Cheiloneurus Westwood, 1833a:343. Type species: Encyrtus elegans Dalman, by monotypy.
Chilonevrus Agassiz, 1848. Unjustified emendation of Cheiloneurus Westwood.
Chrysopophagus Ashmead, 1894:246. Type species: Chrysopophagus compressicornis Ashmead, by monotypy. Synonymy with Cheiloneurus by Trjapitzin & Gordh (1978a:365).
Cheloneurus; Förster, 1956:50. Misspelling of Cheiloneurus.
Chiloneurus; Förster, 1856:50. Misspelling of Cheiloneurus.
Zaomma Ashmead, 1900:401. Type species: Encyrtus argentipes Howard, by original designation and monotypy. syn.nov.
Blatticida Ashmead, 1904:305. Type species: Blatticida pulchra Ashmead, by monotypy. Synonymy with Cheiloneurus by Trjapitzin & Gordh (1978 b:636).
Apterencyrtus Ashmead, 1905:5. Type species: Apterencyrtus pulchricornis Ashmead, by original designation and monotypy. Synonymy with Zaomma by Gordh & Trjapitzin (1979:34). syn.nov.
Echthrogonatopus Perkins, 1906:256. Type species: Echthrogonatopus exitiosus Perkins, by designation of Gahan & Fagan (1923:48). Synonymy with Cheiloneurus by Guerrieri & Viggiani (2005:306).
Saronotum Perkins, 1906:269-260. Type species: Saronotum australiae Perkins, by original designation. Synonymy with Cheiloneurus by Noyes & Hayat (1984:249).
Cristatithorax Girault, 1911:169. Type species: Cristatithorax pulcher Girault, by original designation. Synonymy with Cheiloneurus by Mercet (1921:637).
Eusemionella Girault, 1915a:78. Type species: Eusemionella cristata Girault, by original designation. Synonymy with Cheiloneurus by Noyes & Hayat (1984:249).
Chrysopophagoides Girault, 1915a:90. Type species: Chrysopophagoides westwoodi Girault, by original designation. Synonymy with Cheiloneurus by Noyes & Hayat (1984:249).
Paracheiloneurus Girault: 1915a:119. Type species: Cheiloneurus perpulcher Girault, by original designation; subgenus of Cheiloneurus. Synonymy with Cheiloneurus by Noyes & Hayat (1984:249).
Epicheiloneurus Girault, 1915a:173. Type species: Epicheiloneurus albicoxa Girault, by original designation. Synonymy with Cheiloneurus by Noyes & Hayat (1984:249).
Metallonoidea Girault, 1915a:170-171. Type species: Metallonoidea brittanica Girault, by monotypy. Synonymy with Zaomma by Gordh & Trjapitzin (1979:34). syn.nov.
Eusemionopsis Girault, 1918:3. Type species: Eusemionopsis centaurus Girault, by original designation. Synonymy with Cheiloneurus by Noyes & Hayat (1984:249).
Hypergonatopus Timberlake, 1922:142. Type species: Echthrogonatopus hawaiiensis Perkins, by original designation. Synonymy with Cheiloneurus by Guerrieri & Viggiani (2005:306).
Procheiloneurus Girault, 1920a:39. Type species: Procheiloneurus triguttatipennis Girault, by original designation. Synonymy with Cheiloneurus by Dahms & Gordh (1997:113 - 114,115-116).
Chiloneurinus Mercet, 1921:646. Type species: Chiloneurus microphagus Mayr, by original designation and monotypy. Synonymy with Zaomma by Trjapitzin (1978:310). syn.nov.
Aulonops Timberlake, 1922:158-159. Type species: Aulonops bifasciata Timberlake, by original designation. Synonymy with Cheiloneurus by Guerrieri (2006:2396).
Raphaelana Girault, 1926:66. Replacement name for Procheiloneurus Girault, 1920 nec Prochiloneurus Silvestri, 1915.
Bekilyia Risbec, 1952:40. Type species: Bekilyia metallica Risbec, by monotypy. Synonymy with Cheiloneurus by Noyes & Prinsloo (1998:78,84).
Metacheiloneurus Hoffer, 1957b:336. Type species: Metacheiloneurus moestus Hoffer, by monotypy. Synonymy with Cheiloneurus by Hoffer (1959:33).
Lepidoneurus Hoffer, 1957:340 b. Type species: Chiloneurus kollari Mayr, by original designation (as subgenus of Cheiloneurus Westwood). Synonymy with Cheiloneurus by Trjapitzin (1989:305).
Richardsius Alam, 1957:439. Type species: Apterencyrtus thomsoniscae Alam, by original designation (as subgenus of Apterencyrtus Ashmead). Synonymy with Zaomma by Trjapitzin (1989:312). syn.nov.
Tobiasia Trjapitzin, 1962:567. Type species: Tobiasia bifasciata Trjapitzin, by monotypy. Synonymy with Cheiloneurus by Trjapitzin & Triapitsyn (2008:465).
