of Tsouic},
    journal = {Language and Linguistics},
    author = {Sagart, Laurent},
    number = {6},
    volume = {15},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {859-882}
}

@misc{Sagart2011b,
    title = {Classifying Chinese dialects/Sinitic languages on shared innovations},
    url = {https://www.academia.edu/19534510/Chinese_dialects_classified_on_shared_innovations},
    author = {Sagart, L.},
    note = {Paper, presented at the Séminaire Sino-Tibétain du CRLAO (2011-03-28).},
    year = {2011},
    howpublished = {paperworkshop}
}

@inproceedings{Sagart2002,
    booktitle = {Dialect Variations in Chinese},
    title = {Gan, Hakka and the Formation of Chinese Dialects},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {129-153},
    author = {Sagart, Laurent}
}

@book{Sagart1999,
    publisher = {John Benjamins},
    author = {Sagart, Laurent},
    year = {1999},
    title = {The Roots of Old Chinese},
    address = {Amsterdam}
}

@article{Sagart1994,
    title = {Proto-Austronesian and Old Chinese Evidence for Sino-Austronesian},
    journal = {Oceanic Linguistics},
    author = {Sagart, Laurent},
    number = {2},
    volume = {33},
    year = {1994},
    keywords = {Chinese;Sino-Tibetan;Rekonstruktion;cognate},
    pages = {271-308}
}

@misc{Sagart2011,
    url = {http://crlao.ehess.fr/document.php?id=1217},
    title = {Old Chinese affixation in the Baxter-Sagart 1.00 system},
    year = {2011},
    author = {Sagart, Laurent and Baxter, William H.}
}

@article{Sagart2017a,
    title = {Austronesian and Chinese words for the millets},
    journal = {Language Dynamics and Change},
    author = {Sagart, Laurent and Hsu, Tze-Fu and Tsai, Yuan-Ching and Hsing, Yue-Ie C.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {7},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {187-209}
}

@misc{Sagart2017,
    title = {Xiānqín shíqī xiéshēng shēngfú de xuǎnzé wèntí},
    url = {http://www.academia.edu/35852895/},
    booktitle = {International Conference on the Integration of Old Chinese Phonology and Paleography},
    author = {Sagart, Laurent and Mǎ Kūn 馬坤},
    year = {2017},
    howpublished = {talkatm}
}

@article{Saitou1987,
    title = {The neighbor-joining method: A new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    author = {Saitou, N. and Nei, M.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {4},
    year = {1987},
    pages = {406-425}
}

@incollection{Shajkevich1980,
    publisher = {Nauka},
    author = {Šajkevič, A. Ja.},
    booktitle = {Gipoteza v sovremennoj lingvistike (Hypothesis in contemporary linguistics)},
    title = {Gipotezy o estestvennyx klassax i vosmožnost ́količestwennoj taksonomii v lingvistike (Hypotheses regarding natural classes and the possibility of quantitative taxonomy in linguistics)},
    year = {1980},
    address = {Moscow},
    pages = {319-382}
}

@article{Salamini2002,
    title = {Genetics and geography of wild cereal domestication in the near east},
    journal = {Nature Reviews. Genetics},
    author = {Salamini, F. and Özkan, H. and Brandolini, A. and Schäfer-Pregl, R. and Martin, William},
    number = {3},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {429-441}
}

@article{Salisbury1999,
    publisher = {International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT)},
    author = {Benjamin A. Salisbury},
    journal = {Taxon},
    abstract = {Strongest evidence (SE) is an approach to evaluating the support provided by characters for alternative phylogenetic hypotheses (i.e., trees). Although first demonstrated in the context of parsimony, SE is equally applicable to compatibility analysis. In the logic of strongest evidence, a character that is compatible with a phylogenetic hypothesis supports the tree only to the degree at which this compatibility would be improbable under a model of cladistic dissociation between character state distribution and the tree. The support measure derived from this consideration is called the "apparent phylogenetic signal" (APS). The total support for a tree is the sum of the individual character APS values. Tree topology and character structure both affect the chance of "random" compatibility and thus the APS scores. Because a clique of compatible characters implies a specific tree (possibly more than one if the character states are unordered or there are missing data), the evidential strength of a clique may be measured as the SE support for the cliqueś tree by the cliqueś characters. Use of this measure is demonstrated on a morphological data set for North American species of Chloris (Poaceae). Cliques with the same number of characters vary tremendously in their apparent evidential quality. The strongest clique is nearly 100,000 times less likely to be compatible by chance with the tree it implies than is the weakest clique of the same size. This approach to clique evaluation is compared with character counting and Meachamś clique improbability measure.},
    title = {Strongest Evidence in Compatibility: Clique and Tree Evaluation Using Apparent Phylogenetic Signal},
    number = {4},
    volume = {48},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1223646},
    year = {1999},
    pages = {755-766}
}

@phdthesis{Salisbury2002,
    school = {The University of Auckland},
    title = {A Grammar of Pukapukan},
    url = {http://lear.unive.it/jspui/handle/11707/2344},
    abstract = {This study is a descriptive grammar of Pukapukan, the language of one of the Northern Cook Islands, which is spoken by approximately 4,500 people in various communities in the Cook Islands, Australia and New Zeland. The main focus of the thesis is a synchronic analysis of the Pukapukan language as spoken today, although occasionally comparative comments are made, both of a diachronic nature comparing the language spoken today with the language of the past, as well as externally, making comparisons with other Polynesian languages.},
    author = {Salisbury, Mary C.},
    year = {2002}
}

@book{Salmasius1643,
    url = {http://books.google.de/books?id=F2oTAAAAQAAJ},
    publisher = {Ex Officina Elseviriorum},
    title = {De Hellenistica commentarius, controversiam, de lingua Hellenistica decidens, & plenissime pertractans Originem & Dialectos Graecae Linguae},
    year = {1643},
    author = {Salmasius, Claudius}
}

@book{Salmons1993,
    publisher = {Inst for the Study of Man},
    author = {Salmons, Joseph C.},
    year = {1993},
    title = {The Glottalic theory: Survey and synthesis},
    address = {Washington}
}

@book{Samarin1969,
    publisher = {Holt, Rinehart and Winston},
    author = {Samarin, William J.},
    year = {1969},
    title = {Field linguistics. A guide to linguistic field work},
    address = {New York and Chicago and San Francisco and Toronto and London}
}

@article{Samarrai1961,
    title = {Synonyms and glottochronology},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Samarrai, A. I.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {27},
    year = {1961},
    pages = {85-86}
}

@article{Samarrai1959,
    title = {Rate of Morphemic Decay in Arabic},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Samarrai, Alauddin Ismail},
    number = {1},
    volume = {25},
    year = {1959},
    pages = {68-70}
}

@article{Sampson2016,
    title = {Typology and the study of writing systems},
    journal = {Linguistic Typology},
    author = {Sampson, Geoffrey},
    number = {3},
    volume = {20},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {561-567}
}

@article{Sampson2015,
    title = {A Chinese phonological enigma},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Sampson, Geoffrey},
    number = {2},
    volume = {43},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {679-691}
}

@article{Sampson2015b,
    title = {Reply to the comments},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Sampson, Geoffrey},
    number = {2},
    volume = {43},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {740-753}
}

@book{Sampson2009,
    year = {2009},
    title = {Language Complexity as an Evolving Variable (Studies in the Evolution of Language)},
    isbn = {0199545219},
    author = {Geoffrey Sampson and David Gil and Peter Trudgill}
}

@incollection{Sanders2008,
    author = {Sanders, Robert},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-20)},
    title = {Tonetic sound change in Taiwan Mandarin: The case of tone 2 and tone 3 citation contours},
    year = {2008},
    volume = {1},
    editor = {Chan, Marjorie K. M. and Kang, Hana},
    address = {Columbus, Ohio},
    keywords = {Chinese;Chinese dialects;tone;tone change;linguistic diversity;sound change},
    pages = {87-107}
}

@book{Sandler2006,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    isbn = {0521482488,9780521482486},
    author = {Wendy Sandler and Diane Lillo-Martin},
    url = {http://gen.lib.rus.ec/book/index.php?md5=E773FD175A9C5E3FEED4D908703D33D0},
    title = {Sign language and linguistic universals},
    year = {2006},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@inproceedings{Sankoff1971,
    publisher = {Edinburgh University Press},
    author = {Sankoff, David},
    booktitle = {Mathematics in the archaeological and historical sciences. Proceedings of the Anglo-Romanian Conference. Mamaia 1970},
    title = {Stochastic models for glottochronology},
    year = {1971},
    editor = {Hodson, F. R. and Kendall, D. G. and Gáutu, P.},
    address = {Edinburgh},
    pages = {381-386}
}

@incollection{Sankoff1987,
    publisher = {Univ. of Pennsylvania Pr.},
    isbn = {9780812280142},
    author = {Sankoff, David},
    booktitle = {Biological metaphor and cladistic classification: An interdisciplinary perspective; [papers from a Symposium on Biological Metaphor Outside Biology, held Mar. 4 - 5, 1982 ... at the American Philos. Soc.ś Library in Philadelphia]},
    title = {Computational complexity and cladistics},
    year = {1987},
    editor = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max},
    address = {Philadelphia},
    keywords = {Kladistik;Klassifikationssysteme},
    pages = {269-280}
}

@article{Sankoff1978,
    publisher = {Springer},
    title = {Probability and linguistic variation},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/20115257},
    journal = {Synthese},
    author = {Sankoff, David},
    number = {2},
    volume = {37},
    year = {1978},
    pages = {217-238}
}

@article{Sankoff1975,
    title = {Minimal mutation trees of sequences},
    journal = {SIAM Journal on Applied Mathematics},
    author = {Sankoff, David},
    number = {1},
    volume = {28},
    year = {1975},
    keywords = {sequence, alignment},
    pages = {35-42}
}

@inproceedings{Sankoff1973,
    booktitle = {Lexicostatistics in Genetic Linguistics. Proceedings of the Yale Conference. Yale University. April 3-4. 1971},
    title = {Parallels between genetics and lexicostatistics},
    year = {1973},
    pages = {64-74},
    author = {Sankoff, David}
}

@article{Sankoff1970,
    title = {On the Rate of Replacement of Word-Meaning Relationships},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Sankoff, David},
    number = {3},
    volume = {46},
    year = {1970},
    pages = {564-569}
}

@thesis{Sankoff1969,
    title = {Historical linguistics as stochastic process},
    author = {Sankoff, David},
    year = {1969},
    institution = {McGill University},
    address = {Montreal}
}

@incollection{Sankoff1980,
    publisher = {University of Pennsylvania Press},
    author = {Sankoff, David and Sankoff, Gillian},
    booktitle = {The social life of language},
    title = {Wave versus Stammbaum explanations of lexical similarities},
    year = {1980},
    note = {Reprinted with minor revisions from Cahiers de lÍnstitut Linguistique de Louvain 3: 5-6 (1975), pp. 29-41},
    editor = {Sankoff, Gillian},
    address = {Philadelphia},
    pages = {143-151}
}

@article{Sapir1921,
    publisher = {Harcourt, Brace},
    author = {Sapir, Edward},
    year = {1953},
    title = {Language. An introduction to the study of speech},
    address = {New York}
}

@article{Sapir1953,
    title = {Coos-Takelma-Penutian Comparisons},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Sapir, Edward and Swadesh, Morris},
    number = {2},
    volume = {19},
    year = {1953},
    pages = {132-137}
}

@article{Sarana1965,
    title = {On comparative methods in social-cultural anthropology and in linguistics},
    journal = {Anthropological Quarterly},
    author = {Sarana, Gopala},
    number = {1},
    volume = {38},
    year = {1965},
    keywords = {komparative Methode},
    pages = {20-40}
}

@incollection{Sassetti1855,
    booktitle = {Google Book Search},
    title = {Lettere edite e inedite di Filippo Sassetti: Raccolte e annotate da Ettore Marcucci},
    year = {1855},
    author = {Sassetti, Philippo}
}

@article{Sato2002,
    title = {A basic vocabulary of the Samani Dialect of Ainu},
    journal = {Hokkaidōdaigaku Bungaku Kenkyū Kakiyō 北海道大学文学研究科紀要 [he Annual Report on Cultural Science]},
    author = {Sato, Tomomi},
    volume = {106},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {91-126}
}

@thesis{SatterthwaitePhillips2011,
    title = {Phylogenetic inference of the Tibeto-Burman languages or on the usefuseful of lexicostatistics (and "megalo"-comparison) for the subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman},
    author = {Satterthwaite-Phillips, D.},
    year = {2011},
    institution = {Stanford University},
    address = {Stanford}
}

@book{Saussure1916,
    publisher = {Payot},
    author = {de Saussure, Ferdinand},
    title = {Cours de linguistique générale},
    editor = {Bally, Charles},
    year = {1916},
    address = {Lausanne}
}

@book{Saussure1967,
    publisher = {Walter de Gruyter & Co.},
    author = {de Saussure, Ferdinand},
    title = {Grundfragen der allgemeinen Sprachwissenschaft},
    edition = {2},
    year = {1967},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@book{Saussure1879,
    publisher = {Teubner},
    author = {Saussure, Ferdinand de},
    year = {1879},
    title = {Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles dans les langues indo- européennes},
    address = {Leipzig}
}

@article{Sawer1995,
    title = {Handling neologisms in teaching and learning modern standard Chinese},
    journal = {Australian Review of Applied Linguistics},
    abstract = {This article examines neologisms coined in modern standard Chinese since 1978, and particularly since the mid 1980ś. The neologisms discussed were collected during recent fieldwork in Beijing: through spoken interviews, from the media, and from recent secondary sources. The article focuses on three main strategies that can be used to handle neologisms in teaching and learning modern standard Chinese: analysing the methods whereby recent neologisms have been formed; identifying the most common initial and concluding elements in recent neologisms; and considering the various ways in which neologisms are nowadays signaled within texts.},
    author = {Sawer, M.},
    number = {12},
    year = {1995},
    pages = {203-228}
}

@incollection{Saxena2013,
    publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
    isbn = {978-3-11-030525-8},
    author = {Saxena, Anju and Borin, Lars},
    url = {https://spraakbanken.gu.se/eng/research/digital-areal-linguistics/word-lists},
    booktitle = {Approaches to Measuring Linguistic Differences},
    title = {Carving Tibeto-Kanauri by its joints: Using basic vocabulary lists for genetic grouping of languages},
    year = {2013},
    address = {Berlin},
    keywords = {irreproducible research},
    pages = {175-198}
}

@phdthesis{Sayers2009,
    abstract = {This is an investigation about linguistic diversity, examining its decline in different societal conditions over the last century, and interrogating claims in language policy and planning to be ‘protecting linguistic diversity’, using the UK as its main example. Chapter 1 comprises a review of variationist sociolinguistics, showing how it has never fully defined linguistic diversity. Adjustments are suggested, and a working definition of linguistic diversity offered. Chapter 2 presents data from two major nationwide dialect surveys, in 1889 and 1962, showing how local dialects were weakening in this period. The main focus is declining diversity, but information is presented about possible conditioning factors, primarily increases in literacy. In the absence of such nationwide reports after 1962, Chapter 3 collates individual dialect studies from two regions of England, the northeast and southeast, describing dialect convergence across these large geographical areas. These changes are contrasted to those reported in Chapter 2. Again the main theme is declining diversity, but information is reviewed to help explain these contrasts, primarily increases in geographical mobility in the latter half of the 20th century, concentrated around these regions. Chapter 4 examines dialect weakening that some researchers have attributed, at least in part, to the media. This also represents a change in societal conditions undergirding declining diversity. Some theoretical work is done to distinguish such changes from those observed in Chapter 3. Chapter 5 reviews the rhetoric of minority language policy and planning, and its frequent and explicit claims to be ‘protecting linguistic diversity’. The insights developed in Chapters 1-4 are applied to two modern UK language revivals, Cornish and Welsh, to see how diversity overall is faring here. The conclusion sums up the gaps in our thinking about linguistic diversity, and clarifies the limitations of planned interventions upon language.},
    title = {Reversing Babel - Declining linguistic diversity and the flawed attempts to protect it},
    year = {2009},
    school = {Department of Sociology, University of Essex},
    author = {Sayers, Dave}
}

@incollection{Scaliger1610,
    publisher = {Hieron. Drovart},
    author = {Scaliger, Josephus Justus},
    booktitle = {Scaliger: Opuscula varia antehac non edita},
    title = {Diatriba de Europaeorum linguis},
    year = {1610},
    editor = {Casaubonus, J.},
    address = {Paris},
    pages = {119-142}
}

@book{Scaliger1610a,
    publisher = {Hieron. Drovart},
    author = {Scaliger, Josephus Justus},
    title = {Scaliger: Opuscula varia antehac non edita},
    year = {1610},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft;Quellen zur Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft},
    address = {Paris}
}

@article{Scally2012,
    title = {Insights into hominid evolution from the gorilla genome sequence},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {Scally, A. and Dutheil, J. Y. and Hillier, L. W. and Jordan, G. E. and Goodhead, I. and Herrero, J. and Hobolth, A. and Lappalainen, T. and Mailund, T. and Marques-Bonet, T. and McCarthy, S. and Montgomery, S. H. and Schwalie, P. C. and Tang, Y. A. and Ward, M. C. and Xue, Y. and Yngvadottir, B. and Alkan, C. and Andersen, L. N. and Ayub, Q. and Ball, E. V. and Beal, K. and Bradley, B. J. and Chen, Y. and Clee, C. M. and Fitzgerald, S. and Graves, T. A. and Gu, Y. and Heath, P. and Heger, A. and Karakoc, E. and Kolb-Kokocinski, A. and Laird, G. K. and Lunter, G. and Meader, S. and Mort, M. and Mullikin, J. C. and Munch, K. and OĆonnor, T. D. and Phillips, A. D. and Prado-Martinez, J. and Rogers, A. S. and Sajjadian, S. and Schmidt, D. and Shaw, K. and Simpson, J. T. and Stenson, P. D. and Turner, D. J. and Vigilant, L. and Vilella, A. J. and Whitener, W. and Zhu, B. and Cooper, D. N. and de Jong, P. and Dermitzakis, E. T. and Eichler, E. E. and Flicek, P. and Goldman, N. and Mundy, N. I. and Ning, Z. and Odom, D. T. and Ponting, C. P. and Quail, M. A. and Ryder, O. A. and Searle, S. M. and Warren, W. C. and Wilson, R. K. and Schierup, M. H. and Rogers, J. and Tyler-Smith, C. and Durbin, R.},
    number = {7388},
    volume = {483},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {169-175}
}

@incollection{Schapper2016,
    publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
    author = {Antoinette Schapper and Lila San Roque and Rachel Hendery},
    booktitle = {The lexical typology of semantic shifts},
    title = {Tree, firewood and fire in the languages of Sahul},
    year = {2016},
    editor = {Juvonen, Päivi and Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria},
    address = {Berlin and Boston},
    pages = {355-422}
}

@incollection{Oestling2016,
    publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
    author = {Antoinette Schapper and Lila San Roque and Rachel Hendery},
    booktitle = {The lexical typology of semantic shifts},
    title = {Studying colexification through massively parallell corpora},
    year = {2016},
    editor = {Östling, Robert},
    address = {Berlin and Boston},
    pages = {157–176}
}

@article{Scheinfeldt2006,
    title = {Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia},
    url = {doi:10.1093/molbev/msl028},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    author = {Scheinfeldt, Laura and Friedlaender, Françoise and Friedlaender, Jonathan Scott and Latham, Krista and Koki, George and Karafet, Tatyana and Hammer, Michael and Lorenz, Joseph},
    number = {8},
    volume = {23},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {1628-1641}
}

@inproceedings{Schellenberg2009,
    publisher = {Cascadilla Proceedings Project},
    author = {Murray Schellenberg},
    booktitle = {Selected Proceedings of the 39th Annual Conference on African Linguistics},
    title = {Singing in a Tone Language: Shona},
    year = {2009},
    editor = {Akinloye Ojo and Lioba Moshi},
    address = {Sommerville, MA},
    pages = {137-144}
}

@article{Scheunert2017,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-016-0316-0},
    title = {Against all odds: reconstructing the evolutionary history of Scrophularia (Scrophulariaceae) despite high levels of incongruence and reticulate evolution},
    journal = {Organisms Diversity & Evolution},
    abstract = {The figwort genus Scrophularia (Scrophulariaceae), widespread across the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, comprises about 250 species and is a taxonomically challenging lineage displaying large morphological and chromosomal diversity. Scrophularia has never been examined in a large-scale phylogenetic and biogeographic context and represents a useful model for studying evolutionary history in the context of reticulation. A comprehensively sampled phylogeny of Scrophularia was constructed, based on nuclear ribosomal (ITS) and plastid DNA sequences (trnQ-rps16 intergenic spacer, trnL-trnF region) of 147 species, using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood approaches. Selected individuals were cloned. A combination of coding plastid indels and ITS intra-individual site polymorphisms, and applying Neighbor-Net and consensus network methods for adequate examination of within-dataset uncertainty as well as among-dataset incongruence, was used to disentangle phylogenetic relationships. Furthermore, divergence time estimation and ancestral area reconstruction were performed to infer the biogeographic history of the genus. The analyses reveal significant plastid-nuclear marker incongruence and considerable amounts of intra-individual nucleotide polymorphism in the ITS dataset. This is due to a combination of processes including reticulation and incomplete lineage sorting, possibly complicated by inter-array heterogeneity and pseudogenization in ITS in the presence of incomplete concerted evolution. Divergence time estimates indicate that Scrophularia originated during the Miocene in Southwestern Asia, its primary center of diversity. From there, the genus spread to Eastern Asia, the New World, Europe, Northern Africa, and other regions. Hybridization and polyploidy played a key role in the diversification history of Scrophularia, which was shaped by allopatric speciation in mountainous habitats during different climatic periods.},
    author = {Scheunert, Agnes and Heubl, Günther},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-016-0316-0},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {1-27}
}

@book{Schlegel1808,
    publisher = {Mohr und Zimmer},
    author = {Schlegel, Friedrich},
    url = {http://books.google.de/books?id=dmgIAAAAQAAJ},
    title = {Ueber die Sprache und die Weisheit der Indier},
    year = {1808},
    address = {Heidelberg},
    keywords = {history of linguistics}
}

@book{Schleicher1876,
    author = {Schleicher, August},
    title = {Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen: kurzter Abriss einer Laut- und Formenlere der indogermanischen Ursprache, des Altindischen, Altiranischen, Altgriechischen, Altitalischen, Altkeltischen, Altslawischen, Litauischen udn Altdeutschen},
    edition = {4. Aufl.},
    year = {1876},
    keywords = {komparative Methode;Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft},
    address = {Weimar}
}

@book{Schleicher1866,
    publisher = {Böhlau},
    author = {Schleicher, August},
    booktitle = {Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprache},
    title = {Kurzer Abriss einer Lautlehre der indogermanischen Ursprache},
    year = {1866},
    volume = {1},
    edition = {2},
    address = {Weimar}
}

@book{Schleicher1863,
    publisher = {Hermann Böhlau},
    author = {Schleicher, August},
    year = {1863},
    title = {Die Darwinsche Theorie und die Sprachwissenschaft},
    address = {Weimar}
}

@book{Schleicher1861,
    publisher = {Böhlau},
    author = {Schleicher, August},
    booktitle = {Compendium der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprache},
    title = {Kurzer Abriss einer Lautlehre der indogermanischen Ursprache},
    year = {1861},
    volume = {1},
    address = {Weimar}
}

@article{Schleicher1853,
    title = {Die ersten Spaltungen des indogermanischen Urvolkes},
    journal = {Allgemeine Monatsschrift für Wissenschaft und Literatur},
    author = {Schleicher, August},
    volume = {3},
    year = {1853},
    pages = {786-787}
}

@article{Schleicher1853a,
    title = {O jazyku litevském, zvlástě ohledem na slovanský. Čteno v posezení sekcí filologické král. České Společnosti Nauk dne 6. června 1853},
    journal = {Časopis Českého Museum},
    author = {Schleicher, August},
    volume = {27},
    year = {1853},
    pages = {320-334}
}

@article{Schleicher1853b,
    journal = {Allgemeine Monatsschrift für Wissenschaft und Literatur},
    title = {Die ersten Spaltungen des indogermanischen Urvolkes},
    year = {1853},
    pages = {786-787},
    author = {Schleicher, August}
}

@book{Schleicher1852,
    publisher = {H. B. König},
    author = {August Schleicher},
    year = {1852},
    title = {Die Formenlehre der kirchenslawischen Sprache. Erklärend und vergleichend dargestellt},
    address = {Bonn}
}

@book{Schleicher1848,
    publisher = {König},
    author = {Schleicher, August},
    year = {1848},
    title = {Zur vergleichenden Sprachengeschichte},
    address = {Bonn}
}

@article{Schliep2011,
    title = {Harvesting evolutionary signals in a forest of prokaryotic gene trees},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    author = {Schliep, K. and Lopez, P. and Lapointe, F. J. and Bapteste, E.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {28},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {1393-1405}
}

@incollection{Schmalstieg1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Schmalstieg, William R.},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {A few issues of contemporary Indo-European linguistics},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Indo-European},
    pages = {359-374}
}

@book{Schmidt1875,
    publisher = {Hermann Böhlau},
    author = {Schmidt, Johannes},
    year = {1875},
    title = {Zur Geschichte des indogermanischen Vocalismus. Zweite Abteilung},
    address = {Weimar}
}

@book{Schmidt1872,
    publisher = {Hermann Böhlau},
    title = {Die Verwantschaftsverhältnisse der indogermanischen Sprachen},
    year = {1872},
    author = {Schmidt, Johannes}
}

@incollection{Schmitt2002,
    publisher = {Akadras},
    title = {Willi Hennig (1913-1976) als akademischer Lehrer},
    booktitle = {Fokus Biologiegeschichte - ZUm 80. Geburtstag der Biologiehistorikerin Ilse Jahn},
    author = {Schmitt, Michael},
    editor = {Schulz, Jörg},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {53-64}
}

@book{Schmitt1981,
    edition = {2},
    publisher = {Insbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft},
    year = {2007},
    title = {Grammatik des Klassisch-Armenischen},
    author = {Schmitt, R.}
}

@book{Schmitter1982,
    publisher = {Gunter Narr},
    author = {Schmitter, Peter},
    series = {Tübinger Beiträge zur Linguistik},
    title = {Untersuchungen zur Historiographie der Linguistik},
    year = {1982},
    number = {181},
    address = {Tübingen}
}

@article{Schneider2002,
    title = {Consensus sequence Zen},
    journal = {Applied Bioinformatics},
    author = {Schneider, T. D.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {111-119}
}

@book{Schoenhals1965,
    publisher = {Instituto Lingüístico de Verano},
    author = {Schoenhals, Louise C. and Schoenhals, Alvin},
    series = {Serie de vocabularios indígenas "Mariano Silva y Aceves"},
    title = {Vocabulario mixe de Totontepec},
    year = {1965},
    volume = {14},
    address = {Mexico},
    keywords = {Mixe (Totontepec)},
    pages = {ix+353}
}

@article{Scholfield1991,
    title = {Statistics in Linguistics},
    journal = {Annual Review of Anthropology},
    author = {Scholfield, Phil},
    volume = {20},
    year = {1991},
    pages = {377-393}
}

@book{Schottel1663,
    publisher = {Christoff Friederich Zilligern},
    author = {Schottel, Justus Georg},
    url = {http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb10523348_00001.html},
    booktitle = {Ausführliche Arbeit von der Teutschen HaubtSprache},
    address = {Braunschweig},
    year = {1663}
}

@article{Schroeder2012,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0164-y},
    author = {Schröder, Astrid and Gemballa, Teresa and Ruppin, Steffie and Wartenburger, Isabell},
    journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
    abstract = {The present study introduces the first substantial German database with norms for semantic typicality, age of acquisition, and concept familiarity for 824 exemplars of 11 semantic categories, including four natural (animals, birds, fruits, and vegetables) and five man-made (clothing, furniture, vehicles, tools, and musical instruments) categories, as well as professions and sports . Each category exemplar in the database was collected empirically in an exemplar generation study. For each category exemplar, norms for semantic typicality, estimated age of acquisition, and concept familiarity were gathered in three different rating studies. Reliability data and additional analyses on effects of semantic category and intercorrelations between age of acquisition, semantic typicality, concept familiarity, word length, and word frequency are provided. Overall, the data show high inter- and intrastudy reliabilities, providing a new resource tool for designing experiments with German word materials. The full database is available in the supplementary material of this file and also at www.psychonomic.org/archive .},
    title = {German norms for semantic typicality, age of acquisition, and concept familiarity},
    number = {2},
    volume = {44},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {380-394}
}

@article{Schryver2015,
    title = {Introducing a state-of-the-art phylogenetic classification of the Kikongo Language Cluster},
    journal = {Africana Linguistica},
    author = {de Schryver, Gilles-Maurice and Grollemund, Rebecca and Branford, Simon and Bostoen, Koen},
    number = {1},
    volume = {21},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {87-162}
}

@incollection{Schubert2011,
    publisher = {Humboldt Universität},
    author = {Schubert, Simone},
    url = {https://www.telemachos.hu-berlin.de/linguistik/schubert.pdf},
    booktitle = {1. Workshop des Arbeitskreises Latinistische Linguistik},
    title = {Griechische Lehnwörter im Lateinischen des ersten Jahrhunderst v. Chr. Eine exemplarische Untersuchung der philosophischen Schriften Marcus Tullius Ciceros},
    year = {2011},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@book{Schuchardt1866,
    publisher = {Georg Olms},
    title = {Der Vokalismus des Vulgärlateins.},
    author = {Schuchardt, Hugo},
    volume = {1},
    edition = {Nachdruck der Ausgabe Leipzig 1866-1868},
    year = {1975[1866]}
}

@book{Schuchardt1870,
    url = {http://schuchardt.uni-graz.at/cgi-bin/print.cgi?action=show&type=pdf&id=724},
    title = {Über die Klassifikation der romanischen Mundarten. Probe-Vorlesung, gehalten zu Leipzig am 30. April 1870},
    author = {Schuchardt, Hugo},
    year = {1900},
    address = {Graz}
}

@book{Schuchardt1884,
    publisher = {Leuschner & Lubensky},
    author = {Schuchardt, Hugo},
    year = {1884},
    title = {Dem Herrn Franz von Miklosich zum 20. November 1883. Slawo-Deutsches und Slawo-Italienisches},
    address = {Graz}
}

@incollection{Schuessler2002,
    title = {Tenues aspiratae im Altchinesischen},
    booktitle = {Und folge nun dem, was mein Herz begehrt: Festschrift für Ulrich Unger zum 70. Geburtstag},
    author = {Schuessler, Axel},
    volume = {1},
    editor = {Reinhard Emmerich and Hans Strumpfeldt},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {155-164}
}

@article{Schuessler2015,
    title = {New Old Chinese},
    journal = {Diachronica},
    author = {Schuessler, Axel},
    number = {4},
    volume = {32},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {571-598}
}

@book{Schuessler2009,
    publisher = {University of Hawaií Press},
    author = {Schuessler, Axel},
    year = {2009},
    title = {Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese. A companion to Grammata Serica},
    address = {Honolulu}
}

@inproceedings{Schuessler2003,
    title = {What are cognates and what are variants in Chinese word families?},
    booktitle = {Papers from the Third International Conference on Sinology, Linguistics Section},
    author = {Schuessler, Axel},
    year = {2003},
    keywords = {Chinese;sinitic languages;Sino-Tibetan;cognate;Rekonstruktion},
    pages = {225-245}
}

@incollection{Schuh1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Schuh, Russel G.},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {Re-employment of grammatical morphemes in Chadic: Implications for language history},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Morphologie;Sprachgeschichte;Afro-Asiatic},
    pages = {599-618}
}

@incollection{Schurz2001,
    publisher = {Karl Alber Verlag},
    isbn = {3-495-47950-3},
    author = {Schurz, G.},
    booktitle = {Wie wir die Welt erkennen},
    title = {Natürliche und kulturelle Evolution: Skizze einer verallgemeinerten Evolutionstheorie},
    year = {2001},
    editor = {Wickler, W. and Salwiczek, L.},
    address = {Freiburg},
    keywords = {Evolution;Evolutionstheorie;kulturelle Evolution}
}

@article{Schurz2008,
    title = {Patterns of abduction},
    journal = {Synthese},
    author = {Schurz, Gerhard},
    volume = {164},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {201-234}
}

@book{Schwarz1996,
    publisher = {Francke},
    author = {Schwarz, Monica},
    year = {1996},
    title = {Einführung in die kognitive Linguistik},
    address = {Basel and Tübingen}
}

@book{Schwink1994,
    publisher = {Institute for the Study of Man},
    author = {Schwink, Frederick},
    year = {1994},
    title = {Linguistic typology, universality and the realism of reconstruction},
    address = {Washington}
}

@article{Searls2003,
    title = {Trees of life and of language},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {Searls, David B.},
    number = {6965},
    volume = {426},
    year = {2003},
    keywords = {Gray;Linguistik und Biologie},
    pages = {391-392}
}

@article{Searls2002,
    title = {The language of genes},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {Searls, David B.},
    volume = {420},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {211-217}
}

@article{Searls1997,
    title = {Linguistic approaches to biological sequences},
    journal = {CABIOS},
    author = {Searls, David B.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {13},
    year = {1997},
    pages = {333-344}
}

@article{Seashore1940,
    title = {The measurement of individual differences in general English vocabularies},
    journal = {Journal of Educational Psychology},
    author = {Seashore, R. H. and Eckerson, L. D.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {31},
    year = {1940},
    pages = {14-38}
}

@book{Sechehaye1908,
    publisher = {Honoré Champion},
    author = {Sechehaye, Albert},
    url = {http://archive.org/details/programmeetmth00sech},
    title = {Programme et méthodes de la linguistique théorique},
    year = {1908},
    address = {Paris}
}

@article{Segal2001,
    title = {In Defense of the Comparative Method},
    journal = {Numen},
    author = {Segal, Robert A.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {48},
    year = {2001},
    pages = {339-373}
}

@misc{Segerer2015,
    url = {http://reflex.cnrs.fr},
    title = {RefLex: Book Lexicon of Africa},
    author = {Segerer, Guillaume and Flavier, S.},
    year = {2015},
    address = {Paris and Lyon}
}

@article{Seifart2018,
    publisher = {The Royal Society},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.170354},
    author = {Seifart, Frank and Meyer, Julien and Grawunder, Sven and Dentel, Laure},
    url = {http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/5/4/170354.full.pdf},
    abstract = {Many drum communication systems around the world transmit information by emulating tonal and rhythmic patterns of spoken languages in sequences of drumbeats. Their rhythmic characteristics, in particular, have not been systematically studied so far, although understanding them represents a rare occasion for providing an original insight into the basic units of speech rhythm as selected by natural speech practices directly based on beats. Here, we analyse a corpus of Bora drum communication from the northwest Amazon, which is nowadays endangered with extinction. We show that four rhythmic units are encoded in the length of pauses between beats. We argue that these units correspond to vowel-to-vowel intervals with different numbers of consonants and vowel lengths. By contrast, aligning beats with syllables, mora or only vowel length yields inconsistent results. Moreover, we also show that Bora drummed messages conventionally select rhythmically distinct markers to further distinguish words. The two phonological tones represented in drummed speech encode only few lexical contrasts. Rhythm thus appears to crucially contribute to the intelligibility of drummed Bora. Our study provides novel evidence for the role of rhythmic structures composed of vowel-to-vowel intervals in the complex puzzle concerning the redundancy and distinctiveness of acoustic features embedded in speech.},
    title = {Reducing language to rhythm: Amazonian Bora drummed language exploits speech rhythm for long-distance communication},
    number = {4},
    volume = {5},
    year = {2018},
    journal = {Open Science}
}

@thesis{Seifter2014seif,
    title = {August Schleicher als Verbindungsglied zwischen Linguistik und Naturwissenschaft im 19. Jahrhundert},
    author = {Seifter, Thorsten},
    year = {2014},
    institution = {Karl-Franzens-Universität},
    address = {Graz}
}

@incollection{Selkirk1984,
    publisher = {MIT Press},
    author = {Selkirk, E.},
    booktitle = {Language Sound Structure},
    title = {On the major class features and syllable theory},
    year = {1984},
    editor = {Aronoff, M. and Oehrle, R. T.},
    address = {Cambridge, Mass.},
    pages = {107-136}
}

@article{Serebriany2005,
    title = {On the Śoviet Paradigm ́(Remarks of an Indologist)},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/20099902},
    journal = {Studies in East European Thought},
    author = {Serebriany, Sergei},
    number = {2},
    volume = {57},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {93-138}
}

@article{Serruys1962,
    title = {Chinese dialectology based on written documents},
    journal = {Monumenta Serica},
    author = {Serruys, Paul L.-M.},
    volume = {21},
    year = {1962},
    pages = {320-344}
}

@book{Serruys1959,
    publisher = {University of California Press},
    author = {Serruys, Paul L.-M.},
    year = {1959},
    title = {The Chinese dialects of Han time according to Fang Yen},
    address = {Berkeley and Los Angeles}
}

@article{Serruys1953,
    publisher = {Harvard-Yenching Institute},
    author = {Serruys, Paul L.-M.},
    journal = {Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies},
    title = {Une Nouvelle Grammaire Du Chinois Littéraire},
    number = {1/2},
    volume = {16},
    year = {1953},
    keywords = {contraction, Chinese, Old Chinese},
    pages = {162-199}
}

@article{Serva2008,
    title = {Indo-European languages tree by Levenshtein distance},
    journal = {EPL},
    author = {Serva, Maurizio and Petroni, Filippo},
    number = {6},
    volume = {81},
    year = {2008},
    keywords = {Biologie;Linguistik und Biologie;Gray}
}

@article{Serva2012,
    title = {Malagasy dialects and the peopling of Madagascar},
    journal = {Journal of the Royal Society, Interface},
    author = {Serva, Maurizio and Petroni, Filippo and Volchenkov, Dima and Wichmann, Søren},
    number = {66},
    volume = {9},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {54-67}
}

@article{Serva2017,
    title = {Recovering geography from a matrix of genetic distances},
    journal = {EPL (Europhysics Letters)},
    abstract = {Given a population of N elements with their geographical positions and the genetic (or lexical) distances between couples of elements (inferred, for example, from lexical differences between dialects which are spoken in different towns or from genetic differences between animal populations living in different faunal areas) a very interesting problem is to reconstruct the geographical positions of individuals using only genetic/lexical distances. From a technical point of view the program consists in extracting from the genetic/lexical distances a set of reconstructed geographical positions to be compared with the real ones. We show that geographical recovering is successful when the genetic/lexical distances are not a simple consequence of phylogenesis but also of horizontal transfers as, for example, vocabulary borrowings between different languages. Our results go well beyond the simple observation that geographical distances and genetic/lexical distances are correlated. The ascertainment of a correlation, in our perspective, merely is a prerequisite.},
    author = {M. Serva and D. Vergni and D. Volchenkov and A. Vulpiani},
    number = {4},
    volume = {118},
    url = {http://stacks.iop.org/0295-5075/118/i=4/a=48003},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {48003}
}

@article{Setaelae1901,
    title = {Über transskription der finnisch-ugrischen sprachen},
    journal = {Finnisch-ugrische Forschungen},
    author = {Setälä, E. N.},
    year = {1901},
    volume = {1},
    address = {Helsingfors, Leipzig},
    pages = {15-52}
}

@misc{Sevcikova2014,
    author = {Magda Ševčíková and Zdeněk Žabokrtský},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation},
    title = {Word-Formation Network for Czech},
    year = {2014},
    editor = {Nicoletta Calzolari and Khalid Choukri and Thierry Declerck and Hrafn Loftsson and Bente Maegaard and Joseph Mariani},
    address = {Reykjavík},
    pages = {1087-1093}
}

@article{Shafer1955,
    title = {Classification of the Sino-Tibetan languages},
    journal = {Word},
    author = {Shafer, Robert},
    number = {1},
    volume = {11},
    year = {1955},
    pages = {94-111}
}

@article{Shanon1978,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00869557},
    title = {The genetic code and human language},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00869557},
    journal = {Synthese},
    author = {Shanon, Benny},
    number = {3},
    volume = {39},
    year = {1978},
    pages = {401-415}
}

@incollection{Shapiro2007,
    publisher = {Russian State University for the Humanities},
    author = {Shapiro, R.},
    series = {Orientalia et Classica. Papers of the Institute of Oriental and Classical Studies. Issue XI.},
    booktitle = {Aspects of comparative linguistics.},
    title = {Glottochonology and etymostatistics for the study of Beijing and Sichuan dialects of Mandarin Chinese},
    year = {2007},
    volume = {2},
    editor = {Smirnov, I. S.},
    address = {Moscow},
    pages = {393-408}
}

@incollection{Shen2017,
    volume = {2},
    publisher = {Brill},
    author = {Shen, Ruiqing},
    booktitle = {Encyclopedia of Chinese language and linguistics},
    title = {Děng 等 (Division and Rank)},
    year = {2017},
    note = {First published online in 2015},
    editor = {Sybesma, Rint},
    address = {Leiden and Boston},
    pages = {13-20}
}

@book{Shen1990,
    publisher = {University of California Press},
    title = {The prosody of Mandarin Chinese},
    year = {1990},
    author = {Shen, Xiao-nan Susan}
}

@article{Shennan2008,
    title = {Evolution in Archaeology},
    journal = {Annual Review of Anthropology},
    author = {Shennan, Stephen},
    volume = {37},
    year = {2008},
    keywords = {Darwinian archaeology;cultural transmission;cultural lineages;dual;inheritance theory;human behavioral ecology;optimality modeling;Biologie;Linguistik und Biologie;Gray},
    pages = {75-91}
}

@article{Shi1994,
    title = {The Nature of Chinese Wh-Questions},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4047795},
    journal = {Natural Language & Linguistic Theory},
    author = {Shi, Dingxu},
    number = {2},
    volume = {12},
    year = {1994},
    pages = {301-333}
}

@book{Shibatani1990,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press, Cambridge [England]; New York},
    isbn = {0521360706 0521369185},
    title = {The languages of Japan},
    url = { http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/cam024/89000993.html },
    author = {Shibatani, Masayoshi},
    year = {1990},
    pages = {xv, 411}
}

@article{Shields1980,
    title = {Sociolinguistics and the Reconstruction of Proto-Indo-European},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Shields, Kenneth},
    number = {5},
    volume = {22},
    year = {1980},
    pages = {225-232}
}

@article{Shin1995,
    title = {LDS basic vocabulary},
    url = {http://www2.uni-erfurt.de/sprachwissenschaft/Vgl_SW/projekt/AVG/LDS%20Basic%20vocabulary.pdf},
    journal = {Allgemein Vergleichende Grammatik},
    author = {Shin, Yong-Min},
    number = {11},
    year = {1995},
    institution = {University Bielefeld}
}

@book{Shintani1990,
    publisher = {Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA)},
    author = {Shintani, Tadahiko L. A. and Yang, Zhao},
    year = {1990},
    title = {The Mun language of Hainan island},
    address = {Tokyo}
}

@article{ShouHsin1974,
    title = {Double Nominatives in Chinese},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Shou-Hsin, Teng},
    number = {3},
    volume = {50},
    year = {1974},
    pages = {455-473}
}

@article{Shukla2005,
    title = {Language from a biological perspective},
    journal = {JOURNAL OF BIOSCIENCES},
    author = {Shukla, M.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {30},
    year = {2005},
    keywords = {communication;cortex;Evolution;language;minimalism;Gray;Linguistik und Biologie},
    pages = {119-127}
}

@article{Shuy1977,
    title = {Quantitative Language Data: A Case for and Some Warnings Against},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3216410},
    journal = {Anthropology & Education Quarterly},
    author = {Shuy, Roger W.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {8},
    year = {1977},
    pages = {73-82}
}

@book{Sick2004,
    publisher = {Kiepenheuer und Witsch},
    author = {Sick, Bastian},
    year = {2004},
    title = {Der Dativ ist dem Genitiv sein Tod. Ein Wegweiser durch den Irrgarten der deutschen Sprache},
    address = {Köln}
}

@article{Sidwell2015,
    title = {Austroasiatic dataset for phylogenetic analysis: 2015 version},
    journal = {Mon-Khmer Studies (Notes, Reviews, Data-Papers)},
    author = {Sidwell, Paul},
    volume = {44},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {lxviii-ccclvii}
}

