Cross reference for The Proxy Observation Ontology classes, properties and dataproperties back to ToC

This section provides details for each class and property defined by The Proxy Observation Ontology.

Classes

Assemblagec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Assemblage

has super-classes
Proxy observation c
has members
Faunal ni, Floral ni

Chemicalc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Chemical

has super-classes
Proxy observation c
has sub-classes
Isotope c, Major element c, Organic index c, Trace element c
has members
Mineral matter ni, Organic matter ni

Compositionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Composition

has super-classes
Physical observation c
has members
Clay fraction ni, Sand fraction ni, Silt fraction ni

Diffractionc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Diffraction

has super-classes
Spectral observation c
has members
X-Ray diffraction ni

Fluorescencec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Fluorescence

has super-classes
Spectral observation c
has members
X-ray fluorescence ni

Isotopec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Isotope

<p>Atoms can be simply described as consisting of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton">protons</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron">electrons</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron">neutrons</a>. Isotopes of the same element differ by the number of neutrons in the nucleus, resulting in different mass. </p>
has super-classes
Chemical c
has sub-classes
Radioisotope c, Stable isotope c

Major elementc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#MajorElement

has super-classes
Chemical c
has members
C ni, N ni, P ni, Si ni

Organic indexc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#OrganicIndex

<p>Paleoceanographers use the term <b>biomarker</b> to describe organic molecules found in <a href="/Category:MarineSediment" title="Category:MarineSediment"> marine sediments</a>, initially produced by a variety of organisms either on land or in the marine environment <sup id="cite_ref-rosell2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosell2007-1">[1]</a></sup>. A key characteristic of biomarkers is their ability to survive deposition in the <a href="/Category:ProxyArchive_%C2%A9" title="Category:ProxyArchive ©"> archive</a> in terms of their original structure and steroidal configuration (i.e., spatial distribution of the atoms) <sup id="cite_ref-rosell2007_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosell2007-1">[1]</a></sup>. Their usefulness for paleoceanographic reconstructions largely depends on their <a href="/wiki/index.php?title=Degradation&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Degradation (page does not exist)">degradation</a> within the <a href="/Category:ProxyArchive_%C2%A9" title="Category:ProxyArchive ©"> archive</a> <sup id="cite_ref-rosell2007_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosell2007-1">[1]</a></sup>.<ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rosell2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">? <sup><a href="#cite_ref-rosell2007_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-rosell2007_1-1">1.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-rosell2007_1-2">1.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosell-Melé, A., &amp; McClymont, E. L. (2007). Biomarkers as Paleoceanographic proxies. Developments in Marine Geology, 1, 441-490. doi:10.1016/S1572-5480(07)01016-0 </span> </li> </ol>
has super-classes
Chemical c
has members
TEX86 ni, Uk 37' ni, Uk37 ni

Physical observationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Physical

has super-classes
Proxy observation c
has sub-classes
Composition c
has members
Color ni, Density ni, Grain size ni, Layer thickness ni, Lithics ni, Magnetic susceptibility ni, Moisture Content ni, Permeability ni, Porosity ni, Resistivity ni

Proxy observationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#ProxyObservation

is defined by
http://linked.earth/ontology/core/1.2.0/
has sub-classes
Assemblage c, Chemical c, Physical observation c, Spectral observation c
has members
Historic ni

Radioisotopec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Radioisotope

has super-classes
Isotope c
has members
Ar-Ar ni, Lead Isotope ni, Neodymium ni, Radiocarbon ni, U-Th ni

Reflectancec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Reflectance

has super-classes
Spectral observation c
has members
Diffuse spectral reflectance ni

Spectral observationc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Spectral

has super-classes
Proxy observation c
has sub-classes
Diffraction c, Fluorescence c, Reflectance c
has members
Luminescence ni

Stable Carbon isotopec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#StableCarbonIsotope

<p><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon">Carbon</a> in nature exists in oxidized (i.e., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate">carbonates</a>), elemental (i.e., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite">graphite</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond">diamond</a>), and reduced (i.e., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane">methane</a> and organic matter]) forms. Carbon has two <a href="/Category:StableIsotope" title="Category:StableIsotope"> stable isotopes</a>: the light isotope <sup>12</sup>C (abundance: 98.9%, mass: 12.000000 amu) and the heavy isotope <sup>13</sup>C (abundance: 1.1%, mass: 13.003355 amu). Since the mass of <sup>13</sup>C is higher than the mass of <sup>12</sup>C, the carbon isotopes are fractionated by chemical and biological processes. In general, <sup>12</sup>C is strongly partitioned into organic matter (reduced form) while the heavy isotope is concentrated in the oxidized forms of carbon. </p>
has super-classes
Stable isotope c
has members
d13C ni

Stable Hydrogen isotopec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#StableHydrogenIsotope

has super-classes
Stable isotope c
has members
dD ni

Stable isotopec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#StableIsotope

has super-classes
Isotope c
has sub-classes
Stable Carbon isotope c, Stable Hydrogen isotope c, Stable Nitrogen isotope c, Stable Oxygen isotope c, Stable sulfur isotope c