Metapterencyrtus Tachikawa, 1963b:213-214. Type species: Metapterencyrtus eriococci Tachikawa, by original designation. Synonymy with Zaomma by Gordh & Trjapitzin (1979:34). syn.nov.
Cheilonorus; OILB, 1971:20. Misspelling of Cheiloneurus.
Cheilioneurus; Noyes, 2010:94. Misspelling of Cheiloneurus.
Female. Overall length about 0.8-4.5mm.
Body varying from completely yellow or orange to dark brown and largely metallic green; mesoscutum often posteriorly with a strong metallic dark band clothed with dense silvery setae, sometimes only silvery setae; legs varying from completely yellow or pale orange to mostly dark brown; fore wing rarely completely hyaline, usually distinctly infuscate.
Head with with an oval, shiny bottomed depression adjacent to eye margin between posterior ocellus and occipital margin; malar sulcus absent or very weak, indicated by a slight change in sculpture; antenna with pedicel and flagellum subcylindrical, segments becoming broader distally, clava at least as broad as F1, with apex rounded or with a slight to strong, oblique apical truncation; mandible basically tridentate, varying from 3 very sharp teeth acute teeth, upper tooth sometimes very short, lower teeth sometimes very long; through to 3 subequal, relatively short teeth to 1 tooth and a broad truncation; palp formula 4-3.
Mesoscutum without notaular lines, mostly with imbricate-reticulate or polygonally reticulate sculpture, cells rarely uniform, mostly at least some anterior cells longitudinally elongate, sometimes all sculpture longitudinally elongate striate-reticulate to striate and slightly diverging posteriorly; scutellum with similar or distinctly deeper polygonally reticulate sculpture, sometimes arranged in whorls; scutellum almost always with a subapical tuft composed of tightly packed, scale-like setae that are scattered and not arranged in distinct straight lines; fore wing fully developed or strongly reduced, sometimes hardly reaching gaster; fully developed fore wing about 2.2-3.3X as long as broad, reduced fore wing up to 3.9X as long as broad; fully developed fore wing mostly infuscate with a naked, hyaline streak connecting apex of postmarginal and stigmal veins; submarginal vein with parastigma at least slightly broadened and frequently downcurved, sometimes strongly; marginal vein long, at least 3X as long as broad, at least 1.5X as long as the stigmal vein and rarely less than 3X as long as the postmarginal vein (in some species with completely hyaline wings the postmarginal vein is as long the stigmal vein and about 0.5X as long as the marginal vein); filum spinosum present.
Gaster sometimes with a pair of gland-like structures on TI and TV; hypopygium not reaching apex of gaster; ovipositor hidden to very strongly exserted; gonostylus free.
Male. Length about 0.6-1.8mm.
Body usually dark brown with a slight metallic sheen, rarely completely or partially yellow; fore wing hyaline, extremely rarely infuscate as in female; antenna with 6 funicle segments, all longer than broad and clothed with whorls of long setae, the longest of which may be up to 8X as long as diameter of segments; clava entire and usually slightly shorter than F5 and F6 combined; sculpture of mesoscutum and scutellum usually similar to that of female; subapical tuft on scutellum very rarely present; fore wing with venation similar to that of female but marginal vein usually relatively shorter; phallobase with parameres short, digiti each about 2-3X as long as broad and with a single apical tooth; aedeagus mostly about half as long as mid tibia, about 10- 16X as long as broad but very slightly broadened subapically with apex rounded.
DISTRIBUTION. Cosmopolitan.
HOSTS. Mainly secondary parasitoids of scale insects via other encyrtid primary parasitoids or leaf hoppers via other parasitoids. Some species are recorded as primary parasitoids of predators associated with aphids or other sternorrhynchous hemipterans. Cheiloneurus aliphera sp.nov. is recorded below from cricket eggs in Colombia, and Cheiloneurus leptulus Annecke & Prinsloo is recorded as a parasitoid of the larvae of Ceratina Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Tanzania (Annecke & Prinsloo, 1977). One species appears to be a gregarious, facultative hyperparasitoid of moth prepupae or pupae (Lepidoptera) via braconid primary parasitoids (Manickavasagam et al., 2008).