@misc{Sidwell2015a,
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.34092},
    title = {Sidwell Austroasiatic lexical data set for phylogenetic analyses 2015 version},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.34092},
    year = {2015},
    author = {Sidwell, Paul}
}

@article{Siegfried1992,
    title = {Synonameᵀᴹ: A personal name-matching program for use in the humanities},
    journal = {Literary and Linguistic Computing},
    author = {Siegfried, Susan},
    number = {1},
    volume = {7},
    year = {1992},
    pages = {64-67}
}

@book{book:1166919,
    publisher = {John Benjamins},
    isbn = {9027236976, 9789027236975},
    title = {Language history: An introduction},
    series = {Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 191},
    author = {Andrew L. Sihler},
    year = {2000}
}

@inproceedings{DaSilvaCardoso2015,
    booktitle = {4th workshop on NLP for Computer Assisted Language Learning},
    title = {Misspellings in responses to listening comprehension questions: Prospects for scoring based on phonetic normalization},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {1-10},
    author = {da Silva Cardoso, Heike and Wolska, Magdalena}
}

@article{Silva2016,
    publisher = {The Royal Society},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150645},
    author = {da Silva, Sara Graça and Tehrani, Jamshid J.},
    url = {http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/3/1/150645.full.pdf},
    abstract = {Ancient population expansions and dispersals often leave enduring signatures in the cultural traditions of their descendants, as well as in their genes and languages. The international folktale record has long been regarded as a rich context in which to explore these legacies. To date, investigations in this area have been complicated by a lack of historical data and the impact of more recent waves of diffusion. In this study, we introduce new methods for tackling these problems by applying comparative phylogenetic methods and autologistic modelling to analyse the relationships between folktales, population histories and geographical distances in Indo-European-speaking societies. We find strong correlations between the distributions of a number of folktales and phylogenetic, but not spatial, associations among populations that are consistent with vertical processes of cultural inheritance. Moreover, we show that these oral traditions probably originated long before the emergence of the literary record, and find evidence that one tale (The Smith and the Devil) can be traced back to the Bronze Age. On a broader level, the kinds of stories told in ancestral societies can provide important insights into their culture, furnishing new perspectives on linguistic, genetic and archaeological reconstructions of human prehistory.},
    title = {Comparative phylogenetic analyses uncover the ancient roots of Indo-European folktales},
    number = {1},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2016},
    journal = {Royal Society Open Science}
}

@article{Silver2016,
    title = {Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search},
    journal = {Nature},
    abstract = {The game of Go has long been viewed as the most challenging of classic games for artificial intelligence owing to its enormous search space and the difficulty of evaluating board positions and moves. Here we introduce a new approach to computer Go that uses ‘value networks’ to evaluate board positions and ‘policy networks’ to select moves. These deep neural networks are trained by a novel combination of supervised learning from human expert games, and reinforcement learning from games of self-play. Without any lookahead search, the neural networks play Go at the level of state-of-the-art Monte Carlo tree search programs that simulate thousands of random games of self-play. We also introduce a new search algorithm that combines Monte Carlo simulation with value and policy networks. Using this search algorithm, our program AlphaGo achieved a 99.8% winning rate against other Go programs, and defeated the human European Go champion by 5 games to 0. This is the first time that a computer program has defeated a human professional player in the full-sized game of Go, a feat previously thought to be at least a decade away.},
    author = {Silver, David and Huang, Aja and Maddison, Chris J. and Guez, Arthur and Sifre, Laurent and van den Driessche, George and Schrittwieser, Julian and Antonoglou, Ioannis and Panneershelvam, Veda and Lanctot, Marc and Dieleman, Sander and Grewe, Dominik and Nham, John and Kalchbrenner, Nal and Sutskever, Ilya and Lillicrap, Timothy and Leach, Madeleine and Kavukcuoglu, Koray and Graepel, Thore and Hassabis, Demis},
    number = {7587},
    volume = {529},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature16961},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {484-489}
}

@article{Silverman1992,
    title = {Multiple Scansions in Loanword Phonology: Evidence from Cantonese},
    journal = {Phonology},
    author = {Silverman, Daniel},
    number = {2},
    volume = {9},
    year = {1992},
    pages = {289-328}
}

@article{Simmons1995,
    title = {Distinguishing characteristics of the Hangzhou dialect},
    journal = {New Asia Academic Bulletin},
    author = {VanNess Simmons, Richard},
    volume = {11},
    year = {1995},
    pages = {383–398}
}

@inproceedings{Simpson1999,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 14th international congress of phonetic sciences},
    title = {Fundamental problems in comparative phonetics and phonology: does UPSID help to solve them},
    year = {1999},
    pages = {349-351},
    author = {Simpson, Adrian}
}

@article{Singler1988,
    title = {The Homogeneity of the Substrate as a Factor in Pidgin/Creole Genesis},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Singler, John Victor},
    number = {1},
    volume = {64},
    year = {1988},
    pages = {27-51}
}

@article{Sinsheimer2012,
    title = {Rooting gene trees without outgroups: EP rooting},
    journal = {Genome Biol Evol},
    author = {Sinsheimer, Janet S. and Little, Roderick J. A and Lake, James A.},
    number = {8},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {709-719}
}

@book{Sipka2015,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Šipka, Danko},
    year = {2015},
    title = {Lexical conflict. Theory and practice},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@article{Sjoberg1956,
    title = {Problems in Glottochronology},
    journal = {American Anthropologist},
    author = {Sjoberg, A. F. and Sjoberg, Gideon and Swadesh, Morris and Sreekantaiya, T. N.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {58},
    year = {1956},
    pages = {296-308}
}

@incollection{Skalicka1979,
    publisher = {Vieweg+Teubner Verlag},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-86349-2_6},
    isbn = {978-3-322-86349-2},
    author = {Skalička, Vladimír},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-86349-2_6},
    abstract = {In der älteren Typologie galt es als selbstverständlich, das Chinesische zu den "isolierenden Sprachen zu zählen. Es wird oft als Repräsentant des "isolierenden Typus angeführt. Diese Auffassung wurde seit den Anfängen der Typologie sowohl von den Theoretikern als auch von Praktikern akzeptiert (vgl. z. B. G. v. d. Gabelentz, Die Sprachwissenschaft, 1901, p. 257, 346 u. a.). Es fragt sich aber, ob der Terminus "isolierend noch in die moderne Linguistik passt. Diese Frage wollen wir in unserem Aufsatz behandeln.},
    title = {Über die Typologie des Gesprochenen Chinesisch},
    year = {1979},
    pages = {180-197},
    editor = {Hartmann, Peter},
    address = {Wiesbaden},
    booktitle = {Typologische Studien}
}

@article{Skelton2015,
    title = {Borrowing, character weiweight, and preliminary cluster analysis in a phylogenetic analysis of the ancient greek dialects},
    journal = {Indo-European Linguistics},
    abstract = {Phylogenetic systematics is an increasingly popular tool in historical linguistics for reconstructing the evolutionary histories of groups of languages. One problem in apply- ing phylogenetic methods to languages is that phylogenetic methods assume evolu- tion takes place strictly by descent with modification, whereas borrowing between languages is common. This paper tests two different methods for addressing bor- rowing in phylogenetic analysis of language on a dataset representing the dialects of ancient Greek: character weighting and preliminary cluster analysis. Both methods show promise; they correctly recovered the subgrouping of the Greek dialects and were able to improve the resolution of the tree compared to the preliminary analysis. How- ever, they recovered conflicting subgroupings of the West Greek dialects. This result is most likely due to a circular dialect continuum within West Greek. Using phylogenetic methods in situations which match their assumptions is crucial; for the West Greek dialects, phylogenetic network methods would be more appropriate.},
    author = {Skelton, Christina Michelle},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {84-117}
}

@thesis{Skilton2013,
    title = {A new proposal of Western Tukanoan consonants and internal classification},
    year = {2013},
    institution = {Yale University},
    author = {Skilton, Amalia}
}

@article{Skoglund2015,
    title = {Ancient wolf genome reveals an early divergence of domestic dog ancestors and admixture into high-latitude breeds},
    journal = {Current Biology},
    abstract = {The origin of domestic dogs is poorly understood [1-15], with suggested evidence of dog-like features in fossils that predate the Last Glacial Maximum [6, 9, 10, 14, 16] conflicting with genetic estimates of a more recent divergence between dogs and worldwide wolf populations [13, 15, 17-19]. Here, we present a draft genome sequence from a 35,000-year-old wolf from the Taimyr Peninsula in northern Siberia. We find that this individual belonged to a population that diverged from the common ancestor of present-day wolves and dogs very close in time to the appearance of the domestic dog lineage. We use the directly dated ancient wolf genome to recalibrate the molecular timescale of wolves and dogs and find that the mutation rate is substantially slower than assumed by most previous studies, suggesting that the ancestors of dogs were separated from present-day wolves before the Last Glacial Maximum. We also find evidence of introgression from the archaic Taimyr wolf lineage into present-day dog breeds from northeast Siberia and Greenland, contributing between 1.4% and 27.3% of their ancestry. This demonstrates that the ancestry of present-day dogs is derived from multiple regional wolf populations.},
    author = {Skoglund, P. and Ersmark, E. and Palkopoulou, E. and Dalen, L.},
    number = {11},
    volume = {25},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {1515-1519}
}

@article{Slaska2005,
    title = {Lexicostatistics away from the armchair: Handling people, props and problems},
    journal = {Transactions of the Philological Society},
    author = {Slaska, N.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {103},
    year = {2005},
    keywords = {Gray;Linguistik und Biologie},
    pages = {221-242}
}

@book{Slingerland2012,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {9780199794393},
    author = {Slingerland, E. and Collard, M.},
    url = {https://books.google.de/books?id=F1EZQ9XFfKcC},
    title = {Creating consilience: Integrating the sciences and the humanities},
    year = {2012},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@article{Slowinski1993,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press for the Society of Systematic Biologists},
    author = {Slowinski, Joseph B.},
    journal = {Systematic Biology},
    abstract = {Multistate morphological characters have generally been treated as either "unordered" or "ordered" in phylogenetic analyses using parsimony Because ordering relations do not apply to the states of characters treated under these methods, I prefer "maximally connected" character to "unordered" character and "minimally connected" character to "ordered" character. This paper formally defines the two character types, compares their properties, and considers the consequences of the two methods for both resolution and congruence. The results demonstrate that minimally connected characters increase resolution relative to maximally connected characters. Minimally connected characters do not, however, necessarily increase congruence among data sets. Because both methods produce nonrandom congruence among data sets, both character types constitute valid phylogenetic methods. A mixed-parsimony approach is advocated, wherein multistate characters are treated as minimally connected whenever reasonable but treated as maximally connected otherwise.},
    title = {"Unordered" versus "ordered" characters},
    number = {2},
    volume = {42},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/2992538},
    year = {1993},
    pages = {pp. 155-165}
}

@book{Smalley1964,
    publisher = {Practical Anthropology},
    author = {Smalley, William A.},
    year = {1964},
    title = {Manual of articulatory phonetics},
    address = {Tarrytown}
}

@article{Smith2014,
    volume = {5},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.1285},
    author = {Smith, Andrew D. M.},
    url = {http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/wcs.1285/abstract},
    abstract = {In the absence of direct evidence of the emergence of language, the explicitness of formal models which allow the exploration of interactions between multiple complex adaptive systems has proven to be an important tool. Computational simulations have been at the heart of the field of evolutionary linguistics for the past two decades, particularly through the language game and iterated learning paradigms, but these are now being extended and complemented in a number of directions, through formal mathematical models, language-ready robotic agents, and experimental simulations in the laboratory. For further resources related to this article, please visit the . Conflict of interest: The author has declared no conflicts of interest for this article.},
    title = {Models of Language Evolution and Change},
    number = {3},
    pages = {281-293},
    note = {WOS:000334511800004},
    year = {2014},
    keywords = {acquisition,bilingualism,cultural-evolution,emergence,game,human-communication systems,niche construction,protolanguage,robotic agents,transmission},
    journal = {Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews-Cognitive Science}
}

@article{Smith2017,
    publisher = {eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.29586},
    author = {Smith, Bartram L and Wilke, Claus O},
    journal = {eLife},
    abstract = {The influenza virus mutates faster than we previously thought.},
    title = {Virus Evolution: A new twist in measuring mutation rates},
    volume = {6},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.29586},
    year = {2017},
    keywords = {mutation rate, diversity, evolution},
    pages = {e29586}
}

@article{Smith1970,
    title = {Natural selection and the concept of a protein space},
    journal = {Nature},
    abstract = {SALISBURY1 has argued that there is an apparent contradiction between two fundamental concepts of biology—the belief that the gene is a unique sequence of nucleotides whose function it is to determine the sequence of amino-acids in a protein, and the theory of evolution by natural selection. In brief, he calculated that the number of possible amino-acid sequences is greater by many orders of magnitude than the number of proteins which could have existed on Earth since the origin of life, and hence that functionally effective proteins have a vanishingly small chance of arising by mutation. Natural selection is therefore ineffective because it lacks the essential raw material—favourable mutations.},
    author = {Smith, John Maynard},
    number = {5232},
    volume = {225},
    year = {1970},
    pages = {563-564}
}

@incollection{Smith2012,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Kenny Smith and Simon Kirby},
    booktitle = {The Oxford Handbook of Compositionality},
    title = {Compositionality and Linguistic Evolution},
    year = {2012},
    editor = {Wolfram Hinzen and Edouard Machery and and Markus Werning},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@article{Smith2013,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003223},
    author = {Smith, Stephen A. AND Brown, Joseph W. AND Hinchliff, Cody E.},
    journal = {PLoS Computational Biology},
    abstract = {<title>Author Summary</title> Phylogenetic trees are the most common datatype by which we examine evolutionary patterns. However, biological and practical considerations require the exploration of other models. Here, we address a problem concerning the representation of conflicting and partially overlapping datasets in phylogenetics. We examine the problem of aligning many source trees from independent phylogenetic analyses into a structure that can be analyzed and synthesized but retain all of the original structure and source information. We present methods to map trees into a common graph structure using a graph database. This allows the information in the trees to be stored and synthesized in several ways. Specifically, we demonstrate how these graphs can be used to construct enormous trees as an alternative to labor-intensive grafting exercise and other methods that make the synthetic tree difficult to update. We also show how examination of the relationships in the graph allows patterns to emerge concerning support and information that are difficult to discern with existing methods. Because these methods scale well into the millions of nodes, these techniques should lead to the construction and maintenance of even larger phylogenies and new techniques for analyzing graphs that maintain the structure of the underlying trees.</p>},
    title = {Analyzing and synthesizing phylogenies using tree alignment graphs},
    number = {9},
    volume = {9},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {e1003223}
}

@article{Smith1981,
    title = {Identification of common molecular subsequences},
    journal = {Journal of Molecular Biology},
    author = {Smith, T. F. and Waterman, M. S.},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1981},
    keywords = {local alignment},
    pages = {195-197}
}

@article{Smoot2011,
    title = {Cytoscape 2.8},
    journal = {Bioinformatics},
    author = {Smoot, M. E. and Ono, K. and Ruscheinski, J. and Wang, P. L. and Ideker, T.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {27},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {431-432}
}

@inbook{Smorodkina2007,
    publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72845-0_24},
    isbn = {978-3-540-72845-0},
    author = {Smorodkina, Ekaterina and Thakur, Mayur and Tauritz, Daniel},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-72845-0_24},
    booktitle = {Experimental Algorithms: 6th International Workshop, WEA 2007, Rome, Italy, June 6-8, 2007. Proceedings},
    title = {Algorithms for the Balanced Edge Partitioning Problem},
    year = {2007},
    editor = {Demetrescu, Camil},
    address = {Berlin, Heidelberg},
    pages = {311-323}
}

@article{Sneddon1970,
    title = {The Languages of Minahasa, North Celebes},
    journal = {Oceanic Linguistics},
    author = {Sneddon, J. N.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {9},
    year = {1970},
    pages = {11-36}
}

@article{Snel2002,
    title = {Genomes in flux: the evolution of archaeal and proteobacterial gene content},
    journal = {Genome Research},
    abstract = {In the course of evolution, genomes are shaped by processes like gene loss, gene duplication, horizontal gene transfer, and gene genesis (the de novo origin of genes). Here we reconstruct the gene content of ancestral Archaea and Proteobacteria and quantify the processes connecting them to their present day representatives based on the distribution of genes in completely sequenced genomes. We estimate that the ancestor of the Proteobacteria contained around 2500 genes, and the ancestor of the Archaea around 2050 genes. Although it is necessary to invoke horizontal gene transfer to explain the content of present day genomes, gene loss, gene genesis, and simple vertical inheritance are quantitatively the most dominant processes in shaping the genome. Together they result in a turnover of gene content such that even the lineage leading from the ancestor of the Proteobacteria to the relatively large genome of Escherichia coli has lost at least 950 genes. Gene loss, unlike the other processes, correlates fairly well with time. This clock-like behavior suggests that gene loss is under negative selection, while the processes that add genes are under positive selection.},
    author = {Snel, B. and Bork, P. and Huynen, M. A.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {12},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {17-25}
}

@incollection{Snoek2013,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    author = {Conor Snoek},
    booktitle = {Approaches to Measuring Linguistic Differences},
    title = {Using semantically restricted word-lists to investigate relationships among Athapaskan languages},
    year = {2013},
    editor = {Borin, Lars and Saxena, Anju},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {231-248}
}

@thesis{Soderqvist2017,
    title = {Colexification and semantic change in colour terms in Sino-Tibetan and Indo-European languages},
    author = {Söderqvist, Kajsa},
    year = {2017},
    institution = {University of Lund},
    address = {Lund}
}

@article{Sokal1988,
    title = {Genetic, geographic, and linguistic distances in Europe},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    author = {Sokal, R. R.},
    number = {5},
    volume = {85},
    year = {1988},
    pages = {1722-1726}
}

@article{Sokal1958,
    title = {A statistical method for evaluating systematic relationships},
    journal = {University of Kansas Scientific Bulletin},
    author = {Sokal, Robert. R. and Michener, Charles. D.},
    volume = {28},
    year = {1958},
    keywords = {UPGMA},
    pages = {1409-1438}
}

@article{Solovyev2016,
    title = {Does humanś cognitive system evolve?},
    journal = {International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies},
    author = {Solovyev, Valery},
    number = {1},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {1299-1308}
}

@article{Solovyev2016a,
    title = {North Caucasian languages: comparison of three classification approaches},
    journal = {International Journal of Humanitities and Cultural Studies},
    author = {Solovyev, Valery},
    number = {1},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {1309-1338}
}

@article{Somers1999,
    title = {Aligning phonetic segments for childrenś articulation assessment},
    journal = {Computational Linguistics},
    author = {Somers, Harold L.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {25},
    year = {1999},
    pages = {267-275}
}

@incollection{Sommerfeld2006,
    publisher = {NINO},
    author = {Sommerfeld, Walter},
    booktitle = {The Akkadian Language in its Semitic Context},
    title = {Die ältesten semitischen Sprachzeugnisse – eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Deutsche, G. and Kouwenberg, N. J. C.},
    address = {Leiden},
    pages = {30-75}
}

@article{Sonnhammer2002,
    title = {Orthology, paralogy and proposed classification for paralog subtypes},
    journal = {Trends in Genetics},
    author = {Sonnhammer, E. L. and Koonin, Eugene V.},
    number = {12},
    volume = {18},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {619-620}
}

@incollection{Sora2003,
    publisher = {De Gruyter},
    author = {Sora, Sanda},
    booktitle = {Histoire linguistique de la Romania: manuel international dh́istoire},
    title = {Conctacts linguistiques intraromans: roman et roumain},
    year = {2003},
    editor = {Ernst, G.},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {1726-1736}
}

@article{Southworth1964,
    title = {Family-tree diagrams},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Southworth, Franklin C.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {40},
    year = {1964},
    keywords = {stammbaum, family-tree},
    pages = {557-565}
}

@report{Sovijaervi1970,
    title = {Suomalais-UIgrilainen Tarkekirjoitus},
    url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10224/4089},
    author = {Sovijärvi, Antti and Peltola, Reino},
    year = {1970},
    institution = {University of Helsinki},
    address = {Helsinki}
}

@article{SparckJones1972,
    title = {A statistical interpretation of term specificity and its application in retrieval},
    journal = {Journal of Documentation},
    abstract = {The exhaustivity of document descriptions and the specificity of index terms are usually regarded as independent. It is suggested that specificity should be interpreted statistically, as a function of term use rather than of term meaning. The effects on retrieval of variations in term specificity are examined, experiments with three test collections showing in particular that frequently‐occurring terms are required for good overall performance. It is argued that terms should be weighted according to collection frequency, so that matches on less frequent, more specific, terms are of greater value than matches on frequent terms. Results for the test collections show that considerable improvements in performance are obtained with this very simple procedure.},
    author = {Spärck Jones, Karen},
    number = {1},
    volume = {28},
    url = { http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb026526},
    year = {1972},
    pages = {11-21}
}

@inproceedings{Spencer2006,
    publisher = {McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research; Distributed by Orbow Books},
    isbn = {9781902937335},
    author = {Spencer, Matthew and Windram, Heather F. and Barbrook, Adrian C. and Davidson, Elizabeth A. and Howe, Christopher J.},
    series = {McDonald Institute monographs},
    booktitle = {Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages},
    title = {Phylogenetic Analysis of Written Traditions},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Forster, Peter and Renfrew, Colin},
    address = {Cambridge UK , Oxford UK , Oakville CT USA ,},
    keywords = {philologische Rekonstruktion;quantitative Methoden;Kladistik},
    pages = {67-74}
}

@book{Sperber1923,
    publisher = {Kurt Schroeder},
    author = {Sperber, Hans},
    year = {1923},
    title = {Einführung in die Bedeutungslehre},
    address = {Bonn and Leipzig}
}

@article{Stadthagen-Gonzalez2017,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0700-2},
    author = {Stadthagen-Gonzalez, Hans and Imbault, Constance and Pérez Sánchez, Miguel A. and Brysbaert, Marc},
    journal = {Behavior Research Methods},
    abstract = {Most current models of research on emotion recognize valence (how pleasant a stimulus is) and arousal (the level of activation or intensity that a stimulus elicits) as important components in the classification of affective experiences (Barrett, 1998; Kuppens, Tuerlinckx, Russell, & Barrett, 2012). Here we present a set of norms for valence and arousal for a very large set of Spanish words, including items from a variety of frequencies, semantic categories, and parts of speech, including a subset of conjugated verbs. In this regard, we found that there were significant but very small differences between the ratings for conjugations of the same verb, validating the practice of applying the ratings for infinitives to all derived forms of the verb. Our norms show a high degree of reliability and are strongly correlated with those of Redondo, Fraga, Padrón, and Comesañaś (2007) Spanish version of the influential Affective Norms for English Words (Bradley & Lang, 1999), as well as those from Warriner, Kuperman, and Brysbaert (2013), the largest available set of emotional norms for English words. Additionally, we included measures of word prevalence--that is, the percentage of participants that knew a particular word--for each variable (Keuleers, Stevens, Mandera, & Brysbaert, 2015). Our large set of norms in Spanish not only will facilitate the creation of stimuli and the analysis of texts in that language, but also will be useful for cross-language comparisons and research on emotional aspects of bilingualism. The norms can be downloaded and available as a supplementary materials to this article.},
    title = {Norms of valence and arousal for 14,031 Spanish words},
    number = {1},
    volume = {49},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-015-0700-2},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {111-123}
}

@thesis{Staffanson2017,
    title = {Mitt hjärta är bittert. En lexikal typologisk studie om smaktermer},
    author = {Staffanson, Martina},
    year = {2017},
    institution = {Institut för Lingvistik},
    address = {Stockholm}
}

@article{Staffeldt2017,
    title = {Speech act theory and Georg von der Gabelentz},
    url = {https://hiphilangsci.net/2017/09/06/speech-act-theory-and-georg-von-der-gabelentz/},
    journal = {History and Philosophy of the Language Sciences},
    author = {Staffeldt, Sven},
    number = {1},
    volume = {9},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {0}
}

@article{Stamatakis2006,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btl446},
    author = {Stamatakis, Alexandros},
    journal = {Bioinformatics},
    abstract = {Summary: RAxML-VI-HPC (randomized axelerated maximum likelihood for high performance computing) is a sequential and parallel program for inference of large phylogenies with maximum likelihood (ML). Low-level technical optimizations, a modification of the search algorithm, and the use of the GTR+CAT approximation as replacement for GTR+Γ yield a program that is between 2.7 and 52 times faster than the previous version of RAxML. A large-scale performance comparison with GARLI, PHYML, IQPNNI and MrBayes on real data containing 1000 up to 6722 taxa shows that RAxML requires at least 5.6 times less main memory and yields better trees in similar times than the best competing program (GARLI) on datasets up to 2500 taxa. On datasets ≥4000 taxa it also runs 2–3 times faster than GARLI. RAxML has been parallelized with MPI to conduct parallel multiple bootstraps and inferences on distinct starting trees. The program has been used to compute ML trees on two of the largest alignments to date containing 25 057 (1463 bp) and 2182 (51 089 bp) taxa, respectively.Availability:icwww.epfl.ch/ stamatakContact:Alexandros.Stamatakis@epfl.chSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.},
    title = {RAxML-VI-HPC: maximum likelihood-based phylogenetic analyses with thousands of taxa and mixed models},
    number = {21},
    volume = {22},
    url = {http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/22/21/2688.full.pdf+html},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {2688-2690}
}

@article{Stamos2002,
    title = {Species, languages and the horizontal/vertical distinction},
    url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/2L2GURUJEUDEA3CU},
    journal = {Biology and Philosophy},
    author = {Stamos, David N.},
    volume = {17},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {171-198}
}

@article{Stark1972,
    title = {The Bloomfieldian model},
    journal = {Lingua},
    author = {Stark, Bruce R.},
    volume = {30},
    year = {1972},
    pages = {385-421}
}

@misc{Starostin2013b,
    title = {Annotated Swadesh wordlists for the Tujia group (Sino-Tibetan family)},
    url = {http://starling.rinet.ru/new100/tuj.xls},
    booktitle = {The Global Lexicostatistical Database},
    author = {Starostin, George S.},
    editor = {Starostin, George},
    year = {2013}
}

@misc{Starostin2017,
    title = {Annotated Swadesh wordlists for the Hmong group (Hmong-Mien family)},
    url = {http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/bdescr.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\hmo\hmo},
    booktitle = {The Global Lexicostatistical Database},
    author = {Starostin, George S.},
    editor = {Starostin, George S.},
    year = {2017}
}

@article{Starostin2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.3726/432492_177},
    title = {From wordlists to proto-wordlists: reconstruction as `optimal selection},
    journal = {Faits de langues},
    author = {Starostin, G. S.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {47},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {177-200}
}

@book{Starostin2013,
    publisher = {Jazyki Russkoj Kult́ury},
    booktitle = {Jazyki Afriki.Opyt postroenija leksistatističeskoj klassifikacii},
    author = {Starostin, George S.},
    year = {2013},
    address = {Moscow}
}

@article{Starostin2012,
    title = {K voprosy o metodologii jasykovogo analiza drevnekitajskich tekstov},
    journal = {Vestnik RGGU. Vostokovedenie. Afrinakistika},
    author = {Starostin, George S.},
    number = {100},
    volume = {20},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {216-248}
}

@article{Starostin2010,
    title = {Preliminary lexicostatistics as a basis for language classification: A new approach},
    journal = {Journal of Language Relationship},
    author = {Starostin, George S.},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {79-116}
}

@article{Starostin2009a,
    title = {Review of "Language classification: History and method." by Lyle Campbell and William J. Poser.},
    journal = {Journal of Language Relationship},
    author = {Starostin, George S.},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {158-174}
}

@incollection{Starostin1999b,
    publisher = {Jazyki Russkoj Kult́ury},
    author = {Starostin, Sergej Anatolévic},
    url = {http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/relation.pdf},
    series = {Studia philologica},
    booktitle = {Tipologija i teorija jazyka: Ot opisanija k objasneniju: K 60-letiju Aleksandra EvgenÊ¹evicÌa Kibrika},
    title = {O dokozatelśtve jazykovogo rodstva [On the proof of the genetic relationship of languages]},
    year = {1999},
    editor = {Rachilina, Ekaterina V.},
    address = {Moscow},
    keywords = {BEARBEITET;Rekonstruktion;Sprachverwandtschaft},
    pages = {57-69}
}

@incollection{Starostin1999,
    publisher = {Association for the History of Language},
    isbn = {0957725116},
    author = {Starostin, Sergej Anatolévic},
    url = {http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/method.pdf},
    series = {AHL Studies in the science & history of language},
    booktitle = {Historical linguistics & lexicostatistics},
    title = {Methodology of long-range comparison},
    year = {1999},
    volume = {3},
    editor = {Shevoroshkin, Vitaly and Sidwell, Paul J.},
    address = {Melbourne},
    keywords = {long-range comparison},
    pages = {61-66}
}

@incollection{Starostin1999a,
    publisher = {Assoc. for the History of Language},
    isbn = {0957725116},
    author = {Starostin, Sergej Anatolévic},
    series = {AHL Studies in the science & history of language},
    booktitle = {Historical linguistics & lexicostatistics},
    title = {Historical linguistics and lexicostatistics},
    year = {1999},
    volume = {3},
    editor = {Shevoroshkin, Vitaly and Sidwell, Paul J.},
    address = {Melbourne},
    keywords = {Lexikostatistik;Rekonstruktion;long-range comparison},
    pages = {3-50}
}

@misc{Starostin2005,
    title = {Germanic 100 wordlists},
    url = {http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=config&morpho=0&basename=\data\ie\lexstat\germ&first=1},
    booktitle = {The Tower of Babel},
    author = {Starostin, Sergej A.},
    editor = {Starostin, Georgij},
    year = {2005}
}

@misc{Starostin2005b,
    title = {Indo-European files n DBF/VAR},
    url = {http://starling.rinet.ru/downl.php?lan=en},
    booktitle = {The Tower of Babel},
    author = {Starostin, Sergej A.},
    editor = {Starostin, Georgij},
    year = {2005}
}

@incollection{Starostin1995,
    publisher = {University of California Press},
    author = {Starostin, Sergej Anatolévic},
    booktitle = {The ancestry of the Chinese language},
    title = {Old Chinese vocabulary: A historical perspective},
    year = {1995},
    editor = {Wang, William S.-Y.},
    address = {Berkeley},
    keywords = {Chinese;Lexikostatistik;Basisvokabular},
    pages = {225-251}
}

@incollection{Starostin1995a,
    publisher = {Languages of Slavic Cultures},
    author = {Starostin, Sergej A.},
    booktitle = {S. A. Starostin: Trudy po jazykoznaniju},
    title = {The historical position of Bai},
    year = {2007},
    address = {Moscow},
    pages = {580-590}
}

@incollection{Starostin2007,
    publisher = {LRC Publishing House},
    title = {Computer-based simulation of the glottochronological process (Letter to M. Gell-Mann)},
    booktitle = {S. A. Starostin: Trudy po yazykoznaniyu [S. A. Starostin: Works in Linguistics]},
    author = {Starostin, Sergej A.},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {854-861}
}

@incollection{Starostin2007a,
    publisher = {Languages of Slavic Cultures},
    author = {Starostin, Sergej A.},
    booktitle = {S. A. Starostin: Trudy po jazykoznaniju [S. A. Starostin: Works on linguistics},
    title = {Opredelenije ustojčivosti bazisnoj leksiki},
    year = {2007},
    address = {Moscow},
    pages = {580-590}
}

@book{Starostin2000a,
    publisher = {RGGU},
    author = {Starostin, Sergej Anatolévič},
    url = {http://starling.rinet.ru},
    title = {The STARLING database program},
    year = {2000},
    address = {Moscow},
    howpublished = {Misc ressource}
}

@inproceedings{Starostin1993,
    booktitle = {Bazy dannyh po istorii Evrazii v srednie veka},
    title = {Rabočaja sreda dlja lingvista (Working environment for a linguist)},
    year = {1993},
    pages = {7–23},
    author = {Starostin, Sergej Anatolévič}
}

@book{Starostin1991,
    publisher = {Nauka},
    author = {Starostin, Sergej Anatolévic},
    title = {Altajskaja problema i proischoždenije japonskogo jazyka [The Altaic problem and the origin of the Japanese language]},
    year = {1991},
    keywords = {long-range comparison;Altaic;Japanese},
    address = {Moscow}
}

@book{Starostin1989a,
    publisher = {Nauka},
    author = {Starostin, Sergej Anatolévič},
    year = {1989},
    title = {Rekonstrukcija drevnekitajskoj fonologičeskoj sistemy (Reconstruction of the phonological system of Old Chinese)},
    address = {Moscow}
}

@article{Steels2017,
    journal = {BioSystems},
    title = {The evolutionary dynamics of language},
    year = {2017},
    author = {Steels, L. and Szathmary, E.}
}

@book{Stefenelli1992,
    publisher = {Rothe},
    author = {Stefenelli, Arnulf},
    year = {1992},
    title = {Das Schicksal des lateinischen Wortschatzes in den romanischen Sprachen},
    address = {Passau}
}

@book{Stegmuller1975,
    publisher = {Kröner},
    author = {Stegmüller, W.},
    year = {1975},
    title = {Hauptströmungen der Gegenwartsphilosophie},
    address = {Stuttgart}
}

@article{Steiner2011,
    title = {A pipeline for computational historical linguistics},
    journal = {Language Dynamics and Change},
    author = {Steiner, Lydia and Stadler, Peter F. and Cysouw, Michael},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {89-127}
}

@book{Stepanov1975,
    publisher = {Nauka},
    author = {Stepanov, J. S.},
    title = {Metody i principy sovremennoj lingvistiki [Methods and principles in contemporary linguistics]},
    year = {1975},
    keywords = {komparative Methode;Methodik;historische Linguistik},
    address = {Moscow}
}

@book{Stephenson1994,
    publisher = {Blanvalet},
    author = {Stephenson, Neal},
    title = {Snow Crash},
    edition = {7},
    year = {1994},
    address = {München}
}

@article{Stern2013,
    title = {The genetic causes of convergent evolution},
    journal = {Nature Reviews. Genetics},
    abstract = {The evolution of phenotypic similarities between species, known as convergence, illustrates that populations can respond predictably to ecological challenges. Convergence often results from similar genetic changes, which can emerge in two ways: the evolution of similar or identical mutations in independent lineages, which is termed parallel evolution; and the evolution in independent lineages of alleles that are shared among populations, which I call collateral genetic evolution. Evidence for parallel and collateral evolution has been found in many taxa, and an emerging hypothesis is that they result from the fact that mutations in some genetic targets minimize pleiotropic effects while simultaneously maximizing adaptation. If this proves correct, then the molecular changes underlying adaptation might be more predictable than has been appreciated previously.},
    author = {Stern, D. L.},
    number = {11},
    volume = {14},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {751-764}
}

@article{Stern1962,
    title = {Language Contact between Related Languages: Burmese Influences upon Plains Chin},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Stern, Theodore},
    number = {4},
    volume = {4},
    year = {1962},
    pages = {1-28}
}

@book{Sternemann1984,
    publisher = {Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck},
    isbn = {3851245792},
    author = {Sternemann, Reinhard},
    series = {Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft: Vorträge und kleinere Schriften},
    title = {Franz Bopp und die vergleichende indoeuropäische Sprachwissenschaft},
    year = {1984},
    number = {33},
    address = {Innsbruck}
}

@incollection{Stevens1987,
    publisher = {Univ. of Pennsylvania Pr.},
    isbn = {9780812280142},
    author = {Stevens, Peter F.},
    booktitle = {Biological metaphor and cladistic classification: An interdisciplinary perspective; [papers from a Symposium on Biological Metaphor Outside Biology, held Mar. 4 - 5, 1982 ... at the American Philos. Soc.ś Library in Philadelphia]},
    title = {Pattern and process: Phylogenetic reconstruction in Botany},
    year = {1987},
    editor = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max},
    address = {Philadelphia},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Biologie;Kladistik},
    pages = {155-180}
}

@article{Stewart1992,
    title = {From information to autonomy: Analogies between biology and the language sciences},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eb005939},
    journal = {Kybernetes},
    author = {John Stewart and Evelyne Andreewsky},
    number = {5},
    year = {1992},
    pages = {15-32}
}

@article{Steyvers2005,
    title = {The large-scale structure of semantic networks},
    journal = {Cognitive Science},
    author = {Steyvers, Mark and Tenenbaum, Joshua B.},
    volume = {29},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {41–78 41–78}
}

@book{Stichweh1994,
    publisher = {Suhrkamp},
    author = {Stichweh, R.},
    year = {1994},
    title = {Wissenschaft, Universität, Professionen: Soziologische Analysen},
    address = {Frankfurt am Main.}
}

@incollection{Stiernhielm1671,
    publisher = {Typis Nicolai Wankif},
    author = {Stiernhielm, Georg},
    booktitle = {D. N. Jesu Christi SS. Evangelia ab Ulfi la Gothorum in Moesia Episcopo circa annum à nato Christo CCCLX. Ex Græco Gothicé translata, nunc cum parallelis versionibus, sveo-gothicâ , norraenâ , seu islandicâ , & vulgatâ latinâ edita},
    title = {De linguarum origine Præfatio},
    year = {1671},
    editor = {Stiernhielm, Georg},
    address = {Stockholm}
}

@article{Stimson1972,
    title = {More on Peking archaisms},
    journal = {Tóung Pao},
    author = {Stimson, Hugh M.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {58},
    year = {1972},
    keywords = {Chinese, Old Chinese, contraction},
    pages = {172-189}
}

@article{Stoltzfus1999,
    title = {On the possibility of constructive neutral evolution},
    journal = {Journal of Molecular Evolution},
    author = {Stoltzfus, A.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {49},
    year = {1999},
    pages = {169-181}
}

@book{Stone2007,
    publisher = {Blackwell},
    isbn = {1405131667},
    author = {Stone, Linda and Lurquin, Paul F.},
    url = {http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip068/2006004375.html / http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0802/2006004375-d.html / http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0802/2006004375-b.html},
    title = {Genes, culture, and human evolution: A synthesis},
    year = {2007},
    address = {Malden, Mass.}
}

@incollection{Storch2007,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {978-0-19-920783-1},
    author = {Storch, Anne},
    series = {Explorations in linguistic typology},
    booktitle = {Grammars in contact: A cross-linguistic typology},
    title = {How long do linguistics areas last?},
    year = {2007},
    volume = {4},
    editor = {Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and Dixon, Robert M. W.},
    address = {Oxford},
    keywords = {areal diffusion;Areallinguistik},
    pages = {94-113}
}

@article{Streeter1972,
    publisher = {Springer},
    title = {DOC, 1971: A Chinese Dialect Dictionary on Computer},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/30199498},
    journal = {Computers and the Humanities},
    author = {Streeter, Mary L.},
    number = {5},
    volume = {6},
    year = {1972},
    pages = {259-270}
}

@book{Streitberg1910,
    publisher = {Carl Winter},
    author = {Streitberg, Wilhelm},
    title = {Die Gotische Bibel},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1910},
    address = {Heidelberg}
}

@book{Streitberg1908,
    publisher = {Carl Winter},
    author = {Streitberg, Wilhelm},
    title = {Die Gotische Bibel},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1908},
    address = {Heidelberg}
}

@thesis{Struve2014,
    title = {Readdressing the Quechua-Aru contact proposal. Historical and lexical perspectives},
    author = {Struve, Timothy James},
    year = {2014},
    institution = {Ohio State University},
    address = {Columbus}
}

@article{Studer2009,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tig.2009.03.004},
    author = {Studer, Romain A. and Robinson-Rechavi, Marc},
    journal = {Trends in Genetics},
    abstract = {Homologous genes are classified into orthologs and paralogs, depending on whether they arose by speciation or duplication. It is widely assumed that orthologs share similar functions, whereas paralogs are expected to diverge more from each other. But does this assumption hold up on further examination? We present evidence that orthologs and paralogs are not so different in either their evolutionary rates or their mechanisms of divergence. We emphasize the importance of appropriately designed studies to test models of gene evolution between orthologs and between paralogs. Thus, functional change between orthologs might be as common as between paralogs, and future studies should be designed to test the impact of duplication against this alternative model. },
    title = {How confident can we be that orthologs are similar, but paralogs differ?},
    number = {5},
    volume = {25},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168952509000559},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {210 - 216}
}

@book{Sturtevant1920,
    publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
    author = {Sturtevant, Edgar H.},
    url = {http://archive.org/details/pronunciationgr00unkngoog},
    title = {The pronunciation of Greek and Latin},
    year = {1920},
    address = {Chicago}
}

@article{Sujaritlak1996,
    title = {Mon at Nong Duu, Lamphun province},
    journal = {Mon-Khmer Studies},
    author = {Sujaritlak, Deepadung},
    volume = {26},
    year = {1996},
    pages = {411-418}
}

@article{Sukumaran2010,
    title = {DendroPy: A Python library for phylogenetic computing},
    journal = {Bioinformatics},
    author = {Sukumaran, J. and Holder, Mark T.},
    volume = {26},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {1569-1571}
}

@article{Sullivan2008,
    title = {A mechanism of lexical borrowing},
    journal = {Journal of Language Contact},
    author = {Sullivan, Celeste M.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {17-28}
}

@book{Sun2006,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Sun, Chaofen},
    year = {2006},
    title = {Chinese: A linguistic introduction},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@article{Sun1985,
    title = {On the So-Called Sov Word Order in Mandarin Chinese: A Quantified Text Study and Its Implications},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Sun, Chao-Fen and Givon, Talmy},
    number = {2},
    volume = {61},
    year = {1985},
    pages = {329-351}
}

@article{Susko2003,
    title = {Estimation of rates-across-sites distributions in phylogenetic substitution models},
    journal = {Systems Biology},
    abstract = {Previous work has shown that it is often essential to account for the variation in rates at different sites in phylogenetic models in order to avoid phylogenetic artifacts such as long branch attraction. In most current models, the gamma distribution is used for the rates-across-sites distributions and is implemented as an equal-probability discrete gamma. In this article, we introduce discrete distribution estimates with large numbers of equally spaced rate categories allowing us to investigate the appropriateness of the gamma model. With large numbers of rate categories, these discrete estimates are flexible enough to approximate the shape of almost any distribution. Likelihood ratio statistical tests and a nonparametric bootstrap confidence-bound estimation procedure based on the discrete estimates are presented that can be used to test the fit of a parametric family. We applied the methodology to several different protein data sets, and found that although the gamma model often provides a good parametric model for this type of data, rate estimates from an equal-probability discrete gamma model with a small number of categories will tend to underestimate the largest rates. In cases when the gamma model assumption is in doubt, rate estimates coming from the discrete rate distribution estimate with a large number of rate categories provide a robust alternative to gamma estimates. An alternative implementation of the gamma distribution is proposed that, for equal numbers of rate categories, is computationally more efficient during optimization than the standard gamma implementation and can provide more accurate estimates of site rates.},
    author = {Susko, E. and Field, C. and Blouin, C. and Roger, A. J.},
    number = {5},
    volume = {52},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {594-603}
}

@article{Sutrop1999,
    title = {Diskussionsbeiträge zur Stammbaumtheorie},
    journal = {Fenno-Ugristica},
    author = {Sutrop, Urmas},
    volume = {22},
    editor = {Künnap, Ago},
    year = {1999},
    booktitle = {Indo-European-Uralic-Siberian linguistic and cultural contacts},
    pages = {223-251}
}

@article{Sutrop2012,
    title = {Estonian traces in the Tree of Life concept and in the language family tree theory},
    journal = {Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Lingusitics},
    author = {Sutrop, Urmas},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {297-326}
}

@book{Swadesh1971,
    publisher = {Aldine},
    isbn = {202-01001-5},
    author = {Swadesh, Morris},
    title = {The origin and diversification of language: Edited post mortem by Joel Sherzer},
    year = {1971},
    address = {Chicago}
}

@article{Swadesh1967,
    title = {Review: [untitled]},
    journal = {American Anthropologist},
    author = {Swadesh, M.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {69},
    year = {1967},
    pages = {255}
}

@article{Swadesh1965,
    title = {Kalapuya and Takelma},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Swadesh, Morris},
    number = {3},
    volume = {31},
    year = {1965},
    pages = {237-240}
}