Stable Nitrogen isotopec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#StableNitrogenIsotope

has super-classes
Stable isotope c
has members
d15N ni

Stable Oxygen isotopec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#StableOxygenIsotope

has super-classes
Stable isotope c
has members
d170 ni, d180 ni

Stable sulfur isotopec back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#StableSulfurIsotope

has super-classes
Stable isotope c
has members
d34S ni

Trace elementc back to ToC or Class ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#TraceElement

has super-classes
Chemical c
has members
Al/Ca ni, B/Ca ni, Ba/Ca ni, Fe/Ca ni, Li/Ca ni, Mg/Ca ni, Mn/Ca ni, Sr/Ca ni, Zn/Ca ni

Named Individuals

Al/Cani back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Al/Ca

belongs to
Trace element c

Ar-Arni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Ar-Ar

belongs to
Radioisotope c

B/Cani back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#B/Ca

belongs to
Trace element c

Ba/Cani back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Ba/Ca

belongs to
Trace element c

Cni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#C

belongs to
Major element c

Clay fractionni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#ClayFraction

belongs to
Composition c

Colorni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Color

belongs to
Physical observation c

d13Cni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#d13C

belongs to
Stable Carbon isotope c

d15Nni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#d15N

belongs to
Stable Nitrogen isotope c

d170ni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#d170

belongs to
Stable Oxygen isotope c

d180ni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#d180

Oxygen has three naturally-occuring stable isotopes: 16O, 17O, 18O, with 16O being the most abundant (99.762%). Two international reference standards are used to report variations in oxygen isotope standards: PDB and SMOW. The use of the PDB standard in reporting oxygen isotope composition is restricted to carbonates of low-temperature origins (e.g., oceanic, lacustrine ). The conversion between SMOW and PDB scales is given by: \delta^{18}O_{SMOW} = 1.03091 (\delta^{18}O_{PDB}) +30.91 δ18O may be measured on the shells of foraminifera
belongs to
Stable Oxygen isotope c

d34Sni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#d34S

belongs to
Stable sulfur isotope c

dDni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#dD

belongs to
Stable Hydrogen isotope c

Densityni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Density

belongs to
Physical observation c

Diffuse spectral reflectanceni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#DiffuseSpectralReflectance

belongs to
Reflectance c

Faunalni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Faunal

belongs to
Assemblage c

Fe/Cani back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Fe/Ca

belongs to
Trace element c

Floralni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Floral

belongs to
Assemblage c

Grain sizeni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#GrainSize

belongs to
Physical observation c

Historicni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Historic

belongs to
Proxy observation c

Layer thicknessni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#LayerThickness

belongs to
Physical observation c

Lead Isotopeni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#LeadIsotope

belongs to
Radioisotope c

Li/Cani back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Li/Ca

belongs to
Trace element c

Lithicsni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Lithics

belongs to
Physical observation c

Luminescenceni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Luminescence

belongs to
Spectral observation c

Magnetic susceptibility ni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#MagneticSusceptibility

belongs to
Physical observation c

Mg/Cani back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Mg/Ca

belongs to
Trace element c

Mineral matterni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#MineralMatter

belongs to
Chemical c

Mn/Cani back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Mn/Ca

belongs to
Trace element c

Moisture Contentni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#MoistureContent

belongs to
Physical observation c

Nni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#N

belongs to
Major element c

Neodymiumni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Neodymium

belongs to
Radioisotope c

Organic matterni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#OrganicMatter

belongs to
Chemical c

Pni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#P

belongs to
Major element c

Permeabilityni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Permeability

belongs to
Physical observation c

Porosityni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Porosity

belongs to
Physical observation c

Radiocarbonni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Radiocarbon

belongs to
Radioisotope c

Resistivityni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Resistivity

belongs to
Physical observation c

Sand fraction ni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#SandFraction

belongs to
Composition c

Sini back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Si

belongs to
Major element c

Silt fractionni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#SiltFraction