COMMENTS. Zaomma has long been treated as a distinct genus from Cheiloneurus although the included species have very similar biologies and morphology. With a few exceptions, both genera include species that are secondary parasitoids of Coccoidea (Hemiptera), although species of Zaomma specialise as secondary parasitoids of smaller scales (Diaspididae) whilst species of Cheiloneurus are associated with larger scales (Coccidae, etc.). In general, individuals of Zaomma are smaller than those of Cheiloneurus and have hyaline fore wings and the scutellum has a weak subapical tuft whilst those of Cheiloneurus have infuscate fore wings and the scutellum usually has a distinct subapical tuft. This separation was supported when Prinsloo (1979b) showed that all Afrotropical species of Zaomma have paired “gland-like” structures on TI and TV of the gaster which he also found in the common European species, Zaomma lambinus. The current work has shown that these structures are also present in Zaomma argentipes (Fig. 522), the type species of the genus. No species currently placed in Cheiloneurus is known to possess these structures. However, in at least two species described as new here (dalycera and idris), these gland--like structures are absent, but appear to be indicated by somewhat irregular changes in sculpture. In general respects these species are very similar to argentipes. Another species described here as new (magnolia; Fig. 504) possesses distinct gland-like structures on TI and TV of the gaster yet has strongly infuscate fore wings (Fig. 499). I therefore think that treating Zaomma as a separate genus from Cheiloneurus is untenable and formally propose the synonymy of the two genera (syn. nov.). As a result of this synonymy the following new combinations in Cheiloneurus are proposed: abas (Trjapitzin) (from Apterencyrtus); acaciae (Risbec) (from Paralitomastix); acanthococci (Pilipyuk & Trjapitzin) (from Apterencyrtus); argentipes (Howard) (from Encyrtus); astera (Hayat) (from Zaomma); carinae (Prinsloo) (from Zaomma); cestus (Prinsloo) (from Zaomma); danzigae (Pilipyuk & Trjapitzin) (from Apterencyrtus); epytus (Walker) (from Encyrtus); eriococci (Ferrière) (from Apterencyrtus); ficusae (Risbec) (from Adelencyrtus); hirsutus (Ratzeburg) (from Encyrtus); lambinus (Walker) (from Encyrtus); sitis (Prinsloo) (from Zaomma); vix (Prinsloo) (from Zaomma); xhosa (Prinsloo) (from Zaomma) (all comb.nov.).
One group of species (related to hamadryas sp.nov., see key couplets 17 to 31) appears to form a monophyletic group which might be considered to be out of place within Cheiloneurus and deserve separate generic status. The species are characterised by having the mandible with two elongate, sharp, lower teeth and a short or vestigial upper, third tooth (e.g. Figs 610, 617. 620, 638, 644, 669) and a hyaline, or weakly infuscate, fore wing without any indication of a hyaline, naked streak connecting the apices of the postmarginal and stigmal veins (e.g. Figs 604, 608, 613, 670, 677). At present I prefer to include these species within Cheiloneurus because all other characters agree with the current definition of the genus.
There is no doubt that Cheiloneurus, as understood here, is morphologically an extremely variable genus and probably requires a reassessment of its generic limits. Unfortunately, this is beyond the scope of the current work. This would be an enormous task that would require a holistic approach based on a detailed examination of material from all parts of the world that includes representatives of all genus group names that are currently treated as invalid synonyms.
See comments under Prochiloneurus (p. 459) and Ludesia (p. 179).
IDENTIFICATION. A very diverse genus with 272 described species worldwide, including 102 described below as new. Identification of species can be difficult with very few revisions or detailed studies available: Gordh & Trjapitzin, 1979 (key to 7 species of Zaomma); Guerrieri & Viggiani, 2005 (revision of 14 species of Cheiloneurus associated with Hymenoptera, Dryinidae); Gahan, 1914 (key to 8 North American species of Cheiloneurus); Trjapitzin & Triapitsyn, 2008 (new species of Cheiloneurus from USA, Mexico and Cuba, key to 12 species of Cheiloneurus without a scutellar tuft, key to 14 species of elegans group); Trjapitzin, 1971 (key to 13 Palaearctic species of Cheiloneurus); Trjapitzin, 1989 (key to 21 Palaearctic species of Cheiloneurus and 6 species of Zaomma); Compere, 1938 (key to 7 Afrotropical species of Cheiloneurus); Prinsloo, 1979b (revision of 5 Afrotropical species of Zaomma); Hayat, 2006 (key to 33 Indian species of Cheiloneurus); Shi et al., 1994 (key to 10 Chinese species of Cheiloneurus).