@article{Swadesh1964,
    title = {K voprosy o povyshenii toçnosti v leksikostatistiçeskom datirovanii},
    journal = {Novoe v Lingvistike},
    author = {Swadesh, Morris},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1964},
    pages = {53-87}
}

@article{Swadesh1963,
    publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
    title = {A Punchcard System of Cognate Hunting},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1263418},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Morris Swadesh},
    number = {3},
    volume = {29},
    year = {1963},
    pages = {283-288}
}

@article{Swadesh1962,
    title = {Linguistic Relations across Bering Strait},
    journal = {American Anthropologist},
    author = {Swadesh, Morris},
    number = {6},
    volume = {64},
    year = {1962},
    pages = {1262-1291}
}

@article{Swadesh1959,
    title = {The Mesh Principle in Comparative Linguistics},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Swadesh, Morris},
    number = {2},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1959},
    pages = {7-14}
}

@article{Swadesh1959a,
    title = {Linguistics as an Instrument of Prehistory},
    journal = {Southwestern Journal of Anthropology},
    author = {Swadesh, Morris},
    number = {1},
    volume = {15},
    year = {1959},
    pages = {20-35}
}

@article{Swadesh1956,
    title = {Problems of Long-Range Comparison in Penutian},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Swadesh, Morris},
    number = {1},
    volume = {32},
    year = {1956},
    pages = {17-41}
}

@article{Swadesh1955,
    title = {Towards greater accuracy in lexicostatistic dating},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Swadesh, Morris},
    number = {2},
    volume = {21},
    year = {1955},
    pages = {121-137}
}

@article{Swadesh1955a,
    title = {Chemakum Lexicon Compared with Quileute},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Swadesh, Morris},
    number = {1},
    volume = {21},
    year = {1955},
    pages = {60-72}
}

@article{Swadesh1954,
    title = {On the Penutian Vocabulary Survey},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Swadesh, Morris},
    number = {2},
    volume = {20},
    year = {1954},
    pages = {123-133}
}

@article{Swadesh1954a,
    title = {American Indian Linguistics in the Southwest: Comments},
    journal = {American Anthropologist},
    author = {Swadesh, Morris},
    number = {4},
    volume = {56},
    year = {1954},
    pages = {639-644}
}

@article{Swadesh1954c,
    title = {Perspectives and problems of Amerindian comparative linguistics},
    journal = {Word},
    author = {Swadesh, Morris},
    volume = {10},
    year = {1954},
    pages = {306-332}
}

@article{Swadesh1953,
    title = {Archeological and Linguistic Chronology of Indo-European Groups},
    journal = {American Anthropologist},
    author = {Swadesh, Morris},
    number = {3},
    volume = {55},
    year = {1953},
    pages = {349-352}
}

@article{Swadesh1953a,
    title = {Mosan II: Comparative Vocabulary},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Swadesh, Morris},
    number = {3},
    volume = {19},
    year = {1953},
    pages = {223-236}
}

@article{Swadesh1953b,
    title = {Salish-Wakashan Lexical Comparisons Noted by Boas},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Swadesh, Morris},
    number = {4},
    volume = {19},
    year = {1953},
    pages = {290-291}
}

@article{Swadesh1953c,
    title = {Comment on Hockettś Critique},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1262814},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Swadesh, Morris},
    number = {2},
    volume = {19},
    year = {1953},
    pages = {152-153}
}

@article{Swadesh1953d,
    title = {Mosan I: A Problem of Remote Common Origin},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Swadesh, Morris},
    number = {1},
    volume = {19},
    year = {1953},
    pages = {26-44}
}

@article{Swadesh1951b,
    publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
    title = {Unaaliq and Proto Eskimo III: Synchronic notes},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Morris Swadesh},
    number = {2},
    volume = {18},
    year = {1952},
    pages = {69-76}
}

@article{Swadesh1952,
    title = {Lexico-statistic dating of prehistoric ethnic contacts},
    journal = {Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society},
    author = {Swadesh, Morris},
    number = {4},
    volume = {96},
    year = {1952},
    pages = {452-463}
}

@article{Swadesh1952a,
    title = {Unaaliq and Proto Eskimo II: Phonemes and Morphophonemes},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Swadesh, Morris},
    number = {1},
    volume = {18},
    year = {1952},
    pages = {25-34}
}

@article{Swadesh1952d,
    title = {Salish Phonologic Geography},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Swadesh, Morris},
    number = {2},
    volume = {28},
    year = {1952},
    pages = {232-248}
}

@article{Swadesh1952e,
    title = {Unaaliq and Proto Eskimo IV: Diachronic Notes},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Swadesh, Morris},
    number = {3},
    volume = {18},
    year = {1952},
    pages = {166-171}
}

@article{Swadesh1952f,
    title = {Unaaliq and Proto Eskimo V: Comparative Vocabulary},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Swadesh, Morris},
    number = {4},
    volume = {18},
    year = {1952},
    pages = {241-256}
}

@article{Swadesh1951,
    title = {Diffusional Cumulation and Archaic Residue as Historical Explanations},
    journal = {Southwestern Journal of Anthropology},
    author = {Swadesh, Morris},
    number = {1},
    volume = {7},
    year = {1951},
    pages = {1-21}
}

@article{Swadesh1950,
    title = {Salish internal relationships},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Swadesh, Morris},
    number = {4},
    volume = {16},
    year = {1950},
    pages = {157-167}
}

@article{Swadesh1934,
    publisher = {Linguistic Society of America},
    title = {The phonemic principle},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Swadesh, Morris},
    number = {2},
    volume = {10},
    year = {1934},
    pages = {117-129}
}

@article{Swadesh1954b,
    title = {Symposium: Time Depths of American Linguistic Groupings},
    journal = {American Anthropologist},
    author = {Swadesh, Morris and Quimby, George I. and Collins, Henry B. and Haury, Emil W. and Ekholm, Gordon F. and Eggan, Fred},
    number = {3},
    volume = {56},
    year = {1954},
    pages = {361-377}
}

@book{Sweet1877,
    publisher = {Clarendon Press},
    author = {Sweet, H.},
    url = {https://archive.org/details/handbookofphonet00swee},
    title = {A handbook of phonetics, including a popular exposition of the principles of spelling reform},
    year = {1877},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@incollection{Swofford1992,
    publisher = {Stanford University Press},
    author = {Swofford, David L. and Maddison, Wayne P.},
    booktitle = {Systematics, historical ecology, and North American freshwater fishes},
    title = {Parsimony, character-state reconstructions, and evolutionary inferences},
    year = {1992},
    editor = {Mayden, R.},
    address = {Palo Alto},
    pages = {186-223}
}

@article{Syrjaenen2013,
    title = {Shedding more light on language classification using basic vocabularies and phylogenetic methods},
    journal = {Diachronica},
    author = {Syrjänen, Kaj and Honkola, Terhi and Korhonen, Kalle and Lehtinen, Jyri and Vesakoski, Outi and Wahlber, Niklas},
    number = {3},
    volume = {30},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {323-352}
}

@article{Syvanen1985,
    title = {Cross-species gene transfer; implications for a new theory of evolution},
    journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
    author = {Syvanen, M.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {112},
    year = {1985},
    pages = {333-343}
}

@article{Sze2014,
    title = {The Chinese Lexicon Project: a repository of lexical decision behavioral responses for 2,500 Chinese characters},
    journal = {Behav Res Methods},
    abstract = {The Chinese language has more native speakers than any other language, but research on the reading of Chinese characters is still not as well-developed as it is for the reading of words in alphabetic languages. Two areas notably lacking are the paucity of megastudies in Chinese and the relatively infrequent use of the lexical decision paradigm to investigate single-character recognition. The Chinese Lexicon Project, described in this article, is a database of lexical decision latencies for 2,500 Chinese single characters in simplified script, collected from a sample of native mainland Chinese (Mandarin) speakers (N = 35). This resource will provide a valuable adjunct to influential mega-databases, such as the English, French, and Dutch Lexicon Projects. Using two separate analyses, some advantages associated with megastudies are exemplified. These include the selection of the strongest measure to represent Chinese character frequency (Cai & Brysbaertś (PLoS ONE 5(6): e10729, 2010) subtitle contextual diversity frequency count), and the conducting of virtual studies to replicate and clarify existing findings. The unique morpho-syllabic nature of the Chinese writing system makes it a valuable case study for functional language contrasts. Moreover, this is the first publicly available large-scale repository of behavioral responses pertaining to Chinese language processing (the behavioral dataset is attached to this article, as a supplemental file available for download). For these reasons, the data should be of substantial interest to psychologists, linguists, and other researchers.},
    author = {Sze, W. P. and Rickard Liow, S. J. and Yap, M. J.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {46},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {263-273}
}

@book{Szemerenyi1970,
    publisher = {Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft},
    author = {Szemerényi, Oswald},
    title = {Einführung in die vergleichende Sprachwissenschaft},
    year = {1970},
    keywords = {komparative Methode;},
    address = {Darmstadt}
}

@inproceedings{Szemerenyi1962,
    title = {Principles of etymological research in the Indo-European languages},
    booktitle = {II. Fachtagung für indogermanische und allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft},
    author = {Szemerényi, Oswald},
    year = {1962},
    pages = {175-212},
    address = {Innsbruck}
}

@inproceedings{Szeto2000,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of ALS2K, the 2000 Conference of the Australian Linguistic Society},
    title = {Testing intelligibility among Sinitic dialects},
    year = {2000},
    pages = {1-10},
    author = {Szeto, Cecilia}
}

@article{Szoellosi2015,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syu048},
    author = {Szöllősi, Gergely J. and Tannier, Eric and Daubin, Vincent and Boussau, Bastien},
    journal = {Systematic Biology},
    abstract = {This article reviews the various models that have been used to describe the relationships between gene trees and species trees. Molecular phylogeny has focused mainly on improving models for the reconstruction of gene trees based on sequence alignments. Yet, most phylogeneticists seek to reveal the history of species. Although the histories of genes and species are tightly linked, they are seldom identical, because genes duplicate, are lost or horizontally transferred, and because alleles can co-exist in populations for periods that may span several speciation events. Building models describing the relationship between gene and species trees can thus improve the reconstruction of gene trees when a species tree is known, and vice-versa. Several approaches have been proposed to solve the problem in one direction or the other, but in general neither gene trees nor species trees are known. Only a few studies have attempted to jointly infer gene trees and species trees. These models account for gene duplication and loss, transfer or incomplete lineage sorting. Some of them consider several types of events together, but none exists currently that considers the full repertoire of processes that generate gene trees along the species tree. Simulations as well as empirical studies on genomic data show that combining gene tree-species tree models with models of sequence evolution improves gene tree reconstruction. In turn, these better gene trees provide a more reliable basis for studying genome evolution or reconstructing ancestral chromosomes and ancestral gene sequences. We predict that gene tree-species tree methods that can deal with genomic data sets will be instrumental to advancing our understanding of genomic evolution.},
    title = {The inference of gene trees with species trees},
    number = {1},
    volume = {64},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {e42-e62}
}

@book{Tadadjeu1979,
    publisher = {Departement des Langues Africaines et Linguistique, Université de Yaoundé},
    author = {Tadadjeu, M. and Sadembouo, E.},
    year = {1979},
    title = {Alphabet Générale des langues Camerounaises},
    address = {Yaoundé}
}

@article{Tamariz2014,
    title = {Cultural selection drives the evolution of human communication systems},
    journal = {Proc. Biol. Sci.},
    abstract = {Human communication systems evolve culturally, but the evolutionary mechanisms that drive this evolution are not well understood. Against a baseline that communication variants spread in a population following neutral evolutionary dynamics (also known as drift models), we tested the role of two cultural selection models: coordination- and content-biased. We constructed a parametrized mixed probabilistic model of the spread of communicative variants in four 8-person laboratory micro-societies engaged in a simple communication game. We found that selectionist models, working in combination, explain the majority of the empirical data. The best-fitting parameter setting includes an egocentric bias and a content bias, suggesting that participants retained their own previously used communicative variants unless they encountered a superior (content-biased) variant, in which case it was adopted. This novel pattern of results suggests that (i) a theory of the cultural evolution of human communication systems must integrate selectionist models and (ii) human communication systems are functionally adaptive complex systems.},
    author = {Tamariz, M. and Ellison, T. M. and Barr, D. J. and Fay, N.},
    number = {1788},
    volume = {281},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {20140488}
}

@article{Tamburelli2017,
    title = {Revisiting the classification of Gallo-Italic: a dialectometric approach},
    journal = {Digital Scholarship in the Humanities},
    author = {Tamburelli, Marco and Brasca, Lissander},
    number = {fqx41},
    year = {2017},
    keywords = {irreproducible research}
}

@book{Tan2006,
    publisher = {Pearson},
    author = {Tan, Pang-Ning and Steinbach, Michael and Kumar, Vipin},
    year = {2006},
    title = {Introduction to data mining},
    address = {Boston}
}

@incollection{Tanaka1997,
    title = {Clustering Co-occurrence Graph based on Transitivity},
    url = {http://aclweb.org/anthology/W97-0111},
    booktitle = {Fifth Workshop on Very Large Corpora},
    author = {Tanaka-Ishii, Kumiko and Iwasaki, Hideya},
    year = {1997},
    pages = {91-100}
}

@incollection{Tang2007,
    title = {Mutual intelligibility and similarity of Chinese dialects. Predicting judgments from objective measures},
    booktitle = {Linguistics in the Netherlands 2007},
    author = {Tang, Chaoju and van Heuven, Vincent J.},
    editor = {Bettelou Los and Marjo van Koppen},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {223-234}
}

@article{Tang2009,
    title = {Mutual intelligibility of Chinese dialects experimentally tested},
    journal = {Lingua},
    author = {Tang, Chaoju and van Heuven, Vincent J.},
    volume = {119},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {709-732}
}

@article{Tatusov1997,
    title = {A genomic perspective on protein families},
    journal = {Science},
    abstract = {In order to extract the maximum amount of information from the rapidly accumulating genome sequences, all conserved genes need to be classified according to their homologous relationships. Comparison of proteins encoded in seven complete genomes from five major phylogenetic lineages and elucidation of consistent patterns of sequence similarities allowed the delineation of 720 clusters of orthologous groups (COGs). Each COG consists of individual orthologous proteins or orthologous sets of paralogs from at least three lineages. Orthologs typically have the same function, allowing transfer of functional information from one member to an entire COG. This relation automatically yields a number of functional predictions for poorly characterized genomes. The COGs comprise a framework for functional and evolutionary genome analysis.},
    author = {Tatusov, R. L. and Koonin, E. V. and Lipman, D. J.},
    number = {5338},
    volume = {278},
    year = {1997},
    pages = {631-637}
}

@article{Taub1993,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press on behalf of The British Society for the History of Science},
    title = {Evolutionary ideas and `empirical ́methods},
    journal = {The British Journal for the History of Science},
    author = {Taub, Liba},
    number = {2},
    volume = {26},
    year = {1993},
    pages = {171-193}
}

@article{Taylor1959,
    title = {Concerning the Validity of Some Translations},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Taylor, Douglas},
    number = {1},
    volume = {25},
    year = {1959},
    pages = {70-71}
}

@article{Taylor1958,
    title = {Compounds and Comparison},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Taylor, Douglas},
    number = {1},
    volume = {24},
    year = {1958},
    pages = {77-79}
}

@article{Taylor2004,
    volume = {38},
    journal = {Annual Review of Genetics},
    title = {Duplication and divergence: The evolution of new genes and old ideas},
    year = {2004},
    author = {Taylor, John S. and Raes, Jeroen}
}

@article{Taylor1987a,
    title = {Multiple sequence alignment by a pairwise algorithm},
    journal = {CABIOS},
    author = {Taylor, W. R.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {3},
    year = {1987},
    pages = {81-87}
}

@article{Teeter1965,
    title = {Remarks on Diebold, A Control Case for Glottochronology},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/669168},
    journal = {American Anthropologist},
    author = {Teeter, Karl V.},
    number = {6},
    volume = {67},
    year = {1965},
    pages = {1522-1524}
}

@article{Teeter1963,
    title = {Lexicostatistics and Genetic Relationship},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Teeter, Karl V.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {39},
    year = {1963},
    pages = {638-648}
}

@article{Temkin2007,
    title = {Phylogenetics and material cultural evolution},
    journal = {Current Anthropology},
    author = {Temkin, Ilya and Eldredge, Niles},
    number = {1},
    volume = {48},
    year = {2007},
    keywords = {Biologie;Linguistik und Biologie;Gray},
    pages = {146-153}
}

@report{Tennison2015,
    url = {https://www.w3.org/TR/tabular-data-model/},
    title = {Model for Tabular Data and Metadata on the Web},
    year = {2015},
    institution = {World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)},
    author = {Jeni Tennison and Gregg Kellogg and Ivan Herman}
}

@article{Teo2012,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1017/S0025100312000254},
    title = {Sumi (Sema)},
    url = {http://journals.cambridge.org/article_S0025100312000254},
    journal = {Journal of the International Phonetic Association},
    author = {Teo, Amos},
    volume = {42},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {365-373}
}

@book{Teo2014,
    publisher = {Asia-Pacific Linguistics},
    title = {A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland},
    year = {2014},
    author = {Teo, Amos B}
}

@book{Ternes1987,
    publisher = {Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft},
    author = {Ternes, Elmar},
    year = {1987},
    title = {Einführung in die Phonologie},
    address = {Darmstadt}
}

@article{Than2008,
    title = {PhyloNet: a software package for analyzing and reconstructing reticulate evolutionary relationships},
    journal = {BMC Bioinformatics},
    abstract = {Phylogenies, i.e., the evolutionary histories of groups of taxa, play a major role in representing the interrelationships among biological entities. Many software tools for reconstructing and evaluating such phylogenies have been proposed, almost all of which assume the underlying evolutionary history to be a tree. While trees give a satisfactory first-order approximation for many families of organisms, other families exhibit evolutionary mechanisms that cannot be represented by trees. Processes such as horizontal gene transfer (HGT), hybrid speciation, and interspecific recombination, collectively referred to as reticulate evolutionary events, result in networks, rather than trees, of relationships. Various software tools have been recently developed to analyze reticulate evolutionary relationships, which include SplitsTree4, LatTrans, EEEP, HorizStory, and T-REX. In this paper, we report on the PhyloNet software package, which is a suite of tools for analyzing reticulate evolutionary relationships, or evolutionary networks, which are rooted, directed, acyclic graphs, leaf-labeled by a set of taxa. These tools can be classified into four categories: (1) evolutionary network representation: reading/writing evolutionary networks in a newly devised compact form; (2) evolutionary network characterization: analyzing evolutionary networks in terms of three basic building blocks - trees, clusters, and tripartitions; (3) evolutionary network comparison: comparing two evolutionary networks in terms of topological dissimilarities, as well as fitness to sequence evolution under a maximum parsimony criterion; and (4) evolutionary network reconstruction: reconstructing an evolutionary network from a species tree and a set of gene trees. The software package, PhyloNet, offers an array of utilities to allow for efficient and accurate analysis of evolutionary networks. The software package will help significantly in analyzing large data sets, as well as in studying the performance of evolutionary network reconstruction methods. Further, the software package supports the proposed eNewick format for compact representation of evolutionary networks, a feature that allows for efficient interoperability of evolutionary network software tools. Currently, all utilities in PhyloNet are invoked on the command line.},
    author = {Than, C. and Ruths, D. and Nakhleh, L.},
    volume = {9},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {322}
}

@article{Thomas1979,
    title = {The place of Alak, Tampuan, and West Bahnaric},
    journal = {Mon-Khmer Studies},
    author = {Thomas, David},
    volume = {8},
    year = {1979},
    pages = {171-186}
}

@article{Thomas1962,
    title = {Some Philippine Language Subgroupings: A Lexicostatistical Study},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Thomas, David and Healy, Alan},
    number = {9},
    volume = {4},
    year = {1962},
    pages = {21-33}
}

@article{Thomas1960,
    publisher = {[Anthropological Linguistics, Trustees of Indiana University]},
    title = {Basic vocabulary in some Mon-Khmer languages},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Thomas, David D. T},
    number = {3},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1960},
    pages = {7-11}
}

@incollection{Thomason2003,
    publisher = {de Gryuter},
    isbn = {3-11-017776-5},
    author = {Thomason, S.},
    booktitle = {The Mixed Language Debate},
    title = {Social factors and linguistic processes in the emergence of stable mixed languages},
    year = {2003},
    editor = {Matras, Yaron and Bakker, P.},
    address = {Berlin},
    keywords = {Mischsprachen}
}

@book{Thomason1988,
    publisher = {University of California Press},
    author = {Thomason, S. and Kaufman, T.},
    year = {1988},
    title = {Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics},
    address = {Berkeley}
}

@article{Thomason2016,
    title = {Middle English. English, Not Norse},
    journal = {Language Dynamics and Change},
    author = {Sarah G. Thomason},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {42-45}
}

@article{Thomason2007,
    title = {Language contact and deliberate change},
    journal = {Journal of Language Contact},
    author = {Thomason, Sarah G.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {41-62}
}

@book{Thomason2001,
    publisher = {Edinburgh Univ. Press},
    author = {Thomason, Sarah G.},
    year = {2001},
    title = {Language contact. An introduction},
    address = {Edinburgh}
}

@article{Thompson2016,
    title = {Culture shapes the evolution of cognition},
    url = {www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1523631113},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    author = {Thompson, Bill and Kirby, Simon and Smith, Kenny},
    note = {PNAS Early Edition},
    year = {2016}
}

@article{Thompson1994,
    title = {CLUSTAL W},
    journal = {Nucleic Acids Research},
    abstract = {The sensitivity of the commonly used progressive multiple sequence alignment method has been greatly improved for the alignment of divergent protein sequences. Firstly, individual weights are assigned to each sequence in a partial alignment in order to down-weight near-duplicate sequences and up-weight the most divergent ones. Secondly, amino acid substitution matrices are varied at different alignment stages according to the divergence of the sequences to be aligned. Thirdly, residue-specific gap penalties and locally reduced gap penalties in hydrophilic regions encourage new gaps in potential loop regions rather than regular secondary structure. Fourthly, positions in early alignments where gaps have been opened receive locally reduced gap penalties to encourage the opening up of new gaps at these positions. These modifications are incorporated into a new program, CLUSTAL W which is freely available.},
    author = {Thompson, J. D. and Higgins, D. G. and Gibson, T. J.},
    number = {22},
    volume = {22},
    year = {1994},
    pages = {4673–4680}
}

@article{Thompson2011,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018093},
    author = {Thompson, Julie D. AND Linard, Benjamin AND Lecompte, Odile AND Poch, Olivier},
    journal = {PLoS ONE},
    abstract = { Multiple comparison or alignmentof protein sequences has become a fundamental tool in many different domains in modern molecular biology, from evolutionary studies to prediction of 2D/3D structure, molecular function and inter-molecular interactions etc. By placing the sequence in the framework of the overall family, multiple alignments can be used to identify conserved features and to highlight differences or specificities. In this paper, we describe a comprehensive evaluation of many of the most popular methods for multiple sequence alignment (MSA), based on a new benchmark test set. The benchmark is designed to represent typical problems encountered when aligning the large protein sequence sets that result from todayś high throughput biotechnologies. We show that alignmentmethods have significantly progressed and can now identify most of the shared sequence features that determine the broad molecular function(s) of a protein family, even for divergent sequences. However,we have identified a number of important challenges. First, the locally conserved regions, that reflect functional specificities or that modulate a proteinś function in a given cellular context,are less well aligned. Second, motifs in natively disordered regions are often misaligned. Third, the badly predicted or fragmentary protein sequences, which make up a large proportion of todayś databases, lead to a significant number of alignment errors. Based on this study, we demonstrate that the existing MSA methods can be exploited in combination to improve alignment accuracy, although novel approaches will still be needed to fully explore the most difficult regions. We then propose knowledge-enabled, dynamic solutions that will hopefully pave the way to enhanced alignment construction and exploitation in future evolutionary systems biology studies.</p> },
    title = {A comprehensive benchmark study of multiple sequence alignment methods},
    number = {3},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {e18093}
}

@article{Thompson1999,
    title = {A comprehensive comparison of multiple sequence alignment programs},
    journal = {Nucleic Acids Research},
    author = {Thompson, Julie D. and Plewniak, Frédéric and Poch, Oliver},
    number = {13},
    volume = {27},
    year = {1999},
    pages = {2682-2690}
}

@book{Thompson1997,
    publisher = {Chapman & Hall},
    author = {Thompson, M. E.},
    year = {1997},
    title = {Theory of sample surveys},
    address = {London}
}

@article{Thompson1973,
    title = {Resultative Verb Compounds in Mandarin Chinese: A Case for Lexical Rules},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Thompson, Sandra Annear},
    number = {2},
    volume = {49},
    year = {1973},
    pages = {361-379}
}

@incollection{Thurgood2003,
    publisher = {Routledge},
    author = {Thurgood, Graham},
    booktitle = {The Sino-Tibetan languages},
    title = {A subgrouping of the Sino-Tibetan languages: The interaction between language contact, change, and inheritance},
    year = {2003},
    editor = {Thurgood, Graham and LaPolla, Randy J.},
    address = {London and New York},
    pages = {3-21}
}

@book{Thurgood2006,
    title = {Sociolinguistics and contact-induced language change: Hainan Cham, Anong, and Phan Rang Cham: Paper presented at Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. 17-Â­20 January 2006.},
    url = {http://www.sil.org/asia/philippines/ical/papers.html},
    author = {Thurgood, Graham},
    year = {2006},
    keywords = {Sprachwandel;Soziolinguistik;Sprachkontakt},
    address = {Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines}
}

@article{Thurgood1999,
    title = {From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects: Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change: With an Appendix of Chamic Reconstructions and Loanwords},
    journal = {Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications},
    author = {Thurgood, Graham},
    number = {28},
    year = {1999},
    pages = {i-407}
}

@article{Tian2007,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.2481/dsj.6.S715},
    title = {Sino-Tibetan Language data and the origin of East-Asian People},
    journal = {Data Science Journal},
    author = {Tian, Qianzi and Jian, Di},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {S715–S722}
}

@article{Ting1991,
    title = {Some theoretical issues in the study of Mandarin dialects},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese linguistics},
    author = {Ting, Pang-Hsin},
    volume = {3},
    editor = {Wang, William Shi-Yuan},
    year = {1991},
    pages = {187-236}
}

@article{Ting2006,
    title = {Cóng lìshǐ céngcì lùn Wú Mǐn guānxì},
    journal = {Fāngyán 方言},
    author = {Ting, P.-H.},
    number = {1},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {1-5}
}

@book{Tischler1973,
    series = {Insbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft},
    publisher = {Kowatsch},
    title = {Glottochronologie und Lexikostatistik},
    year = {1973},
    author = {Tischler, Johann}
}

@article{Tischler1997,
    title = {Review of I. Dyen, J. Kruskal & P. Black: An Indoeuropean Classification (1992)},
    journal = {Kratylos},
    author = {Tischler, Johann and Ganter, B.},
    volume = {42},
    year = {1997},
    pages = {43-50}
}

@book{Tomasello2008,
    publisher = {MIT Press},
    title = {Origins of Human Communication},
    series = {The Jean Nicod Lectures},
    author = {Michael Tomasello},
    editor = {Francois Recanati},
    year = {2008}
}

@article{Tordai2005,
    title = {Modules, multidomain proteins and organismic complexity},
    journal = {FEBS Journal},
    author = {Tordai, Hedvig and Nagy, Alinda and Farkas, Krisztina and Banyai, László and Patthy, László},
    number = {19},
    volume = {272},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {5064-5078}
}

@article{Torrents2006,
    title = {Euglena gracilis ribonucleotide reductase: The eukaryotic class II enzyme and the antiquity of eukaryotic B12-dependence},
    journal = {Journal of Biological Chemistry},
    author = {Torrents, E. and Trevisiol, C. and Rotte, C. and Hellman, U. and Martin, William and Reichard, P.},
    number = {281},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {5604-5611}
}

@article{Torres2003,
    title = {An exact formula for the number of alignments between two DNA sequences},
    journal = {DNA Sequence},
    author = {Torres, Angela and Cabada, A. and Nieto, Juan J.},
    number = {6},
    volume = {14},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {427-430}
}

@book{Trask2015,
    publisher = {Routledge},
    title = {Traskś historical linguistics},
    author = {Trask, Larry},
    year = {2015},
    edition = {3},
    editor = {McColl Millar, Robert},
    address = {London and New York}
}

@book{Trask1999,
    publisher = {Routledge},
    author = {Trask, Larry},
    year = {1999},
    title = {Key concepts in historical linguistics},
    address = {London and New York}
}

@book{Trask1996,
    publisher = {Arnold},
    isbn = {0340607580},
    author = {Trask, Robert L.},
    title = {Historical linguistics},
    year = {1996},
    address = {London and New York and Sidney and Auckland}
}

@inproceedings{Traugott1986,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society},
    title = {From polysemy to internal semantic reconstruction},
    year = {1986},
    pages = {539-550},
    author = {Traugott, Elizabeth Closs}
}

@book{Traugott2002,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Traugott, Elizabeth Closs and Dasher, Richard B.},
    year = {2002},
    title = {Regularity in semantic change},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@article{Treangen2011,
    title = {Horizontal transfer, not duplication, drives the expansion of protein families in prokaryotes},
    journal = {PLoS Genetics},
    author = {Treangen, T. J. and Rocha, E. P.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {7},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {e1001284}
}

@book{Tregaer1899,
    publisher = {J. Mackay},
    title = {Dictionary of Mangareva: Or Gambier Islands},
    year = {1899},
    author = {Tregear, Edward}
}

@book{Tregear1899,
    publisher = {J. Mackay},
    title = {Dictionary of Mangareva: Or Gambier Islands},
    year = {1899},
    author = {Tregear, Edward}
}

@misc{Trick1983,
    howpublished = {Sociolinguistic Survey},
    title = {Catanduanes sociolinguistic survey report},
    year = {1983},
    institution = {RBMU International},
    author = {Trick, Doug}
}

@incollection{Tripp2016,
    publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25928-4_3},
    author = {Tripp, Allison},
    booktitle = {Cultural Phylogenetics: Concepts and Applications in Archaeology},
    title = {A Cladistics Analysis Exploring Regional Patterning of the Anthropomorphic Figurines from the Gravettian},
    year = {2016},
    editor = {Mendoza Straffon, Larissa},
    address = {Cham and Heidelberg and New York and Dordrecht},
    pages = {179-202}
}

@article{Troike1969,
    title = {The glottochronology of six Turkic languages},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Troike, Rudolph C.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {35},
    year = {1969},
    pages = {183-191}
}

@article{Trubeckoj1923,
    title = {Vavilonskaja bašnja i smešenie jazykov},
    journal = {Evrazsijskij Vremennik},
    author = {Trubeckoj, N. S.},
    volume = {3},
    year = {1923},
    pages = {107-124}
}

@article{Trubetzkoy1939,
    title = {Gedanken über das Indogermanenproblem},
    journal = {Acta Linguistica},
    author = {Trubetzkoy, N. S.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1939},
    pages = {81-89}
}

@book{Trubetzkoy1939a,
    publisher = {Cercle Linguistique de Copenhague},
    author = {Trubetzkoy, N. S.},
    year = {1939},
    title = {Grundzüge der Phonologie},
    address = {Prague}
}

@inproceedings{Trubetzkoy1930,
    booktitle = {Actes du premier congrès international de linguistes. A La Haye. Du 10-15 Avril. 1928},
    title = {Proposition 16},
    year = {1930},
    pages = {17-18},
    author = {Trubetzkoy, N. S.}
}

@article{Trudgill1974,
    title = {Linguistic Change and Diffusion: Description and Explanation in Sociolinguistic Dialect Geography},
    journal = {Language in Society},
    author = {Trudgill, Peter},
    number = {2},
    volume = {3},
    year = {1974},
    pages = {215-246}
}

@book{Tryon1983,
    publisher = {Pacific Linguistics},
    author = {Tryon, Darrel T. and Hackman, Brian D.},
    series = {C},
    title = {Solomon islands languages. An internal classification},
    year = {1983},
    number = {72},
    address = {Canberra}
}

@article{Tsai1994,
    title = {On Nominal Islands and LF Extraction in Chinese},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/4047876},
    journal = {Natural Language & Linguistic Theory},
    author = {Tsai, Wei-Tien Dylan},
    number = {1},
    volume = {12},
    year = {1994},
    pages = {121-175}
}

@article{Tseng2008,
    title = {Spoken corpora and analysis of natural speech},
    journal = {Taiwan Journal of Linguistics},
    author = {Tseng, Shu-Chuan},
    number = {2},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2008},
    keywords = {contraction, Chinese},
    pages = {1-26}
}

@article{Tseng2005,
    title = {Syllable contraction in a Mandarin conversational dialect corpus},
    journal = {International Journal of Corpus Linguistics},
    author = {Tseng, Shu-Chuan},
    number = {1},
    volume = {10},
    year = {2005},
    keywords = {Chinese, Mandarin, contraction},
    pages = {63-83}
}

@article{Tseng2005a,
    title = {Monosyllabic word merger in Mandarin},
    journal = {Language Variation and Change},
    author = {Tseng, Shu-Chuan},
    volume = {17},
    year = {2005},
    keywords = {Chinese, contraction},
    pages = {231-256}
}

@article{Tseng2005b,
    title = {Contracted syllables in Mandarin},
    journal = {Language and Linguistics},
    author = {Tseng, Shu-Chuan},
    number = {1},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2005},
    keywords = {Chinese, contraction},
    pages = {153-180}
}

@article{Tsu1970,
    title = {The Teaching of Chinese in Colleges and Schools of the United States},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/322321},
    journal = {The Modern Language Journal},
    author = {Tsu, John B.},
    number = {8},
    volume = {54},
    year = {1970},
    pages = {562-579}
}

@inproceedings{Tsvetkov2015,
    booktitle = {Human Language Technologies: The 2015 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the ACL},
    title = {Constraint-based models of lexical borrowing},
    year = {2015},
    author = {Tsvetkov, Yulia and Ammar, Waleed and Dyer, Christ}
}

@article{Tsvetkov2016,
    title = {Cross-lingual bridges with models of lexical borrowing},
    journal = {Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research},
    author = {Tsvetkov, Yulia and Dyer, Chris},
    volume = {55},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {63-93}
}

@book{Tufte2006,
    publisher = {Graphics Press},
    isbn = {0961392177,9780961392178},
    title = {Beautiful Evidence},
    author = {Edward R. Tufte},
    edition = {1St Edition},
    year = {2006}
}

@incollection{Tuite2006a,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Tuite, Kevin},
    booktitle = {Language, Culture and Society: Key Topics in Linguistic Anthropology},
    title = {Of phonemes, fossils and webs of meaning: The interpretation of language variation and change},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Jourdan, Christine and Tuite, Kevin},
    address = {Cambridge},
    keywords = {phonological reconstruction;historische Linguistik;sound change;linguistic diversity;Sprachvariation},
    pages = {229-256}
}

@article{Turchin2010,
    title = {Analyzing genetic connections between languages by matching consonant classes},
    journal = {Journal of Language Relationship},
    author = {Turchin, Peter and Peiros, Ilja and Gell-Mann, Murray},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {117-126}
}

@misc{Turchin2009,
    note = {Manuscript online available under http://cliodynamics.info/PDF/ConsClass.pdf},
    title = {Analyzing genetic connections between languages by matching consonant classes},
    year = {2009},
    author = {Turchin, Peter and Peiros, Ilja and Gell-Mann, Murray}
}

@article{Turner1972,
    title = {On Linguistic Unrelatedness: A Rejoinder},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Turner, Paul R.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {38},
    year = {1972},
    pages = {146-147}
}

@incollection{Tynjanow1928,
    publisher = {Vieweg},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-14243-0_5},
    isbn = {978-3-528-07330-5},
    author = {Tynjanow, Jurij and Jakobson, Roman},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-663-14243-0_5},
    series = {Konzeption Empirische Literaturwissenschaft},
    booktitle = {Alternative Traditionen},
    title = {Probleme der Literatur- und Sprachforschung},
    year = {1991},
    volume = {10},
    editor = {Viehoff, Reinhold},
    address = {Braunschweig},
    pages = {67-69}
}

@article{Uemura1999,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3975(98)00090-5},
    author = {Yasuo Uemura and Aki Hasegawa and Satoshi Kobayashi and Takashi Yokomori},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304397598000905},
    abstract = {In this paper, we are concerned with identifying a subclass of tree adjoining grammars (TAGs) that is suitable for the application to modeling and predicting RNA secondary structures. The goal of this paper is twofold: For the purpose of applying to the RNA secondary structure prediction problem, we first introduce a special subclass of TAGs and develop a fast parsing algorithm for the subclass, together with some of its language theoretic characterizations. Then, based on the algorithm, we develop a prediction system and demonstrate the effectiveness of the system by presenting some experimental results obtained from biological data, where free energy evaluation selection for parse trees is incorporated into the algorithm.},
    title = {Tree adjoining grammars for RNA structure prediction},
    number = {2},
    pages = {277 - 303},
    volume = {210},
    year = {1999},
    keywords = {Tree adjoining grammars},
    journal = {Theoretical Computer Science}
}

@article{Ullah2015,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msv115},
    title = {Species Tree Inference Using a Mixture Model},
    url = { + http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msv115},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    author = {Ullah, Ikram and Parviainen, Pekka and Lagergren, Jens},
    number = {9},
    volume = {32},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {2469}
}

@book{Ullmann1972,
    year = {1972},
    publisher = {Blackwell},
    title = {Semantics},
    isbn = {0631071202},
    author = {Ullmann, Stephen}
}

@inproceedings{Unesco1978,
    title = {African languages},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the meeting of experts on teh transcription and harmonization of African languages},
    author = {UNESCO},
    year = {1978},
    address = {Niamey}
}

@article{Uneson2011,
    title = {Exploring phonetic realization in Danish by transformation-based learning},
    url = {http://www.speech.kth.se/fonetik2011/proceedings.pdf},
    abstract = {We align phonemic and semi-narrow phonetic transcriptions in the DanPASS corpus and extend the phonemic description with sound classes and with traditional phonetic features. From this representation, we induce rules for phonetic realization by Transformation-Based Learning (TBL). The rules thus learned are classified according to relevance and qualitatively evaluated.},
    author = {Uneson, Marcus and Schachtenhaufen, Ruben},
    volume = {51},
    year = {2011},
    journal = {Speech, Music and Hearing - Quarterly Progress and Status Report},
    pages = {73-76}
}

@incollection{Unger1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Unger, J. Marshall},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {Summary report of the Altaic panel},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Altaic},
    pages = {479-482}
}

@incollection{Unger1990a,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Unger, J. Marshall},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {Japanes and what other Altaic languages},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Japanese;Altaic},
    pages = {547-561}
}

@incollection{Ungerer2007,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Ungerer, Friedrich},
    booktitle = {The Oxford Handbook of cognitive linguistics},
    title = {Word formation},
    year = {2007},
    editor = {Geeraerts, Dirk and Cuyckens, Hubert},
    address = {Oxford},
    pages = {650-675}
}

@misc{WordNet2010,
    title = {WordNet. A lexical database for English},
    url = {https://wordnet.princeton.edu/},
    author = {Princeton University},
    year = {2010},
    howpublished = {Misc Resource},
    address = {Princeton}
}

@article{Urban2011,
    title = {Asymmetries in overt marking and directionality in semantic change},
    journal = {Journal of Historical Linguistics},
    abstract = {This article is a contribution to the long standing issue of identifying directional- ity in semantic change. Drawing on evidence from a sample of morphologically complex terms in basic vocabulary for 149 globally distributed languages, it is ar- gued that cross-linguistically preferred synchronic relationships of word-forma- tion provide clues to likely directions of diachronic semantic developments. The hypothesis is tested against diachronic data from Indo-Aryan languages, and, in spite of a number of counterexamples, a correlation is found. In addition, it is shown how these data can be applied to semantic reconstruction, and a scenario of semantic change which involves morphological complexity in an early stage of semantic development is sketched.},
    author = {Urban, Matthias},
    number = {1},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {3-47}
}

@incollection{Uschmann1972,
    publisher = {Friedrich-Schiller-Univ.},
    author = {Uschmann, G.},
    booktitle = {Synchronischer und diachronischer Sprachvergleich: Bericht über d. Wiss. Arbeitstagung zu Ehren d. 150. Geburtstages von August Schleicher},
    title = {August Schleicher und Ernst Haeckel},
    year = {1972},
    editor = {Spitzbardt, H. and Speerschneider, H.},
    address = {Jena},
    keywords = {August Schleicher;Evolution;Sprachgeschichte},
    pages = {62-70}
}

@misc{Karlgren2017,
    url = {https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Character_List_for_Karlgren%27s_GSR&oldid=3229525},
    title = {Character List for Karlgrenś GSR},
    year = {2017},
    author = {Wikipedia Users}
}

@article{Uyeda1980,
    title = {Prototypicality norms for 28 semantic categories},
    journal = {Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation},
    abstract = {The extent to which an item is a prototypical exemplar of a category has been found to predict several experimental results (e.g., reaction times in category classification, free and cued recall of lists, release from proactive inhibition in recall). We present prototypicality ratings for 840 words, equally distributed over 28categories. Thecategories were taken from Battig and Montague’s (1969) normative tables; only those categories that contained “concrete” items in common usage were employed in the study. Intragroup reliability correlations were high for all categories tested, as were the correlations for prototypicality ratings between the present study and that of Rosch (1975). In addition, correlations between prototypicality ratings, production frequencies, and word frequencies of the items are given.},
    author = {Uyeda, Katherine M. and Mandler, George},
    volume = {12},
    year = {1980},
    pages = {587-595}
}

@article{Vaan2008a,
    title = {Indo-European linguistics},
    journal = {LINGUA},
    author = {Vaan, Michiel},
    number = {8},
    volume = {118},
    year = {2008},
    keywords = {Biologie;Linguistik und Biologie;Gray},
    pages = {1228-1232}
}

@article{Valas2010,
    title = {Save the tree of life or get lost in the woods},
    journal = {Biology Direct},
    author = {Valas, Ruben E. and Bourne, Philip E.},
    number = {44},
    volume = {5},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {1-20}
}

@article{Beken2018,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728917000360},
    author = {Van der Beken, Heleen and Woumans, Evy and Brysbaert, Marc},
    journal = {Bilingualism: Language and Cognition},
    title = {Studying texts in a second language: No disadvantage in long-term recognition memory},
    number = {4},
    volume = {21},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {826–838}
}

@book{VanBik2009,
    publisher = {University of California, Berkeley},
    author = {VanBik, Kenneth},
    year = {2009},
    title = {Proto-Kuki-Chin. A reconstructed ancestor of the Kuki-Chin languages},
    address = {Berkeley}
}

@article{Vanhatalo2014,
    title = {Revisiting the universality of natural semantic metalanguage: A view through Finnish},
    journal = {SKY Journal of Linguistics},
    abstract = {The Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) is a method of semantic analysis, used for various tasks mainly in the field of linguistic research. A crucial part of the theory is the set of primes, minimal lexical units that are used to explicate words, cultural scripts and other concepts. Identifying the primes in a new language is an opportunity to reinforce and/or revisit the theory. The remarks presented in this paper resulted from the identification process of the Finnish-based NSM primes. The goal of this paper is to direct attention to some fundamental aspects in the Natural Semantic Metalanguage theory, especially to the relation between the universal language-independent NSM concepts and the English-based NSM. A number of remarks are made on the general system of the primes, as the paper points out issues related to e.g. the number, selection and mutual hierarchy of the primes. The economy and logic of certain prime constructions and the argumentation behind allolexy are discussed as well.},
    author = {Ulla Vanhatalo and Heli Tissari and Anna Idström},
    volume = {27},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {67–94}
}