belongs to
Composition c

Sr/Cani back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Sr/Ca

belongs to
Trace element c

TEX86ni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#TEX86

The use of TEX86 (TetraEther indeX of 86 carbons) as a tool to reconstruct past sea surface temperature variability is based on the relative cyclization of isoprenoidal glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetra ethers (GDGTs) produced by marine archaea. TEX86 is defined as [1]: TEX_{86}=\frac{GDGT-2+GDGT-3+Cren'}{GDGT-1+GDGT-2+GDGT-3+Cren'} where GDGTs 1-3 indicate compounds containing 1-3 cyclopentyl moieties, respectively, and Cren' denotes the regioisomer of crenarchaeol, a diagnostic biomarker for the Thaumarchaeota, the primary producers of GDGTs in the marine realm. By definition, values of the TEX86 index are comprised between 0 and 1. Experimental evidence suggests that archaea produce GDGTs with more rings warmer waters, a response observed in cultures of hyperthermophile archaea [2] [3] and mesocosm experiments with natural seawater containing heterogenous archaeal population [4] [5]. References [1] Schouten, S., Hopmans, E. C., Schefuß, E., & Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. (2002). Distributional variations in marine crenarchaeotal membrane lipids: a new organic proxy for reconstructing ancient sea water temperatures? . Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 204, 265-274. [2] de Rosa, M., Esposito, E., Gambacorta, A., Nicolaus, B., & Bu'Lock, J. (1980). Effects of temperature on ether lipid composition of Caldariella acidophilia. Phytochemistry, 19, 827-831. [3] Uda, I., Sugai, A., Itoh, Y., & Itoh, T. (2001). Variation in molecular species of polar liipds from Thermoplasma acidophilum depends on growth temperature. Lipids, 36, 103-105. [4] Wuchter, C., Schouten, S., Coolen, M. J. L., & Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. (2004). Temperature-dependent variation in the distribution of tetraether membrane lipids of marine Crenarchaeota: implications for TEX86 paleothermometry. Paleoceanography, 19, PA4028. doi:10.1029/2004PA001041 [5]Schouten, S., Forster, A., Panato, E., & Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. (2007). Towards the calibration of the TEX86 paleothermometer on ancient greenhouse worlds. Organic Geochemistry. doi:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2007.05.014
belongs to
Organic index c

U-Thni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#U-Th

belongs to
Radioisotope c

Uk 37'ni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Uk37Prime

The currently accepted U37kprime (Prahl and Wakeman, 1987) varies positively with temperature, and is defines as C(37:2)/(C(37:2)+C(37:3), where C(37:2) represents the quantity of the di-unsaturated ketone and C(37:3) the quantity of the tri-unsaturated form. Herbet, T.D., 2003, Alkenone paleotemperature determinations in Treatise on Geochemistry, Volume 6, pp 391-432
belongs to
Organic index c

Uk37ni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Uk37

The C37 alkenone unsaturation index ( U_{37}^{k'} ) is a firmly established tool for past sea surface temperatures reconstruction and is based on the relative abundance of di- (C37:2) and tri- (C37:3) unsaturated ketones with 37 carbon atoms. The index varies between 0 and 1, thus it may saturate in the temperature extremes as it becomes more challenging to determine since C37:3 and C37:2 alkenones approach their detection limits. Since alkenones come exclusively from a few species of haptophyte algae which require sunlight, alkenone thermometry offers the advantage of direct estimate of near-surface ocean temperatures. The ubiquitous presence of alkenone-synthesizing organisms (most commonly the coccolithophorids Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa oceanic through the world's ocean and the rapidity and high-precision of the alkenone analyses had made U_{37}^{k'} a valuable proxy for paleoceanographic reconstructions. However, the U_{37}^{k'} proxy is subject to non-temperature effects, such as lateral transport through oceanic currents (Ohkouchi et al. (2002)) and preferential post-depositional oxidation of C37:3 compared to C37:2 [1] [2]. Furthermore, changes in the seasonality of the proxy (i.e., which part of the seasonal cycle the proxy is recording) may bias the inferred temperatures toward winter or summer conditions [3]. Finally in oceanic regions where the photic zone extends below the surface mixed layer, the sedimentary signal may not strictly represent sea surface temperatures but rather a composite temperature of the mixed layer and the thermocline [4][5]. References [1] Hoefs, M. J. L., Versteegh, G. J. M., Rijpstra, W. I. C., de Leeuw, J. W., & Damsté, J. S. S. (1998). Postdepositional oxic degradation of alkenones: Implications for the measurement of palaeo sea surface temperatures. Paleoceanography, 13(1), 42-49. doi:10.1029/97pa02893 [2] Ohkouchi, N., Eglinton, T. I., Keigwin, L. D., & Hayes, J. M. (2002). Spatial and temporal offsets between proxy records in a sediment drift. Science, 298(5596), 1224-1227. doi:10.1126/science.1075287 [3] Herfort, L., Schouten, S., Boon, J. P., & Sinninghe Damsté, J. S. (2006). Application of the TEX86 temperature proxy in the southern North Sea. Organic Geochemistry, 37, 1715-1726. [4] Müller, P. J., Kirst, G., Ruhland, G., von Storch, I., & Rosell-Melé, A. (1998). Calibration of the alkenone paleotemperature index U_{37}^{k'} based on core-tops from the eastern South Atlantic and the global ocean (60°N-60°S). Geochimica et cosmochimica acta, 62, 1757-1772. [5] Prahl, F. G., Mix, A. C., & Sparrow, M. A. (2006). Alkenone paleothermometry: biological lessons from amrine sediment records off Western South America. Geochimica and Cosmochimica Acta, 70, 101-117.
belongs to
Organic index c

X-Ray diffractionni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#X-RayDiffraction

belongs to
Diffraction c

X-ray fluorescenceni back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#X-rayFluorescence

belongs to
Fluorescence c

Zn/Cani back to ToC or Named Individual ToC

IRI: http://linked.earth/ontology#Zn/Ca

belongs to
Trace element c

Legend back to ToC

c: Classes
op: Object Properties
dp: Data Properties
ni: Named Individuals