Key to Costa Rican species of Cheiloneurus
(Females)
1 Fore wing always fully developed and without a naked, hyaline streak connecting apices of postmarginal and stigmal veins (e.g. Figs 500, 527. 555, 571, 587, 599, 603, 673) .......................................................................................................................2
- Brachypterous species or fore wing fully developed with a conspicuous naked, hyaline streak connecting apices of postmarginal and stigmal veins (e.g. Figs 679, 688, 701, 726, 743, 776, 824, 864, 1015, 1090, 1162) .............................................. 32
2 (1) Either apex of clava more or less rounded (e.g. Fig. 506; 528, 540; 576; sometimes a small, inconspicuous, apical sensory area that extends not more than about 0.1X along ventral surface of clava as in Fig. 502) or all funicle segments at least 1.4X as long as broad (Fig. 558) ................................................................................... 3
- Apex of clava with a conspicuous oblique apical truncation extending at least one-quarter along clava and some funicle segments transverse or quadrate (e.g. Figs 583, 593, 602, 605, 618, 631, 664) .................................................................................... 14
3 (2) Fore wing (Fig. 499) conspicuously infuscate below marginal vein with apical half less strongly infuscate, but with a pair of opposite hyaline areas .................................. ...................................................................................... magnolia sp.nov. (p. 213)
- Fore wing completely hyaline ........................................................................................ 4
4 (3) Clava at least slightly longer than funicle (e.g. Figs 506, 511, 514, 534), if about as long as funicle then about 4X as long as broad (Fig. 528); funicle with linear sensilla on at most F5-F6 .................................................................................................. 5
- Clava shorter than funicle (e.g. Figs 540, 547, 561, 567) but if about as long then not more than 3.5X as long as broad (Fig. 576); funicle with linear sensilla on at least F4-F6 .................................................................................................................... 8
5 (4) Antenna (Figs 506, 511-514), with F2-F5 strongly transverse; F1 and F6 both usually transverse, rarely either segment quadrate; syntergum not longer than broad (visible only on slide-mounted material).............................................................. 6
- Antenna (Figs 528, 534) with at least F2 quadrate and F1 and F6 at least slightly longer broad; syntergum at least about one-third longer than broad (visible only on slide-mounted material) ................................................................................................ 7
6 (5) Sculpture on mesoscutum aciculate polygonally reticulate to striate-reticulate; gaster with “glandular” plates on Gt1 separated by hardly more than their own lengths, those on Gt5 more or less touching ................................... vitara sp.nov. (p. 215)
- Sculpture on mesoscutum not aciculate although polygonally reticulate to striate-reticulate; gaster with “glandular” plates on Gt1 separated by at least nearly 2X their own lengths, those on Gt5 separated by at least about 0.3X their own lengths or at least about their own widths ........................... argentipes (Howard) (p. 216)
7 (5) Antenna with F5 longer than broad, about 2X as long as F4 and with linear sensilla; head about 4.5X as wide as frontovertex ............................ sophocles sp.nov. (p. 219)
- Antenna with F5 transverse, hardly longer than F4 and without linear sensilla; head about 3X as wide as frontovertex ................................................ carita sp.nov. (p. 220)
8 (4) Antenna (Fig. 540, 547) with all funicle segments quadrate, at least F2-F6 subequal and with linear sensilla; fore wing (Fig. 542, 553) not more than about 2.3X as long as broad; mandible (Fig. 546) with 1 acute tooth and a broad, slightly concave truncation ............................................................................................................. 9
- Antenna (e.g. Figs 558, 561, 567, 576) with at least F5-F6 longer than broad and larger than basal segments; linear sensilla present on only F4-F6; fore wing (e.g. Fig. 557, 562, 571, 578) at least about 2.4X as long as broad; mandible with three teeth, upper tooth sometimes truncate (Fig. 556) ........................................................ 10
9 (8) Antenna (Fig. 540) with pedicel hardly longer than F1, funicle with F2-F6 wider than pedicel; fore coxa brown ................................................ epytus (Walker) (p. 222)
- Antenna (Fig. 547) with pedicel about as long as F1+F2 combined, funicle with only F5- F6 wider than pedicel, remaining segments at least slightly narrower than pedicel; fore coxa white ............................................................... danessa sp.nov. (p. 223)
10 (8) All funicle segments at least 1.3X as long as broad (Figs 558, 561) ............................ 11
- At least some funicle segments transverse or subquadrate and not more than 1.1X as long as broad (Fig. 567, 573, 576) ............................................................................. 12
11 (10) Mandible with two teeth and a broadly truncate upper tooth (Fig. 556); gaster without glands on TI and TV ............................................................. idris sp.nov. (p. 225)
- Mandible with three acute teeth, upper tooth short; gaster with glands on TI and TV ..... ........................................................................................ socrates sp.nov. (p. 227)
12 (10) Hind coxa white; linear sensilla only on F5-F6 (Fig. 567) ......... roellus sp.nov. (p. 229)
- Hind coxa brown; linear sensilla on F4-F6 (Fig. 573, 576) ......................................... 13
13 (12) Gaster without gland-like structures on TI and TV; mandible with two sharp teeth and a third, upper tooth with a broad, straight truncation ....... dalycera sp.nov. (p. 230)