@article{Varasdi2017,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/s10849-017-9253-3},
    author = {Varasdi, Károly},
    journal = {Journal of Logic, Language and Information},
    abstract = {The semantics of progressive sentences presents a challenge to linguists and philosophers alike. According to a widely accepted view, the truth-conditions of progressive sentences rely essentially on a notion of inertia. Dowty (Word meaning and Montague grammar: the semantics of verbs and times in generative grammar and in Montagueś PTQ, D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, 1979) suggested inertia worlds to implement this "inertia idea in a formal semantic theory of the progressive. The main thesis of the paper is that the notion of inertia went through a subtle, but crucial change when worlds were replaced by events in Landman (Nat Lang Semant 1:1-32, 1992) and Portner (Language 74(4):760-787, 1998), and that this new, event-related concept of inertia results in a possibility-based theory of the progressive. An important case in point in the paper is a proof that, despite its surface structure, the theory presented in Portner (1998) does not implement the notion of inertia in Dowty (1979); rather, it belongs together with Dowtyś earlier, 1977 theory according to which the progressive is a possibility operator.},
    title = {Worlds, Events, and Inertia},
    number = {3},
    volume = {26},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10849-017-9253-3},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {303-332}
}

@article{Vaser2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btw445},
    author = {Vaser, Robert and Pavlović, Dario and Šikić, Mile},
    journal = {Bioinformatics},
    abstract = {Motivation: Protein database search is one of the fundamental problems in bioinformatics. For decades, it has been explored and solved using different exact and heuristic approaches. However, exponential growth of data in recent years has brought significant challenges in improving already existing algorithms. BLAST has been the most successful tool for protein database search, but is also becoming a bottleneck in many applications. Due to that, many different approaches have been developed to complement or replace it. In this article, we present SWORD, an efficient protein database search implementation that runs 8–16 times faster than BLAST in the sensitive mode and up to 68 times faster in the fast and less accurate mode. It is designed to be used in nearly all database search environments, but is especially suitable for large databases. Its sensitivity exceeds that of BLAST for majority of input datasets and provides guaranteed optimal alignments.Availability and Implementation: Sword is freely available for download from https://github.com/rvaser/swordContact: robert.vaser@fer.hr and mile.sikic@fer.hrSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.},
    title = {SWORD—a highly efficient protein database search},
    number = {17},
    volume = {32},
    url = {http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/content/32/17/i680.full.pdf+html},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {i680-i684}
}

@book{Vater2005,
    publisher = {Fink},
    title = {Einführung in die Textlinguistik},
    year = {2005},
    author = {Vater, Heinz}
}

@incollection{Velde2016,
    publisher = {John Benjamins},
    author = {Freek Van de Velde and Muriel Norde},
    booktitle = {Exaptation and language change},
    title = {Exaptation. Taking stock of a controversional notion in linguistics},
    year = {2016},
    editor = {Norde, Muriel and Van de Velde, Freek},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {1-35}
}

@inproceedings{Vennemann1984a,
    title = {Typology, Universals and Change of Language},
    booktitle = {Papers from the Sixth International Conference on Historical Linguistics},
    author = {Vennemann, Theo},
    editor = {Fisiak, Jacek},
    year = {1985},
    pages = {593-612}
}

@article{Vennemann1984,
    volume = {106},
    journal = {Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache},
    title = {Hochgermanisch und Niedergermanisch. Die Verzweigungstheorie der germanisch-duetschen Lautverschiebungen},
    pages = {1-45},
    author = {Vennemann, T.}
}

@book{Vennemann1988,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    author = {Vennemann, T.},
    year = {1988},
    title = {Preference laws for syllable structure and the explanation of sound change},
    address = {Berlin and New York and Amsterdam}
}

@article{Vennemann1978,
    volume = {5},
    journal = {Theoretical Linguistics},
    title = {Universal syllabic phonology},
    year = {1978},
    author = {Vennemann, T.}
}

@article{Vercellotti2012,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/s11525-012-9205-1},
    author = {Vercellotti, Mary Lou and Mortensen, David R.},
    journal = {Morphology},
    abstract = {Cross-linguistic comparisons of compounds are difficult because of the varied criteria and terms used by different linguists (Scalise and Bisetto 2009). To address this problem, Scalise and Bisetto proposed a universal three-level classification of compound types. Although several researchers have shown that American Sign Language (ASL) has compound signs, a classification of compound types in ASL has not been completed. All of the potential compounds in an ASL dictionary (Costello 1994) were identified, then verified as compounds with the help of a fluent deaf signer by applying standard tests for composition. These compounds were then classified using the Scalise and Bisetto classification. We found that Scalise and Bisettoś three-level hierarchical classification successfully captured cross-category relationships among subtypes of compounds but fails to predict the existence of one type of compound attested in ASL. In our revised classification, a consistent set of criteria is used at each level, resulting in a classification that is both conceptually simpler and empirically more adequate. The second tier category for hierarchical compounds are bifurcated into the categories expressed predicate and unexpressed predicate, according to whether each predicate in a compoundś semantic structure is expressed by one of the overt constituents. The revision has the further advantage of allowing us to avoid any reference to word class/grammatical category in applying our taxonomy, a goal that we show to be desirable on both theoretical and empirical grounds.},
    title = {A classification of compounds in American Sign Language: an evaluation of the Bisetto and Scalise framework},
    number = {4},
    volume = {22},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s11525-012-9205-1},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {545-579}
}

@article{Verin1969,
    title = {The Glottochronology of Malagasy Speech Communities},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/3622902},
    journal = {Oceanic Linguistics},
    author = {Vérin, Pierre and Kottak, Conrad P. and Gorlin, Peter},
    number = {1},
    volume = {8},
    year = {1969},
    pages = {26-83}
}

@incollection{Vermeer1992,
    publisher = {Inst. für Sprachwiss.},
    isbn = {3851246136},
    author = {Vermeer, Willem R.},
    series = {Innsbrucker Beiträge zur SprachwissenschaftVorträge und kleinere Schriften},
    booktitle = {Rekonstruktion und relative Chronologie: Akten der 8. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, Leiden, 31. August - 4. September 1987},
    title = {In the beginning was the lengthened grade: On the continuity of Proto-Indo-European vowel quantity in Slavic},
    year = {1992},
    volume = {65},
    editor = {Beekes, Robert S. P.},
    address = {Innsbruck},
    keywords = {relative chronology},
    pages = {115-136}
}

@article{Verner1877,
    title = {Eine Ausnahme der ersten Lautverschiebung},
    journal = {Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der Indogermanischen Sprachen},
    author = {Verner, Karl A.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {23},
    year = {1877},
    pages = {97-130}
}

@article{Vialou2017,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2017.101},
    author = {Vialou, Denis and Benabdelhadi, Mohammed and Feathers, James and Fontugne, Michel and Vialou, Agueda Vilhena},
    journal = {Antiquity},
    title = {Peopling South Americaś centre: the late Pleistocene site of Santa Elina},
    number = {358},
    volume = {91},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {865–884}
}

@inproceedings{Viegas2004,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACM CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems},
    title = {Studying cooperation and conflict between authors with history flow visualizations},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {575-582},
    author = {Viégas, Fernanda B. and Wattenberg, Martin and Dave, Kushal}
}

@article{Viti2017,
    title = {Mehrfache Benennungen bei den Indogermanen},
    journal = {Studien zur historisch-vergleichenden Sprachwissenschaft},
    author = {Viti, Carlotta},
    volume = {9},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {151-172}
}

@article{Viti2015,
    title = {On degrammaticalization: Controversial points and possible explanations},
    journal = {Folia Linguistica},
    abstract = {This paper discusses the problem of degrammaticalization, that is, the exceptions to the unidirectionality of grammaticalization. After analyzing the criteria that allow us to distinguish between various instances of counterdirectional change, two principles underlying degrammaticalization are identified; one is related to the type of language and the other to the type of target structures in which degrammaticalization occurs. Firstly, the targets of degrammaticalization are usually closed-class parts of speech with an abstract semantic component. Secondly, the languages in which counter-directional grammatical changes occur turn out to be deprived of an elaborate fusional morphology. These findings may also have an impact on the theoretical conception of grammaticalization, some of whose definitional properties are discussed. The paper ends with a discussion of a more controversial point, namely, counter-directional changes by folk etymology rather than by etymology proper},
    author = {Viti, Carlotta},
    number = {2},
    volume = {49},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {381-419}
}

@article{Viti2014,
    title = {On etymology and lexical categorization in the ancient Indo-European languages},
    journal = {International Journal of Diachronic Linguistics and Linguistic Reconstruction},
    author = {Viti, Carlotta},
    volume = {11},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {1-28}
}

@article{Vlasblom2009,
    title = {Markov clustering versus affinity propagation for the partitioning of protein interaction graphs},
    journal = {BMC Bioinformatics},
    abstract = {Genome scale data on protein interactions are generally represented as large networks, or graphs, where hundreds or thousands of proteins are linked to one another. Since proteins tend to function in groups, or complexes, an important goal has been to reliably identify protein complexes from these graphs. This task is commonly executed using clustering procedures, which aim at detecting densely connected regions within the interaction graphs. There exists a wealth of clustering algorithms, some of which have been applied to this problem. One of the most successful clustering procedures in this context has been the Markov Cluster algorithm (MCL), which was recently shown to outperform a number of other procedures, some of which were specifically designed for partitioning protein interactions graphs. A novel promising clustering procedure termed Affinity Propagation (AP) was recently shown to be particularly effective, and much faster than other methods for a variety of problems, but has not yet been applied to partition protein interaction graphs. In this work we compare the performance of the Affinity Propagation (AP) and Markov Clustering (MCL) procedures. To this end we derive an unweighted network of protein-protein interactions from a set of 408 protein complexes from S. cervisiae hand curated in-house, and evaluate the performance of the two clustering algorithms in recalling the annotated complexes. In doing so the parameter space of each algorithm is sampled in order to select optimal values for these parameters, and the robustness of the algorithms is assessed by quantifying the level of complex recall as interactions are randomly added or removed to the network to simulate noise. To evaluate the performance on a weighted protein interaction graph, we also apply the two algorithms to the consolidated protein interaction network of S. cerevisiae, derived from genome scale purification experiments and to versions of this network in which varying proportions of the links have been randomly shuffled. Our analysis shows that the MCL procedure is significantly more tolerant to noise and behaves more robustly than the AP algorithm. The advantage of MCL over AP is dramatic for unweighted protein interaction graphs, as AP displays severe convergence problems on the majority of the unweighted graph versions that we tested, whereas MCL continues to identify meaningful clusters, albeit fewer of them, as the level of noise in the graph increases. MCL thus remains the method of choice for identifying protein complexes from binary interaction networks.},
    author = {Vlasblom, J. and Wodak, S. J.},
    volume = {10},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {99}
}

@article{Voegelin1985,
    title = {From Comparative Method to Phylum Linguistics and Back Again},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Voegelin, C. F. and Voegelin, F. M.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {51},
    year = {1985},
    pages = {608-610}
}

@article{Voegelin1973,
    title = {Recent Classifications of Genetic Relationships},
    journal = {Annual Review of Anthropology},
    author = {Voegelin, C. F. and Voegelin, F. M.},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1973},
    pages = {139-151}
}

@incollection{Volmert1995,
    publisher = {Fink},
    author = {Volmert, J.},
    booktitle = {Grundkurs Sprachwissenschaft},
    title = {Sprache und Sprechen},
    year = {1995},
    edition = {4},
    editor = {Volmert, J.},
    address = {München},
    pages = {9-28}
}

@article{Bertalanffy1972,
    publisher = {Academy of Management},
    title = {The history and status of general systems theory},
    journal = {The Academy of Management Journal},
    author = {Von Bertalanffy, Ludwig},
    number = {4},
    volume = {15},
    year = {1972},
    pages = {407-426}
}

@article{VonLuxburg2014,
    publisher = {JMLR.org},
    author = {Von Luxburg, Ulrike and Radl, Agnes and Hein, Matthias},
    url = {http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2627435.2638591},
    journal = {Journal of Machine Learning Research},
    title = {Hitting and Commute Times in Large Random Neighborhood Graphs},
    number = {1},
    volume = {15},
    year = {2014},
    keywords = {commute distance, k-nearest neighbor graph, random graph, resistance, spectral gap},
    pages = {1751-1798}
}

@incollection{Vovin1998,
    author = {Vovin, A.},
    booktitle = {Nostratic: Sifting the Evidence},
    title = {Nostratic and Altaic},
    year = {1998},
    editor = {Salmons, J. and Joseph, Brian D.},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    keywords = {komparative Methode;long-range comparison},
    pages = {257-270}
}

@article{Vovin1994,
    title = {Long-distance relationships, reconstruction methodology, and the origins of Japanese},
    journal = {Diachronica},
    author = {Vovin, A.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {9},
    year = {1994},
    pages = {95-114}
}

@book{Waelchli2005,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    author = {Wälchli, Bernhard},
    year = {2005},
    title = {Co-compounds and natural coordination},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@article{Wagner2010,
    title = {Poetic rhyme reflects cross-linguistic differences in information structure},
    journal = {Cognition},
    abstract = {Identical rhymes (right/write, attire/retire) are considered satisfactory and even artistic in French poetry but are considered unsatisfactory in English. This has been a consistent generalization over the course of centuries, a surprising fact given that other aspects of poetic form in French were happily applied in English. This paper puts forward the hypothesis that this difference is not merely one of poetic tradition, but is grounded in the distinct ways in which information-structure affects prosody in the two languages. A study of rhyme usage in poetry and a perception experiment confirm that native speakers ́intuitions about rhyming in the two languages indeed differ, and a further perception experiment supports the hypothesis that this fact is due to a constraint on prosody that is active in English but not in French. The findings suggest that certain forms of artistic expression in poetry are influenced, and even constrained, by more general properties of a language.},
    author = {Wagner, M. and McCurdy, K.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {117},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {166-175}
}

@inproceedings{Wagner1975a,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the seventh annual ACM symposium on theory of computing},
    title = {On the complexity of the extended string-to-string correction problem},
    year = {1975},
    pages = {218-223},
    author = {Wagner, Robert A.}
}

@article{Wagner1974,
    publisher = {ACM},
    author = {Wagner, Robert A. and Fischer, Michael J.},
    journal = {Journal of the Association for Computing Machinery},
    title = {The string-to-string correction problem},
    year = {1974},
    number = {1},
    volume = {21},
    address = {New York, NY, USA},
    pages = {168-173}
}

@inproceedings{Wahle2016,
    author = {Wahle, Johannes},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.15496/publikation-10060},
    abstract = {It is a well known phenomenon in historical linguistics, that the meaning of a proto form is different to the meaning of its descendants. This phenomenon of meaning change is often ignored in studies which use tools from statistical phylogenetic analysis to determine language relationships. It has been shown, that the databases currently used in linguistic phylogeny exhibit a considerable amount of the described phenomenon. The current study proposes a method to detect such instances of cross-concept relationships of words. Although the evaluation can not be done by standard means, the results indicate that semantic similarity is a good indicator for cross-concept relationships and that tools from computational biology offer a good framework for this kind of approach.},
    title = {An approach to cross-concept cognacy identification},
    year = {2016},
    institution = {Eberhard-Karls University},
    editor = {Christian Bentz and Gerhard Jäger and Igor Yanovich},
    address = {Tübingen},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Leiden Workshop on Capturing Phylogenetic Algorithms for Linguistics}
}

@inproceedings{Wahle2015,
    title = {Automatic alignment using Pair Hidden Markov Models},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the ESSLLI 2015 Student Session},
    author = {Wahle, Johannes},
    editor = {Kaeshammer, Miriam and Schulz, Philip},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {238-248}
}

@thesis{Wahle2013,
    title = {Alignment and word comparison with Pair Hidden Markov Models},
    author = {Wahle, Joh},
    year = {2013},
    institution = {Eberhard-Karls-Universität},
    address = {Tübingen}
}

@article{Walkden2013,
    title = {The correspondence problem in syntactic reconstruction},
    journal = {Diachronica},
    author = {Walkden, George},
    number = {1},
    volume = {30},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {95-122}
}

@article{Wallace2005,
    title = {Evaluation of iterative alignment algorithms for multiple alignment},
    journal = {Bioinformatics},
    author = {Wallace, I. M. and OŚullivan, O. and Higgins, D. G.},
    number = {8},
    volume = {21},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {1408-1414}
}

@article{Wallis2013,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1080/09296174.2013.830554},
    title = {z-squared: The Origin and Application of},
    journal = {Journal of Quantitative Linguistics},
    author = {Sean Wallis},
    number = {4},
    volume = {20},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {350-378}
}

@article{Wallis2013a,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1080/09296174.2013.799918},
    title = {Binomial confidence intervals and contingency tests: Mathematical fundamentals and the evaluation of alternative methods},
    journal = {Journal of Quantitative Linguistics},
    author = {Sean Wallis},
    number = {3},
    volume = {20},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {178-208}
}

@article{Walsh1963,
    title = {Dictionaries versus informants: an aspect of glottochronology},
    journal = {Te Reo},
    author = {Walsh, D. S.},
    volume = {6},
    year = {1963},
    pages = {30-38}
}

@article{Wang2005b,
    title = {Yǔyì chuàngxīn yǔ fāngyán de xīnyuán guānxì},
    journal = {Fāngyán 方言},
    abstract = {In this paper, we argue that semantic innovations can be the characters for linguistic subgrouping. Chinese dialects as the case are classified by semantic innovations in basic semantic fields. A parsimonious algorithm, PENNY, is employed to do the quantitative analysis. The result of subgrouping is discussed in connection with other quantitative researches and studies on migrations. },
    author = {Wáng Fēng 汪锋 and William S.-Y. Wang 王士元},
    number = {2},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {157-167}
}

@article{Wang1992,
    title = {Fāngyán guānxì de jìliàng biǎoshù},
    journal = {Zhōngguó Yǔwén 中国语文},
    abstract = {本文对方言关系的计量表述的方法作了探讨。首先，本文对郑锦全文章（1988）中如何用词汇材料计算方言间相关系数的方法提出了意见，指出了郑的方法在语言学上和计算上的不合理性。本文还讨论了如何合理使用不同的聚类方法来综合表示方言间的关系。本文最后对方言的亲疏分类和亲缘分类的关系进行了讨论，并介绍了我们使用的分析方法及由这些方法得出的结果。},
    author = {Wáng Shìyuan 王士元 and Shěn Zhòngwěi 沈钟伟},
    volume = {227},
    year = {1992},
    pages = {81-92}
}

@article{Wang2011c,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0017002},
    author = {Wang, Binbin and Zhang, Yong-Biao and Zhang, Feng and Lin, Hongbin and Wang, Xumin and Wan, Ning and Ye, Zhenqing and Weng, Haiyu and Zhang, Lili and Li, Xin and Yan, Jiangwei and Wang, Panpan and Wu, Tingting and Cheng, Longfei and Wang, Jing and Wang, Duen-Mei and Ma, Xu and Yu, Jun},
    journal = {PLoS One},
    abstract = { Since their arrival in the Tibetan Plateau during the Neolithic Age, Tibetans have been well-adapted to extreme environmental conditions and possess genetic variation that reflect their living environment and migratory history. To investigate the origin of Tibetans and the genetic basis of adaptation in a rigorous environment, we genotyped 30 Tibetan individuals with more than one million SNP markers. Our findings suggested that Tibetans, together with the Yi people, were descendants of Tibeto-Burmans who diverged from ancient settlers of East Asia. The valleys of the Hengduan Mountain range may be a major migration route. We also identified a set of positively-selected genes that belong to functional classes of the embryonic, female gonad, and blood vessel developments, as well as response to hypoxia. Most of these genes were highly correlated with population-specific and beneficial phenotypes, such as high infant survival rate and the absence of chronic mountain sickness.</p> },
    title = {On the origin of Tibetans and their genetic basis in adapting high-altitude environments},
    number = {2},
    volume = {6},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0017002},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {1-10}
}

@article{Wang2015,
    title = {Sound Correspondence and the Comparative Study of Miao-Yao Languages. From the Perspective of the Pervasiveness of Sound Correspondences},
    journal = {Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Wang, Feng},
    number = {1},
    volume = {8},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {157-176}
}

@article{Wang2015b,
    title = {Multisyllabication and phonological simplification throughout Chinese history},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Wang, Feng},
    number = {2},
    volume = {43},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {714-718}
}

@book{Wang2006,
    publisher = {Institute of Linguistics Academia Sinica},
    author = {Wang, Feng},
    year = {2006},
    title = {Comparison of languages in contact. The distillation method and the case of Bai},
    address = {Taipei}
}

@article{Wang2006b,
    title = {Rethinking the *-s hypothesis for Chinese qusheng tone},
    author = {Wang, Feng},
    number = {1},
    volume = {34},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {1-24}
}

@article{Wang2006c,
    title = {Stratification: Challenges and resolutions: Strata of Bai as the case},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Wang, Feng},
    number = {2},
    volume = {34},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {220-236}
}

@article{Wang2005,
    title = {On the genetic position of the Bai language},
    journal = {Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale},
    author = {Wang, Feng},
    number = {1},
    volume = {34},
    year = {2005},
    keywords = {Chinese;Chinese dialects;Sino-Tibetan;Sprachklassifikation},
    pages = {101-127}
}

@article{Wang2004,
    title = {Basic words and language evolution},
    journal = {Language and Linguistics},
    author = {Wang, Feng and Wang, William S.-Y.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {5},
    year = {2004},
    keywords = {Basisvokabular;Lexikostatistik;sprachliche Evolution},
    pages = {643-662}
}

@inproceedings{Wang2014a,
    title = {Multilingual lexical resources to detect cognates in non-aligned texts},
    url = {http://eprints.qut.edu.au/79707/},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Australasian Language Technology Association Workshop 2014},
    author = {Wang, Haoxing and Sitbon, Laurianne},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {14-22}
}

@misc{Wang,
    title = {Language Evolution and Computation Bibliography},
    author = {Wang, Jun}
}

@article{Wang1994,
    title = {On the complexity of multiple sequence alignment},
    journal = {Journal of Computational Biology},
    author = {Wang, L. and Jiang, T.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1994},
    pages = {337-348}
}

@incollection{Wang1994b,
    title = {Glottochronology, Lexicostatistics, and Other Numerical Methods},
    booktitle = {The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics},
    author = {Wang, William S.-Y},
    volume = {3},
    editor = {Asher, R. E.},
    year = {1994},
    pages = {1445-1450}
}

@incollection{Wang1987,
    publisher = {Univ. of Pennsylvania Pr.},
    isbn = {9780812280142},
    author = {Wang, William S.-Y.},
    booktitle = {Biological metaphor and cladistic classification: An interdisciplinary perspective; [papers from a Symposium on Biological Metaphor Outside Biology, held Mar. 4 - 5, 1982 ... at the American Philos. Soc.ś Library in Philadelphia]},
    title = {Representing language relationships},
    year = {1987},
    editor = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max},
    address = {Philadelphia},
    keywords = {historische Linguistik;Sprachverwandtschaft},
    pages = {243-256}
}

@incollection{Wang1996,
    publisher = {Kluwer},
    isbn = {0-7923-3867-7},
    author = {Wang, William S.-Y.},
    series = {Studies in natural language and linguistic theory},
    booktitle = {New horizons in Chinese linguistics},
    title = {Linguistic diversity and language relationships},
    year = {1996},
    number = {36},
    editor = {Huang, Cheng-teh James},
    address = {Dordrecht},
    keywords = {Sprachklassifikation;Sprachgeschichte;linguistic diversity;Chinese;Chinese dialects},
    pages = {235-267}
}

@book{Wang2006a,
    publisher = {Xiānggǎng Chéngshì Dàxué},
    author = {Wang, William Shi-Yuan},
    year = {2006},
    title = {Yǔyán, yǔyīn yǔ jìshù},
    address = {Shànghǎi 上海}
}

@article{Wang1997,
    title = {Languages or dialects?},
    journal = {The CUHK Journal of Humanities},
    author = {Wang, William S.-Y},
    volume = {1},
    year = {1997},
    pages = {54-62}
}

@article{Wang1979,
    title = {Language Change - A Lexical Perspective},
    journal = {Annual Review of Anthropology},
    author = {Wang, William S.-Y.},
    volume = {8},
    year = {1979},
    pages = {353-371}
}

@article{Wang1970,
    title = {Project DOC: Its Methodological Basis},
    journal = {Journal of the American Oriental Society},
    author = {Wang, William S.-Y},
    number = {1},
    volume = {90},
    year = {1970},
    pages = {57-66}
}

@article{Wang1969,
    title = {Competing changes as a cause of residue},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Wang, William Shi-Yuan},
    number = {1},
    volume = {45},
    year = {1969},
    pages = {9-25}
}

@article{Wang1968,
    title = {Vowel Features, Paired Variables, and the English Vowel Shift},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Wang, William S.-Y.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {44},
    year = {1968},
    pages = {695-708}
}

@article{Wang1967,
    title = {Phonological features of tone},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {William S-Y. Wang},
    number = {2},
    volume = {33},
    year = {1967},
    pages = {93-105}
}

@article{Wang1965,
    title = {Two Aspect Markers in Mandarin},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Wang, William S.-Y.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {41},
    year = {1965},
    pages = {457-470}
}

@article{Wang1986,
    title = {Spatial distance and lexical replacement},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Wang, William S.-Y. and Cavalli-Sforza, Francesco},
    number = {1},
    volume = {62},
    year = {1986},
    keywords = {lexical borrowing;lexical replacement;Sprachwandel},
    pages = {38-55}
}

@incollection{Wang1970a,
    booktitle = {The lexicon in phonological change},
    title = {Implementation of phonological change: the Shuāng-fēng Chinese case},
    year = {1970},
    editor = {Wang, William S.-Y.},
    author = {Wang, William S.-Y and Cheng, Chin-Chuan}
}

@article{Wang2005a,
    title = {Vertical and horizontal transmission in language evolution},
    journal = {Transactions of the Philological Society},
    author = {Wang, William S.-Y. and Minett, James W.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {103},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {121-146}
}

@book{Wannemacher2011,
    publisher = {Linguistics Institute, Payap University},
    author = {Wannemacher, Mark},
    url = {http://www.sil.org/resources/archives/50716},
    title = {A Phonological Overview of the Lacid Language},
    year = {2011},
    address = {Chiang Mai}
}

@article{Warnow1997,
    title = {Mathematical approaches to comparative linguistics},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    abstract = {The inference of the evolutionary history of a set of languages is a complex problem. Although some languages are known to be related through descent from common ancestral languages, for other languages determining whether such a relationship holds is itself a difficult problem. In this paper we report on new methods, developed by linguists Johanna Nichols (University of California, Berkeley), Donald Ringe and Ann Taylor (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia), and me, for answering some of the most difficult questions in this domain. These methods and the results of the analyses based on these methods were presented in November 1995 at the Symposium on the Frontiers of Science held by the National Academy of Sciences.},
    author = {Warnow, Tandy},
    number = {13},
    volume = {94},
    year = {1997},
    pages = {6585-6590}
}

@inproceedings{Warnow2006,
    publisher = {McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research; Distributed by Orbow Books},
    isbn = {9781902937335},
    author = {Warnow, Tandy and Evans, Steven N. and Ringe, Donald and Nakhleh, Luay},
    series = {McDonald Institute monographs},
    booktitle = {Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages},
    title = {A Stochastic model of language evolution that incorporates homoplasy and borrowing},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Forster, Peter and Renfrew, Colin},
    address = {Cambridge UK , Oxford UK , Oakville CT USA ,},
    keywords = {quantitative Methoden;Evolution;sprachliche Evolution;lexical borrowing;Entlehnung},
    pages = {75-90}
}

@book{Wassermann1994,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Wassermann, Stanley and Faust, Katherine},
    year = {1994},
    title = {Social network analysis: Methods and applications},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@book{Waterman1995,
    publisher = {Chapman & Hall},
    author = {Waterman, Michael S.},
    year = {1995},
    title = {Introduction to computational biology},
    address = {London}
}

@article{Waterman1987,
    title = {A new algorithm for best subsequence alignments with application to tRNA-rRNA comparisons},
    journal = {Journal of Molecular Biology},
    author = {Waterman, M. S. and Eggert, M.},
    volume = {197},
    year = {1987},
    pages = {723-728}
}

@incollection{Watkins1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Watkins, Calvert},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {Etymologies, equations, and comparanda: Types and values, and criteria for judgment},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;etymology;cognate;Validierung;Indo-European},
    pages = {289-303}
}

@article{Watkins1989,
    title = {New Parameters in Historical Linguistics, Philology, and Culture History},
    journal = {Language},
    author = {Watkins, Calvert},
    number = {4},
    volume = {65},
    year = {1989},
    pages = {783-799}
}

@article{Watson1953,
    title = {Molecular structure of nucleic acids: A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {Watson, J. D. and Crick, F. H. C.},
    number = {4356},
    volume = {171},
    year = {1953},
    pages = {737-738}
}

@article{Watt2016,
    title = {Anyone for menace},
    journal = {Babel. The Language Magazine},
    author = {Watt, Dominic and Kelly, Sarah and Tompkinson, James and Weinberg, Katherine},
    number = {1},
    volume = {14},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {18-23}
}

@book{Watters2004,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Watters, David E.},
    year = {2004},
    title = {A grammar of Kham},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@article{Watts2014,
    publisher = {The Royal Society},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2014.2556},
    author = {Watts, Joseph and Greenhill, Simon J. and Atkinson, Quentin D. and Currie, Thomas E. and Bulbulia, Joseph and Gray, Russell D.},
    abstract = {Supernatural belief presents an explanatory challenge to evolutionary theorists—it is both costly and prevalent. One influential functional explanation claims that the imagined threat of supernatural punishment can suppress selfishness and enhance cooperation. Specifically, morally concerned supreme deities or moralizing high gods have been argued to reduce free-riding in large social groups, enabling believers to build the kind of complex societies that define modern humanity. Previous cross-cultural studies claiming to support the MHG hypothesis rely on correlational analyses only and do not correct for the statistical non-independence of sampled cultures. Here we use a Bayesian phylogenetic approach with a sample of 96 Austronesian cultures to test the MHG hypothesis as well as an alternative supernatural punishment hypothesis that allows punishment by a broad range of moralizing agents. We find evidence that broad supernatural punishment drives political complexity, whereas MHGs follow political complexity. We suggest that the concept of MHGs diffused as part of a suite of traits arising from cultural exchange between complex societies. Our results show the power of phylogenetic methods to address long-standing debates about the origins and functions of religion in human society.},
    title = {Broad supernatural punishment but not moralizing high gods precede the evolution of political complexity in Austronesia},
    number = {1804},
    volume = {282},
    year = {2015},
    journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences}
}

@bookinbook{Webb1787,
    publisher = {Dodsley},
    author = {Webb, Daniel},
    booktitle = {Notes on the Grammatica Sinica of Mons. Fourmont},
    title = {Some reasons for thinking, that the Greek language was borrowed from the Chinese},
    year = {1787},
    address = {London}
}

@article{Webber2004,
    title = {Genes and homology},
    journal = {Current Biology},
    author = {Webber, Caleb and Ponting, Chris P.},
    number = {9},
    volume = {14},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {R332-333}
}

@incollection{Weber2002,
    publisher = {Narr},
    author = {Weber, H.},
    booktitle = {Sprache und Welt},
    title = {Partizipien als Partizipien, Verben und Adjektive},
    year = {2002},
    editor = {Murguía, A.},
    address = {Tübingen},
    pages = {191-214}
}

@book{Weber2003,
    publisher = {Gunter Narr},
    author = {Weber, Ursula},
    year = {2003},
    title = {Kleine Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft},
    address = {Tübingen}
}

@article{Webster2003,
    title = {Molecular Phylogenies Link Rates of Evolution and Speciation},
    journal = {Science},
    author = {Andrea J. Webster and Robert J. H. Payne and Mark Pagel},
    volume = {301},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {478}
}

@article{Wedel2013,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2013.03.002},
    author = {Andrew Wedel and Abby Kaplan and Scott Jackson},
    journal = {Cognition},
    abstract = {Abstract For nearly a century, linguists have suggested that diachronic merger is less likely between phonemes with a high functional load – that is, phonemes that distinguish many words in the language in question. However, limitations in data and computational power have made assessing this hypothesis difficult. Here we present the first larger-scale study of the functional load hypothesis, using data from sound changes in a diverse set of languages. Our results support the functional load hypothesis: phoneme pairs undergoing merger distinguish significantly fewer minimal pairs in the lexicon than unmerged phoneme pairs. Furthermore, we show that higher phoneme probability is positively correlated with merger, but that this effect is stronger for phonemes that distinguish no minimal pairs. Finally, within our dataset we find that minimal pair count and phoneme probability better predict merger than change in system entropy at the lexical or phoneme level. },
    title = {High functional load inhibits phonological contrast loss: A corpus study},
    number = {2},
    volume = {128},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {179 - 186}
}

@article{Wegnez1987,
    title = {Letter to the editor},
    journal = {Cell},
    author = {Wegnez, Maurice},
    number = {51},
    year = {1987},
    pages = {516}
}

@article{Wei2014,
    title = {Genetic structure of Chinese indigenous goats and the special geographical structure in the Southwest China as a geographic barrier driving the fragmentation of a large population},
    journal = {PLoS ONE},
    author = {Wei, C. and Lu, J. and Xu, L. and Liu, G. and Wang, Z. and Zhao, F. and Zhang, L. and Han, X. and Du, L. and Liu, C.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {9},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {e94435}
}

@book{Weigel2006,
    publisher = {Fink},
    author = {Weigel, S.},
    year = {2006},
    title = {Genea-Logik. Generation, Tradition und Evolution zwischen Kultur- und Naturwissenschaft},
    address = {München}
}

@book{Weigel2002,
    publisher = {Akademie Verlag},
    author = {Weigel, S.},
    year = {2002},
    title = {Genealogie und Genetik. Schnittstellen zwischen Biologie und Kulturgeschichte},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@book{Weigel2005,
    publisher = {Fink},
    author = {Weigel, S. and Parnes, O. and Vedder, U. and Willer, S.},
    year = {2005},
    title = {Generation. Zur Genealogie des Konzepts - Konzepte von Genealogie},
    address = {München}
}

@book{Weigend2008,
    publisher = {mitP},
    author = {Weigend, Michael},
    title = {Python ge-packt},
    edition = {4},
    year = {2008},
    address = {Heidelberg}
}

@incollection{Weindling1981,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Weindling, P.},
    booktitle = {Biology, Medicine and Society 1840-1940},
    title = {Theories of the Cell State in Imperial Germany},
    year = {1981},
    editor = {Webster, C.},
    address = {Cambridge},
    pages = {99-155}
}

@book{Weingart1995,
    publisher = {Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft},
    author = {Weingart, P.},
    year = {1995},
    title = {Grenzüberschreitungen in der Wissenschaft = Crossing boundaries in science},
    address = {Baden Baden}
}

@book{Weinreich1953,
    publisher = {Mouton},
    author = {Weinreich, Uriel},
    title = {Languages in contact. With a preface by André Martinet},
    edition = {8},
    year = {1974},
    address = {The Hague and Paris}
}

@book{Weinreich1974,
    publisher = {Mouton},
    author = {Weinreich, Uriel},
    title = {Languages in contact. With a preface by André Martinet},
    edition = {8},
    year = {1974},
    address = {The Hague and Paris}
}

@article{Weinreich1954,
    title = {Is a structural dialectology possible?},
    journal = {Word},
    author = {Weinreich, Uriel},
    number = {2/3},
    volume = {10},
    year = {1954},
    pages = {388-400}
}

@incollection{Weinreich1968,
    publisher = {University of Texas Press},
    author = {Weinreich, Uriel and Labov, William and Herzog, Marvin I.},
    booktitle = {Directions for historical linguistics: A symposium},
    title = {Empirical foundations for a theory of language change},
    year = {1968},
    editor = {Lehmann, Winfred Philipp and Malkiel, Yakov},
    address = {Austin},
    keywords = {Lautwandel;Sprachwandel},
    pages = {95-189 (-195?)}
}

@incollection{Wells1987,
    publisher = {Univ. of Pennsylvania Pr.},
    isbn = {9780812280142},
    author = {Wells, Rulon S.},
    booktitle = {Biological metaphor and cladistic classification: An interdisciplinary perspective; [papers from a Symposium on Biological Metaphor Outside Biology, held Mar. 4 - 5, 1982 ... at the American Philos. Soc.ś Library in Philadelphia]},
    title = {The life and growth of language: Metaphors in biology and linguistics},
    year = {1987},
    editor = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max},
    address = {Philadelphia},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft},
    pages = {39-80}
}

@inproceedings{Wells1973,
    booktitle = {Lexicostatistics in Genetic Linguistics. Proceedings of the Yale Conference. Yale University. April 3-4. 1971},
    title = {Lexicostatistics in the regency period},
    year = {1973},
    pages = {118-121},
    author = {Wells, Rulon S.}
}

@article{Welsh1967,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/10.1.85},
    title = {An upper bound for the chromatic number of a graph and its application to timetabling problems},
    journal = {The Computer Journal},
    author = {Welsh, D. J. A. and Powell, M. B.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {10},
    year = {1967},
    pages = {85-86}
}

@incollection{Savigny2011,
    publisher = {Akademie Verlag},
    author = {Wennerberg, Hjalmar},
    booktitle = {Ludwig Wittgenstein: Philosophische Untersuchungen},
    title = {Sprachspiele und Lebensformen: Woher kommt die Bedeutung?},
    year = {2011},
    editor = {Savigny, Eike},
    address = {Berlin and Boston},
    pages = {7–32}
}

@incollection{Wennerberg2011,
    publisher = {Akademie Verlag},
    author = {Wennerberg, Hjalmar},
    booktitle = {Ludwig Wittgenstein: Philosophische Untersuchungen},
    title = {Der Begriff der Familienähnlichkeit in Wittgensteins Spätphilosophie},
    year = {2011},
    editor = {Savigny, Eike},
    address = {Berlin and Boston},
    pages = {33-54}
}

@incollection{Wheeler1992,
    publisher = {Alberto Lleras Camargo},
    author = {Wheeler, Alva},
    booktitle = {Estudios comparativos Proto Tucano},
    title = {Comparaciones lingüisticas en el grupo Tucano Occidental},
    year = {1992},
    editor = {Levinsohn, Stephen H.},
    address = {Bogotá}
}

@misc{Wheeler2013,
    url = {http://www.amnh.org/our-research/computational-sciences/research/projects/systematic-biology/poy},
    publisher = {American Museum of National History},
    title = {POY. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA and other data using dynamic homology},
    year = {2013},
    author = {Wheeler, W. C. and Lucaroni, N. and Hong, L. and Crowley, L. and Varón, A.}
}

@article{Wheeler2015b,
    title = {Historical linguistics as a sequence optimization problem: the evolution and biogeography of Uto-Aztecan languages},
    journal = {Cladistics},
    author = {Wheeler, W. C. and Whiteley, Peter M.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {31},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {113-125}
}

@book{Whewell1840,
    publisher = {John W. Parker},
    author = {Whewell, William D. D.},
    title = {The philosophy of the inductive sciences, fofound upon their history},
    year = {1847},
    volume = {2},
    edition = {2},
    address = {London}
}

@book{White1896,
    publisher = {D. Appleton and Company},
    author = {White, Andrew Dickson},
    title = {A history of the warfare of science with theology in Christendom},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1896},
    address = {New York}
}

@article{White2007,
    title = {Treeness triangles: Visualizing the loss of phylogenetic signal},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    author = {White, W. T. and Hills, S. F. and Gaddam, R. and Holland, B. R. and Penny, David},
    number = {9},
    volume = {24},
    year = {2007},
    keywords = {plastid genomes;spectral analysis;model misspecification;exploratory;data analysis;ternary plot;Hadamard conjugation;Biologie;Linguistik und Biologie;Gray},
    pages = {2029-2039}
}

@incollection{Whitman1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Whitman, John},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {A rule of medial *-r- loss in pre-Old-Japanese},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Rekonstruktion;Japanese},
    pages = {511-545}
}

@book{Whitney1885,
    publisher = {Low Price Publications},
    author = {Whitney, William Dwight},
    title = {The Roots, Verbs-Forms and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language},
    note = {Reprint},
    year = {2006},
    address = {Delhi}
}

@book{Whitney1876,
    publisher = {Brockhaus},
    isbn = {0827428650},
    author = {Whitney, William Dwight},
    title = {Leben und Wachstum der Sprache},
    year = {1876},
    address = {Leipzig}
}

@article{Whorf1950,
    publisher = {University of Chicago Press},
    title = {An American Indian Model of the Universe},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/1262850},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {Benjamin Lee Whorf},
    number = {2},
    volume = {16},
    year = {1950},
    pages = {67-72}
}

@incollection{Wichmann2017a,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.78},
    author = {Wichmann, Søren},
    booktitle = {Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics},
    title = {Genealogical Classification in Historical Linguistics},
    year = {2017},
    address = {Oxford},
    pages = {1-19}
}

@book{Wichmann2002,
    publisher = {Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México},
    isbn = {9789703202324},
    author = {Wichmann, Søren},
    series = {Colección Lingüística Indígena},
    title = {Diccionario analítico del popoluca de Texistepec},
    year = {2002},
    volume = {8},
    address = {México, D.F.},
    pages = {173}
}

@incollection{Wichmann2013b,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    author = {Wichmann, S. and Holman, E. W.},
    booktitle = {Approaches to Measuring Linguistic Differences},
    title = {Languages with longer words have more lexical change},
    year = {2013},
    editor = {Borin, L. and Saxena, A.},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {249-281}
}

@article{Wichmann2009,
    title = {Population size and rates of language change},
    journal = {Hum. Biol.},
    abstract = {Previous empirical studies of population size and language change have produced equivocal results. We therefore address the question with a new set of lexical data from nearly one-half of the worldś languages. We first show that relative population sizes of modern languages can be extrapolated to ancestral languages, albeit with diminishing accuracy, up to several thousand years into the past. We then test for an effect of population against the null hypothesis that the ultrametric inequality is satisfied by lexical distances among triples of related languages. The test shows mainly negligible effects of population, the exception being an apparently faster rate of change in the larger of two closely related variants. A possible explanation for the exception may be the influence on emerging standard (or cross-regional) variants from speakers who shift from different dialects to the standard. Our results strongly indicate that the sizes of speaker populations do not in and of themselves determine rates of language change. Comparison of this empirical finding with previously published computer simulations suggests that the most plausible model for language change is one in which changes propagate on a local level in a type of network in which the individuals have different degrees of connectivity.},
    author = {Wichmann, S. and Holman, E. W.},
    number = {2-3},
    volume = {81},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {259-274}
}

@book{Wichmann2016,
    publisher = {Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History},
    author = {Wichmann, Søren and Holman, Eric W. and Cecil H. Brown},
    url = {http://asjp.clld.org},
    title = {The ASJP database},
    year = {2016},
    address = {Jena}
}

@article{Wichmann2010a,
    title = {Sound symbolism in basic vocabulary},
    journal = {Entropy},
    abstract = {The relationship between meanings of words and their sound shapes is to a large extent arbitrary, but it is well known that languages exhibit sound symbolism effects violating arbitrariness. Evidence for sound symbolism is typically anecdotal, however. Here we present a systematic approach. Using a selection of basic vocabulary in nearly one half of the world’s languages we find commonalities among sound shapes for words referring to same concepts. These are interpreted as due to sound symbolism. Studying the effects of sound symbolism cross-linguistically is of key importance for the understanding of language evolution.},
    author = {Wichmann, Søren and Holman, Eric W. and Brown, Cecil H.},
    number = {12},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {844-858}
}

@article{Wichmann2010,
    title = {Glottochronology as a heuristic for genealogical language relationships},
    journal = {Journal of Quantitative Linguistics},
    author = {Wichmann, Søren and Holman, Eric W. and Müller, André and Velupillai, Viveka and List, Johann-Mattis and Belyaev, Oleg and Urban, Matthias and Bakker, Dik},
    number = {4},
    volume = {17},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {303-316}
}

@article{Wichmann2011,
    title = {Correlates of reticulation in linguistic phylogenies},
    journal = {Language Dynamics and Change},
    author = {Wichmann, S. and Holman, E. W. and Rama, Taraka and Walker, Robert S.},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {205-240}
}

@misc{Wichmann2013,
    url = {http://email.eva.mpg.de/~wichmann/languages.htm},
    title = {The ASJP Database},
    year = {2013},
    author = {Søren Wichmann and André Müller and Annkathrin Wett and Viveka Velupillai and Julia Bischoffberger and Cecil H. Brown and Eric W. Holman and Sebastian Sauppe and Zarina Molochieva and Pamela Brown and Harald Hammarström and Oleg Belyaev and Johann-Mattis List and Dik Bakker and Dmitry Egorov and Matthias Urban and Robert Mailhammer and Agustina Carrizo and Matthew S. Dryer and Evgenia Korovina and David Beck and Helen Geyer and Pattie Epps and Anthony Grant and Pilar Valenzuela}
}