- Gaster with gland-like structures on at least TV; mandible with two sharp teeth and a third, upper tooth with a strongly concave truncation ...... ection sp.nov. (p. 232)
14 (2) Clava concolorous with funicle or only partially dark brown (Figs 583, 591, 593); mandible with three short teeth (Fig. 581).......................................................... 15
- Clava conspicuously darker than funicle and, excluding sensory apical area, uniformly dark brown, at least F6 pale yellow or pale orange and contrasting with clava (e.g. Figs 598, 605, 611, 634, 668, 678); mandible (e.g. Figs 610, 617. 620, 638, 644, 669) very characteristic with a very deep invagination between middle and lower tooth with a smaller nick at bottom, upper tooth short, sometimes virtually absent .................................................................................................................. 17
15 (14). Legs with femora and tibiae white to pale orange, only hind femur marked dark brown at extreme apex without brown areas; scutellum (Fig. 582) without a subapical tuft of setae ............................................................................. parvus (Hayat) (p. 234)
- Legs with all femora and tibiae at least partially brown; scutellum with at least a weak subapical tuft of setae (Fg. 592, 596) ................................................................. 16
16 (15) Head at least 8X as wide as frontovertex; scape (Fig. 591) hardly broadened, at least 4X as long as broad; scutellum (Fig. 592) with a sparse subapical tuft composed of about 10 setae that do not extend past apex; mid tibial spur not longer than corresponding basitarsus..................................................... semis sp.nov. (p. 235)
- Head less than 6X as wide as frontovertex; scape (Fig. 593) strongly broadened and flattened, not more than 2X as long as broad; scutellum (Fig. 596) a dense subapical tuft composed of about 20 setae that clearly extends past apex; mid tibial spur at least 1.2X as long as corresponding basitarsus .................................. .......................................................................................... catreta sp.nov. (p. 237)
17 (14) Scutellum orange .......................................................................................................... 18
- Scutellum metallic green or blue .................................................................................. 19
18 (17) Fore wing (Fig. 600) with apical half generally weakly infuscate, without a distinct median streak; scape (Fig. 598) not broadened, about 5X as long as broad; ovipositor more than 2X as long as mid tibia, exserted part longer than mid tibial spur .............................................................................. herndonia sp.nov. (p. 239)
- Fore wing (Figs 601) largely hyaline in apical half, but with a distinct longitudinal, median infuscate streak; scape (Fig. 602) conspicuously broadened, about 3.5X as long as broad; ovipositor less than 2X as long as mid tibia, exserted part not more than half as long as mid tibial spur ................................... exeres sp.nov. (p. 241)
19 (17) Forewing (Fig. 604, 608, 612, 613) with a median, longitudinal orange or orange-brown streak in apical half; sensory area on clava (Figs 605, 611, 618, 619) not reaching more than 0.4X along clava ............................................................................... 20
- Fore wing hyaline (e.g. Figs 624, 633, 640, 657 666) or weakly infuscate (Figs 655, 657, 677) without a discernible median, longitudinal orange or orange-brown streak in apical half; sensory area on clava reaching at least 0.45X along clava (e.g. Figs 622, 634, 639. 658, 664, 678) .............................................................................22
20 (19) Hind femur white in basal half contrasting with dark brown apical half; last tergite of gaster not longer than mid tibia; ovipositor less than 1.5X as long as mid tibia and more than 3X as long as gonostylus, exserted part about one-third as long as mid tibial spur ......................................................................... fidenas sp.nov. (p. 243)
- Hind femur mostly white or pale orange, slightly darker towards apex, sometimes margined pale brown; last tergite of gaster at least 1.1X as long as mid tibia; ovipositor more than 1.5X as long as mid tibia and less than 3X as long as gonostylus (Fig. 615), exserted part at least two-thirds as long as mid tibial spur. ............................................................................................................................ 21
21 (20) Antenna (Fig. 611)with funicle segments relatively short so that clava is at least as long as F2-F6 combined; clava relatively enlarged so sensory area is at least 0.9X as long as ventral surface of clava and reaching more than 0.35X along ventral surface ................................................................................ miklo sp.nov. (p. 245)
- Antenna (Figs 618, 619) with funicle segments relatively longer so that clava is at most about as long as F3-F6 combined; clava relatively slender so that sensory is less than 0.7X as long a ventral surface of clava and not more than 0.3X along ventral surface ................................................................................ lamus sp.nov. (p. 247)
22 (19) Scape mostly dark brown ............................................................................................. 23
- Scape mostly yellow or pale orange ............................................................................. 27
23 (22) Scape (Fig. 622) strongly broadened and flattened, about 2.5X as long as broad ............. ....................................................................................... varablus sp.nov. (p. 249)
- Scape (Figs 625, 631, 634, 639) slightly broadened, at least 3X as long as broad ...... 24
24 (23) Funicle (Fig. 625) with linear sensilla on F2-F6; head not more than 3.8X as broad as frontovertex; hind tibia with less than apical one-quarter yellow .......................... ......................................................................................... myndus sp.nov. (p. 251)