@article{Wichmann2008,
    title = {The emerging field of language dynamics},
    url = {DOI:10.1111/j.1749-818X.2008.00062.x},
    journal = {Language and Linguistics Compass},
    author = {Wichmann, Søren},
    number = {2},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2008},
    pages = {442-455}
}

@article{Wichmann2008a,
    title = {A stability metric for typological features},
    journal = {Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung},
    author = {Wichmann, Søren and Kamholz, David},
    number = {3},
    volume = {61},
    year = {2008},
    keywords = {typological features},
    pages = {251-262}
}

@article{Wichmann2007,
    title = {How to use typological databases in historical linguistic research},
    journal = {Diachronica},
    author = {Wichmann, Søren and Saunders, Arpiar},
    number = {2},
    volume = {24},
    year = {2007},
    keywords = {historische Linguistik;typologische datenbanken;Nachweis von Sprachverwandtschaft;Sprachklassifikation},
    pages = {373-404}
}

@article{Wichmann2007a,
    title = {Modelling linguistic taxonomic dynamics},
    url = {DOI:10.1111/j.1467-968X.2007.00184.x},
    journal = {Transactions of the Philological Society},
    author = {Wichmann, Søren and Stauer, Dietrich and Wellington, Lima F. S. and Schulze, Christian},
    number = {2},
    volume = {105},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {126-147}
}

@book{Widmer2017,
    publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
    author = {Widmer, Manuel},
    year = {2017},
    title = {A grammar of Bunan},
    address = {Berlin and New York}
}

@phdthesis{Wieling2012a,
    title = {A quantitative approach to social and geographical dialect variation},
    year = {2012},
    institution = {University of Groningen},
    author = {Wieling, Martijn}
}

@article{Wieling2012,
    title = {Inducing a measure of phonetic similarity from pronunciation variation},
    journal = {Journal of Phonetics},
    author = {Wieling, M. and Margaretha, E. and Nerbonne, J.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {40},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {307-314}
}

@article{Wieling2015,
    title = {Advances in dialectometry},
    journal = {Annual Review of Linguistics},
    author = {Wieling, Martijn and Nerbonne, John},
    number = {3},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {3-22}
}

@inproceedings{Wieling2009,
    title = {Evaluating the pairwise string alignment of pronunciations},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the EACL 2009 Workshop on Language Technology and Resources for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities, and Education},
    author = {Wieling, Martijn and Prokić, Jelena and Nerbonne, John},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {26-34},
    address = {Stroudsburg}
}

@incollection{Wiener1987,
    publisher = {Univ. of Pennsylvania Pr.},
    isbn = {9780812280142},
    author = {Wiener, L. F.},
    booktitle = {Biological metaphor and cladistic classification: An interdisciplinary perspective; [papers from a Symposium on Biological Metaphor Outside Biology, held Mar. 4 - 5, 1982 ... at the American Philos. Soc.ś Library in Philadelphia]},
    title = {Of phonetics and genetics: A comparison of classification in linguistics and organic systems},
    year = {1987},
    editor = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max},
    address = {Philadelphia},
    keywords = {Biologie;historische Linguistik;Phonologie;Genetik},
    pages = {217-226}
}

@article{Wiens2004,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1080/10635150490472959},
    title = {The Role of Morphological Data in Phylogeny Reconstruction},
    url = {http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/53/4/653.full.pdf+html},
    journal = {Systematic Biology},
    author = {Wiens, John J.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {53},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {653-661}
}

@article{Wiens2001,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1080/106351501753328811},
    author = {Wiens, John J.},
    journal = {Systematic Biology},
    abstract = {Many aspects of morphological phylogenetics are controversial in the theoretical systematics literature and yet are often poorly explained and justified in empirical studies. In this paper, I argue that most morphological characters describe variation that is fundamentally quantitative, regardless of whether they are coded qualitatively or quantitatively by systematists. Given this view, three fundamental problems in morphological character analysis (definition, delimitation, and ordering of character states) may have a common solution: coding morphological characters as continuous quantitative traits. A new parsimony method (step-matrix gap-weighting, a modification of Thieleś approach) is proposed that allows quantitative traits to be analyzed as continuous variables. The problem of scaling or weighting quantitative characters relative to qualitative characters (and to each other) is reviewed, and three possible solutions are described. The new coding method is applied to data from hoplocercid lizards, and the results show the sensitivity of phylogenetic conclusions to different scaling methods. Although some authors reject the use of continuous, overlapping, quantitative characters in phylogenetic analysis, quantitative data from hoplocercid lizards that are coded using the new approach contain significant phylogenetic structure and exhibit levels of homoplasy similar to those seen in data that are coded qualitatively.},
    title = {Character Analysis in Morphological Phylogenetics: Problems and Solutions},
    number = {5},
    volume = {50},
    url = {http://sysbio.oxfordjournals.org/content/50/5/689.full.pdf+html},
    year = {2001},
    pages = {689-699}
}

@book{Wiesemuller2003,
    publisher = {Springer},
    author = {Wiesemüller B. and Rothe H. and Henke W.},
    title = {Phylogenetische Systematik},
    year = {2003},
    keywords = {PRÜFEN},
    address = {Berlin [u.a.]}
}

@article{Wiesinger1964,
    publisher = {Franz Steiner Verlag},
    author = {Peter Wiesinger},
    journal = {Zeitschrift für Mundartforschung},
    abstract = {German dialectology had its beginnings in the Romantic period, and it was at this time that the first attempts to transcribe dialect speech were made. The "Teuthonista"-system is shown to have been developed from that used by Heilig and Lenz in the Zeitschrift für hochdeutsche Mundarten (J́ournal for Upper German Dialects ́1900—1905), which in itself represented a synthesis and further development of two earlier systems invented by Ferdinand Holthausen and by Friedrich Kaufmann, (both of whom had been influenced by Eduard Sievers). While a diacritic system, it did not go to the extremes of Oskar Brennerś system, which was overburdened with diacritics, and it was more suitable as an instrument for field work than Otto Bremerś ḿonotype 4 system (ie. one sign for each sound), which, although exact, is a product of theory rather than practice and far too complicated for the phonetically untrained school-teachers who formed the main body of contributors to the journal. Lenzś reaction to Bremerś ḿonotype ́system caused him also to turn down the API system, which he himself had employed in his own studies of the Handschuhsheim dialect. Lenzś system has remained (with a few minor alterations) the accepted system of phonetic transcription of the German dialectological journals (Zeitschrift für hochdeutsche Mundarten — Zeitschrift für Deutsche Mundarten — Teuthonista — Zeitschrift für Mundartforschung). Today it no longer satisfies the demands made on it. It cannot reproduce centralized vowels, it does not differentiate between more than two degrees of opening, between half-long and over-long vowel quantity, between lenis and fortis in the case of voiced and unvoiced consonants. The fact that it is a diacritic system, however, makes it possible for it to be adjusted, renovated and augmented, and for it to become a fit and worthy instrument to serve the needs of modern scientific research. This is necessary, in order that the vast body of previous dialect studies (with which we cannot dispense in view of the rapid decline of the old rural dialects) might be incorporated into modern research. A break in tradition would make this older material less accessible.},
    title = {Das phonetische Transkriptionssystem der Zeitschrift "Teuthonista". Eine Studie zu seiner Entstehung und Anwendbarkeit in der deutschen Dialektologie mit einem Überblick über die Geschichte der phonetischen Transkription im Deutschen bis 1924},
    number = {1},
    volume = {31},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/40500597},
    year = {1964},
    pages = {1-20}
}

@misc{WikipediaComparativeMethod,
    note = {[Misc; accessed 25-October-2009]},
    url = {http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comparative_method&oldid=321115488},
    title = {Comparative method -- Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia},
    year = {2009},
    author = {Wikipedia}
}

@book{Wiley1981,
    publisher = {New York: John Wiley and Sons},
    title = {Phylogenetics},
    year = {1981},
    author = {Wiley, E. O.}
}

@article{Willems2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-016-0745-6},
    author = {Willems, Matthieu and Lord, Etienne and Laforest, Louise and Labelle, Gilbert and Lapointe, François-Joseph and Di Sciullo, Anna Maria and Makarenkov, Vladimir},
    journal = {BMC Evolutionary Biology},
    abstract = {Curious parallels between the processes of species and language evolution have been observed by many researchers. Retracing the evolution of Indo-European (IE) languages remains one of the most intriguing intellectual challenges in historical linguistics. Most of the IE language studies use the traditional phylogenetic tree model to represent the evolution of natural languages, thus not taking into account reticulate evolutionary events, such as language hybridization and word borrowing which can be associated with species hybridization and horizontal gene transfer, respectively. More recently, implicit evolutionary networks, such as split graphs and minimal lateral networks, have been used to account for reticulate evolution in linguistics.},
    title = {Using hybridization networks to retrace the evolution of Indo-European languages},
    number = {1},
    volume = {16},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12862-016-0745-6},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {1-18}
}

@book{Williams1874,
    publisher = {American Mission Press},
    title = {A syllabic dictionary of the Chinese language},
    year = {1889},
    author = {Williams, S. W.}
}

@article{Williams2015,
    title = {New substitution models for rooting phylogenetic trees},
    journal = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B},
    author = {Williams, Tom A. and Heaps, Sarah E. and Cherlin, Svetlana and Nye, Tom M. W. and Boys, Richard J. and Embley, T. Martin},
    volume = {370},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {20140336}
}

@article{Wilson2004,
    title = {Relevance and lexical pragmatics},
    journal = {UCL Working Papers in Linguistics},
    author = {Deirdre Wilson},
    number = {1},
    volume = {16},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {343-360}
}

@article{Wilson2003,
    title = {Relevance and lexical pragmatics},
    journal = {Italian Journal of Linguistics},
    author = {Deirdre Wilson},
    number = {2},
    volume = {15},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {273-291}
}

@article{Wilson1969,
    publisher = {The Australian National University},
    author = {Wilson, Darryl},
    journal = {Papers in New Guinea Linguistics},
    title = {The Binandere language family},
    year = {1969},
    number = {9},
    address = {Canberra},
    pages = {65-85}
}

@book{Wilson1998,
    publisher = {Vintage Books},
    author = {Wilson, Edward O.},
    year = {1998},
    title = {Consilience. The unity of knowledge},
    address = {New York}
}

@article{Wilson1988,
    title = {The MRC psycholinguistic database: Machine readable dictionary. Version 2.},
    journal = {Behavioural Research Methods, Instruments and Computers},
    author = {Wilson, M. D.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {20},
    year = {1988},
    pages = {6-11}
}

@article{Winchester1960,
    title = {Importance of Chinese for scientific communication},
    journal = {Science},
    author = {Winchester, John W.},
    number = {3412},
    volume = {131},
    year = {1960},
    pages = {1561-1562}
}

@article{Winner1989,
    title = {How Can Chinese Children Draw so Well?},
    journal = {Journal of Aesthetic Education},
    author = {Winner, Ellen},
    number = {1},
    volume = {23},
    year = {1989},
    pages = {41-63}
}

@article{Witkowski1981,
    title = {Where do tree terms come from?},
    journal = {Man},
    author = {Witkowski, Stanley R. and Brown, Cecil H. and Chase, Paul K.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {16},
    year = {1981},
    pages = {1-14}
}

@book{Witten2005,
    edition = {2},
    publisher = {Elsevier},
    year = {2005},
    title = {Data mining},
    author = {Witten, Ian H. and Frank, Eibe}
}

@book{Wittgenstein1958,
    publisher = {Blackwell},
    author = {Wittgenstein, Ludwig},
    title = {Philosophische Untersuchungen. Philosophical investigations},
    year = {1958},
    note = {Bilingual edition in German and English},
    edition = {2},
    address = {Malden}
}

@book{Wittgenstein1958a,
    publisher = {Suhrkamp},
    title = {Philosophische Untersuchungen},
    year = {1958},
    author = {Wittgenstein, Ludwig}
}

@article{Wittkop2010,
    volume = {7},
    author = {Wittkop, T. and Emig, D. and Lange, S. and Rahmann, S. and Albrecht, M. and Morris, J. H. and Bocker, S. and Stoye, J. and Baumbach, J.},
    journal = {Nature Methods},
    abstract = {Clustering is a common computational technique for data analysis in the life sciences. Essentially one defines clustering as a partitioning of arbitrary data objects into groups, such that the objects in each group, or cluster, have common traits, with respect to a similarity function.},
    title = {Partitioning biological data with transitivity clustering},
    number = {6},
    note = {[DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth0610-41910.1038/nmeth0610-419] [PubMed:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2050863520508635]},
    year = {2010},
    pages = {419-420}
}

@inproceedings{Wittman1973,
    booktitle = {Lexicostatistics in Genetic Linguistics. Proceedings of the Yale Conference. Yale University. April 3-4. 1971},
    title = {The lexicostatistical classification of the French-based creole languages},
    year = {1973},
    pages = {100-107},
    author = {Wittman, Gontran Henri}
}

@article{Wittmann1969,
    title = {A lexico-statistic inquiry into the diachrony of Hittite},
    journal = {Indogermanische Forschungen},
    author = {Wittmann, Henri},
    number = {1},
    volume = {74},
    year = {1969},
    pages = {1-10}
}

@article{Wodtko2005,
    doi = {https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110185164.41},
    title = {Nomen und Nominalisierung im indogermanischen Lexikon},
    journal = {Journal of Indo-European Studies and Historical Linguistics},
    author = {Wodtko, Dagmar S.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {110},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {41-85}
}

@article{Woese1998,
    title = {The universal ancestor},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    author = {Woese, Carl R.},
    number = {12},
    volume = {95},
    year = {1998},
    pages = {6854-6859}
}

@article{Woese1990,
    title = {Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya},
    journal = {Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.},
    author = {Woese, C. R. and Kandler, O. and Wheelis, M. L.},
    number = {12},
    volume = {87},
    year = {1990},
    pages = {4576-4579}
}

@article{Wolf1999,
    title = {Distribution of protein folds in the three superkingdoms of life},
    journal = {Genome Research},
    abstract = {A sensitive protein-fold recognition procedure was developed on the basis of iterative database search using the PSI-BLAST program. A collection of 1193 position-dependent weight matrices that can be used as fold identifiers was produced. In the completely sequenced genomes, folds could be automatically identified for 20%-30% of the proteins, with 3%-6% more detectable by additional analysis of conserved motifs. The distribution of the most common folds is very similar in bacteria and archaea but distinct in eukaryotes. Within the bacteria, this distribution differs between parasitic and free-living species. In all analyzed genomes, the P-loop NTPases are the most abundant fold. In bacteria and archaea, the next most common folds are ferredoxin-like domains, TIM-barrels, and methyltransferases, whereas in eukaryotes, the second to fourth places belong to protein kinases, beta-propellers and TIM-barrels. The observed diversity of protein folds in different proteomes is approximately twice as high as it would be expected from a simple stochastic model describing a proteome as a finite sample from an infinite pool of proteins with an exponential distribution of the fold fractions. Distribution of the number of domains with different folds in one protein fits the geometric model, which is compatible with the evolution of multidomain proteins by random combination of domains. [Fold predictions for proteins from 14 proteomes are available on the World Wide Web at. The FIDs are available by anonymous ftp at the same location.]},
    author = {Wolf, Y. I. and Brenner, S. E. and Bash, P. A. and Koonin, E. V.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {9},
    year = {1999},
    pages = {17-26}
}

@misc{Woll2010,
    url = {http://www.let.ru.nl/sign-lang/echo/},
    title = {Extended Swadesh list for signe languages},
    year = {2010},
    author = {Woll, Bencie and Crasborn, Onno and van der Kooj, Els, and Mesch, Johanna and Bergman, Brita}
}

@thesis{Wong2006,
    title = {Syllable fusion in Cantonese connected speech},
    author = {Wong, Wai Yi Peggy},
    year = {2006},
    keywords = {contracton, Chinese, Cantonese},
    institution = {Ohio State University},
    address = {Columbus}
}

@article{Woodhouse2013,
    publisher = {Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG)},
    title = {On the reality of the laryngeal theory: a response to Witold Mańczak},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/43857935},
    journal = {Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics},
    author = {Robert Woodhouse},
    volume = {126},
    year = {2013},
    pages = {3-32}
}

@incollection{Woodward2009,
    publisher = {Lawrence Erlbaum},
    author = {Woodward, James},
    booktitle = {The signs of language revisited: An anthology to honor Ursula Bellugi and Edward Klima},
    title = {Sign languages and sign language families in Thailand and Viet Nam},
    year = {2009},
    editor = {Emmorey, Karen and Lane, Harlan},
    address = {Mahwah},
    pages = {19-42}
}

@incollection{Woodward1978,
    publisher = {Academic Press},
    author = {Woodward, James},
    booktitle = {Understanding language through sign language research},
    title = {Historical bases of American Sign Language},
    year = {1978},
    editor = {Siple, P.},
    address = {New York},
    pages = {333-348}
}

@article{Woodward1993,
    title = {Lexical evidence for the existence of South Asian and East Asian sign language families},
    journal = {Journal of Asian Pacific Communication},
    author = {Woodward, James},
    number = {2},
    volume = {4},
    year = {1993},
    pages = {91-107}
}

@article{Woodward1991,
    title = {Sign language varieites in Costa Rica},
    journal = {Sign Language Studies},
    author = {Woodward, James},
    volume = {73},
    year = {1991},
    pages = {329-346}
}

@article{Wray2014,
    title = {Does evolutionary theory need a rethink? No, all is well},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {Gregory A. Wray and Hopi E. Hoekstra and Douglas J. Futuyma and Richard E. Lenski and Trudy F. C. Mackay and Dolph Schluter and Joan E. Strassmann},
    volume = {514},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {161-164}
}

@article{Wright2014,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109210},
    author = {Wright, April M. AND Hillis, David M.},
    journal = {PLoS ONE},
    abstract = { Despite the introduction of likelihood-based methods for estimating phylogenetic trees from phenotypic data, parsimony remains the most widely-used optimality criterion for building trees from discrete morphological data. However, it has been known for decades that there are regions of solution space in which parsimony is a poor estimator of tree topology. Numerous software implementations of likelihood-based models for the estimation of phylogeny from discrete morphological data exist, especially for the Mk model of discrete character evolution. Here we explore the efficacy of Bayesian estimation of phylogeny, using the Mk model, under conditions that are commonly encountered in paleontological studies. Using simulated data, we describe the relative performances of parsimony and the Mk model under a range of realistic conditions that include common scenarios of missing data and rate heterogeneity.</p>},
    title = {Bayesian Analysis Using a Simple Likelihood Model Outperforms Parsimony for Estimation of Phylogeny from Discrete Morphological Data},
    number = {10},
    volume = {9},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0109210},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {e109210}
}

@article{Wright2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syv122},
    title = {Modeling Character Change Heterogeneity in Phylogenetic Analyses of Morphology through the Use of Priors},
    url = { + http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syv122},
    journal = {Systematic Biology},
    author = {Wright, April M. and Lloyd, Graeme T. and Hillis, David M.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {65},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {602-611}
}

@article{Wright1976,
    publisher = {Springer},
    title = {Arbitrariness and motivation},
    journal = {Foundations of Language},
    author = {Wright, Edmond L.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {14},
    year = {1976},
    pages = {505-523}
}

@incollection{Wright1987,
    publisher = {John Benjamin},
    author = {Wright, Roger},
    booktitle = {Papers from the 7th International Conference on Historical Linguistics},
    title = {The study of semantic change in Early Romance (Late Latin)},
    year = {1987},
    editor = {Ramat, Anna Giacalone and Carruba, Onofrio and Bernini, Giuliano},
    address = {Amsterdam and Philadelphia},
    pages = {619-628}
}

@book{Wu2010,
    title = {Xiāngxī Gǔzhàng Wàxiānghuà jiàochá bàogào},
    author = {Wú Yúnyí 伍云姬 and Chén Ruìqīng 沈瑞清},
    year = {2010},
    address = {Shànghǎi 上海}
}

@book{Wulf2015,
    year = {2015},
    publisher = {Knopf},
    title = {The Invention of Nature: Alexander von Humboldtś New World},
    isbn = {038535066X,9780385350662},
    author = {Andrea Wulf}
}

@article{Wundt1886,
    title = {Ueber den Begriff des Gesetzes, mit Rücksicht auf die Frage der Ausnahmslosigkeit der Lautgesetze},
    url = {http://digilib.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/digitallibrary/jquery/digilib.html?fn=/permanent/vlp/lit696/pages},
    journal = {Philosophische Studien},
    author = {Wundt, Wilhelm},
    volume = {3},
    year = {1886},
    pages = {195-215}
}

@inproceedings{Wurzel1985,
    publisher = {John Benjamins},
    author = {Wurzel, Wolfgang Ulrich},
    booktitle = {Papers from the 6th International Conference on Historical Linguistics},
    title = {Morphologische Natürlichkeit und mmorphologische Wandel. Zur Vorhersagbarkeit von Sprachveränderungen},
    year = {1985},
    editor = {Fisiak, Jacek},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    pages = {587-599}
}

@article{Xiao2004,
    title = {A corpus-based two-level model of situation aspect},
    journal = {Journal of Linguistics},
    author = {Xiao, Zhonghua and McEnery, Anthony},
    number = {2},
    volume = {40},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {325-363}
}

@book{Xu1984,
    publisher = {Mínzǔ 民族},
    author = {Xú Lín 徐琳 and Zhào Yǎnpíng 赵衍荪},
    year = {1984},
    title = {Báiyǔ jiǎnzhì},
    address = {Běijīng 北京}
}

@article{Xu2009a,
    title = {Genomic dissection of population substructure of Han Chinese and its implication in association studies},
    journal = {American Journal of Human Genetics},
    author = {Xu, S. and Yin, X. and Li, S. and Jin, W. and Lou, H. and Yang, L. and Gong, X. and Wang, H. and Shen, Y. and Pan, X. and He, Y. and Yang, Y. and Wang, Y. and Fu, W. and An, Y. and Wang, J. and Tan, J. and Qian, J. and Chen, X. and Zhang, X. and Sun, Y. and Zhang, X. and Wu, B. and Jin, L.},
    number = {6},
    volume = {85},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {762-774}
}

@article{Xue2002,
    title = {The Dual Status of Middle-Distance Reflexives},
    journal = {Journal of Linguistics},
    author = {Xue, Ping and Popowich, Fred},
    number = {1},
    volume = {38},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {71-86}
}

@book{Yang2005,
    publisher = {Fudan Daxue},
    author = {Yáng, Jiànqiáo},
    year = {2005},
    title = {Hànyǔ yīnyùnxué jiǎngyì (Textbook of traditional Chinese phonology)},
    address = {Shanghai}
}

@book{Yan2006,
    publisher = {LINCOM Europa},
    author = {Yan, Margaret Mian},
    year = {2006},
    title = {Introduction to Chinese dialectology:},
    address = {München}
}

@article{Yanai2002,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2002-3-11-research0064},
    author = {Yanai, Itai and DeLisi, Charles},
    journal = {Genome Biology},
    abstract = {Comparative genomics provides at least three methods beyond traditional sequence similarity for identifying functional links between genes: the examination of common phylogenetic distributions, the analysis of conserved proximity along the chromosomes of multiple genomes, and observations of fusions of genes into a multidomain gene in another organism. We have previously generated the links according to each of these methods individually for 43 known microbial genomes. Here we combine these results to construct networks of functional associations.},
    title = {The society of genes: networks of functional links between genes from comparative genomics},
    number = {11},
    volume = {3},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/gb-2002-3-11-research0064},
    year = {2002},
    pages = {research0064.1}
}

@article{Yang2009,
    title = {Representing tone in Levenshtein distance},
    journal = {International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing},
    author = {Yang, Cathryn and Castro, Andy},
    number = {1-2},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {205-219}
}

@article{Winston1976,
    title = {Teaching Chinese through Chinese Literature},
    journal = {The Modern Language Journal},
    author = {Winston L. Y. Yang},
    number = {1/2},
    volume = {60},
    year = {1976},
    pages = {31-35}
}

@article{Yang1993,
    title = {Maximum-likelihood estimation of phylogeny from DNA sequences when substitution rates differ over sites},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    abstract = {Felsensteinś maximum-likelihood approach for inferring phylogeny from DNA sequences assumes that the rate of nucleotide substitution is constant over different nucleotide sites. This assumption is sometimes unrealistic, as has been revealed by analysis of real sequence data. In the present paper Felsensteinś method is extended to the case where substitution rates over sites are described by the gamma distribution. A numerical example is presented to show that the method fits the data better than do previous models.},
    author = {Yang, Z.},
    number = {6},
    volume = {10},
    year = {1993},
    pages = {1396-1401}
}

@article{Yang1995,
    title = {On the use of nucleic acid sequences to infer early branchings in the tree of life},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    author = {Yang, Z. and Roberts, D.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {12},
    year = {1995},
    pages = {451-458}
}

@inproceedings{Yanovich2016,
    publisher = {Misc at http://evolang.org/neworleans/papers/24.html},
    title = {Genetic Drift Explains Sapirś "drift In Semantic Change},
    booktitle = {The Evolution of Language: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference (EVOLANGX11)},
    author = {Yanovich, Igor},
    editor = {S.G. Roberts and C. Cuskley and L. McCrohon and L. Barceló-Coblijn and O. Fehér and T. Verhoef},
    year = {2016}
}

@inproceedings{Yao2015,
    publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
    author = {Yao, Lei and Kondrak, Grzegorz},
    url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N15-1095},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2015 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies},
    title = {Joint Generation of Transliterations from Multiple Representations},
    year = {2015},
    address = {Denver, Colorado},
    pages = {943-952}
}

@article{Yap2005,
    title = {Rooting a phylogenetic tree with nonreversible substitution models},
    journal = {BMC Evolutionary Biology},
    author = {Yap, V. Bing and Speed, Terry},
    volume = {5},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {2}
}

@article{Yaruss1990,
    publisher = {Springer},
    author = {Yaruss, Jonathan Scott},
    journal = {Computers and the Humanities},
    abstract = {The following paper argues against the abandonment of outdated computer-based research projects in favor of the redevelopment of such projects to take advantage of the recently available computer technology. Specifically, the paper reviews the rebirth of the Dictionary on Computer (DOC) of the Project on Linguistic Analysis at the University of California, Berkeley. A team of students and faculty have redesigned this research system and are implementing it on a personal computer to increase its availability compared with the previous implementation on an obsolete mainframe computer. In addition, changes to the system which take advantage of the features available in todayś modern personal computers are reviewed.},
    title = {DOC 1988: The Modernization of a Chinese Dialect Dictionary on Computer},
    number = {3},
    volume = {24},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/30200226},
    year = {1990},
    pages = {207-219}
}

@book{Yip2002,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Yip, Moira},
    year = {2002},
    title = {Tone},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@article{Yip1988,
    title = {The Obligatory Contour Principle and Phonological Rules: A Loss of Identity},
    journal = {Linguistic Inquiry},
    author = {Yip, Moira},
    number = {1},
    volume = {19},
    year = {1988},
    pages = {65-100}
}

@article{Yip1988a,
    publisher = {Springer},
    author = {Yip, Moira},
    journal = {Natural Language & Linguistic Theory},
    title = {Template Morphology and the Direction of Association},
    number = {4},
    volume = {6},
    year = {1988},
    keywords = {contraction, Chinese},
    pages = {551-577}
}

@article{Yiu2015,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1163/2405478X-00802008},
    title = {Chónggòu zǎoqī hànyǔ fāngyán yǔfǎ. Wèiyí shìjiàn de lèixíng},
    journal = {Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Carine Yuk-man Yiu 姚玉敏},
    volume = {8},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {267-288}
}

@article{Yongzhong1997,
    publisher = {Anthropos Institute},
    author = {Yongzhong, Zhu and Chuluu, Üjiyediin and Slater, Keith and Stuart, Kevin},
    journal = {Anthropos},
    abstract = {The Chinese dialect spoken in Gangou Hui Township, Minhe Hui and Monguor County, Qinghai, China is analyzed. An introduction to the local linguistic and ethnic situation and a discussion of structural points of similarity between Gangou Chinese Dialect and Minhe Monguor in the context of a folktale narrative, originally told in Gangou Chinese Dialect, with a sentence-by-sentence translation into Minhe Monguor and English are provided. The degree of correspondence between Gangou Chinese Dialect and Minhe Monguor is striking: even to the level of order of morphemes, morphosyntactic structures are virtually identical. The need for further studies of how non-Sinitic languages influence Chinese is stressed.},
    title = {Gangou Chinese dialect},
    number = {4/6},
    volume = {92},
    year = {1997},
    pages = {433-450}
}

@article{Youn2016,
    title = {On the universal structure of human lexical semantics},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1520752113},
    year = {2016},
    author = {Youn, Hyejin and Sutton, Logan and Smith, Eric and Moore, Cristopher and Wilkins, Jon F. and Maddieson, Ian and Croft, William and Bhattacharya, Tanmoy}
}

@article{Yu2007,
    title = {Understanding near Mergers: The Case of Morphological Tone in Cantonese},
    journal = {Phonology},
    author = {Yu, Alan C. L.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {24},
    year = {2007},
    pages = {187-214}
}

@article{Yu2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1075/ltba.39.1.06yu},
    title = {The impact of urbanization and Han Chinese migration on the endangerment of languages and cultures in China. A case study on Samatao of Kunming},
    journal = {Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area},
    author = {Yu, Defen},
    number = {1},
    volume = {39},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {161–173}
}

@article{Yu2014,
    title = {Maximum likelihood inference of reticulate evolutionary histories},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
    author = {Yu, Y. and Dong, J. and Liu, K. J. and Nakhleh, L.},
    number = {46},
    volume = {111},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {16448-16453}
}

@book{YueHashimoto2005,
    publisher = {Language Information Sciences Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong},
    author = {Yue-Hashimoto, Anne},
    year = {2005},
    title = {The Dancun Dialect of Taishan},
    address = {Hongkong}
}

@book{Zgraggen1980,
    publisher = {Australian National University},
    author = {Zǵraggen, J. A.},
    year = {1980},
    title = {A comparative word list of the Rai Coast languages, Madang province, Papua New Guinea},
    address = {Canberra}
}

@book{Zgraggen1980a,
    publisher = {Australian National University},
    author = {Zǵraggen, J. A.},
    year = {1980},
    title = {A comparative word list of the Mabuso languages, Madang province, Papua New Guinea},
    address = {Canberra}
}

@book{Zgraggen1980b,
    publisher = {Pacific Linguistics},
    author = {Zǵraggen, J A},
    year = {1980},
    title = {A comparative word list of the Northern Adelbert Range Languages, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea},
    address = {Canberra}
}

@book{Zgraggen1980c,
    publisher = {Pacific Linguistics},
    author = {Zǵraggen, J A},
    year = {1980},
    title = {A comparative word list of the Mabuso Languages, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea},
    address = {Canberra}
}

@article{Zaccarella2017,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhv234},
    title = {Building by Syntax: The Neural Basis of Minimal Linguistic Structures},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhv234},
    journal = {Cerebral Cortex},
    author = {Zaccarella, Emiliano and Meyer, Lars and Makuuchi, Michiru and Friederici, Angela D.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {27},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {411-421}
}

@article{Zahid2006,
    title = {A pattern recognition-based approach for phylogenetic network construction with constrained recombination},
    url = {doi:10.1016/j.patcog.2006.06.020},
    journal = {Pattern Recognition},
    author = {Zahid, M. A. H. and Mittal, Ankush and Joshi, R. C.},
    number = {12},
    volume = {39},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {2312-2322}
}

@article{Zalizniak2012,
    title = {The catalogue of semantic shifts as a database for lexical semantic typology},
    journal = {linguistics},
    author = {Zalizniak, Anna A. and Bulakh, M. and Ganenkov, Dimitrij, and Gruntov, Ilya, and Maisak, Timur and Russo, Maxim},
    number = {3},
    volume = {50},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {633-669}
}

@book{Zavjalova1996,
    publisher = {Naučnaja Kniga},
    author = {Zavjalova, O. I.},
    year = {1996},
    title = {Dialekty kitajskogo jazyka},
    address = {Moskva}
}

@article{Zavjalova1982,
    title = {Nekotorye voprosy lingvogeografičeskogo izučenija fonetiki guanx́ua},
    journal = {Voprosy Jazykoznanija},
    author = {Zavjalova, O. I.},
    number = {3},
    volume = {30},
    year = {1982},
    pages = {92-103}
}

@incollection{Zec2007,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    author = {Zec, Draga},
    booktitle = {The Cambridge handbook of phonology},
    title = {The syllable},
    editor = {Lacy, Paul de},
    year = {2007},
    keywords = {sonority;sonority hierarchy},
    pages = {161-194}
}

@article{Zeige2015,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcz.2015.02.003},
    author = {Lars Erik Zeige},
    journal = {Zoologischer Anzeiger - A Journal of Comparative Zoology},
    abstract = {Abstract ‘Morphology’ in linguistics is the study of the structure and function of word forms. In this paper, Sections 1 and 2 will give an insight into the basic notions and subfields of linguistic morphology to illustrate the linguistic approach to structure and function. It will then proceed to identify the position of morphology within linguistics and the repeated conjunctions between biology and linguistics by glancing at the theoretical foundations (Section 3) and the history (Section 4) of morphology in linguistics as well as todayś theoretical and methodological challenges (Section 5). The paper will conclude with some deliberations on the relevance of morphological studies as part of the academic canon. },
    title = {Word forms, classification and family trees of languages. Why morphology is crucial for linguistics},
    volume = {256},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S004452311500008X},
    year = {2015},
    keywords = {morphology},
    pages = {42-53}
}

@article{Zeng2015,
    title = {Devoicing of historically voiced obstruents in Xiangxiang Chinese - an actoustic-phonetic perspective},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Zeng, Ting},
    number = {2},
    volume = {43},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {638-667}
}

@article{Zengel1962,
    title = {Literacy as a Factor in Language Change},
    journal = {American Anthropologist},
    author = {Zengel, Marjorie Smith},
    number = {1},
    volume = {64},
    year = {1962},
    pages = {132-139}
}

@article{Zerubavel1996,
    title = {Lumping and Splitting: Notes on Social Classification},
    journal = {Sociological Forum},
    author = {Zerubavel, Eviatar},
    number = {3},
    volume = {11},
    year = {1996},
    pages = {421-433}
}

@article{Zevin2002,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jmla.2001.2834},
    author = {Zevin, Jason D. and Seidenberg, Mark S.},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749596X01928347},
    abstract = {Recent studies have suggested that age of acquisition (AoA) has an impact on skilled reading independent of factors such as frequency. This result raises questions about previous studies in which AoA was not controlled and about current theories in which it is not addressed. Analyses of the materials used in previous studies suggest that the observed AoA effects may have been due to other factors. We also found little evidence for an AoA effect in computational models of reading that used words that exhibit normal spelling-sound regularities. An AoA effect was observed, however, in a model in which early and late learned words did not overlap in terms of orthography or phonology. The results suggest that with other correlated properties of stimuli controled, AoA effects occur when what is learned about early patterns does not carry over to later ones. This condition is not characteristic of learning spelling-sound mappings but may be relevant to tasks such as learning the names for objects. },
    title = {Age of Acquisition Effects in Word Reading and Other Tasks},
    number = {1},
    pages = {1 - 29},
    volume = {47},
    year = {2002},
    keywords = {age of acquisition},
    journal = {Journal of Memory and Language}
}

@article{Zhang2001,
    title = {Qiǎntán Hànyǔ `héyīncí},
    journal = {Journal of Zibo University},
    author = {Zhāng Yùxiá 张玉霞 and Yú Sīxiāng 于思湘},
    number = {4},
    volume = {17},
    year = {2001},
    pages = {58-60}
}

@article{Zhang2003,
    title = {Evolution by gene duplication: an update},
    journal = {TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution},
    author = {Zhang, Jinzhi},
    number = {6},
    volume = {18},
    year = {2003}
}

@article{Zhang1997,
    title = {Detection of convergent and parallel evolution at the amino acid sequence level},
    journal = {Molecular Biology and Evolution},
    abstract = {Adaptive evolution at the molecular level can be studied by detecting convergent and parallel evolution at the amino acid sequence level. For a set of homologous protein sequences, the ancestral amino acids at all interior nodes of the phylogenetic tree of the proteins can be statistically inferred. The amino acid sites that have experienced convergent or parallel changes on independent evolutionary lineages can then be identified by comparing the amino acids at the beginning and end of each lineage. At present, the efficiency of the methods of ancestral sequence inference in identifying convergent and parallel changes is unknown. More seriously, when we identify convergent or parallel changes, it is unclear whether these changes are attributable to random chance. For these reasons, claims of convergent and parallel evolution at the amino acid sequence level have been disputed. We have conducted computer simulations to assess the efficiencies, of the parsimony and Bayesian methods of ancestral sequence inference in identifying convergent and parallel-change sites. Our results showed that the Bayesian method performs better than the parsimony method in identifying parallel changes, and both methods are inefficient in identifying convergent changes. However, the Bayesian method is recommended for estimating the number of convergent-change sites because it gives a conservative estimate. We have developed statistical tests for examining whether the observed numbers of convergent and parallel changes are due to random chance. As an example, we reanalyzed the stomach lysozyme sequences of foregut fermenters and found that parallel evolution is statistically significant, whereas convergent evolution is not well supported.},
    author = {Zhang, J. and Kumar, S.},
    number = {5},
    volume = {14},
    year = {1997},
    pages = {527-536}
}

@article{Zhang2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01916},
    title = {How Many Is Enough?—Statistical Principles for Lexicostatistics},
    journal = {Frontiers in Psychology},
    abstract = {Lexicostatistics has been applied in linguistics to inform phylogenetic relations among languages. There are two important yet not well-studied parameters in this approach: the conventional size of vocabulary list to collect potentially true cognates and the minimum matching instances required to confirm a recurrent sound correspondence. Here, we derive two statistical principles from stochastic theorems to quantify these parameters. These principles validate the practice of using the Swadesh 100- and 200-word lists to indicate degree of relatedness between languages, and enable a frequency-based, dynamic threshold to detect recurrent sound correspondences. Using statistical tests, we further evaluate the generality of the Swadesh 100-word list compared to the Swadesh 200-word list and other 100-word lists sampled randomly from the Swadesh 200-word list. All these provide mathematical support for applying lexicostatistics in historical and comparative linguistics.},
    author = {Zhang, Menghan and Gong, Tao},
    volume = {7},
    url = {http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01916},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {1916}
}

@article{Zhao1998,
    title = {Yáng Xióng Fāngyán lǐmiàn de wàiláicí},
    journal = {Zhơnghuá Wénhuà Lùntán 中華文化論壇 [Forum for Chinese Culture]},
    author = {Zhào Zhènduó 赵振铎 and Huáng Fēng 黄峰},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1998},
    pages = {106-109}
}

@phdthesis{Zhao2006,
    school = {Zhongyang Minzu Daxue},
    title = {Zhaozhuang Baiyu miaoxie yanjiu (Investigations of Zhaozhuang Bai)},
    year = {2006},
    author = {Zhao, Yanzhan}
}

@article{Zhaxybayeva2004,
    title = {Cladogenesis, coalescence and the evolution of the three domains of life},
    journal = {Trends in Genetics},
    author = {Zhaxybayeva, Olga and Gogarten, J. P.},
    number = {4},
    volume = {20},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {182-187}
}

@article{Zheng2015,
    title = {The historical relationship between Northern Wu and Min dialects from the perspective of comparative phonology},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Zheng, Wei},
    number = {1A},
    volume = {43},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {119-149}
}

@book{Zhengzhang2000,
    publisher = {École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales},
    author = {Zhengzhang, Shangfang},
    year = {2000},
    title = {The phonological system of Old Chinese},
    address = {Paris}
}

@article{Lu1987,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0388-0001(87)80021-9},
    author = {Lu Zhiji},
    journal = {Language Sciences},
    abstract = {Until now most of the studies on Chinese dialect subgrouping have been carried out by listing and comparing a handful of the linguistic features within the framework of traditional historical linguistics. Following the methodology for quantifying the degrees of closeness among Chinese dialects proposed in Cheng (1982), this paper presents a quantitative method of dialect subgrouping which uses both correlational analysis and cluster analysis. Using this approach the dialects of 74 locations in Jiangsu Province and the Shanghai Area in China will be subgrouped and discussed.},
    title = {A quantitative method of dialect subgrouping: The case of dialects in Jiangsu and Shanghai},
    number = {2},
    volume = {9},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0388000187800219},
    year = {1987},
    pages = {217 - 229}
}

@misc{Zhivlov2011,
    title = {Annotated Swadesh wordlists for the Ob-Ugrian group (Uralic family)},
    url = {http://starling.rinet.ru/new100/oug.xls},
    booktitle = {The Global Lexicostatistical Database},
    author = {Zhivlov, Mikhail},
    editor = {Starostin, Georgij},
    year = {2011}
}

@article{Zhou2015,
    publisher = {The Royal Society},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.1278},
    author = {Zhou, Kevin and Bowern, Claire},
    abstract = {Researchers have long been interested in the evolution of culture and the ways in which change in cultural systems can be reconstructed and tracked. Within the realm of language, these questions are increasingly investigated with Bayesian phylogenetic methods. However, such work in cultural phylogenetics could be improved by more explicit quantification of reconstruction and transition probabilities. We apply such methods to numerals in the languages of Australia. As a large phylogeny with almost universal low-limit systems, Australian languages are ideal for investigating numeral change over time. We reconstruct the most likely extent of the system at the root and use that information to explore the ways numerals evolve. We show that these systems do not increment serially, but most commonly vary their upper limits between 3 and 5. While there is evidence for rapid system elaboration beyond the lower limits, languages lose numerals as well as gain them. We investigate the ways larger numerals build on smaller bases, and show that there is a general tendency to both gain and replace 4 by combining 2 + 2 (rather than inventing a new unanalysable word four). We develop a series of methods for quantifying and visualizing the results.},
    title = {Quantifying uncertainty in the phylogenetics of Australian numeral systems},
    number = {1815},
    volume = {282},
    year = {2015},
    journal = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences}
}

@article{Zhou1957,
    volume = {7},
    journal = {Zhongguo Yuwen},
    title = {Wénzì Yǎnjìn de Yībān Guīlǚ},
    year = {1957},
    author = {Zhou, Youguang}
}

@article{Zhou2018,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728915000279},
    author = {Zhou, Yanling and McBride, Catherine},
    journal = {Bilingualism: Language and Cognition},
    title = {The same or different: An investigation of cognitive and metalinguistic correlates of Chinese word reading for native and non-native Chinese speaking children},
    number = {4},
    volume = {21},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {765–781}
}

@article{Zhou1991,
    title = {Migrations in Chinese history and their legacy on Chinese dialects},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Zhou, Zhenhe},
    volume = {3},
    editor = {Wang, William Shi-Yuan},
    year = {1991},
    pages = {29-51}
}

@article{Zhu2015,
    title = {Types of falling tones},
    journal = {Journal of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Zhu, Xiaonong},
    number = {2},
    volume = {43},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {605-637}
}

@incollection{Zorc1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    author = {Zorc, R. David},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    title = {The Austronesian monosyllabic root, radical or phonestheme},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Austronesian;Rekonstruktion},
    pages = {175-194}
}

@article{Zorc1974,
    title = {Towards a definitive philippine wordlist: The qualitative use of vocabulary in identifying and classifying languages},
    journal = {Oceanic Linguistics},
    author = {Zorc, R. David},
    number = {1/2},
    volume = {13},
    year = {1974},
    pages = {409-455}
}

@article{Zou2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00714},
    title = {Neural Correlates of Morphological Processing: Evidence from Chinese},
    url = {http://www.frontiersin.org/human_neuroscience/10.3389/fnhum.2015.00714/abstract},
    abstract = {Morphological decomposition is an important part of complex word processing. In Chinese, this requires a comprehensive consideration of phonological, orthographic and morphemic information. The left inferior frontal gyrus (L-IFG) has been implicated in this process in alphabetic languages. However, it is unclear whether the neural mechanisms underlying morphological processing in alphabetic languages would be the same in Chinese, a logographic language. To investigate the neural basis of morphological processing in Chinese compound words, an fMRI experiment was conducted using an explicit auditory morphological judgment task. Results showed the L-IFG to be a core area in Chinese morphological processing, consistent with research in alphabetic languages. Additionally, a broad network consisting of the L-MTG, the bilateral STG and the L-FG that taps phonological, orthographic, and semantic information was found to be involved. These results provide evidence that the L-IFG plays an important role in morphological processing even in languages that are typologically different.},
    author = {Zou, Lijuan and Packard, Jerome L and Xia, Zhichao and Liu, Youyi and Shu, Hua},
    number = {714},
    volume = {9},
    year = {2016},
    journal = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience}
}

@book{Zhuravlev1994,
    publisher = {Isdatelśtvo Índrik},
    author = {Žuravlev, A. F.},
    year = {1994},
    title = {Leksikostatističeskoe modelirovanie sistemy slavjanskogo jazykovogo rodstva (Lexicostatistical modelling of the system of genetic relationship among the Slavonic languages)},
    address = {Moscow}
}

@incollection{Zwick1978,
    publisher = {Plenum Press},
    author = {Zwick, Martin},
    booktitle = {Applied General Systems Research: Recent Developments & Trends},
    title = {Some analogies of hierarchical order in biology and linguistics},
    year = {1978},
    editor = {Klir, Georg},
    address = {New York},
    pages = {521-529}
}

@inproceedings{Zwicky1976,
    author = {Zwicky, Arnold},
    booktitle = {Papers from the Twelfth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society},
    title = {Well, This Rock and Roll Has Got to Stop. Junior’s Head Is Hard as a Rock},
    year = {1976},
    editor = {S. Mufwene and C. A. Walker and S. B. Steever},
    address = {Chicago},
    pages = {676-697}
}

@book{Zihui,
    publisher = {Wénzì Gǎigé 文字改革},
    title = {Hànyǔ fāngyīn zìhuì},
    address = {Běijīng 北京},
    edition = {2},
    editor = {Běijīng Dàxué 北京大学},
    year = {1989}
}

@book{Cihui,
    publisher = {Wénzì Gǎigé 文字改革},
    year = {1964},
    editor = {Běijīng Dàxué 北京大学},
    title = {Hànyǔ fāngyán cíhuì}
}

@book{Huang1992,
    publisher = {Zhōngyāng Mínzú Dàxué 中央民族大学 [Central Institute of Minorities]},
    title = {Zàngmiǎn yǔzú yǔyán cíhuì},
    url = {https://stedt.berkeley.edu/ stedt-cgi/rootcanal.pl/source/TBL},
    address = {Běijīng 北京},
    editor = {Huáng Bùfán 黃布凡},
    year = {1992}
}

@misc{Hou2004,
    publisher = {Shànghǎi Jiàoyù 上海教育},
    title = {Xiàndài Hànyǔ fāngyán yīnkù},
    address = {Shànghǎi 上海},
    editor = {Hóu Jīngyī 侯精一},
    year = {2004},
    howpublished = {CD-ROM}
}

@book{Hua2006,
    publisher = {Zhōnghuá Shūjú 中华书局},
    booktitle = {Yáng Xióng Fāngyán jiàoshì huìzhèng},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Huá Xuéchéng 华学诚},
    address = {Běijīng 北京}
}

@book{Li2002,
    publisher = {Jiāngsù Jiàoyù},
    title = {Xiàndài Hànyǔ fāngyán dà cídiǎn},
    year = {2002},
    editor = {Lǐ Róng 李荣},
    address = {Nánjīng}
}

@book{Sun1991,
    publisher = {Zhōngguó Shèhuì Kēxué 中国社会科学 [Chinese Social Sciences Press]},
    year = {1991},
    editor = {Sūn Hóngkāi 孙宏开},
    title = {Zàngmiǎnyǔ yǔyīn hé cíhuì}
}

@book{Satoo1998,
    publisher = {Aoyamagakuin Daigaku Keizaigakubu 靑山学院大学経済学部 [Aoyama Gakuin University, College of Economics]},
    booktitle = {Sòngkān Fāngyán sìzhòng yǐngyìn jíchéng},
    editor = {Satoo Susumu 佐藤進},
    address = {Tōkyō 東京}
}

@book{Xiang2007,
    publisher = {Sichuan Cishu Chubanshe},
    title = {Gǔdài Hànyǔ zhìshi cídian},
    year = {2007},
    editor = {Xiàng Xī 向熹},
    address = {Chengdu}
}

@book{Zhou1956,
    publisher = {Kēxué Chūbǎnshè 科学出版社},
    booktitle = {Fāngyán jiàojiān},
    year = {1956},
    editor = {Zhōu Zǔmó 周祖谟},
    address = {Shànghǎi 上海}
}

@book{Aikhenvald2006a,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {0-19-829981-8},
    title = {Areal diffusion and genetic inheritance: Problems in comparative linguistics},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. and Dixon, Robert M. W.},
    address = {Oxford},
    keywords = {Sprachklassifikation;Areallinguistik;Linguistik;Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Anderman2005,
    keywords = {english language; european languages; translating; language contact},
    publisher = {Clevedon: Multilingual Matters Ltd.},
    year = {2005},
    editor = {Anderman, Gunilla and Rogers, Margaret},
    title = {In and out of English: For Better, For Worse?}
}

@book{Anderson1974,
    publisher = {North-Holland Pub. Co and American Elsevier},
    isbn = {0444106685},
    title = {Historical linguistics: Proceedings of the first International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Edinburgh, 2nd-7th September 1973},
    series = {North-Holland linguistics series},
    year = {1974},
    volume = {v. 12, a-b},
    editor = {Anderson, John Mathieson and Jones, Charles},
    address = {Amsterdam, New York},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@proceedings{Ranlp2011,
    publisher = {RANLP 2011 Organising Committee},
    booktitle = {RANLP},
    year = {2011},
    editor = {Galia Angelova and Kalina Bontcheva and Ruslan Mitkov and Nicolas Nicolov},
    title = {Recent Advances in Natural Language Processing, RANLP 2011, 12-14 September, 2011, Hissar, Bulgaria}
}

@book{Antonsen1990,
    publisher = {John Benjamins},
    title = {The Grimm brothers and the Germanic past},
    booktitle = {The Grimm brothers and the Germanic past},
    address = {Amsterdam and Philadelphia},
    editor = {Antonsen, Elmer H.},
    year = {1990}
}

@misc{IPA2015,
    url = {https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/sites/default/files/IPA_Kiel_2015.pdf},
    year = {2015},
    editor = {International Phonetic Association},
    title = {The International Phonetic Alphabet (revised to 2015)}
}

@book{Augst2009,
    publisher = {Niemeyer},
    title = {Worfamilienwörterbuch der deutschen Gegenwartssprache},
    year = {2009},
    editor = {Augst, Gerhard},
    address = {Tübingen}
}

@book{Auroux2006,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    booktitle = {History of the language sciences},
    address = {Berlin and New York},
    volume = {3},
    editor = {Auroux, Sylvain and Koerner, E. F. K. and Niederehe, Hans-Josef and Versteegh, Kees},
    year = {2006}
}

@book{Auroux2001,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    booktitle = {History of the language sciences},
    address = {Berlin and New York},
    volume = {2},
    editor = {Auroux, Sylvain and Koerner, E. F. K. and Niederehe, Hans-Josef and Versteegh, Kees},
    year = {2001}
}

@book{Auroux2000,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    booktitle = {History of the language sciences},
    year = {2000},
    number = {18},
    volume = {1},
    editor = {Auroux, Sylvain and Koerner, E. F. K. and Niederehe, Hans-Josef and Versteegh, Kees},
    address = {Berlin and New York}
}

@misc{Baayen1995,
    title = {The CELEX Lexical Database},
    year = {1995},
    keywords = {Dutch, English, German},
    editor = {Baayen, R. H. and Piepenbrock, R. and Gulikers, L.},
    address = {Philadelphia},
    howpublished = {CD-ROM},
    institution = {University of Pennsylvania}
}

@proceedings{Bahner1990,
    publisher = {Akademie Verlag},
    title = {Proceedings of the XIVth International Congress of Linguists.},
    address = {Berlin},
    volume = {II},
    editor = {Bahner, W. and Schildt, J. and Viehweger, D.},
    year = {1990}
}

@book{Baldi1990,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {0899255469},
    booktitle = {Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Baldi, Philip},
    address = {Berlin; New York},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Barth2009,
    publisher = {Springer},
    title = {A primer on scientific programming with Python},
    year = {2009},
    editor = {Barth, T. J. and Griebel, M. and Keyes, D. E. and Nieminen, R. M. and Roose, D. and Schlick, T.},
    address = {Heidelberg and Berlin}
}

@book{Beekes1992,
    publisher = {Inst. für Sprachwiss.},
    isbn = {3851246136},
    title = {Rekonstruktion und relative Chronologie: Akten der 8. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, Leiden, 31. August - 4. September 1987},
    series = {Innsbrucker Beiträge zur SprachwissenschaftVorträge und kleinere Schriften},
    year = {1992},
    volume = {65},
    editor = {Beekes, Robert S. P.},
    address = {Innsbruck},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Blake1993,
    publisher = {Office for Humanities Comunication Publications},
    title = {Occasional Papers of the Canterbury Tales Project},
    address = {Oxford},
    editor = {Blake, N. and Robinson, P. M. W.},
    year = {1993},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk;PRÜFEN}
}

@book{Blench1997,
    publisher = {Routledge},
    series = {One world archaeology},
    booktitle = {Archaeology and Language I: Theoretical and Methodological Orientations},
    year = {1997},
    volume = {27},
    editor = {Roger Blench and Matthew Spriggs},
    address = {London}
}

@book{Boehltingk1840,
    publisher = {H. B. König},
    title = {Einleitung, Commentar, erklärender Index der grammatischen Kunstausdrücke, alphabetisches Verzeichnis der Sûtraś, Ganapâtha},
    address = {Bonn},
    volume = {2},
    editor = {Böhtlingk, Otto},
    year = {1840}
}

@book{Bower2001,
    publisher = {MIT Press},
    isbn = {0-262-02481-0},
    title = {Computational modeling of genetic and biochemical networks},
    url = {http://www.gbv.de/dms/ohb-opac/312272111.pdf},
    series = {A Bradford book},
    year = {2001},
    editor = {Bower, James M. and Bolouri, Hamid},
    address = {Cambridge, Mass.},
    keywords = {Biologie;Genetik;Netzwerke}
}

@book{Bradley2003,
    publisher = {Australian National University},
    booktitle = {Language variation: Papers on variation and change in the Sinoshpere and in the Indosphere in honour of James A. Matisoff},
    year = {2003},
    editor = {Bradley, David and Lapolla, Randy J. and Michailovsky, Boyd and Thurgood, Graham},
    address = {Canberra}
}

@book{Branner2006a,
    publisher = {Benjamins},
    booktitle = {The Chinese rime tables. Linguistic phylosophy and historical-comparative phonology},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Branner, David Prager},
    address = {Amsterdam}
}

@book{Britton1996,
    publisher = {Benjamins},
    isbn = {9027236399},
    title = {English Historical Linguistics 1994: Papers from the 8th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics (8.ICEHL, Edinburgh, 19 - 23 September 1994)},
    url = {http://www.gbv.de/dms/goettingen/194148254.pdf},
    series = {Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic scienceCurrent issues in linguistic theory},
    year = {1996},
    volume = {135},
    editor = {Britton, Derek},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@misc{Bulakh2013,
    url = {http://semshifts.iling-ran.ru/},
    year = {2013},
    editor = {Bulakh, M. and Ganenkov, Dimitrij and Gruntov, Ilya and Maisak, T. and Rousseau, Maxim and Zalizniak, A.},
    title = {Database of semantic shifts in the languages of the world}
}

@book{Bussmann1996,
    publisher = {Routledge},
    title = {Routledge dictionary of language and linguistics},
    year = {1996},
    editor = {Bussmann, Hadumod},
    address = {London and New York}
}

@book{Bussmann2002,
    publisher = {Kröner},
    title = {Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft},
    address = {Stuttgart},
    edition = {3},
    editor = {Bußmann, Hadumod},
    year = {2002}
}

@book{CaetanoAnolles2010,
    publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
    booktitle = {Evolutionary genomics and systems biology},
    year = {2010},
    editor = {Caetano-Anollés, Gustavo},
    address = {Hoboken}
}

@book{Campbell2007a,
    publisher = {Edinburgh Univ. Press},
    title = {A glossary of historical linguistics},
    year = {2007},
    editor = {Campbell, Lyle and Mixco, Mauricio},
    address = {Edinburgh}
}

@proceedings{Cangelosi2006,
    publisher = {World Scientific,},
    title = {The evolution of language.: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference (Evolang6)},
    address = {Singapore},
    editor = {Cangelosi, A. and Smith, A. D. M. and Smith, K.},
    year = {2006},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Carrington2005,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    isbn = {0521600979},
    title = {Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis},
    url = {http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55625297},
    series = {Structural analysis in the social sciences},
    booktitle = {Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis},
    year = {2005},
    editor = {Carrington, Peter J. and Scott, John and Wasserman, Stanley},
    address = {Cambridge, UK}
}

@book{Castro2015,
    publisher = {SIL International},
    title = {Sui dialect research},
    year = {2015},
    editor = {Castro, Andy and Pan, Xingwen},
    address = {Guizhou}
}

@book{Chan2008,
    title = {Proceedings of the 20th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-20)},
    address = {Columbus, Ohio},
    volume = {1},
    editor = {Chan, Marjorie K. M. and Kang, Hana},
    year = {2008},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Chen2006a,
    publisher = {Springer},
    isbn = {3-540-36925-2},
    title = {COMPUTING AND COMBINATORICS, PROCEEDINGS},
    series = {Lecture notes in computer science},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Chen, D. Z. and Lee, D. T.},
    address = {HEIDELBERGER PLATZ 3, D-14197 BERLIN, GERMANY},
    keywords = {Biologie;Linguistik und Biologie;Gray}
}

@book{Cherubim1975,
    publisher = {de Gryuter},
    isbn = {3110043300},
    title = {Sprachwandel: Reader zur diachronischen Sprachwissenschaft},
    series = {de-Gruyter-StudienbuchGrundlagen der Kommunikation},
    year = {1975},
    editor = {Cherubim, Dieter},
    address = {Berlin},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Cobley2001,
    publisher = {Routledge},
    booktitle = {The Routledge companion to semiotics and linguistics},
    year = {2001},
    editor = {Cobley, Paul},
    address = {London and New York}
}

@book{MLC1993,
    publisher = {Ministry of Education},
    title = {Myanmar-English dictionary},
    year = {1993},
    editor = {Myanmar Language Commission},
    address = {Rangoon}
}

@book{Comrie1993,
    publisher = {Routledge},
    booktitle = {The Slavonic languages},
    year = {1993},
    editor = {Comrie, Bernard and Corbett, Greville G.},
    address = {London and New York}
}

@book{PopolVuh,
    publisher = {Diederich},
    title = {Popol Vuh},
    year = {1978},
    editor = {Cordan, Wolfgang},
    address = {Düsseldorf and Köln}
}

@proceedings{Coudert1999,
    publisher = {Harrassowitz},
    isbn = {3447041560},
    series = {Wolfenbütteler Forschungen},
    booktitle = {The Language of Adam},
    year = {1999},
    number = {84},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft;},
    editor = {Coudert, Allison P.},
    address = {Wiesbaden},
    howpublished = {Proceedings of a conference held at the Herzog August Bibliothek}
}

@book{Coulmas2008,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    title = {Authenticity and linguistic heritage in the age of globalization},
    address = {Berlin},
    editor = {Coulmas, Florian},
    year = {2008},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Crystal1980,
    publisher = {Blackwell},
    title = {A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics},
    address = {Malden},
    edition = {6},
    editor = {Crystal, David},
    year = {2008}
}

@book{Cui2006,
    edition = {12.},
    title = {四书五经Sìshū Wǔjīng (Four books, five classics)},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Cuī, Jiànlín},
    address = {Běijīng 北京}
}

@book{Dabrowska2015,
    publisher = {de Gruyter Mouton},
    booktitle = {Handbook of cognitive linguistics},
    year = {2015},
    editor = {Dabrowska, Ewa and Divjak, Dagmar},
    address = {Berlin and New York}
}

@book{Dehmer2011,
    publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
    booktitle = {Applied statistics for network biology. Methods in systems biology},
    year = {2011},
    editor = {Matthias Dehmer and Frank Emmert-Streib and Armin Graber and Armindo Salvador},
    address = {Weinheim}
}

@book{Derksen2008,
    publisher = {Brill},
    title = {Etymological dictionary of the Slavic inherited lexicon},
    series = {Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series},
    year = {2008},
    number = {4},
    editor = {Derksen, Rick},
    address = {Leiden and Boston}
}

@book{Desnickaja1989,
    publisher = {Nauka},
    isbn = {5-02-027964-1},
    title = {Aktualŉye voprosy sravnitelŉogo jazykoznanija [Current problems of comparative linguistics]},
    year = {1989},
    editor = {Desnickaja, A. V.},
    address = {Leningrad},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Devitt2006,
    publisher = {Blackwell},
    booktitle = {The Blackwell guide to the philosophy of language},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Devitt, Michael and Hanley, Richard},
    address = {Malden and Oxford}
}

@proceedings{Djamouri2001,
    publisher = {École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales},
    booktitle = {3rd International Symposium on Ancient Chinese Grammar},
    year = {2001},
    editor = {Djamouri, Redouane},
    address = {Paris}
}

@book{Dryer2013,
    publisher = {Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology},
    title = {WALS Misc},
    url = {http://wals.info/},
    address = {Leipzig},
    editor = {Matthew S. Dryer and Martin Haspelmath},
    year = {2013}
}

@book{Wals2011,
    publisher = {Max Planck Digital Library},
    title = {The World Atlas of Language Structures online},
    url = {http://wals.info/},
    address = {Munich},
    editor = {Dryer, Matthew S. and Haspelmath, Martin},
    year = {2011}
}

@book{Durie1996,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {9780195066074},
    booktitle = {The comparative method reviewed},
    address = {New York},
    editor = {Durie, Mark},
    year = {1996}
}

@proceedings{Dybo1990,
    booktitle = {Konferencija pamjati V. M. Illič-Svityča},
    editor = {Dybo, V. A.},
    year = {1990}
}

@proceedings{Dyen1973b,
    publisher = {Mouton},
    series = {Janua Linguarum},
    booktitle = {Yale Conference},
    year = {1973},
    number = {69},
    editor = {Dyen, Isidore},
    address = {The Hague and Paris}
}

@misc{Dyen1997,
    url = {http://www.wordgumbo.com/ie/cmp/iedata.txt},
    year = {1997},
    editor = {Dyen, Isidore and Kruskal, Joseph B. and Black, Paul},
    title = {Comparative Indo-European database: File IE-data1}
}

@book{Eco1983,
    publisher = {Indiana University Press},
    booktitle = {The sign of three},
    year = {1983},
    editor = {Eco, Umberto and Sebeok, Thomas A.},
    address = {Bloomington}
}

@bookinbook{Eigler2001,
    publisher = {Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft},
    title = {Kratylos},
    booktitle = {Phaidon. Das Gastmahl. Kratylos},
    year = {2001},
    volume = {3},
    editor = {Eigler, Gunther},
    address = {Darmstadt}
}

@book{Enfield2015,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    title = {Languages of Mainland South-East Asia. The state of the art},
    abstract = {The studies in this book represent the rich, diverse and substantial research being conducted today in the linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia. The chapters cover a broad scope. Several studies address questions of language relatedness, often challenging conventional assumptions about the status of language contact as an explanatory factor in accounting for linguistic similarities. Several address the question of Mainland Southeast Asia as a linguistic area, exploring new ways to imagine and define the boundaries, and indeed the boundedness, of a Mainland Southeast Asia area. Two contributions rethink the received notion of the śesquisyllable ́with new empirical and theoretical angles. And a set of chapters explores topics in the morphology and syntax of the regionś languages, sometimes challenging orthodox assumptions and claims about what a typical language of Mainland Southeast Asia is like. Written by leading researchers in the field, and with a substantial overview of current knowledge and new directions by the volume editors N. J. Enfield and Bernard Comrie, this book will serve as an authoritative source on where the linguistics of Mainland Southeast Asia is at, and where it is heading.},
    address = {Berlin and New York},
    editor = {Enfield, N. J. and Comrie, Bernard},
    year = {2015}
}

@book{Ernst2008,
    publisher = {Walter de Gruyter},
    series = {Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft},
    booktitle = {Romanische Sprachgeschichte},
    year = {2008},
    number = {23},
    volume = {3},
    editor = {Ernst, G. and Glessgen, M. and Schmitt, C. and Schweickard, W.},
    address = {Berlin and New York}
}

@book{Fangerau2013,
    publisher = {Franz Steiner Verlag},
    title = {Classification and evolution in biology, linguistics and the history of science. Concepts – methods – visualization},
    booktitle = {Classification and evolution in biology, linguistics and the history of science. Concepts – methods – visualization},
    address = {Stuttgart},
    editor = {Heiner Fangerau and Hans Geisler and Thorsten Halling and William Martin},
    year = {2013}
}

@book{Fangerau2013a,
    publisher = {Franz Steiner Verlag},
    title = {Classification and evolution in biology, linguistics and the history of science. Concepts – methods – visualization},
    booktitle = {Classification and evolution in biology, linguistics and the history of science. Concepts – methods – visualization.},
    address = {Stuttgart},
    editor = {Heiner Fangerau and Hans Geisler and Thorsten Halling and William Martin},
    year = {2013}
}

@book{Feigl1956,
    publisher = {University of Minnesota Press},
    isbn = {0816657602,9780816657605},
    title = {The Foundations of Science and the Concepts of Psychology and Psychoanalysis},
    series = {Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol. I},
    editor = {Herbert Feigl and Michael Scriven},
    year = {1956}
}

@book{Feng2011,
    publisher = {University of Washington Press},
    booktitle = {Writing and literacy in early China},
    year = {2011},
    editor = {Feng, Li and Branner, David Prager},
    address = {Seattle}
}

@book{Fisiak1997,
    publisher = {de Gryuter},
    isbn = {3-11-014905-2},
    title = {Linguistic reconstruction and typology: [International Conference on Linguistic Reconstruction and Typology held at Rydzyna (Poland) from April 14 to 17, 1993] /},
    series = {Trends in linguisticsStudies and monographs},
    year = {1997},
    volume = {96},
    editor = {Fisiak, Jacek},
    address = {Berlin},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Fisiak1988,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    isbn = {3110115506},
    title = {Historical dialectology: Regional and social ; [presented at the International Conference on Historical Dialectology (Regional and Social) held at B±açzejewko near PoznaÂ´n, Poland from may 7 to 10, 1986]},
    series = {Trends in linguisticsStudies and monographs},
    year = {1988},
    volume = {37},
    editor = {Fisiak, Jacek},
    address = {Berlin},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@proceedings{Forster2006a,
    publisher = {McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research and Distributed by Orbow Books},
    isbn = {9781902937335},
    title = {Phylogenetic methods and the prehistory of languages},
    series = {McDonald Institute monographs},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Forster, Peter and Renfrew, Colin},
    address = {Cambridge UK , Oxford UK , Oakville CT USA ,},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk},
    institution = {McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research}
}

@misc{TreeBase2010,
    publisher = {The Phyloinformations Research Foundation},
    title = {TreeBase. A database of phylogenetic knowledge},
    url = {https://treebase.org/},
    address = {Connecticut},
    editor = {The Phyloinformatics Research Foundation},
    year = {2010}
}

@book{Fried2004,
    publisher = {Amsterdam: John Benjamins},
    year = {2004},
    editor = {Fried, Mirjam and Östmann, Jan-Ola},
    title = {Construction Grammar in a Cross-Linguistic Perspective}
}

@book{Friedlaender2007,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {9780195300307},
    title = {Genes, language, and culture history in the Southwest Pacific},
    url = {http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0613/2006014236.html / http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0724/2006014236-d.html},
    series = {Human evolution series},
    year = {2007},
    editor = {Friedlaender, Jonathan Scott},
    address = {New York},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Frings2007,
    publisher = {ibidem},
    isbn = {978-3-89821-710-1},
    title = {Dante Alighieri. De vulgari eloquentia},
    year = {2007},
    editor = {Frings, Michael and Kramer, Johannes},
    address = {Stuttgart},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft,Quellen zur Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft}
}

@book{frisk1970,
    volume = {2. Kr - Ō},
    title = {Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch},
    booktitle = {Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch},
    note = {Webversion: http://starling.rinet.ru/main.html},
    editor = {Frisk, H.},
    year = {1970}
}

@book{Gadvzieva1988,
    publisher = {Nauka},
    title = {Teorija lingvističeskoj rekonstrukcii [Theory of linguistic reconstruction]},
    series = {Sravnitelŉo-istoričeskoe izučenie jazykov raznych semej [Comparative historical investigation of languages of different families]},
    year = {1988},
    editor = {Gadžieva, Ninel ́Z.},
    address = {Moscow},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Gadzieva1988,
    publisher = {Nauka},
    booktitle = {Sravnitelŉo-istoričeskoe izučenie jazykov raznych semej},
    address = {Moscow},
    volume = {3},
    editor = {Gadžieva, Ninel ́Z.},
    year = {1988}
}

@book{Gadvzieva1981,
    publisher = {Nauka},
    title = {Zadači i perspektivy [Tasks and perspectives]},
    series = {Sravnitelŉo-istoričeskoe izučenie jazykov raznych semej [Comparative historical investigation of languages of different families]},
    year = {1981},
    editor = {Gadžieva, Ninel ́Z.},
    address = {Moscow},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Gadvzieva1981a,
    publisher = {Nauka},
    title = {Sovremennoe sostojanie i problemy [Current state and problems]},
    series = {Sravnitelŉo-istoričeskoe izučenie jazykov raznych semej [Comparative historical investigation of languages of different families]},
    year = {1981},
    volume = {1},
    editor = {Gadžieva, Ninel ́Z.},
    address = {Moscow},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Gascuel2005,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    booktitle = {Mathematics of evolution & phylogeny},
    year = {2005},
    editor = {Gascuel, Olivier},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@book{Gauchat1925,
    publisher = {Attinger},
    title = {Tableaux phonétiques des patois suisses romands.},
    address = {Neuchâtel},
    editor = {Gauchat, Louis and Jeanjaquet, Jules and Tappolet, Ernest},
    year = {1925},
    keywords = {tppsr}
}

@proceedings{Gelbukh2003,
    publisher = {Springer},
    isbn = {3540005323},
    title = {Computational linguistics and intelligent text processing: 4th International Conference, CICLing 2003 Mexico City, Mexico, February 16-22, 2003},
    series = {Lecture notes in computer science},
    year = {2003},
    volume = {2588},
    editor = {Gelbukh, Alexander},
    address = {Berlin},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Gessinger1989,
    publisher = {Walter de Gruyter},
    title = {Theorien vom Ursprung der Sprache},
    booktitle = {Theorien vom Ursprung der Sprache},
    year = {1989},
    volume = {1},
    editor = {Gessinger, Joachim and Rahden, Wolfert von},
    address = {Berlin and New York}
}

@misc{DWDS2010,
    publisher = {Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften},
    title = {Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache DWDS. Das Wortauskunftssystem zur deutschen Sprache in Geschichte und Gegenwart},
    url = {http://dwds.de},
    address = {Berlin},
    editor = {Geyken, Alexander},
    year = {2010}
}

@book{Ghiselin1996,
    publisher = {California Acad. of Sciences},
    title = {New Perspectives on the History of Life: Systematic Biology as Historical Narrative},
    address = {San Francisco},
    editor = {Ghiselin, M. T. and Pinna, T.},
    year = {1996},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Glueck2000,
    publisher = {Metzler},
    title = {Metzler-Lexikon Sprache},
    address = {Stuttgart},
    edition = {2},
    editor = {Glück, Helmut},
    year = {2000}
}

@book{Good2008,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {9780199298495},
    title = {Linguistic universals and language change},
    series = {Oxford linguistics},
    year = {2008},
    editor = {Good, Jeff},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@book{Goerlach2002,
    keywords = {english language; language contact; anglicisms; european languages},
    publisher = {Oxford: Oxford University Press},
    year = {2002},
    editor = {Görlach, Manfred},
    title = {An Annotated Bibliography of European Anglicisms}
}

@book{Goerlach2001,
    keywords = {language contact;anglicisms;european languages},
    publisher = {Oxford: Oxford University Press},
    year = {2001},
    editor = {Görlach, Manfred},
    title = {A Dictionary of European Anglicisms}
}

@book{Grierson1903-1928,
    publisher = {Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing},
    booktitle = {Linguistic Survey of India},
    year = {1928},
    editor = {Grierson, George Abraham},
    address = {Calcutta}
}

@book{Griffiths1992,
    publisher = {Kluwer},
    title = {Trees of Life: Essays in Philosophy of Biology},
    address = {Dordrecht},
    editor = {Griffiths, P. E.},
    year = {1992},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Grincer2013,
    publisher = {RGGU},
    series = {Orientalia et Classica},
    booktitle = {Institutionis conditori: Ilje Sergejeviçu Smirnovy},
    year = {2013},
    number = {L},
    editor = {Grincer, N. P. and Rusanov, M. A. and Kogan, L. E. and Starostin, G. S. and Çalisova, N. Ju.},
    address = {Moscow},
    keywords = {historical linguistics}
}

@misc{Logos2008,
    url = {http://www.logosdictionary.org/index.php},
    year = {2008},
    editor = {Logos Group},
    title = {Logos Dictionary}
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@book{OxfordFrench2009,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    title = {Concise Oxford Hachette French dictionary},
    url = {http://www.wordreference.com/fren/},
    year = {2009},
    edition = {4},
    editor = {Grundy , Valerie and Corréard, Marie-Hélène and Ormal-Grenon, Jean-Benoit and Rubery, Joanna},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@book{Guchman1960,
    publisher = {AN SSSR},
    title = {O sootnošenii sinchronnogo analiza i istoričeskogo izučenija jazykov [On the relationship of synchronic analysis and the historical study of languages]},
    address = {Moscow},
    editor = {Guchman, Mirra M.},
    year = {1960},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Guenther1996,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    series = {Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft},
    booktitle = {Schrift und Schriftlichkeit},
    number = {10},
    volume = {2},
    editor = {Günther, Hartmut and Ludwig, Otto},
    year = {1996}
}

@book{Hanson2009,
    publisher = {MIT Press},
    booktitle = {The nature of the word. Studies in honor of Paul Kiparsky},
    year = {2009},
    editor = {Hanson, Kristin and Inkelas, Sharon},
    address = {Cambridge and London}
}

@misc{Harbsmeier2009,
    url = {http://tls.uni-hd.de/home_en.lasso},
    year = {2009},
    editor = {Harbsmeier, Christoph and Jiang, Shaoyu},
    title = {TLS - Thesaurus Linguae Sericae}
}

@misc{BibliothecaAugustana,
    url = {http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/augustana.html},
    editor = {Harsch, Ulrich},
    title = {Bibliotheca Augustana}
}

@book{Hashimoto1976,
    keywords = {Sammelwerk},
    volume = {3},
    year = {1976},
    editor = {Hashimoto, Mantaro J.},
    title = {Computational Analysis of Asian and African Languages}
}

@book{Haspelmath2009,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    booktitle = {Loanwords in the worldś languages},
    year = {2009},
    editor = {Haspelmath, Martin and Tadmor, Uri},
    address = {Berlin and New York}
}

@misc{Wold2009,
    publisher = {Max Planck Digital Library},
    title = {World Loanword Database},
    url = {http://wold.livingsources.org},
    address = {Munich},
    editor = {Haspelmath, Martin and Tadmor, Uri},
    year = {2009}
}

@book{Hegedius1997,
    publisher = {Institute for the Study of Man},
    isbn = {0-941694-59-3},
    title = {Indo-European, Nostratic, and beyond: Festschrift for Vitalij V. Shevoroshkin},
    series = {Journal of Indo-European studies Monograph},
    year = {1997},
    volume = {22},
    editor = {Hegedîus, Irén and Shevoroshkin, Vitalij V.},
    address = {Washington, DC},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@proceedings{Hermenegildo2005,
    publisher = {Springer},
    isbn = {3540243623},
    title = {Practical aspects of declarative languages: 7th International Symposium, PADL 2005, Long Beach, CA, USA, January 10 - 11, 2005 ; proceedings /},
    url = {http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0663/2004117186-d.html},
    series = {Lecture notes in computer science},
    year = {2005},
    volume = {3350},
    editor = {Hermenegildo, Manuel and Cabeza, Daniel},
    address = {Berlin},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Herwig2007,
    publisher = {Rombach},
    title = {Alters-konzepte in Literatur, Film, Kunst, Musik und Medien},
    address = {Freiburg},
    editor = {Herwig, H.},
    year = {2007},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@proceedings{Hodson1971,
    publisher = {Edinburgh University Press},
    title = {Mathematics in the archaeological and historical sciences. .},
    booktitle = {Anglo-Romanian Conference on Mathematics in the Archaeological and Historical Sciences},
    address = {Edinburgh},
    editor = {Hodson, F. R. and Kendall, D. G. and Tăutu, P},
    year = {1971}
}

@book{Hoenigswald1987a,
    publisher = {Univ. of Pennsylvania Pr.},
    isbn = {9780812280142},
    title = {Biological metaphor and cladistic classification: An interdisciplinary perspective; [papers from a Symposium on Biological Metaphor Outside Biology, held Mar. 4 - 5, 1982 ... at the American Philos. Soc.ś Library in Philadelphia]},
    year = {1987},
    editor = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max},
    address = {Philadelphia},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Hoenigswald1973b,
    publisher = {Mouton},
    title = {Diachronic, areal and typological linguistics},
    series = {Current Trends in Linguistics},
    year = {1973},
    volume = {11},
    editor = {Hoenigswald, Henry Max and Langacre, Robert H.},
    address = {The Hague; Paris},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Huang1998,
    year = {1998},
    editor = {Huáng Diǎnchéng 黄典诚 and Lǐ Rúlóng 李如龍},
    title = {Fújiàn shěngzhì. Fāngyánzhì}
}

@book{Huang1996,
    publisher = {Kluwer},
    isbn = {0-7923-3867-7},
    title = {New horizons in Chinese linguistics},
    url = {http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0821/95047393-d.html / http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0821/95047393-t.html},
    series = {Studies in natural language and linguistic theory},
    year = {1996},
    volume = {36},
    editor = {Huang, Cheng-teh James},
    address = {Dordrecht},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Hutter2010,
    publisher = {Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg},
    isbn = {9783642161087,3642161081},
    title = {Algorithmic Learning Theory: 21st International Conference, ALT 2010, Canberra, Australia, October 6-8, 2010. Proceedings},
    series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science 6331 : Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence},
    edition = {1},
    editor = {Marcus Hutter and Frank Stephan and Vladimir Vovk and Thomas Zeugmann},
    year = {2010}
}

@book{Hutton1995,
    publisher = {Routledge/Thoemmes Press},
    isbn = {0415108004},
    title = {History of linguistics: 18th and 19th century German linguistics. Volume IV. Schlegel, Bopp},
    address = {London},
    editor = {Hutton, Chris},
    year = {1995}
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@book{Hymes.1964,
    publisher = {Harper and Row},
    title = {Language in culture and society: A reader in linguistics and anthropology},
    series = {A Harper international edition},
    year = {1964},
    editor = {Hymes, Dell},
    address = {New York [u.a.]},
    keywords = {Soziolinguistik;Aufsatzsammlung;Ethnolinguistik}
}

@book{Hymes1985,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    isbn = {0-521-09888-2},
    title = {Pidginization and Creolization of Languages: (Proceedings of a conference held at the University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, April 1968)},
    year = {1985},
    editor = {Hymes, Dell H.},
    address = {Cambridge},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Hymes1974,
    publisher = {Indiana University Press},
    isbn = {0-253-35559-1},
    booktitle = {Studies in the history of linguistics},
    year = {1974},
    editor = {Hymes, Dell H.},
    address = {Bloomington},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft;}
}

@incollection{Ide2017,
    publisher = {Springer},
    isbn = {978-94-024-0879-9, 978-94-024-0881-2},
    title = {Handbook of linguistic annotation},
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    editor = {Nancy Ide and James Pustejovsky},
    year = {2017}
}

@proceedings{Penn2002,
    publisher = {Springer},
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    title = {WABI 0́2: Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Algorithms in Bioinformatics},
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    editor = {Penn Genomics Institute},
    address = {London, UK},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Jallouli2017,
    publisher = {Springer},
    isbn = {978-3-319-62736-6, 978-3-319-62737-3},
    series = {Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing 290},
    booktitle = {Digital Economy. Emerging Technologies and Business Innovation: Second International Conference, ICDEc 2017, Sidi Bou Said, Tunisia, May 4–6, 2017, Proceedings},
    edition = {1},
    editor = {Rim Jallouli and Osmar R. Zaïane and Mohamed Anis Bach Tobji and Rym Srarfi Tabbane and Anton Nijholt},
    year = {2017}
}

@book{Jarceva1990,
    publisher = {Sovetskaja Enciklopedija},
    title = {Lingvističeskij ėnciklopedičeskij slovar (Linguistical encyclopedical dictionary)},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Jarceva, V. N.},
    address = {Moscow}
}

@book{Jenny2015,
    publisher = {Brill},
    title = {The handbook of Austroasiatic languages},
    year = {2015},
    editor = {Jenny, Matthias and Sidwell, Paul},
    address = {Leiden and Boston}
}

@book{Jing-Schmidt2013,
    publisher = {John Benjamins},
    title = {Increased empiricism. Recent advances in Chinese linguistics},
    year = {2013},
    editor = {Jing-Schmidt, Zhuo},
    address = {Amsterdam}
}

@proceedings{Jonassen2004,
    publisher = {Springer},
    isbn = {3-540-23018-1},
    title = {Algorithms in Bioinformatics, 4th International Workshop, WABI 2004, Bergen, Norway, September 17-21, 2004, Proceedings},
    series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
    booktitle = {WABI},
    volume = {3240},
    editor = {Inge Jonassen and Junhyong Kim},
    year = {2004}
}

@book{Joseph2003,
    publisher = {Blackwell},
    title = {The handbook of historical linguistics},
    booktitle = {The handbook of historical linguistics},
    year = {2003},
    editor = {Joseph, Brian D. and Janda, Richard D.},
    address = {Malden and Oxford and Melbourne and Berlin},
    keywords = {comparative method}
}

@book{Jourdan2006,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    booktitle = {Language, culture, and society},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Jourdan, Christine and Tuite, Kevin and Irvine, Judith},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@book{Junker2008,
    publisher = {Wile},
    title = {Analysis of biological networks},
    year = {2008},
    editor = {Junker, Björn H. and Schreiber, Falk},
    address = {Hoboken}
}

@book{Juvonen2016,
    publisher = {De Gruyter Mouton},
    title = {The lexical typology of semantic shifts},
    year = {2016},
    editor = {Juvonen, Päivi and Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria},
    address = {Berlin and New York}
}

@misc{Kaiping2017,
    publisher = {Leiden University Centre for Linguistics},
    title = {LexiRumah},
    url = {http://www.model-ling.eu/lexirumah/},
    address = {Leiden},
    editor = {Kaiping, Gereon A. and Klamer, Marian},
    year = {2017}
}

@book{Kemper1996,
    publisher = {Suhrkamp},
    title = {Die Geheimnisse der Natur},
    address = {Frankfurt},
    editor = {Kemper, P.},
    year = {1996},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Kempgen2009,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    isbn = {3110156601,9783110156607},
    title = {Die slavischen Sprachen},
    series = {Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikations-wissenschaft},
    year = {2009},
    edition = {1},
    editor = {Sebastian Kempgen and Peter Kosta and Tilman Berger and Karl Gutschmidt},
    address = {Berlin and New York}
}

@misc{Key2007,
    url = {http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/ids/},
    year = {2007},
    editor = {Key, Mary Ritchie and Comrie, Bernard},
    title = {IDS - The Intercontinental Dictionary Series}
}

@book{Klimov1991a,
    publisher = {Nauka},
    isbn = {5-02-011052-3},
    title = {Istoričeskaja lingvistika i tipologija},
    year = {1991},
    edition = {Naucnoe izdanie},
    editor = {Klimov, Georgij Andreevic},
    address = {Moscow},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Kluge2002,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    title = {Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache},
    year = {2002},
    edition = {24},
    editor = {Kluge, Friedrich},
    address = {Berlin},
    howpublished = {CD-ROM}
}

@book{Knight2000,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    isbn = {0-521-78696-7},
    title = {The evolutionary emergence of language: Social function and the origins of linguistic form ; [... grew out of the Second International Conference on the Evolution of Language, held at the University of East London in April 1998]: International Conference on the Evolution of Language},
    url = {http://www.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam031/00020471.html / http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/cam021/00020471.html / http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/cam025/00020471.html},
    year = {2000},
    editor = {Knight, Chris and Studdert-Kennedy, M. and Hurford, J. R.},
    address = {Cambridge},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk;PRÜFEN}
}

@book{Koerner1980,
    publisher = {Benjamins},
    isbn = {9027245010},
    title = {Progress in linguistic historiography: Papers from the International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences (Ottawa, 28-31 August 1978)},
    series = {Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic scienceStudies in the history of linguistics},
    year = {1980},
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    editor = {Koerner, E. F. K.},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk;}
}

@book{Koehler2005,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    series = {Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft},
    booktitle = {Quantitative Linguistik},
    year = {2005},
    number = {27},
    editor = {Köhler, Reinhard and Altmann, Gabriel and Piotrowski, Rajmund G.},
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}

@book{Kraft1981,
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    year = {1981},
    editor = {Kraft, Charles H.},
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@book{Kroonen2013,
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    title = {Etymological dictionary of Proto-Germanic},
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    year = {2013},
    number = {11},
    editor = {Kroonen, Guus},
    address = {Leiden and Boston}
}

@book{Kullanda1989,
    publisher = {Nauka},
    booktitle = {Lingvističeskaja rekonstrukcija i drevnejšaja istorija Vostoka},
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    volume = {1},
    editor = {Kullanda, S. V. and Longinov, Ju. D. and Militarev, A. Ju. and Nosenko, E. Je. and Shnirelḿan, V. A.},
    year = {1989}
}

@misc{Pangloss2006,
    title = {Pangloss Collection. An archive for endangered languages},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {LACITO},
    address = {Paris}
}

@book{Lacy2007,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    booktitle = {The Cambridge handbook of phonology},
    year = {2007},
    editor = {de Lacy, Paul},
    address = {New York}
}

@book{Lamb1991,
    publisher = {Standorf University Press},
    title = {Sprung from Some Common Source: Investigations into the Prehistory of Languages},
    year = {1991},
    editor = {Lamb, S. M. and Mitchell, E. D.},
    address = {Stanford}
}

@book{LaPolla2003b,
    publisher = {City University of Hong Kong},
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    year = {2003},
    editor = {LaPolla, Randy J.},
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}

@book{LaPolla2017,
    publisher = {Routledge},
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    editor = {LaPolla, Randy J. and Thurgood, Graham},
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}

@book{Lehmann1967,
    publisher = {Indiana University Press},
    title = {A Reader in Nineteenth Century Historical Indo-European Linguistics},
    address = {Bloomington},
    editor = {Lehmann, Winfred Philipp},
    year = {1967},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk;PRÜFEN}
}

@book{Lehmann1991,
    publisher = {Benjamins},
    isbn = {90-272-3578-3},
    title = {Language typology 1988: Typological models in the service of reconstruction},
    url = {http://www.benjamins.com/cgi-bin/t_bookview.cgi?bookid=CILT%2081},
    series = {Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic scienceSeries 4, Current issues in linguistic theory},
    year = {1991},
    volume = {81},
    editor = {Lehmann, Winfred Philipp and Hewitt, Helen-Jo Jakusz},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk;}
}

@book{Lehmann1968a,
    publisher = {University of Texas Press},
    title = {Directions for historical linguistics: A symposium},
    address = {Austin},
    editor = {Lehmann, Winfred Philipp and Malkiel, Yakov},
    year = {1968},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Lemey2009,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    booktitle = {The phylogenetic handbook},
    address = {Cambridge},
    edition = {2},
    editor = {Lemey, Philippe and Salemi, Marco and Vandamme, Anne-Mieke},
    year = {2009}
}