- Funicle (Figs 631, 634, 639) with linear absent from F2-F3, at most present on F4-F6; head at least 3.9X as wide as frontovertex; hind tibia with more than apical one-quarter yellow .................................................................................................... 25
25 (24) Fore wing (Fig. 633) not more than about 2.5X as long as broad ................................. ............................................................................................. rosea sp.nov. (p. 253)
- Fore wing (Figs 636, 640) at least about 2.65X as long as broad ................................ 26
26 (25) Funicle (Fig. 634) with linear sensilla on F4-F6; clava slightly shorter than funicle; syntergum about 1.4X as long as mid tibia; ovipositor about 2X as long as mid tibia with gonostylus about 2X as long as mid tibial spur, exserted part of ovipositor about 0.7X as long as mid tibial spur ............................... salome sp.nov. (p. 255)
- Funicle (Fig. 639) with linear sensilla absent from F4, present only on F5-F6; clava slightly longer than funicle; syntergum about as long as mid tibia; ovipositor less than 1.5X as long as mid tibia and with gonostylus about 1.3X as long as mid tibial spur, exserted part of ovipositor about 0.2X as long as mid tibial spur .................. ........................................................................................... loresa sp.nov. (p. 257)
27 (22) Scape less than 4.2X as long as broad (usually not more than 4.0X) ........................... 28
- Scape more than 4.3X as long as broad (usually at least 4.5X) .................................... 29
28 (27) Scutellum (Fig. 648) without a subapical tuft of setae; clava (Fig. 647) shorter than funicle; fore wing (Fig. 645) hyaline; hind femur proximally white to pale orange, dark brown in at least apical half .................................... onestas sp.nov. (p. 259)
- Scutellum (Fig. 653) with a distinct, but short apical tuft of setae; clava (Fig. 650) slightly longer than funicle; fore wing (Fig. 655) weakly infuscate below marginal and stigmal veins, the infuscation extending across wing; hind femur white to pale orange, brown at extreme apex only ............................... mirabel sp.nov. (p. 262)
29 (27) Fore wing (Fig. 657) with area beneath marginal vein infuscate ...................................... ......................................................................................... mantua sp.nov. (p. 264)
- Forewing (Figs 666, 670, 674, 677) completely hyaline .............................................. 30
30 (29) Hind femur white with apical half dark brown .................... hamadryas sp.nov. (p. 265)
- Hind femur white to pale orange .................................................................................. 31
31 (30) Scutellum with a distinct subapical tuft of setae; clava longer than F2-F6 combined (Fig. 675); head width greater than flagellum length .............. mardor sp.nov. (p. 268) Scutellum without a subapical tuft of setae; funicle segments relatively elongate so that clava is shorter than F2-F6 combined (Fig. 678); head width less than flagellum length ............................................................................... extillus sp.nov. (p. 270)
32 (1) Mesopleuron white with an incomplete, submedian, vertical brown stripe (Hab. 101, 102, 103) .............................................................................................................33
- Mesopleuron sometimes white or pale orange, but never with a vertical brown stripe .... ............................................................................................................................ 35
33 (22) Scape (Fig. 681) not more than 2X as long as broad .................. racidia sp.nov. (p. 272)
- Scape (Fig. 684, 687) at least 3X as long as broad ....................................................... 34
34 (23) Temple and gena with a distinct diagonal dark brown stripe; scape (Fig. 684) about 4X as long as broad; clava much shorter than funicle; apex of fore wing (Fig. 683) with a subtriangular hyaline area ........................................... miranda sp.nov. (p. 274)
- Temple and gena with at most a very faint brown stripe; scape (Fig. 687) about 3X as long as broad; clava longer than pedicel and funicle combined; apex of fore wing (Fig. 685) without a subtriangular hyaline area, infuscate area of wing curved and subparallel to apical margin .......................................... scolopax sp.nov. (p. 276)
35 (32) Fully winged forms only, fore wing (Figs 692, 700, 705, 711, 715, 725) with apical hyaline area connected to hyaline post venational streak by a narrow hyaline strip along anterior wing margin (fully winged forms only) ..................................... 36
- Either fully winged forms without a narrow hyaline strip along anterior margin of fore wing between apex of venation and wing apex (e.g. Figs 730, 746, 801, 810,834, 997, 1030, 1108) or brachypterous forms (Figs 966, 980, 986, 998, 1006) ....... 41
36 (35) Head at least about 9X as wide as frontovertex (Fig. 695)............................................ 37
- Head at most about 7X as wide as frontovertex (Figs 707, 708, 716, 720, 729) .......... 38
37 (36) Funicle completely white (Fig. 693) ............................................. genys sp.nov. (p. 278)
- Funicle mixed pale yellow and dark brown (Fig. 699) ................ fabius sp.nov. (p. 281)
38 (36) Antenna (Figs 703, 709) with scape more than 4X as long as broad; pedicel and flagellum uniformly brown, or at most with F5 and F6 partially orange ........................... 39
- Antenna (Figs 718, 722) with scape less than 3X as long as broad; pedicel white to pale orange with a dark brown dorsal stripe, most funicle segments partially pale orange, clava dark brown ................................................................................... 40
39 (38) Head and thorax mostly pale orange, mesoscutum (Fig. 702) with a transverse, median pale brown band with a very weak metallic blue and purple sheen ........................ ........................................................................................... nintra sp.nov. (p. 283)