@misc{Lewis2009,
    publisher = {SIL International},
    title = {Ethnologue},
    url = {http://www.ethnologue.com},
    edition = {16},
    editor = {Lewis, M. Paul},
    year = {2013}
}

@misc{Lewis2013,
    publisher = {SIL International},
    title = {Ethnologue},
    url = {http://www.ethnologue.com},
    edition = {17},
    editor = {Lewis, M. Paul and Fennig, Charles D.},
    year = {2013}
}

@book{Lieber2014,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    booktitle = {The Oxford handbook of derivational morphology},
    year = {2014},
    editor = {Lieber, Rochelle and Ştekauer, Pavol},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@book{Lindsay1978,
    publisher = {Olms},
    title = {Sexti Pompei Festi De verborum significatu quae supersunt cum Pauli epitome},
    address = {Hildesheim},
    edition = {2. Nachdr. d. Ausg. Leipzig (1913)},
    editor = {Lindsay, Wallace M.},
    year = {1978}
}

@book{Lindsay1911,
    publisher = {Clarendon Press},
    title = {Libri I-XX},
    series = {Scriptorum classicorum bibliotheca Oxoniensis},
    booktitle = {Isidori Hispalensis episcopi etymologiarvm sive originvm libri XX},
    volume = {1},
    editor = {Lindsay, Wallace Martin},
    year = {1911}
}

@book{Linke1987,
    publisher = {Walter de Gruyter},
    title = {Die Fragmente des Grammatikers Dionysios Thrax},
    series = {Sammlung griechischer und lateinischer Grammatiker},
    year = {1987},
    number = {3},
    editor = {Linke, Konstanze},
    address = {Berlin and New York}
}

@book{Lipo2005,
    publisher = {Aldine},
    title = {Mapping our Ancestry: Phylogenetic Methods in Anthropology and Prehistory},
    year = {2005},
    editor = {Lipo, C. and OB́rien, M. and Shennan, Stephen and Collard, M.},
    address = {Chicago}
}

@misc{List2018f,
    publisher = {Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History},
    title = {CLICS: Database of Cross-Linguistic Colexifications},
    url = {http://clics.clld.org/},
    address = {Jena},
    editor = {List, Johann-Mattis and Simon Greenhill and Cormac Anderson and Thomas Mayer and Tiago Tresoldi and Robert Forkel},
    year = {2018}
}

@misc{List2014f,
    publisher = {Forschungszentrum Deutscher Sprachatlas},
    title = {CLICS: Database of Cross-Linguistic Colexifications},
    url = {http://clics.lingpy.org},
    year = {2014},
    editor = {List, J.-M. and Mayer, T. and Terhalle, A. and Urban, M.},
    address = {Marburg},
    keywords = {semantic change, polysemy, colexification}
}

@book{Luce1934,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    title = {Inscriptions of Burma},
    year = {1934},
    editor = {Luce, G. H. and Tin, Pe Maung},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@book{Mace2005a,
    publisher = {UCL Press},
    isbn = {1844720993},
    title = {The evolution of cultural diversity: A phylogenetic approach},
    url = {http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0645/2006271925-t.html},
    year = {2005},
    editor = {Mace, Ruth and Holden, Clare J. and Shennan, Stephen},
    address = {London},
    keywords = {Evolution;Diversität;Sammelwerk}
}

@book{MacWhinney2015,
    publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
    isbn = {978-1-118-30175-3,9781118346082,1118346084,9781118346099,1118346092,9781118346136,1118346130,9781322949604,1322949603,1118301757},
    title = {The Handbook of Language Emergence},
    series = {Blackwell handbooks in linguistics},
    edition = {1},
    editor = {MacWhinney, Brian and OǴrady, William},
    year = {2015}
}

@book{Mair1998,
    publisher = {University of Pennsylvania Museum Publications},
    isbn = {9780941694636},
    url = {http://books.google.de/books?id=I7kLAQAAMAAJ},
    series = {Journal of Indo-European studies: Monograph},
    booktitle = {The Bronze Age and early Iron Age peoples of Eastern Central Asia},
    year = {1998},
    number = {26},
    editor = {Mair, V.H.},
    address = {Philadelphia}
}

@book{Marle1993,
    publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company},
    isbn = {9027236097,9789027236098},
    title = {Historical Linguistics 1991: Papers from the 10th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Amsterdam, August 12-16, 1991},
    series = {Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 107},
    edition = {1st},
    editor = {Jaap van Marle},
    year = {1993}
}

@misc{Matisoff2011,
    url = {http://stedt.berkeley.edu/},
    year = {2011},
    editor = {Matisoff, James A.},
    title = {STEDT}
}

@book{Matisoff2003,
    publisher = {University Presses of California, Columbia and Princeton},
    year = {2003},
    editor = {Matisoff, James A.},
    title = {Handbook of Proto-Tibeto-Burman: System and Philosophy of Sino-Tibetan Reconstruction}
}

@book{Matras2003a,
    publisher = {de Gryuter},
    isbn = {3-11-017776-5},
    title = {The Mixed Language Debate},
    year = {2003},
    editor = {Matras, Yaron and Bakker, P.},
    address = {Berlin},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk;PRÜFEN}
}

@book{Matteson1972,
    publisher = {Mouton},
    booktitle = {Comparative studies in Amerindian languages},
    year = {1972},
    editor = {Matteson, Esther and Wheeler, Alva and Jackson, Frances L. and Waltz, Natan E. and Christian, Diana R.},
    address = {The Hague, Paris}
}

@book{Matthews1997,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    title = {Oxford concise dictionary of linguistics},
    year = {1997},
    editor = {Matthews, P. H.},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@book{Mauro1990,
    publisher = {Benjamins},
    isbn = {90-272-4532-0},
    title = {Leibniz, Humboldt, and the origins of comparativism},
    series = {Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic scienceSeries 3, Studies in the history of the language sciences},
    year = {1990},
    volume = {49},
    editor = {Mauro, Tullio and Formigari, Lia and Petrilli, Raffaella and Thornton, Anna Maria},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft;}
}

@book{McCoy1986,
    publisher = {Brill},
    booktitle = {Contributions to Sino-Tibetan studies},
    year = {1986},
    editor = {John McCoy and Timothy Light},
    address = {Leiden}
}

@proceedings{Mehlhorn1998,
    publisher = {Max-Planck-Institut für Informatik},
    booktitle = {Algorithm Engineering},
    year = {1998},
    editor = {Kurt Mehlhorn},
    title = {Algorithm Engineering, 2nd International Workshop, WAE 9́2, Saarbrücken, Germany, August 20-22, 1998, Proceedings}
}

@book{Meillet1924,
    publisher = {Librairie Ancienne Édouard Champion},
    title = {Les langues du monde},
    year = {1924},
    editor = {Meillet, Antoine and Cohen, Marcel},
    address = {Paris}
}

@book{Straffon2016,
    publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
    title = {Cultural Phylogenetics. Concepts and applications in archaeology},
    booktitle = {Cultural Phylogenetics. Concepts and applications in archaeology},
    address = {Cham},
    editor = {Mendoza Straffon, Larissa},
    year = {2016}
}

@book{Meyer-Luebke1911,
    publisher = {Winter},
    title = {Romanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch},
    series = {Sammlung romanischer Elementar- und Handbücher},
    year = {1911},
    number = {3.3},
    editor = {Meyer-Lübke, Wilhelm},
    address = {Heidelberg}
}

@proceedings{Miyano2005,
    publisher = {Springer},
    isbn = {3-540-25866-3},
    title = {Research in Computational Molecular Biology, 9th Annual International Conference, RECOMB 2005, Cambridge, MA, USA, May 14-18, 2005, Proceedings},
    series = {Lecture Notes in Computer Science},
    booktitle = {RECOMB},
    volume = {3500},
    editor = {Satoru Miyano and Jill P. Mesirov and Simon Kasif and Sorin Istrail and Pavel A. Pevzner and Michael S. Waterman},
    year = {2005}
}

@misc{Moran2014,
    publisher = {Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology},
    title = {PHOIBLE Misc},
    url = {http://phoible.org/},
    address = {Leipzig},
    editor = {Steven Moran and Daniel McCloy and Richard Wright},
    year = {2014}
}

@book{Nedergaard2006,
    publisher = {John Benjamins},
    isbn = {9789027247940},
    title = {Competing models of linguistic change: Evolution and beyond ; [16th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, held at the University of Copenhagen, 11 - 15 August 2003] /},
    url = {http://www.benjamins.com/cgi-bin/t_bookview.cgi?bookid=CILT%20279},
    series = {Current Issues in Linguistic Theory},
    year = {2006},
    volume = {279},
    editor = {Nedergaard Thomsen, Ole},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Newmeyer1988,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    booktitle = {Linguistic theory},
    address = {Cambridge and New York and New Rochelle and Melbourne and Sydney},
    volume = {1},
    editor = {Newmeyer, Frederick J.},
    year = {1988}
}

@proceedings{Niederehe1990,
    publisher = {John Benjamins},
    title = {History and historiography of linguistics},
    booktitle = {Fourth International Conference on the History of the Language Sciences (ICHoLS IV)},
    year = {1990},
    volume = {1},
    editor = {Niederehe, Hans-Josef and Koerner, Konrad},
    address = {Amsterdam and Philadelphia}
}

@book{Onysko2010,
    publisher = {de Gruyter Mouton},
    booktitle = {Cognitive perspectives on word formation},
    year = {2010},
    editor = {Onysko, Alexander and Michel, Sascha},
    address = {Berlin and New York}
}

@book{Orel2003,
    publisher = {Brill},
    title = {A handbook of Germanic etymology},
    year = {2003},
    editor = {Orel, Vladimir},
    address = {Leiden}
}

@book{OwenSmith2013,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    title = {Trans-Himalayan linguistics},
    abstract = {The Himalaya and surrounding regions are amongst the worldś most linguistically diverse places. Of an estimated 600 languages spoken here at Asiaś heart, few are researched in depth and many virtually undocumented. Historical developments and relationships between the regionś languages also remain poorly understood. Thisbook brings together new work on under-researched Himalayan languages with investigations into the complexities of the areaś linguistic history, offering original data and perspectives on the synchrony and diachrony of the Greater Himalayan Region. The volume arises from papers given and topics discussed at the 16th Himalayan Languages Symposium in London in 2010. Most papers focus on Tibeto-Burman languages. These include topics relating to individual - mostly small and endangered - languages, such as Tilung, Shumcho, Rengmitca, Yongning Na and Tshangla; comparative research on the Tibetic, East Bodish and Tamangic language groups; and several papers whose scope covers the whole language family. The remaining paper deals with the origins of Burushaski, whose genetic affiliation remains uncertain. This book will be of special interest to scholars of Tibeto-Burman, and historical as well as general linguists.},
    address = {Berlin and New York},
    editor = {Owen-Smith, Thomas and Hill, Nathan W.},
    year = {2013}
}

@book{Packard1998,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    booktitle = {New approaches to Chinese word formation},
    address = {Berlin and New York},
    editor = {Packard, Jerome Lee},
    year = {1998},
    keywords = {contraction, Chinese, Old Chinese}
}

@book{Paprott1985,
    publisher = {John Benjamins},
    title = {The Ubiquity of Metaphor},
    year = {1985},
    editor = {Paprott, W. and Dirven, R.},
    address = {Amsterdam}
}

@book{Perkins1992,
    publisher = {John Benjamins Publishing Company},
    isbn = {9027229090,9789027229090},
    title = {Deixis, Grammar, and Culture},
    series = {Typological Studies in Language 24},
    edition = {1st},
    editor = {Revere D. Perkins},
    year = {1992}
}

@book{Peyraube1999,
    publisher = {Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales},
    series = {Collection des Cahiers de Linguistique – Asie Orientale},
    booktitle = {In honor of Mei Tsu-Lin},
    year = {1999},
    number = {3},
    editor = {Peyraube, Alain and Sun, Chaofen},
    address = {Paris}
}

@book{Pfeifer1993,
    publisher = {Akademie},
    title = {Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Deutschen},
    url = {http://www.dwds.de/},
    year = {1993},
    edition = {2},
    editor = {Pfeifer, Wolfgang},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@book{Pianigiani1907,
    publisher = {Albrighi & Segati},
    title = {Dizionario etimologico della lingua italiana},
    url = {http://www.etimo.it},
    address = {Milan and Rome},
    editor = {Pianigiani, Ottorino},
    year = {1907}
}

@book{Posner1998,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    series = {Handbūcher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft},
    booktitle = {Semiotics},
    year = {1998},
    number = {13},
    volume = {2},
    editor = {Posner, Roland and Robering, Klaus and Sebeok, Thomas A.},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@proceedings{Powers1998,
    keywords = {Sammelwerk},
    title = {NeMLaP3/CoNLL98: New Methods in Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning},
    year = {1998},
    editor = {Powers, D. M. W.},
    institution = {ACL}
}

@book{Puttkamer1990,
    publisher = {Meyers Lexikonverlag},
    title = {Wie funktioniert das? Der Computer},
    year = {1990},
    editor = {Puttkamer, Ewald von},
    address = {Mannheim and Wien and Zürich}
}

@book{Rachilina1999,
    publisher = {Jazyki Russkoj Kult́ury},
    title = {Tipologija i teorija jazyka: Ot opisanija k objasneniju: K 60-letiju Aleksandra Evgeneviča Kibrika},
    series = {Studia philologica},
    year = {1999},
    editor = {Rachilina, Ekaterina V.},
    address = {Moscow},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@proceedings{Rasmussen1994,
    publisher = {Reichert},
    isbn = {978-3-88226-823-2},
    title = {In honorem Holger Pedersen: Kolloquium der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft vom 25. bis 28. März 1993 in Kopenhagen},
    year = {1994},
    editor = {Rasmussen, Jens Elmegård and Pedersen, Holger},
    address = {Wiesbaden},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk;},
    institution = {Indogermanische Gesellschaft}
}

@book{Raspe1765,
    publisher = {Jean Schreuder},
    title = {Oeuvres philosophiques. Latines & Françoises de feu Mr. de Leibniz. Tireés de ses manuscrits qui se conservent dans la Bilbiotheque Royale a Hanovre et publieés par Mr. Rud Eric Raspe: Avéc une Préface de Mr. Kaestner, Professeur en Mathémathiques à Göttingue},
    year = {1765},
    editor = {Raspe, Rud Eric},
    address = {Amsterdam and Leipzig}
}

@book{Renfrew2000,
    publisher = {McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research},
    booktitle = {Time depth in historical linguistics},
    year = {2000},
    editor = {Renfrew, Colin and McMahon, April and Trask, Larry},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@book{Rix2001,
    publisher = {Reichert},
    title = {LIV. Lexikon der Indogermanischen Verben},
    year = {2001},
    editor = {Rix, Helmut},
    address = {Wiesbaden}
}

@book{Rosemount1991,
    publisher = {Open Court},
    booktitle = {Chinese Texts and Philosophical Contexts},
    year = {1991},
    editor = {Rosemount, Henry J.},
    address = {La Salle}
}

@book{Rosenberg2009,
    publisher = {University of California Press},
    booktitle = {Sequence alignment},
    year = {2009},
    editor = {Rosenberg, Michael S.},
    address = {Berkeley and Los Angeles and London}
}

@misc{OxfordItalian2009,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    title = {Concise Oxford Paravia Italian dictionary},
    url = {http://wordreference.com/iten/},
    year = {2009},
    edition = {2},
    editor = {Rubery, Joanna and Cicoira, Fabrizio},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@book{Ruhlen1994,
    publisher = {Stanford University Press},
    isbn = {0804723214},
    title = {On the origin of languages: Studies in linguistic taxonomy},
    year = {1994},
    editor = {Ruhlen, Merritt},
    address = {Stanford, Calif.},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Sagart2005,
    publisher = {RoutledgeCurzon},
    isbn = {0415322421},
    title = {The peopling of East Asia: Putting together archaeology, linguistics and genetics},
    url = {http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0415/2004004149.html / http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0651/2004004149-d.html},
    year = {2005},
    editor = {Sagart, Laurent},
    address = {London},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Salemi2006,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    isbn = {9780521803908},
    title = {The phylogenetic handbook: A practical approach to DNA and protein phylogeny},
    url = {http://www.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam033/2002073927.html / http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/cam031/2002073927.html / http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/cam0210/2002073927.html},
    year = {2006},
    edition = {Repr.},
    editor = {Salemi, Marco and Vandamme, Anne-Mieke},
    address = {Cambridge},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Salmons1998,
    title = {Nostratic: Sifting the Evidence},
    year = {1998},
    editor = {Salmons, J. and Joseph, Brian D.},
    address = {Amsterdam}
}

@book{Sanchez-Mazas2008,
    publisher = {Taylor & Francis, Ltd. and Francis Ltd},
    isbn = {0415399238},
    title = {Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics},
    year = {2008},
    editor = {Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia and Blench, Roger and Ross, Malcolm D. and Peiros, Ilja and Lin, Marie},
    address = {New York},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Schafer1976,
    publisher = {Waldemar Kramer},
    title = {Evoluierende Systeme I und II},
    address = {Frankfurt (Main)},
    editor = {Schäfer, Wilhelm},
    year = {1976},
    keywords = {PRÜFEN}
}

@book{Schilpp1974,
    publisher = {Open Court},
    isbn = {0-87548-141-8},
    title = {The philosophy of Karl R. Popper},
    year = {1974},
    volume = {1},
    editor = {Schilpp, P. A.},
    address = {LaSalle, IL},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Schmid1998,
    publisher = {Benjamins},
    isbn = {9027236690},
    title = {Historical linguistics 1997: Selected papers from the 13th International Conference on Historical Linguistics, Düsseldorf, 10 - 17 August 1997},
    series = {Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science4},
    year = {1998},
    volume = {164},
    editor = {Schmid, Monika S. and Austin, Jennifer R. and Stein, Dieter},
    address = {Amsterdam},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Schmitter1991,
    publisher = {Gunter Narr},
    title = {Sprachtheorien der abendländischen Antike},
    series = {Geschichte der Sprachtheorie},
    booktitle = {Sprachtheorien der abendländischen Antike},
    year = {1991},
    number = {2},
    editor = {Schmitter, Peter},
    address = {Tübingen}
}

@book{Schuessler2007,
    publisher = {University of Hawaií Press},
    title = {ABC Etymological dictionary of Old Chinese},
    year = {2007},
    editor = {Schuessler, Axel},
    address = {Honolulu}
}

@book{Shevoroshkin1999,
    publisher = {Assoc. for the History of Language},
    isbn = {0957725116},
    title = {Historical linguistics & lexicostatistics},
    url = {http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0957725116/ref=sib_dp_pop_toc/192-6480825-9646646?ie=UTF8&p=S00F#reader-link},
    series = {AHL Studies in the science & history of language},
    year = {1999},
    volume = {3},
    editor = {Shevoroshkin, Vitaly and Sidwell, Paul J.},
    address = {Melbourne},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Shevoroshkin1986,
    publisher = {Karoma Publisher},
    booktitle = {Typology, relationship and time},
    year = {1986},
    editor = {Shevoroshkin, Vitalij V.},
    address = {Ann Arbor}
}

@book{Smirnov2008,
    publisher = {RGGU},
    booktitle = {Aspekty komparativistiki},
    address = {Moscow},
    volume = {3},
    editor = {Smirnov, I. S.},
    year = {2008}
}

@book{Smirnov2007,
    publisher = {RGGU},
    isbn = {978-5-7281-0903-7},
    series = {Orientalia et Classica},
    booktitle = {Aspekty komparativistiki},
    year = {2007},
    number = {XI},
    volume = {2},
    editor = {Smirnov, I. S.},
    address = {Moscow},
    keywords = {historical linguistics}
}

@book{Smirnov2005,
    publisher = {RGGU},
    isbn = {5-7281-0660-9},
    series = {Orientalia et Classica},
    booktitle = {Aspekty komparativistiki},
    year = {2005},
    number = {VI},
    volume = {1},
    editor = {Smirnov, I. S.},
    address = {Moscow},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Soukhanov1992,
    publisher = {Mifflin},
    title = {The American heritage dictionary of the English language},
    year = {1992},
    edition = {3},
    editor = {Soukhanov, Anne H.},
    address = {Boston},
    keywords = {etymological dictionary, English, Indo-European}
}

@book{Spitzbardt1972,
    publisher = {Friedrich-Schiller-Univ.},
    title = {Synchronischer und diachronischer Sprachvergleich: Bericht über d. Wiss. Arbeitstagung zu Ehren d. 150. Geburtstages von August Schleicher},
    address = {Jena},
    editor = {Spitzbardt, H. and Speerschneider, H.},
    year = {1972},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Stammerjohann1975,
    publisher = {Nymphenburger Verlagshandlung},
    booktitle = {Handbuch der Linguistik},
    year = {1975},
    editor = {Stammerjohann, Harro},
    address = {München}
}

@misc{Starostin2008,
    howpublished = {Misc ressource},
    url = {http://starling.rinet.ru},
    year = {2008},
    editor = {Starostin, George S.},
    title = {Tower of Babel}
}

@misc{Starostin2011,
    url = {http://starling.rinet.ru/new100/main.htm},
    year = {2011},
    editor = {Starostin, George S. and Krylov, Phil},
    title = {The Global Lexicostatistical Database}
}

@book{Statt1998,
    publisher = {Routledge},
    title = {Consise dictionary of psychology},
    year = {1998},
    edition = {3},
    editor = {Statt, David A},
    address = {London and New York},
    keywords = {validity}
}

@book{Sterelny2003,
    publisher = {Psychology Press},
    title = {From Mating to Mentality: Evaluating Evolutionary Psychology},
    year = {2003},
    editor = {Sterelny, K. and Fitness, J.},
    address = {London, New York}
}

@book{Taylor1987,
    publisher = {John Benjamins},
    booktitle = {The history of linguistics in the classical period},
    year = {1987},
    editor = {Taylor, Daniel J.},
    address = {Amsterdam and Philadelphia}
}

@book{LaPolla2003,
    publisher = {Routledge},
    booktitle = {The Sino-Tibetan languages},
    year = {2003},
    editor = {Thurgood, Graham and LaPolla, Randy J.},
    address = {London and New York}
}

@book{Trask2000,
    publisher = {Edinburgh University Press},
    title = {The dictionary of historical and comparative linguistics},
    year = {2000},
    editor = {Trask, Robert L.},
    address = {Edinburgh}
}

@book{Trask1996a,
    publisher = {Taylor & Francis Routledge},
    title = {Dictionary of phonetics and phonology},
    year = {1996},
    editor = {Trask, R. L.},
    address = {London and New York}
}

@book{Uhlig1883,
    title = {Dionysii Thracis Ars grammatica},
    url = {http://archive.org/details/dionysiithracis01merxgoog},
    address = {Hildesheim},
    editor = {Uhlig, Gustav},
    year = {1883},
    howpublished = {200-100 B. C.}
}

@book{Vogele2006,
    publisher = {Litverlag},
    title = {Geschichte der Medizin - Geschichte in der Medizin - Foschungsperspektiven},
    address = {Münster},
    editor = {Vögele, J. and Fangerau, Heiner and Noack, T.},
    year = {2006},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Vaan2008,
    publisher = {Brill},
    title = {Etymological dictionary of Latin and the other Italic languages},
    series = {Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series},
    year = {2008},
    number = {7},
    editor = {Vaan, Michiel},
    address = {Leiden and Boston}
}

@book{Vasmer1986,
    publisher = {Progress},
    title = {Ėtimologičeskij slovar ́russkogo jazyka},
    url = {http://starling.rinet.ru},
    booktitle = {Ėtimologičeskij slovar’ russkogo jazyka},
    year = {1986/1987},
    editor = {Vasmer, Max},
    address = {Moscow}
}

@proceedings{Veltri2004,
    publisher = {Brill},
    isbn = {9004143122},
    series = {Studies in European Judaism},
    booktitle = {Die Geburt der Philologie aus dem Geist der Hebraistik},
    year = {2004},
    number = {11},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft;},
    editor = {Veltri, Giuseppe and Necker, Gerold},
    address = {Leiden},
    howpublished = {procsym}
}

@book{Veltri2004a,
    publisher = {Brill},
    isbn = {9004143122},
    title = {Gottes Sprache in der philologischen Werkstatt: Hebraistik vom 15. bis zum 19. Jahrhundert ; [Symposium unter dem Motto Die Geburt der Philologie aus dem Geist der Hebraistik vom 6. bis 8. Oktober 2002 in Wittenberg]},
    series = {Studies in European Judaism},
    year = {2004},
    volume = {11},
    editor = {Veltri, Giuseppe and Necker, Gerold},
    address = {Leiden},
    keywords = {Geschichte der Sprachwissenschaft;}
}

@book{Vennemann1989,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    isbn = {3110105365},
    title = {The new sound of Indo-European: Essays in phonolog. reconstruction},
    series = {Trends in linguisticsStudies and monographs},
    year = {1989},
    volume = {41},
    editor = {Vennemann, Theo},
    address = {Berlin},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Wagner2001,
    publisher = {Academic Press},
    booktitle = {The character concept in evolutionary biology},
    year = {2001},
    editor = {Wagner, Günter P.},
    address = {San Diego and London}
}

@book{Wagner2000,
    publisher = {Academic Press},
    title = {The character concept in evolutionary biology},
    year = {2000},
    editor = {Wagner, Günter P.},
    address = {San Diego and San Francisco and New York and Boston and London and Sydney and Tokyo}
}

@book{Wang1995,
    publisher = {University of California Press},
    title = {The ancestry of the Chinese language},
    address = {Berkeley},
    editor = {Wang, William S.-Y.},
    year = {1995},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Wang2014,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    booktitle = {The Oxford handbook of Chinese linguistics},
    year = {2014},
    editor = {Wang, William S.-Y and Sun, Chaofen},
    address = {Oxford and New York}
}

@book{Webster1981,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    title = {Biology, Medicine and Society 1840-1940},
    address = {Cambridge},
    editor = {Webster, C.},
    year = {1981},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Wechsler1972,
    publisher = {MIT Press},
    title = {On Aesthetics in Science},
    address = {Cambridge},
    editor = {Wechsler, J.},
    year = {1972},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Wickler2001,
    publisher = {Karl Alber Verlag},
    isbn = {3-495-47950-3},
    title = {Wie wir die Welt erkennen},
    year = {2001},
    editor = {Wickler, W. and Salwiczek, L.},
    address = {Freiburg},
    keywords = {Sammelwerk}
}

@book{Wiegand2009,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    series = {Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft},
    year = {2009},
    number = {29},
    volume = {2},
    editor = {Wiegand, Herbert Ernst},
    address = {Berlin and New York}
}

@mvreference{Wiener1973,
    publisher = {Scribner},
    url = {http://xtf.lib.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=DicHist/uvaGenText/tei/DicHist4.xml},
    booktitle = {Dictionary of the history of ideas},
    year = {1973},
    volume = {4},
    editor = {Wiener , Philip P.},
    address = {New York}
}

@book{Wodtko2008,
    publisher = {Winter},
    title = {Nomina im Indogermanischen Lexikon},
    year = {2008},
    editor = {Wodtko, Dagmar and Irslinger, Britta and Schneider, Carolin},
    address = {Heidelberg}
}

@book{Wurm1987,
    publisher = {Longman Group},
    year = {1987},
    editor = {Wurm, S. A. and Liu, Yongquan},
    title = {Zhōngguó yǔyán dìtújí}
}

@book{Yadava2005,
    publisher = {Linguistic Society of Nepal},
    isbn = {99946-57-69-0},
    title = {Contemporary issues in Nepalese linguistics},
    address = {Kathmandu},
    editor = {Yadava, Yogendra},
    year = {2005}
}

@book{Bibel1545,
    edition = {reprint},
    publisher = {Württembergische Bibelanstalt},
    year = {1967},
    title = {Biblia: Das ist: Die gantze Heilige Schrifft},
    address = {Stuttgart}
}

@misc{DialignHomepage,
    url = {http://bibiserv.techfak.uni-bielefeld.de/dialign/},
    title = {DIALIGN. Multiple sequence alignment}
}

@bookinbook{KratylosEnglish,
    publisher = {William Heinemann Ltd.},
    title = {Cratylus},
    booktitle = {Cratylus. Parmenides. Greater Hippias. Lesser Hippias},
    address = {London},
    volume = {4},
    year = {1921}
}

@misc{Nordavinden,
    url = {http://www.ling.hf.ntnu.no/nos/},
    title = {Nordavinden og sola. En norsk dialektprøvedatabase på nettet}
}

@book{PaniniEnglish,
    publisher = {Sindu Charan Bose},
    year = {1897},
    title = {The Ashtádhyáyí of Páṇini}
}

@misc{WikipediaDe,
    url = {http://de.wikipedia.org},
    title = {Wikipedia}
}

@misc{WikipediaEn,
    url = {http://en.wikipedia.org},
    title = {Wikipedia}
}

@misc{Guttenberg2011,
    title = {Bericht an die Hochschulleitung der Universität Bayreuth aus Anlass der Untersuchung des Verdachts wissenschaftlichen Fehlverhaltens von Herrn Karl-Theodor Freiherr zu Guttenberg},
    url = {http://www.uni-bayreuth.de/presse/Aktuelle-Infos/2011/Bericht_der_Kommission_m__Anlagen_10_5_2011_.pdf},
    address = {Bayreuth},
    year = {2011},
    howpublished = {Misc ressource},
    institution = {Kommission "Selbstkontrolle in der Wissenschaft" der Universität Bayreuth}
}

@proceedings{ACL2010,
    booktitle = {48th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
    year = {2010},
    address = {Stroudsburg}
}

@proceedings{EACL2009,
    publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the EACL 2009 Workshop on Language Technology and Resources for Cultural Heritage, Social Sciences, Humanities, and Education},
    year = {2009},
    address = {Stroudsburg}
}

@book{IPA1999,
    publisher = {Cambridge University Press},
    booktitle = {Handbook of the International Phonetic Association},
    year = {1999},
    address = {Cambridge}
}

@proceedings{ACL1998,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics and 17th International Conference on Computational Linguistics},
    year = {1998}
}

@book{Shijing1922,
    series = {Sìbù Cóngkān 四部叢刊 [The collected publications from the Four Categories]},
    publisher = {Shāngwù 商务},
    title = {Máoshī},
    year = {1922},
    address = {Shanghai}
}

@book{Sibucongkan,
    volume = {1 (Chūpiān 初篇)},
    publisher = {Shāngwù 商務},
    booktitle = {Sìbù Cóngkān},
    year = {1922},
    address = {Shànghǎi 上海}
}

@article{TekhneGrammatike1874,
    publisher = {Penn State University Press},
    title = {The grammar of Dionysios Thrax},
    journal = {The Journal of Speculative Philosophy},
    number = {4},
    volume = {8},
    year = {1874},
    pages = {326-339}
}

@article{Statuts1866,
    volume = {1},
    journal = {Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris},
    year = {1871},
    pages = {III-IV},
    title = {Statuts}
}

@article{Szeto2018,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1515/lingty-2018-0009},
    title = {Typological variation across Mandarin dialects: An areal perspective with a quantitative approach},
    journal = {Linguistic Typology},
    author = {Szeto, Pui Yiu and Ansaldo, Umberto and Matthews, Steven},
    number = {2},
    volume = {22},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {233-275}
}

@article{List2018PBLOG5,
    title = {Comparing reconstruction systems in historical linguistics},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.com/2018/05/comparing-reconstruction-systems-in_28.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {5},
    volume = {7},
    year = {2018}
}

@book{List2018PBLOG7,
    title = {Regular cognates: A new term for homology relations in linguistics},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.com/2018/08/regular-cognates-new-term-for-homology.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {8},
    volume = {5},
    year = {2018}
}

@article{List2018PBLOG8,
    title = {Networks of polysemous and homophonous words},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.com/2018/07/networks-of-polysemous-and-homophonous.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {7},
    volume = {5},
    year = {2018}
}

@book{Moorkens2018,
    publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
    isbn = {978-3-319-91240-0,978-3-319-91241-7},
    title = {Translation quality assessment},
    series = {Machine Translation: Technologies and Applications 1},
    edition = {1st ed.},
    editor = {Joss Moorkens and Sheila Castilho and Federico Gaspari and Stephen Doherty},
    year = {2018}
}

@misc{Hammarstroem2018,
    publisher = {Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology},
    author = {Hammarström, Harald and Forkel, Robert and Haspelmath, Martin},
    url = {http://glottolog.org},
    title = {Glottolog},
    year = {2018},
    address = {Leipzig}
}

@incollection{Geisler2018,
    publisher = {Stauffenburg},
    author = {Geisler, Hans},
    booktitle = {Worte über Wörter. Festschrift zu Ehren von Elke Ronneberger-Sibold},
    title = {Sind unsere Wörter von Sinnen? Überlegungen zu den sensomotorischen Grundlagen der Begriffsbildung},
    year = {2018},
    editor = {Kazzazi, Kerstin and Luttermann, Karin and Wahl, Sabine and Fritz, Thomas A.},
    address = {Tübingen},
    pages = {131-142}
}

@article{Cathcart2018,
    title = {Areal pressure in grammatical evolution. An Indo-European case study},
    journal = {Diachronica},
    author = {Cathcart, Chundra and Carling, Gerd and Larson, Filip and Johansson, Richard and Round, Erich},
    number = {1},
    volume = {35},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {1-34}
}

@article{Zhang2018,
    journal = {bioarxiv},
    title = {Phonemic evidence reveals interwoven evolution of Chinese dialects},
    year = {2018},
    author = {Zhang, Menghan and Pan, Wuyun and Yan, Shi and Jin, Li}
}

@article{Longobardi2015,
    title = {Across language families: Genome diversity mirrors linguistic variation within Europe},
    journal = {American Journal of Physical Anthropology},
    author = {Longobardi, Giuseppe and Ghirotto, Silva and Guardiano, Cristina and Tassi, Francesca and Benazzo, Andrea and Ceolin, Andrea and Barbujan, Guido},
    number = {4},
    volume = {157},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {630-640}
}

@inproceedings{Longobardi2016,
    publisher = {Misc at http://evolang.org/neworleans/papers/162.html},
    title = {Correlated Evolution Or Not? Phylogenetic Linguistics With Syntactic, Cognacy, And Phonetic Data},
    booktitle = {The Evolution of Language: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference (EVOLANGX11)},
    author = {Longobardi, Giuseppe and Buch, Armin and Ceolin, Andrea and Ecay, Aaron and Guardiano, Cristina and Irimia, Monica and Michelioudakis, Dimitris and Radkevich, Nina and Jaeger, Gerhard},
    editor = {S.G. Roberts and C. Cuskley and L. McCrohon and L. Barceló-Coblijn and O. Fehér and T. Verhoef},
    year = {2016}
}

@article{Clees1997,
    title = {Zwangssterilisationen in Skandinavien: Weitverbreitete Ideologie der Eugenik},
    url = {http://www.aerzteblatt.de/v4/archiv/pdf.asp?id=7893},
    journal = {Dtsch Arztebl International},
    author = {Clees, Ernstwalter},
    number = {40},
    volume = {94},
    year = {1997},
    pages = {A-2551-}
}

@misc{Abraham2005,
    howpublished = {Unpublished manuscript},
    title = {A sociolinguistic research among selected groups in Western Arunachal Pradesh highlighting Monpa},
    year = {2005},
    author = {Abraham, Binny et al}
}

@book{Deuri1983,
    publisher = {Research Department, Government of Arunachal Pradesh},
    author = {Deuri, R. K.},
    year = {1983},
    title = {The Sulungs},
    address = {Shillong}
}

@book{Dondrup1988,
    publisher = {Government of Arunachal Pradesh},
    author = {Dondrup, Rinchin},
    year = {1988},
    title = {A Handbook on Sherdukpen Language},
    address = {Itanagar}
}

@book{Dondrup1990,
    publisher = {Government of Arunachal Pradesh},
    author = {Dondrup, Rinchin},
    year = {1990},
    title = {Bugun Language Guide},
    address = {Itanagar}
}

@incollection{Genetti2016,
    publisher = {Mouton de Gruyter},
    author = {Genetti, Carol},
    booktitle = {The languages and linguistics of South Asia: A comprehensive guide},
    title = {The Tibeto-Burman languages of South Asia: The languages, histories, and genetic classification},
    year = {2016},
    editor = {Hans Heinrich Hock and Elena Bashir},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@book{Jacquesson2015,
    publisher = {Brockmeyer},
    author = {Jacquesson, François},
    year = {2015},
    title = {An introduction to Sherdukpen},
    address = {Bochum}
}

@book{Li2004b,
    publisher = {Mínzú chūbǎn shè [National Minorities Publisher]},
    author = {Lǐ, Dàqín},
    year = {2004},
    title = {Sūlóngyǔ yánjiū},
    address = {Běijīng}
}

@article{Post2017,
    publisher = {Routledge},
    author = {Post, Mark W. and Robbins Burling},
    booktitle = {The Sino-Tibetan Languages},
    title = {The Tibeto-Burman languages of Northeastern India},
    year = {2017},
    editor = {Graham Thurgood and Randy J. LaPolla},
    address = {London},
    pages = {213–233}
}

@misc{Rutgers1999,
    howpublished = {Paper presented at the 5th Himalayan Languages Symposium},
    title = {Puroik or Sulung of Arunachal Pradesh},
    author = {Rutgers, Leopold Roland},
    year = {1999},
    address = {Kathmandu}
}

@article{Stonor1952,
    title = {The Sulung tribe of the Assam Himalayas},
    journal = {Anthropos},
    author = {Stonor, Charles Robert},
    volume = {47},
    year = {1952},
    pages = {947-962}
}

@article{Sun1992,
    title = {Review of Zangmianyu Yuyin He Cihui (Tibeto-Burman Phonology and Lexicon)},
    journal = {Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area},
    author = {Sun, Tianshin Jackson},
    volume = {15},
    year = {1992},
    pages = {73-113}
}

@book{Jacquesson2015a,
    publisher = {Brockmeyer},
    author = {Jacquesson, François},
    year = {2015},
    title = {An introduction to Sherdukpen},
    address = {Bochum}
}

@misc{Abraham2005a,
    howpublished = {Unpublished manuscript},
    title = {A sociolinguistic research among selected groups in Western Arunachal Pradesh highlighting Monpa},
    year = {2005},
    author = {Abraham, Binny et al}
}

@book{Li2004c,
    publisher = {Mínzú chūbǎn shè [National Minorities Publisher]},
    author = {Lǐ, Dàqín},
    year = {2004},
    title = {Sūlóngyǔ yánjiū},
    address = {Běijīng}
}

@article{Sun1992a,
    title = {Review of Zangmianyu Yuyin He Cihui (Tibeto-Burman Phonology and Lexicon)},
    journal = {Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area},
    author = {Sun, Tianshin Jackson},
    volume = {15},
    year = {1992},
    pages = {73-113}
}

@book{Deuri1983a,
    publisher = {Research Department, Government of Arunachal Pradesh},
    author = {Deuri, R. K.},
    year = {1983},
    title = {The Sulungs},
    address = {Shillong}
}

@book{Dondrup2004,
    publisher = {Government of Arunachal Pradesh},
    author = {Dondrup, Rinchin},
    year = {2004},
    title = {An Introduction to Boot Monpa Language},
    address = {Itanagar}
}

@incollection{Blench2014,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    author = {Blench, Roger and Mark W. Post},
    booktitle = {Trans-Himalayan linguistics},
    title = {Rethinking Sino-Tibetan phylogeny from the perspective of North East Indian languages},
    year = {2014},
    editor = {Thomas Owen-Smith and Nathan W. Hill},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {71-104}
}

@phdthesis{Sun1993,
    title = {A Historical-Comparative Study of the Tani (Mirish) Branch in Tibeto-Burman},
    school = {Department of Linguistics, University of California},
    author = {Sun, Tianshin Jackson},
    year = {1993},
    address = {Berkeley}
}

@incollection{Burling2003,
    publisher = {Routledge},
    author = {Burling, Robbins},
    booktitle = {The Sino-Tibetan Languages},
    title = {The Tibeto-Burman Languages of Northeastern India},
    year = {2003},
    editor = {Graham Thurgood and Randy J. LaPolla},
    address = {New York},
    pages = {169-191}
}

@book{VanDriem2001,
    publisher = {Brill},
    author = {van Driem, George},
    title = {Languages of the Himalayas - An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region},
    number = {2},
    year = {2001},
    address = {Leiden}
}

@inproceedings{Sofroniev2018,
    url = {http://coltekin.net/cagri/papers/sofroniev2018.pdf},
    booktitle = {Fifteenth Workshop on Computational Research in Phonetics, Phonology, and Morphology},
    title = {Phonetic vector representations for sound sequence alignment},
    year = {2018},
    author = {Pavel Sofroniev and Çağrı Çöltekin}
}

@book{Goldberg2017,
    publisher = {Morgan & Claypool},
    author = {Goldberg, Yoav},
    year = {2017},
    title = {Neural network methods for natural language processing},
    address = {San Rafael}
}

@book{Wright1910,
    publisher = {Clarendon Press},
    author = {Wright, Joseph},
    title = {Grammar of the Gothic language},
    edition = {2},
    year = {1910},
    address = {Oxford}
}

@article{List2019a,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00344},
    title = {Automatic inference of sound correspondence patterns across multiple languages},
    journal = {Computational Linguistics},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    number = {45},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2019},
    pages = {137-161}
}

@article{Bodt2019,
    title = {Testing the predictive strength of the comparative method: An ongoing experiment on unattested words in Western Kho-Bwa langauges},
    journal = {Papers in Historical Phonology},
    author = {Bodt, Timotheus A. and List, Johann-Mattis},
    number = {1},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2019},
    pages = {22-44}
}

@book{Litosseliti2010,
    publisher = {Continuum},
    isbn = {0826489931,9780826489937},
    title = {Research Methods in Linguistics},
    series = {Research Methods in Linguistics},
    author = {Lia Litosseliti},
    year = {2010}
}

@inproceedings{Dellert2018,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics},
    title = {Combining information-weighted sequence alignment and sound correspondence models for improved cognate detection},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {3123-3133},
    author = {Dellert, Johannes}
}

@article{Jaeger2018,
    title = {Global-scale phylogenetic linguistic inference from lexical resources},
    journal = {Scientific Data},
    author = {Gerhard Jäger},
    number = {180189},
    volume = {5},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {1-16}
}

@book{Hale2006,
    publisher = {LINCOM GmbH},
    title = {Newār (Nepāl Bhāsā)},
    series = {Languages of the World/Materials},
    author = {Hale, Austin and Shrestha, Kedār P.},
    number = {256},
    year = {2006}
}

@article{Wang2018,
    journal = {Mol. Genet. Genomics},
    title = {Reconstruction of Y-chromosome phylogeny reveals two neolithic expansions of Tibeto-Burman populations},
    year = {2018},
    author = {Wang, L. X. and Lu, Y. and Zhang, C. and Wei, L. H. and Yan, S. and Huang, Y. Z. and Wang, C. C. and Mallick, S. and Wen, S. Q. and Jin, L. and Xu, S. H. and Li, H.}
}

@inproceedings{Mayer2011,
    title = {A quantitative approach to the contrast and stability of sounds},
    url = {http://korpling.german.hu-berlin.de/qitl4/QITL4_Proceedings.pdf},
    booktitle = {4th Conference on Quantitative Investigations in Theoretical Linguistics},
    author = {Mayer, Thomas and Rohrdantz, Christian and Plank, Frans and Butt, Miriam and Keim, Daniel A.},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {59-64}
}

@book{Clarin2012,
    publisher = {DWDS},
    title = {CLARIN-D user guide},
    year = {2012},
    editor = {Clarin-D, AP 5},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@misc{TypeCraft2007,
    url = {https://typecraft.org/tc2wiki/Main_Page},
    year = {2007},
    editor = {Norwegian University of Science and Technology},
    title = {TypeCraft: The Interlinear Glossed Text Repository}
}

@article{Beermann2014,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-013-9257-9},
    author = {Beermann, Dorothee and Mihaylov, Pavel},
    journal = {Language Resources and Evaluation},
    abstract = {Interlinear Glossed Text (IGT) is a well established data format within philology and the structural and generative fields of linguistics. The best known format for an IGT is the one found in linguistic publications, where one line of text is followed by one line of glosses and one line of free translation. Although used in different functions, IGTs are ubiquitous in linguistic research and publications. Yet they also have been criticised for being fabricated and unreliable in some of their uses. However that might be, IGTs represent linguistic knowledge, and in particular for less-resourced languages, they are not rarely the only structured data available. Under the auspices of the Digital Humanities, linguists increasingly focus on the advantages of Semantic Web technologies. Presenting the modules and procedures of the web-based linguistic application TypeCraft (TC), we outline how the creation of IGTs can become an integral part of a shared linguistic methodology. Linguistic services have the potential of allowing efficient data management, and their strength lies in facilitating new forms of collaboration beyond social networking. They pave the way towards what one might call shared methodologies. In this paper we would like to discuss the linguistic value of web-based technology. By presenting the functionalities of TC and giving a detailed summary of online linguistic data creation and retrieval, we will present external and internal criteria for a single system evaluation of TC centred on usage objectives.},
    title = {TypeCraft collaborative databasing and resource sharing for linguists},
    number = {2},
    volume = {48},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10579-013-9257-9},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {203-225}
}

@article{Kaplan2017,
    title = {From lexicostatistics to lexomics: Basic vocabulary and the study of language prehistory},
    journal = {OSIRIS},
    author = {Kaplan, Judith},
    number = {1},
    volume = {32},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {202-223}
}

@article{McElvenny2018,
    title = {Typology – a new task of linguistics},
    url = {https://hiphilangsci.net/2018/09/05/typology/},
    journal = {History and Philosophy of the Language Sciences},
    author = {McElvenny, James},
    number = {9},
    volume = {5},
    year = {2018}
}

@book{Aranoff2003,
    publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
    isbn = {1405102527,9781405102520},
    title = {The Handbook of Linguistics (Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics)},
    series = {Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics},
    editor = {Mark Aronoff, Janie Rees-Miller},
    year = {2003}
}

@article{Radin2017,
    title = {`Digital natives:́ How medical and indigeneous histories matter for big data},
    journal = {OSIRIS},
    author = {Radin, Joanna},
    number = {1},
    volume = {32},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {43-46}
}

@incollection{Greenberg1963,
    publisher = {MIT Press},
    author = {Greenberg, Joseph H.},
    booktitle = {Universals of Human Language},
    title = {Some universals of grammar with particular reference to the order of meaningful elements},
    year = {1963},
    editor = {Greenberg, Joseph H.},
    address = {Cambridge, Mass},
    pages = {73-113}
}

@article{Bender2016,
    title = {Linguistic typology in natural language processing},
    journal = {Linguistic Typology},
    author = {Bender, Emily},
    number = {3},
    volume = {20},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {645-660}
}

@article{Malaviya2017,
    title = {Learning language representations for typology prediction},
    url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/},
    journal = {ArXiv e-prints},
    author = {Malaviya, Chaitanya and Neubig, Graham and Littell, Patrick},
    number = {1707.09569},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {1-7}
}

@article{Carling2018,
    title = {Diachronic Atlas of Comparative Linguistics (DiACL). A database for ancient language typology},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205313},
    journal = {PLOS ONE},
    author = {Gerd Carling and Filip Larsson and Chundra A. Cathcart and Niklas Johansson and Arthur Holmer and Erich Round and Rob Verhoeven},
    number = {e0205313},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {1-20}
}

@article{Kortlandt2009,
    title = {C. C. Uhlenbeck on Indo-European, Uralic and Caucasian},
    journal = {Historische Sprachforschung},
    author = {Kortlandt, Frederik},
    number = {1},
    volume = {122},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {39-47}
}

@article{Kaiping2018,
    publisher = {Public Library of Science},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205250},
    author = {Kaiping, Gereon A. and Klamer, Marian},
    journal = {PLOS ONE},
    abstract = {The Lesser Sunda Islands in eastern Indonesia cover a longitudinal distance of some 600 kilometres. They are the westernmost place where languages of the Austronesian family come into contact with a family of Papuan languages and constitute an area of high linguistic diversity. Despite its diversity, the Lesser Sundas are little studied and for most of the region, written historical records, as well as archaeological and ethnographic data are lacking. In such circumstances the study of relationships between languages through their lexicon is a unique tool for making inferences about human (pre-)history and tracing population movements. However, the lack of a collective body of lexical data has severely limited our understanding of the history of the languages and peoples in the Lesser Sundas. The LexiRumah database fills this gap by assembling lexicons of Lesser Sunda languages from published and unpublished sources, and making those lexicons available online in a consistent format. This database makes it possible for researchers to explore the linguistic data collated from different primary sources, to formulate hypotheses on how the languages of the two families might be internally related and to compare competing hypotheses about subgroupings and language contact in the region. In this article, we present observations from aggregating lexical data from sources of different type and quality, including fieldwork, and generalize our lessons learned towards practical guidelines for creating a consistent database of comparable lexical items, derived from the design and development of LexiRumah. Databases like this are instrumental in developing theories of language evolution and change in understudied regions where small-scale, pre-industrial, pre-literate societies are the majority. It is therefore vital to follow reliable design choices when creating such databases, as described in this paper.},
    title = {LexiRumah: An online lexical database of the Lesser Sunda Islands},
    number = {10},
    volume = {13},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205250},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {1-29}
}

@misc{Beaufils2015,
    url = {http://www.elinguistics.net},
    title = {eLinguistics.net. Quantifying the genetic proximity between languages},
    year = {2015},
    author = {Beaufils, Vincent}
}

@book{Polyakov2006,
    publisher = {Kazanśkij universitet},
    author = {Polyakov, V. N. and Solovyev, V. D.},
    year = {2006},
    title = {Kompjuternye modeli i metody v tipologii i komparativistike},
    address = {Kazan}
}

@article{Bakker2011,
    title = {Creoles are typologically distinct from non-creoles},
    journal = {Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages},
    author = {Bakker, Peter and Daval-Markussen, Aymeric and Parkvall, Mikael and Plag, Ingo},
    number = {1},
    volume = {26},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {5-42}
}

@article{List2019d,
    title = {Automated methods for the investigation of language contact situations},
    journal = {Language and Linguistics Compass},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    number = {??},
    volume = {??},
    year = {forthcoming},
    pages = {1-19}
}

@article{List2018h,
    title = {Towards a history of concept list compilation in historical linguistics},
    url = {http://hiphilangsci.net/2018/10/31/concept-list-compilation/},
    journal = {History and Philosophy of the Language Sciences},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    number = {10},
    volume = {5},
    year = {2018},
    keywords = {history of linguistics, Swadesh list, concept list, _calc},
    pages = {1-14}
}

@book{Blevins2016,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {019959354X,978-0-19-959354-5,9780199593552,0199593558},
    title = {Word and paradigm morphology},
    series = {Oxford linguistics},
    author = {Blevins, James P},
    edition = {1},
    year = {2016}
}

@article{List2018TBLOG2,
    title = {Cooking with CLICS},
    url = {https://calc.hypotheses.org/58},
    journal = {Computer-Assisted Language Comparison in Practice},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    number = {16},
    volume = {07},
    year = {2018}
}

@article{List2018TBLOG3,
    title = {Representing Structural Data in CLDF},
    url = {https://calc.hypotheses.org/384},
    journal = {Computer-Assisted Language Comparison in Practice},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    number = {08},
    volume = {08},
    year = {2018}
}

@article{List2018TBLOG1,
    title = {Exporting Sublists from a Wordlist with LingPy and Concepticon},
    url = {https://calc.hypotheses.org/445},
    journal = {Computer-Assisted Language Comparison in Practice},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    number = {03},
    volume = {09},
    year = {2018}
}

@article{List2018TBLOG4,
    title = {A fast implementation of the Consonant Class Matching method for automatic cognate detection in LingPy},
    url = {https://calc.hypotheses.org/477},
    journal = {Computer-Assisted Language Comparison in Practice},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    number = {01},
    volume = {10},
    year = {2018}
}

@article{List2018TBLOG5,
    title = {Inferring consonant clusters from CLICS data with LingPy},
    url = {https://calc.hypotheses.org/998},
    journal = {Computer-Assisted Language Comparison in Practice},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    number = {07},
    volume = {11},
    year = {2018}
}

@book{Baerman2015,
    publisher = {Oxford University Press},
    isbn = {0198723768,9780198723769},
    title = {Understanding and measuring morphological complexity},
    edition = {1},
    editor = {Matthew Baerman and Dunstan Brown and Greville G. Corbett},
    year = {2015}
}

@article{List2016PBLOG1,
    title = {Directional processes in language change},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.com/2016/01/directional-processes-in-language-change.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {1},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2016}
}

@article{List2016PBLOG2,
    title = {Through a glass darkly},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.com/2016/02/through-glass-darkly.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {2},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2016}
}

@article{List2016PBLOG3,
    title = {Another early tree in linguistics},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.com/2016/03/another-early-tree-in-linguistics.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {3},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2016}
}

@article{List2016PBLOG4,
    title = {Monogenesis, polygenesis, and militant agnosticism},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.com/2016/04/monogenesis-polygenesis-and-militant.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {4},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2016}
}

@article{List2016PBLOG5,
    title = {Machine learning, the Go-game, and language evolution},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.com/2016/05/machine-learning-go-game-and-language.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {5},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2016}
}

@article{List2016PBLOG6,
    title = {Alignments and phylogenetic reconstruction in linguistics and biology},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.com/2016/06/alignments-and-phylogenetic.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {6},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2016}
}

@article{List2016PBLOG7,
    title = {Can biologists learn from linguists?},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.com/2016/07/can-biologists-learn-from-linguists.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {7},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2016}
}

@article{List2016PBLOG8,
    title = {More on analogies between biological and linguistic evolution},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.com/2016/08/more-on-analogies-between-biological.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {8},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2016}
}

@article{List2016PBLOG9,
    title = {Inheritance in cultural evolution},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.com/2016/09/inheritance-in-cultural-evolution.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {9},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2016}
}

@article{List2016PBLOG10,
    title = {Sound change as systemic evolution},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.com/2016/10/sound-change-as-systemic-evolution.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {10},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2016}
}

@article{List2016PBLOG11,
    title = {Once more on artificial intelligence and machine learning},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.com/2016/11/once-more-on-artificial-intelligence.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {11},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2016}
}

@article{List2016PBLOG12,
    title = {Isogloss maps are hypergraphs are bipartite networks},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.com/2016/12/isogloss-maps-are-hypergraphs-are.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {12},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2016}
}

@article{Weingarten2016,
    title = {The Singing Sage: rhymes in Confucius dialogues},
    journal = {Bulletin of SOAS},
    author = {Weingarten, Oliver},
    number = {3},
    volume = {79},
    year = {2016}
}

@misc{VanBik2014,
    url = {https://chin-dictionary.com/},
    publisher = {Web Plant Media},
    title = {English to Chin (Hakha) dictionary},
    year = {2014},
    author = {VanBik, David}
}

@book{Leipzig2008,
    publisher = {Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History},
    author = {MPI EVA},
    url = {http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php},
    title = {The Leipzig Glossing Rules: Conventions for Interlinear Morpheme-by-Morpheme Glosses},
    year = {2008},
    address = {Leipzig}
}

@book{Wang2011,
    publisher = {Shāngwù 商務},
    author = {Wáng, Xiǎ 王显},
    year = {2011},
    title = {Shījīng yùnpǔ 诗经韵谱},
    address = {Běijīng}
}

@thesis{Behr1997,
    title = {Reimende Bronzeinschriften und die Entstehung der chinesischen Endreimdichtung},
    author = {Behr, Wolfgang},
    year = {1997},
    institution = {Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität},
    address = {Frankfurt a. M.}
}

@incollection{Greenhill2015c,
    publisher = {Elsevier},
    doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.81035-1},
    isbn = {978-0-08-097087-5},
    author = {Simon Greenhill},
    url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080970868810351},
    abstract = {Language phylogenies are a potentially powerful way to answer questions about how languages and cultures evolve. Recently, phylogenetic methods have been applied to a range of questions about the evolution of human languages and cultures. This article reviews the historical background of these approaches and provides a detailed methodological overview. Three different applications of phylogenetic methods are discussed: how language phylogenies can be used to test population dispersal hypotheses, to investigate processes in language evolution, and to infer patterns in cultural evolution. The article discusses briefly some controversies over the use of these methods before closing with some future prospects.},
    title = {Evolution and Language: Phylogenetic Analyses},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {370 - 377},
    edition = {Second Edition},
    editor = {James D. Wright},
    address = {Oxford},
    keywords = {Austronesian languages, Computational historical linguistics, Cultural evolution, Cultural phylogenetics, Human prehistory, Language phylogenies, Linguistics, Pacific settlement, Population dispersal hypotheses},
    booktitle = {International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences (Second Edition)}
}

@article{MilaGarcia2018,
    title = {Pragmatic annotation for a multi-layered analysis of speech acts: A methodological proposal},
    journal = {Corpus Pragmatics},
    author = {Alba Milà‐Garcia},
    number = {1},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {265-287}
}

@article{Wiens2006,
    title = {Missing data and the design of phylogenetic analyses},
    journal = {Journal of Biomedical Informatics},
    author = {Wiens, J. J.},
    number = {1},
    volume = {39},
    year = {2006},
    pages = {34-42}
}

@article{Wiens2011,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syr025},
    title = {Missing Data in Phylogenetic Analysis: Reconciling Results from Simulations and Empirical Data},
    url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syr025},
    journal = {Systematic Biology},
    author = {Wiens, John J. and Morrill, Matthew C.},
    number = {5},
    volume = {60},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {719-731}
}

@incollection{Kuemmel2018,
    publisher = {Brill},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1163/9789004357778_007},
    author = {Martin Joachim Kümmel},
    booktitle = {Language and meter},
    title = {Silbenstruktur und Metrik: Neues zum Altavestischen},
    year = {2018},
    editor = {Olav Hackstein and Dieter Gunkel},
    address = {Leiden},
    pages = {129-157}
}

@inproceedings{Aharoni2017,
    title = {Morphological Inflection Generation with Hard Monotonic Attention},
    booktitle = {In Proceedings of the 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
    author = {Roee Aharoni and Yoav Goldberg},
    volume = {Volume 1: Long Papers},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {2004-2015}
}

@inproceedings{Kirov2018,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018), European Language Resources Association (ELRA)},
    title = {UniMorph 2.0: Universal Morphology},
    year = {2018},
    author = {Christo Kirov and Ryan Cotterell and John Sylak-Glassman and Géraldine Walther and Ekaterina Vylomova and Patrick Xia and Manaal Faruqui and Arya D. McCarthy and Sandra Kübler and David Yarowsky and Jason Eisner and Mans Hulden}
}

@misc{List2018i,
    publisher = {Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis and Greenhill, Simon and Tresoldi, Tiago and Forkel, Robert},
    url = {http://lingpy.org},
    title = {LingPy. A Python library for quantitative tasks in historical linguistics},
    year = {2018},
    address = {Jena}
}

@article{List2019c,
    title = {Towards a standardized annotation of rhyme judgments in Chinese historical phonology (and beyond)},
    journal = {Journal of Language Relationship},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis and Nathan W. Hill and Christopher Forster},
    number = {??},
    volume = {??},
    year = {forthcoming}
}

@article{Anderson2018,
    title = {A Cross-Linguistic Database of Phonetic Transcription Systems},
    journal = {Yearbook of the Poznań Linguistic Meeting},
    author = {Anderson, Cormac and Tresoldi, Tiago and Chacon, Thiago Costa and Fehn, Anne-Maria and Walworth, Mary and Forkel, Robert and List, Johann-Mattis},
    number = {1},
    volume = {4},
    year = {2018},
    keywords = {_calc, phonetic transcription systems, cross-linguistic database, software API},
    pages = {21-53}
}

@inproceedings{Eger2016,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
    title = {On the linearity of semantic change. Investigating meaning variation via dynamic graph models},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {52–58},
    author = {Eger, Steffen and Mehle, Alexander}
}

@article{Sims-Williams2018,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1111/1467-968X.12138},
    title = {Mechanising historical phonology},
    journal = {Transactions of the Philological Society},
    author = {Sims-Williams, Patrick},
    number = {3},
    volume = {116},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {555-573}
}

@article{Chen1997,
    title = {Measuring relationship among dialects: DOC and related resources},
    journal = {Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing},
    author = {Chen, Chin-Chuan},
    number = {1},
    volume = {2},
    year = {1997},
    pages = {41-72}
}

@inbook{Einhorn1985,
    publisher = {Springer US},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2391-4_14},
    isbn = {978-1-4613-2391-4},
    author = {Einhorn, Hillel J. and Hogarth, Robin M.},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-2391-4_14},
    abstract = {Imagine that you lived several thousand years ago and belonged to a tribe of methodologically sophisticated cave dwellers. Your methodological sophistication is such that you have available to you all present-day means of the methodological arsenal--details of the principles of deductive logic, probability theory, access to computational equipment, and the like. However, your level of substantive knowledge lags several thousand years behind your methodological sophistication. In particular, you have little knowledge about physics, chemistry, or biology. In recent years, your tribe has noted an alarming decrease in its birth rate. Furthermore, the tribeś statistician estimates that unless the trend is shortly reversed, extinction is a real possibility. The tribeś chief has accordingly launched an urgent project to determine the cause of birth. You are a member of the project team and have been assured that all means, including various forms of experimentation with human subjects, will be permitted to resolve this crucial problem.},
    title = {Prediction, diagnosis, and causal thinking in forecasting},
    year = {1985},
    pages = {311-328},
    editor = {Wright, George},
    address = {Boston, MA},
    booktitle = {Behavioral Decision Making}
}

@misc{List2018j,
    publisher = {Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1544944},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1544944},
    title = {LingRex: Linguistic Reconstruction with LingPy},
    year = {2018},
    address = {Jena}
}

@article{Zenner2014,
    title = {Core vocabulary, borrowability and entrenchment},
    journal = {Diachronica},
    author = {Zenner, Eline and Dirk Speelman and Dirk Geeraerts},
    number = {1},
    volume = {31},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {74–105}
}

@article{Willis2011,
    title = {Reconstructing last weekś weather: Syntactic reconstruction and Brythonic free relatives},
    journal = {Journal of Linguistics},
    author = {David Willis},
    number = {2},
    volume = {47},
    year = {2011},
    pages = {407-446}
}

@article{Boc2012,
    title = {T-REX: a web server for inferring, validating and visualizing phylogenetic trees and networks},
    journal = {Nucleic Acids Research},
    author = {Boc, Alix and Alpha Boubacar Diallo and Vladimir Makarenkov},
    volume = {40},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {573-579}
}

@inproceedings{Makarenkov2006,
    publisher = {Springer Berlin Heidelberg},
    author = {Makarenkov, Vladimir and Boc, Alix and Delwiche, Charles F. and Diallo, Alpha Boubacar and Philippe, Hervé},
    abstract = {In this article we describe a new method allowing one to predict and visualize possible horizontal gene transfer events. It relies either on a metric or topological optimization to estimate the probability of a horizontal gene transfer between any pair of edges in a species phylogeny. Species classification will be examined in the framework of the complete and partial gene transfer models.},
    title = {New Efficient Algorithm for Modeling Partial and Complete Gene Transfer Scenarios},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Batagelj, Vladimir and Bock, Hans-Hermann and Ferligoj, Anuška and Žiberna, Aleš},
    address = {Berlin and Heidelberg},
    booktitle = {Data Science and Classification},
    pages = {341-349}
}

@misc{Zhang2019fc,
    publisher = {Benjamins},
    author = {Zhang, Liqin and Franz Manni and R. Fabri and John Nerbonne},
    title = {Detecting loan words computationally},
    year = {2019},
    howpublished = {Draft, submitted to the Contact Language Libraries series},
    address = {Amsterdam}
}

@article{Bodt2014,
    title = {Ethnolinguistic survey of Westernmost Arunachal Pradesh. A fieldworkerś impressions},
    journal = {Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area},
    author = {Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus},
    number = {2},
    volume = {37},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {198-239}
}

@inproceedings{Bodt2014b,
    publisher = {International Association for Tibetan Studies},
    author = {Bodt, Timotheus Adrianus},
    booktitle = {The dragon and the hidden land: social and historical studies on Sikkim and Bhutan. Proceedings of the Bhutan-Sikkim panel at the 13th Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies},
    title = {Notes on the settlement of the Gongri river valley of western Arunachal Pradesh},
    year = {2014},
    editor = {Anna Balikci Denjongpa and Jenny Bentley},
    address = {Ulaanbataar},
    pages = {153-190}
}

@article{Gerber2017,
    title = {The Dene-Kusunda hypothesis: A critical account},
    journal = {Man In India},
    author = {Gerber, Pascal},
    number = {1},
    volume = {97},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {111-204}
}

@article{Navalon2018,
    title = {The evolutionary relationship among beak shape, mechanical advantage, and feeding ecology in modern birds},
    journal = {Evolution},
    author = {Navalon, G. and Bright, J. A. and Marugan-Lobon, J. and Rayfield, E. J.},
    volume = {Early View},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {1-14}
}

@incollection{Gast2018,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    author = {Volker Gast and Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm},
    booktitle = {Aspects of linguistic variation},
    title = {The areal factor in lexical typology. Some evidence from lexical databases},
    year = {2018},
    editor = {Olmen, Daniël and Mortelmans, Tanja and Brisard, Frank},
    address = {Berlin and New York},
    pages = {43-81}
}

@inproceedings{Moore2005,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of INTERSPEECH 2005},
    title = {Results from a survey of attendees at ASRU 1997 and 2003},
    year = {2005},
    pages = {117-120},
    author = {Moore, Roger K.}
}

@article{Widmer2017a,
    title = {NP recursion over time: Evidence from Indo-European},
    journal = {ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing},
    author = {Widmer, Manuel and Auderset, Sandra and Nichols, Johanna and Widmer, Paul and Bickel, Balthasar},
    number = {4},
    volume = {93},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {799-826}
}

@article{Muthukrishna2019,
    journal = {Nature Human Behaviour},
    title = {A problem in theory},
    year = {2019},
    pages = {1-9},
    author = {Michael Muthukrishna and Joseph Henrich}
}

@inproceedings{Laeubli2018,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
    title = {Has machine translation achieved human parity? A case for document-level evaluation},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {4791-4796},
    author = {Läubli, Samuel and Sennrich, Rico and Volk, Martin}
}

@misc{Bickel2017,
    title = {AUTOTYP},
    year = {2017},
    editor = {Balthasar Bickel and Johanna Nichols},
    address = {Zürich}
}

@article{Hill2019a,
    title = {Using Chinese character formation graphs to test proposals in Chinese historical phonology},
    journal = {Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics},
    author = {Hill, Nathan W. and List, Johann-Mattis},
    number = {??},
    volume = {??},
    year = {forthcoming},
    pages = {1-16}
}

@article{Allen2018,
    title = {Lexical bundles from one century to the next},
    journal = {Journal of Historical Pragmatics},
    author = {Rachel Allen},
    number = {2},
    volume = {19},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {167–185}
}

@book{Virpioja2013,
    publisher = {Aalto University},
    author = {Virpioja, Sami and Smit, Peter and Grönroos, Stig-Arne and Kurimo, Mikko},
    year = {2013},
    title = {Morfessor 2.0: Python Implementation and Extensions for Morfessor Baseline},
    address = {Helsinki}
}

@article{Goldsmith2017,
    title = {Computational learning of morphology},
    journal = {Annual Review of Linguistics},
    author = {Goldsmith, John A. and Lee, Jackson L. and Xanthos, Aris},
    number = {1},
    volume = {3},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {85-106}
}

@article{Konvicka2019,
    title = {Grammaticalisation clines: a brief conceptual history},
    journal = {History and Philosophy of the Language Sciences},
    author = {Konvička, Martin},
    number = {3},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2019}
}

@book{Lahaussois2019,
    publisher = {University of Hawaií Press},
    title = {Methodological Tools for Linguistic Description and Typology},
    series = {LD&C Special Publication No. 16: Methodological Tools for Linguistic Description and Typology},
    year = {2019},
    number = {1},
    editor = {Lahaussois, Aimée and Vuillermet, Marine},
    address = {Honolulu}
}

@book{Gabelentz2016,
    publisher = {Language Science Press},
    author = {Georg von der Gabelentz},
    title = {Die Sprachwissenschaft: Ihre Aufgaben, Methoden und bisherigen Ergebnisse},
    editor = {Manfred Ringmacher and James McElvenny},
    year = {2016},
    address = {Berlin}
}

@inbook{Barsalou2017,
    publisher = {Springer International Publishing},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45977-6_2},
    isbn = {978-3-319-45977-6},
    author = {Barsalou, Lawrence W.},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45977-6_2},
    abstract = {If a theory of concept composition aspires to psychological plausibilityPsychological plausibility, it may first need to address several preliminary issues associated with naturally occurring human concepts: content variabilityContent variability, multiple representational forms, and pragmatic constraints. Not only do these issues constitute a significant challenge for explaining individual concepts, they pose an even more formidable challenge for explaining concept compositions. How do concepts combine as their content changes, as different representational forms become active, and as pragmatic constraints shape processing? Arguably, concepts are most ubiquitous and important in compositions, relative to when they occur in isolation. Furthermore, entering into compositions may play central roles in producing the changes in content, form, and pragmatic relevance observed for individual concepts. Developing a theory of concept composition that embraces and illuminates these issues would not only constitute a significant contribution to the study of concepts, it would provide insight into the nature of human cognition.},
    title = {Cognitively plausible theories of concept composition},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {9-30},
    editor = {Hampton, James A. and Winter, Yoad},
    address = {Cham},
    booktitle = {Compositionality and concepts in linguistics and psychology}
}

@article{Heine2019,
    title = {On the grammaticalization of some processes of word formation in Africa},
    url = {http://www.skase.sk/Volumes/JTL39/pdf_doc/01.pdf},
    journal = {SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics},
    author = {Heine, Bernd},
    number = {1},
    volume = {16},
    year = {2019},
    pages = {2-18}
}

@article{Mukai2019,
    title = {Productivity of recursive compounds},
    journal = {SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics},
    author = {Makiko Mukai},
    number = {1},
    volume = {16},
    year = {2019},
    pages = {35-48}
}

@article{Schwarzwald2019,
    title = {Linear and Nonlinear Word Formation in Hebrew – Words Which End With -on},
    journal = {SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics},
    author = {Schwarzwald, Ora},
    number = {1},
    year = {2019},
    pages = {109-120}
}

@article{Klein1977,
    publisher = {[Anthropological Linguistics, Trustees of Indiana University]},
    title = {Indian Languages of the Paraguayan Chaco},
    url = {http://www.jstor.org/stable/30027605},
    journal = {Anthropological Linguistics},
    author = {Harriet Manelis Klein and Louisa R. Stark},
    number = {8},
    volume = {19},
    year = {1977},
    pages = {378-401}
}

@article{Carvalho2018a,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1086/696198},
    title = {Arawakan-Guaicuruan Language Contact in The South American Chaco},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1086/696198},
    journal = {International Journal of American Linguistics},
    author = {de Carvalho, Fernando O.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {84},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {243-263}
}

@book{Chen2012,
    publisher = {Zhōngyāng Mínzú Dàxué 中央民族大学 [Central Institute of Minorities]},
    author = {Chén Qíguāng 陳其光},
    url = {https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Hmong-Mien_comparative_vocabulary_list},
    title = {Miàoyáo yǔwén},
    year = {2012},
    address = {Běijīng}
}

@book{Beekes1996,
    publisher = {John Benjamins},
    author = {Robert S. P. Beekes},
    year = {1996},
    title = {Comparative Indo-European linguistics. An introduction},
    address = {Amsterdam and Philadelphia}
}

@article{Mei2012,
    title = {The causative *s- and nominalizing *-s in Old Chinese and related matters in Proto-Sino-Tibetan},
    journal = {Language and Linguistics},
    author = {Mei, Tsu-Lin},
    number = {1},
    volume = {13},
    year = {2012},
    pages = {1-28}
}

@article{Lai2016,
    title = {Causativisation in Wobzi and other Khroskyabs dialects},
    journal = {Cahiers de Linguistique - Asie Orientale},
    author = {Lai, Yunfan},
    number = {2},
    volume = {45},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {148-175}
}

@article{Hill2014,
    title = {A Note on Voicing Alternation in the Tibetan Verbal System},
    journal = {Transactions of the American Philosophical Society},
    author = {Hill, Nathan W},
    number = {1},
    volume = {112},
    year = {2014},
    pages = {1-4}
}

@article{Papakitsos2018,
    title = {Going to the root: Paving the way to reconstruct the language of homo-sapiens},
    journal = {International Linguistics Research},
    author = {Papakitsos, Evangelos C. and Kenanidis, Ioannis K.},
    number = {2},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {1-16}
}

@article{Hilbert1902,
    title = {Mathematical problems},
    journal = {Bulletin of the New York Mathematical Society},
    author = {Hilbeert, David},
    number = {1},
    volume = {8},
    year = {1902},
    pages = {437-479}
}

@article{List2019PBLOG1,
    title = {Future challenges for computational diversity linguistics},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.com/2019/01/future-challenges-for-computational.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {1},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2019}
}

@article{List2019PBLOG3,
    title = {Automatic detection of borrowing (Open problems in computational diversity linguistics 3)},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.com/2019/03/automatic-detection-of-borrowing-open.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {3},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2019}
}

@article{Schweikhard2018TBlog2,
    title = {Semantic promiscuity as a factor of productivity in word formation},
    url = {https://calc.hypotheses.org/1169},
    journal = {Computer-Assisted Language Comparison in Practice},
    author = {Schweikhard, Nathanael E.},
    number = {11},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2018}
}

@article{Ghosh2019,
    url = {https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47267081},
    journal = {BBC News},
    title = {AAAS: Machine learning `causing science crisis},
    year = {2019},
    author = {Ghosh, Pallab}
}

@inproceedings{Lapuschkin2016,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition},
    title = {Analyzing classifiers: Fisher vectors and deep neural networks},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {2912-2920},
    author = {Lapuschkin, Sebastian and Binder, Alexander and Montavon, Grégoire and Müller, Klaus-Robert and Samek, Wojciech}
}

@article{List2019PBLOG2,
    title = {Automatic morpheme segmentation (Open problems in computational diversity linguistics 1)},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.com/2019/03/automatic-detection-of-borrowing-open.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {2},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2019}
}

@inproceedings{Hartmann2003,
    title = {Phono. Book for modeling regular historical sound change},
    url = {http://mypage.siu.edu/lhartman/phono/ver40.htm},
    booktitle = {Actas VIII Simposio Internacional de Comunicación Social},
    author = {Hartmann, Lee},
    year = {2003},
    pages = {606-609}
}

@inproceedings{Ciobanu2018,
    publisher = {Association of Computational Linguistics},
    title = {Simulating language evolution: A tool for historical linguistics},
    booktitle = {Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: System Demonstrations},
    author = {Ciobanu, Alina Maria and Dinu, Liviu P.},
    year = {2018},
    pages = {68-72}
}

@book{Adrados2010,
    publisher = {Peeters},
    title = {Manual of Indo-European Linguistics},
    series = {Orbis Supplementa},
    author = {Adrados, Francisco Rodrguez and Bernabé, Alberto and Mendoza, Julia},
    number = {34},
    volume = {Volume 1: Introduction, Phonology},
    year = {2010}
}

@book{Casaretto2004,
    publisher = {Winter},
    title = {Nominale Wortbildung der gotischen Sprache},
    year = {2004},
    author = {Casaretto, Antje}
}

@book{Griepentrog1995,
    publisher = {Institut für Sprachwissenschaft},
    title = {Die Wurzelnomina des Germanischen und ihre Vorgeschichte},
    series = {Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Sprachwissenschaft},
    author = {Griepentrog, Wolfgang},
    number = {82},
    year = {1995}
}

@article{Klein2018,
    doi = {https://doi.org/103726/zwjw.2018.01.01},
    author = {Thomas Klein},
    journal = {Zeitschrift für Wortbildung / Journal of Word Formation},
    title = {Mittelhochdeutsche Wortfamilien: Ermittlung und Perspektiven},
    number = {2},
    volume = {1},
    editor = {Petra M. Vogel and Elke Donalies and Ludwig M. Eichinger and Mechthild Habermann and Jörg Meibauer and Barbara Schlücker and Hans-Joachim Solms and Pavol Štekauer and Salvador Valera Hernández},
    year = {2018},
    keywords = {Read, MHG, OHG, Morphological Annotation, Reversing Soundshifts, Word Families, Automatic Segmentation, Automatic Glossing},
    pages = {11-31}
}

@book{Krahe1969,
    title = {Wortbildungslehre},
    series = {Germanische Sprachwissenschaft},
    author = {Krahe, Hans and Meid, Wolfgang},
    number = {3},
    edition = {7},
    year = {1969},
    keywords = {Recommended}
}

@article{Kroonen2017,
    title = {The Development of the Proto-Indo-European Instrumental Suffix in German},
    url = {https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/indo.2017.122.issue-1/issue-files/indo.2017.122.issue-1.xml},
    author = {Guus Kroonen},
    number = {122},
    year = {2017},
    keywords = {Read, Etymological Reconstruction, Germanic, Geminates, Instrumental Suffix, L-Stems},
    pages = {105-110}
}

@book{Mueller2007,
    title = {Zum Germanischen aus laryngaltheoretischer Sicht},
    year = {2007},
    author = {Müller, Stefan}
}

@book{Benjamin1923,
    publisher = {Richard Weissbach},
    author = {Benjamin, Walter},
    year = {1923},
    title = {Charles Baudelaire. Tableaux Parisiens. Deutsche Übertragung mit einem Vorwort über die Aufgabe des Übersetzers},
    address = {Heidelberg}
}

@book{Reiss1991,
    publisher = {Max Niemeyer},
    author = {Reiß, Katharina and Vermeer, Hans J.},
    title = {Grundlagen einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie},
    edition = {2},
    year = {1991},
    address = {Tübingen}
}

@book{Newman1999,
    publisher = {LINCOM Europa},
    author = {Newman, John and Raman, Anand V.},
    year = {1999},
    title = {Chinese historical phonology. Compendium of Beijing and Cantonese pronunciations of characters and their derivations from Middle Chinese},
    address = {München}
}

@article{Sagart2019,
    title = {Dated language phylogenies shed light on the ancestry of Sino-Tibetan},
    journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America},
    author = {Sagart, Laurent and Jacques, Guillaume and Lai, Yunfan and Ryder, Robin and Thouzeau, Valentin and Greenhill, Simon J. and List, Johann-Mattis},
    volume = {116},
    year = {2019},
    pages = {10317–10322}
}

@article{Zhang2019,
    title = {Phylogenetic evidence for Sino-Tibetan origin in northern China in the late Neolithic},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {Zhang, Menghan and Shi Yan and Wuyun Pan and Li Jin},
    number = {569},
    year = {2019},
    pages = {112-115}
}

@book{Li1981,
    publisher = {University of California Press},
    author = {Li, Charles N. and Thompson, Sandra A.},
    year = {1981},
    title = {Mandarin Chinese. A functional reference grammar},
    address = {Berkeley and Los Angeles and London}
}

@article{KuemmelTria2017,
    doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0193},
    title = {Phylogenetic rooting using minimal ancestor deviation},
    journal = {Nature Ecology and Evolution},
    author = {Kümmel Tria, F. D. and Landan, Giddy and Dagan, Tal},
    volume = {1},
    year = {2017},
    pages = {193}
}

@article{Jaeger2019,
    journal = {Theoretical Linguistics},
    title = {Computational historical linguistics},
    year = {forthcoming},
    author = {Jäger, Gerhard}
}

@article{Blasi2019,
    doi = {https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav3218},
    title = {Human sound systems are shaped by post-Neolithic changes in bite configuration},
    journal = {Science},
    author = {Blasi, Damián E. and Steven Moran and Scott R. Moisik and Paul Widmer and Dan Dediu and Balthasar Bickel},
    number = {1192},
    volume = {363},
    year = {2019},
    pages = {1-10}
}

@misc{Luehr2008,
    howpublished = {Vortrag im Rahmen einer Ringvorlesung zur Geschichte der Altertumswissenschaften (09.01.2008, FSU-Jena)},
    url = {https://web.archive.org/web/20150206223522/http://www.indogermanistik.uni-jena.de/dokumente/Weitere/delbrueck.pdf},
    title = {Von Berthold Delbrück bis Ferdinand Sommer: Die Herausbildung der Indogermanistik in Jena},
    year = {2008},
    author = {Lühr, Rosemarie}
}

@misc{Kortlandt2007,
    url = {http://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art243e.pdf},
    title = {For Bernard Comrie},
    year = {2007},
    author = {Kortlandt, Frederik}
}

@article{Hill2016,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1075/ijchl.3.2.04hil},
    title = {A refutation of Song’s (2014) explanation of the ‘stop coda problem’ in Old Chinese},
    journal = {International Journal of Chinese Linguistic},
    author = {Hill, Nathan},
    number = {2},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2016},
    pages = {270-281}
}

@article{Blust2019,
    title = {The Austronesian homeland and dispersal},
    journal = {Annual Review of Linguistics},
    author = {Blust, Robert},
    volume = {5},
    year = {2019},
    pages = {417-434}
}

@article{LaPolla2019,
    title = {The origin and spread of the Sino-Tibetan language family},
    journal = {Nature},
    author = {LaPolla, Randy},
    volume = {569},
    year = {2019},
    pages = {45-47}
}

@inproceedings{Rama2019,
    publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
    title = {An automated framework for fast cognate detection and Bayesian phylogenetic inference in computational historical linguistics},
    booktitle = {57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics},
    author = {Rama, Taraka and List, Johann-Mattis},
    year = {forthcoming},
    pages = {1-11}
}

@inbook{Horn1997,
    publisher = {Springer US},
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1745-4_11},
    isbn = {978-1-4899-1745-4},
    author = {Horn, Andrew G.},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-1745-4_11},
    abstract = {In everyday speech, we often use words more to do things (e.g., greet, make bets, accuse, ask, marry, etc.) than to make statements of fact. In the philosophy of language, viewing utterances as these sorts of speech acts (Austin 1962), or as moves in a language game (Wittgenstein 1958), challenged the view of communication as an exchange of true or false propositions. For ethologists, applying similar concepts to animal signals may help keep concepts like information, manipulation, and honesty in their proper perspective. This essay shows the many parallels between speech acts and animal signals, and touches on their implications. According to this perspective, the main function of signals is not to state facts, although facts (e.g., about honesty, intentions, and external referents) are crucial for the evolutionary stability of signals. Just as the speech acts in a marriage ceremony resist translation into facts outside of the social system of which they are a part, most animal signals will likely resist translation into general classes of messages or functions. Nonetheless, if the rules that govern the use of signals are sufficiently understood, the parts played by manipulation and information in the evolution of those rules can also be understood.},
    title = {Speech acts and animal signals},
    year = {1997},
    pages = {347-358},
    editor = {Owings, Donald H. and Beecher, Michael D. and Thompson, Nicholas S.},
    address = {Boston, MA},
    booktitle = {Communication}
}

@incollection{Schleicher1868,
    publisher = {Ferdinand Dümmler},
    author = {Schleicher, August},
    booktitle = {Beiträge zur vergleichenden Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der arischen, celtischen und slawischen Sprachen},
    title = {Eine fabel in indogermanischer sprache},
    year = {1868},
    number = {5},
    editor = {A. Kuh and August Schleicher},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {206-208}
}

@incollection{Schrodt1989,
    publisher = {de Gruyter},
    author = {Schrodt, richard},
    booktitle = {The New Sound of Indo-European: Essays in Phonological Reconstruction},
    title = {Neue Forschungen zur germanischen Lautverschiebung - ein Fall von Paradigmenwechsel?},
    year = {1989},
    editor = {Theo Vennemann},
    address = {Berlin},
    pages = {137-152}
}

@incollection{Joseph2006,
    publisher = {John Benjamins},
    author = {Joseph, Brian D.},
    booktitle = {Variation and reconstruction},
    title = {On projecting variation back into a proto-language. With particular attention to Germanic evidence and some thoughts on "drift"},
    year = {2006},
    editor = {Thomas D. Cravens},
    address = {Amsterdam and Philadelphia},
    pages = {103-118}
}

@article{List2019e,
    title = {Beyond Edit Distances: Comparing linguistic reconstruction systems},
    journal = {Theoretical Linguistics},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    number = {??},
    volume = {??},
    year = {forthcoming},
    pages = {1-10}
}

@book{Bader2013,
    publisher = {American Mathematical Society},
    isbn = {0821890387,9780821890387},
    title = {Graph partitioning and graph clustering},
    series = {Contemporary Mathematics 588},
    author = {David A. Bader and David A. Bader and Henning Meyerhenke and Peter Sanders and Dorothea Wagner},
    year = {2013}
}

@book{Tayeng1990,
    publisher = {Directorate of Research, Government of Arunachal Pradesh},
    author = {Tayeng, Aduk},
    year = {1990},
    title = {Sulung language guide},
    address = {Itanagar}
}

@article{Chen2019,
    title = {Phonological reconstruction of Proto-Kampa consonants},
    journal = {Berkeley Papers in Formal Linguistics},
    author = {Chen, Eric},
    number = {1},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2019},
    pages = {1-56}
}

@inproceedings{Cathcart2019,
    booktitle = {Proceedings of VarDial},
    title = {Toward a deep dialectological representation of Indo-Aryan},
    year = {2019},
    pages = {110-119},
    author = {Cathcart, Chundra A.}
}

@misc{Nicholls2013,
    title = {TraitLab: A MatLab package for fitting and simulating binary tree-like data},
    year = {2013},
    author = {Nicholls, Geoff K. and Ryder, Robin J and Welch, David}
}

@article{Murawaki2015,
    title = {Spatial structure of evolutionary models of dialects in Contact},
    journal = {PLOS ONE},
    author = {Murawaki, Yugo},
    number = {7},
    volume = {10},
    year = {2015},
    pages = {e0134335}
}

@article{Smith2004,
    title = {The evolution of vocabulary},
    journal = {Journal of Theoretical Biology},
    author = {Smith, Kenny},
    number = {1},
    volume = {228},
    year = {2004},
    pages = {127-142}
}

@book{Amery2000,
    year = {201},
    publisher = {University of Adelaide Press},
    title = {Warraparna Kaurna! Reclaiming an Australian language},
    isbn = {9781925261257,1925261255},
    author = {Amery, Rob}
}

@article{List2018WBlog10,
    title = {Von Wortfamilien und promiskuitiven Wörtern},
    url = {https://wub.hypotheses.org/464},
    journal = {Von Wörtern und Bäumen},
    author = {List, Johann-Mattis},
    number = {10},
    volume = {2},
    year = {2018}
}

@article{List2019PBLOG4,
    title = {Automatic sound law induction (Open problems in computational diversity linguistics 3)},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.com/2019/04/automatic-sound-law-induction-open.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {4},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2019}
}

@article{List2019PBLOG5,
    title = {Automatic phonological reconstruction (Open problems in computational diversity linguistics 4)},
    url = {http://phylonetworks.blogspot.com/2019/05/automatic-phonological-reconstruction.html},
    journal = {The Genealogical World of Phylogenetic Networks},
    author = {Johann-Mattis List},
    number = {5},
    volume = {6},
    year = {2019}
}

@article{Jacques2019BLOGa,
    url = {https://panchr.hypotheses.org/date/2019/04},
    journal = {Panchronica},
    title = {L’antiquité des fricatives labiodentales},
    year = {2019},
    author = {Jacques, Guillaume}
}

@article{Kleinert2009,
    title = {Der messende Luchs. Zwei verbreitete Fehler in der Galilei-Literatur},
    journal = {NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften, Technik und Medizin},
    author = {Kleinert, Andreas},
    number = {2},
    volume = {17},
    year = {2009},
    pages = {199-206}
}

@article{Browne2019,
    doi = {http://doi.org/10.1007/s13218-019-00600-6},
    title = {AI for ancient games},
    url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s13218-019-00600-6},
    abstract = {This report summarises the Digital Ludeme Project, a recently launched 5-year research project being conducted at Maastricht University. This computational study of the worldś traditional strategy games seeks to improve our understanding of early games, their development, and their role in the spread of related mathematical ideas throughout recorded human history.},
    author = {Browne, Cameron},
    year = {2019},
    journal = {KI - Künstliche Intelligenz}
}

@book{Castro2010,
    publisher = {SIL International},
    author = {Andy Castro and Brian Crook and Royce Flaming},
    year = {2010},
    title = {A sociolinguistic survey of Kua-nsi and related Yi varieties in Heqing county, Yunnan province, China},
    address = {Heqing}
}