- Head (Fig. 708) and thorax (Fig. 710) dark brown to black mostly with a metallic dark blue-green sheen ............................................................ santaros sp.nov. (p. 286)
40 (38) Mouth margin (Fig. 716) dark brown; interantennal prominence clothed in sparse, inconspicuous silvery setae ................................................ simus sp.nov. (p. 288)
- Mouth margin (Fig. 720) pale orange; interantennal prominence clothed in relatively dense, conspicuous silvery setae ..................................... marcius sp.nov. (p. 290)
41 (35) Scape (e.g. Figs 727, 731, 739, 749, 792, 805, 827, 830, 66, 893, 930) largely white with a dark brown area at apex on internal surface that extends part way along dorsal margin towards base, ventral margin narrowly dark brown from base nearly to apex, not marked orange or hardly so; scape not less than 2.8X and never more than 5.2X as long as broad; pedicel usually completely dark brown, but sometimes mostly dark brown with pale-brown or off-white areas, never partly orange .................. 42
- Scape (e.g. Figs 937, 960, 977, 990) completely orange, or virtually completely pale orange, or pale orange with a complete brown streak on inner surface that contrasts with pale orange remainder; scape from less than 2.5X to more than 6X, as long as broad; pedicel never completely dark brown, always with paler areas, often pale orange, or pale yellow or orange with a dark brown dorso-lateral stripe or brown with only apex or venter orange ........................................................................ 72
42 (41) Area between scrobe and eye with deep continuous polygonally reticulate sculpture, without any completely smooth area (Fig. 729) ............. castalia sp.nov. (p. 293)
- Area between scrobe and eye largely completely smooth and shiny without sculpture, contrasting with conspicuous sculpture on frontovertex and gena (e.g. Figs 735, 747, 752, 775, 785) ............................................................................................. 43
43 (42) Hind coxa brown and more or less concolorous with femur ........................................ 44
- Hind coxa clearly paler than femur and contrasting, completely white to very pale orange, occasionally with a small pale brown area ventrally, femur usually brown, but occasionally orange-brown .......................................................................... 52
44 (43) Fore wing (Fig. 734, 737, 746) with an infuscate area immediately below distal part of submarginal vein ................................................................................................ 45
- Fore wing (e.g. Figs 751, 758, 766, 770, 775) with area immediately below distal part of submarginal vein hyaline ................................................................................... 47
45 (44) Ovipositor slightly exserted, the exserted part at least nearly half as long as mid tibial spur, gonostylus a little longer than mid tibial spur; infuscate area below parastigma (Fig. 734) not enclosing any setae, although there may be a few inconspicuous, pale setae distad of this ..................................................... dipsas sp.nov. (p. 295)
- Ovipositor not exserted, gonostylus about half as long as mid tibial spur; infuscate area below parastigma(Figs 737, 746) enclosing some dark setae ........................... 46
46 (45) Infuscate area below parastigma (Fig. 737) enclosing not more than 5 setae; mesoscutum with setae virtually reaching posterior margin ................ medusa sp.nov. (p. 297)
- Infuscate area below parastigma (Fig. 746) enclosing at least 10 dark brown setae; posterior two-fifths or so of mesoscutum devoid of setae apart from a pair of long submedian setae ............................................................ amadeus sp.nov. (p. 300)
47 (44) Head (Fig. 752, 756) at least 5.8X as wide as frontovertex ......................................... 48
- Head (Fig. 760, 774, 783) not more than 5.7X as wide as frontovertex ...................... 49
48 (47) Rough sculpture immediately above antennal scrobes carinately delimited and forming a strong angle at top of scrobes (Fig. 752); marginal vein of fore wing (Fig. 750) about as long as apical seta of postmarginal vein ............ grimus sp.nov. (p. 302)
- Rough sculpture immediately above scrobes not carinately delimited and forming a more or less straight line across top of scrobes (Fig. 756); marginal vein of fore wing (Fig. 759) at least about 2X as long as apical seta of postmarginal vein ........... .................................................................................... herxius sp.nov. (p. 304)
49 (47) Marginal vein of fore wing (Fig. 762) only about as long as seta at end of postmarginal vein; apical part of fore wing (Fig. 766) distad of venation relatively longer, more than 0.4X overall length of wing; ovipositor (Fig. 763) with apical extension on semicircular sheet at proximal part of second valvifer narrowly subrectangular or subtriangular ....................................................................... seius sp.nov. (p. 307)
- Marginal vein of fore wing at least 1.5X as long as seta at end of postmarginal vein; apical part of fore wing distad of venation, not more than 0.4X overall length of wing; ovipositor (Fig. 767, 777, 782) with apical extension on semicircular sheet of second valvifer filamentous ........................................................................... 50
50 (49) Antenna (Fig. 768) more slender, combined length of pedicel and funicle greater than head width, F1 about 2X as long as broad and F5 longer than broad; OCL greater than AOL ......................................................................... moloch sp.nov. (p. 309)
- Antenna (Figs 772, 781) with combined length of pedicel and funicle less than head width, F1 about 1.5X as long as broad, F5 transverse; OCL not greater than AOL .............................................................................................................................51
51 (50) Fore coxa completely white, without dusky or brown areas ....... poeana sp.nov. (p. 311)
- Fore coxa at least partially brown ................................................ oshtan sp.nov. (p. 314)
52 (43) Fore wing with not more than 4 setae below proximal part of parastigma (Figs 788, 798, 801) ..................................................................................................................... 53
- Fore wing (e.g. Figs 810, 812, 867, 880, 920, 933) with at least 8, sometimes very pale, setae forming a group below proximal part of parastigma, this often connecting to most posterior part of delta formed by dark, bristle-like setae along proximal margin of linea calva below distal part of submarginal vein ............................. 55
53 (52) Clava entire (Fig. 790); scape less than 3.5X as long as broad; posterior two-thirds of mesoscutum (Fig. 786) with conspicuous piliferous punctures that are separated by much less than their own diameters............................. munda sp.nov. (p. 317)
- Clava 3-segmented (Figs 792, 801); scape more than 3.5X as long as broad; mesoscutum (Fig. 797) without conspicuous piliferous punctures; ........................................ 54
54 (53) Antenna (Fig. 792) with F2-F6 transverse; sculpture on mesoscutum (Fig. 797) similar to that on scutellum so that they are of similar appearance; fore wing (Fig. 798) about 2.3X as long as broad, with apex completely infuscate; frontovertex with at least about 24 setae medially between anterior ocellus and top of scrobes (Fig. 796) .................................................................................... varus sp.nov. (p. 319)
- Antenna (Fig. 799) with only F5-F6 transverse; mesoscutum with distinctly shallower sculpture than that on scutellum and thus more shiny; fore wing (Fig. 801) at least 2.7X as long as broad, with a small, triangular hyaline area at apex; frontovertex (Fig. 803) with at most about five setae medially between anterior ocellus and top of scrobes ..................................................................... iphigenes sp.nov. (p. 322)
55 (52) Fore wing (Fig. 810) slender, at least 3.2X as long as broad; scrobes (Fig. 807) not sharply margined ................................................................. solon sp.nov. (p. 324)
- Fore wing (e.g. Figs 814, 825, 857, 890, 921) not more than about 3X as long as broad; scrobes (e.g. Figs 815,822, 860, 885, 926) sharply margined ........................... 56
56 (55) Head (Fig. 815) at least 10X as wide as frontovertex which is not wider than diameter of anterior ocellus; fore coxa orange-brown ...................... pometia sp.nov. (p. 327)
- Head (e.g. Figs 822, 833, 847, 885, 911) not more than 7X as wide as frontovertex which is at least about 2X as wide as diameter of anterior ocellus; fore coxa white ........ .............................................................................................................................57
57 (56) Ovipositor very strongly exserted, the exserted part at least 1.5X as long as mid tibia .... ........................................................................................... genua sp.nov. (p. 329)
- Ovipositor hidden to moderately exserted, the exserted part less than 0.5X as long as mid tibia .................................................................................................................... 58
58 (57) Funicle (Fig. 827) with F3 and F4 completely white or yellow ...................................... ........................................................................................... goldus sp.nov. (p. 331)
- Funicle with F3 and F4 dark brown (e.g. Figs 859, 871, 893) or at least F3 yellow partially marked brown (e.g. Fig. 830, 844, 855, 914) .................................................... 59
59 (58) Funicle (Fig. 830) with F4 completely pale yellow; ovipositor moderately exserted with exserted part more than 0.4X as long as mid tibia ......... aliphera sp.nov. (p. 334)
- Funicle with F4 dark brown or at least partially marked brown, or, if F4 appears to be completely yellow (some inconspicuous dark setae dorsally towards apex) then exserted part of ovipositor is less than 0.25X as long as mid tibia .................... 60
60 (59) Fore wing (Fig. 834, 850, 853, 857) with a distinct and relatively large, subtriangular, hyaline area at apex, at least slightly wider at wing margin than length of marginal vein ..................................................................................................................... 61
- Fore wing (e.g. Figs 862, 875, 890, 902, 933, without a subtriangular apical, hyaline area or with only a relatively small or poorly defined area that at apical wing margin is much less wide than length of marginal vein ..................................................... 63
61 (60) Antenna with linear sensilla present on F1 (Fig. 836) .................. mago sp.nov. (p. 336)
- Antenna without linear sensilla on F1 (Figs 840, 841, 844, 855).................................. 62
62 (61) Antenna (Figs 840, 841, 844) with at least F5 and F6 transverse; exserted part of ovipositor shorter than mid tibial spur, gonostylus less than 1.2X as long as mid tibial spur ..................................................................... mckenziei sp.nov. (p. 339)
- Antenna (Fig. 855) with all funicle segments longer than broad, F6 subquadrate; exserted part of ovipositor much longer than mid tibial spur; gonostylus more than 1.5X as long as mid tibial spur ......................................................... origo sp.nov. (p. 342)
63 (60) Scape (Fig. 859, 866) less than 3.2X as long as broad; head (Fig. 860) never longer than broad in facial view ........................................................................................... 64
- Scape (e.g. Figs 871, 878, 908, 930) at least 3.5X as long as broad; head usually longer than broad in facial view (e.g. Figs 877, 883, 897, 910) .................................. 65
64 (63) Frontovertex with a distinct metallic green sheen; mesoscutum (Fig. 861) narrowly orange anteriorly and largely with fine, elongate, lineolate sculpture, strongly contrasting with more regular, polygonally reticulate sculpture posteriorly .......... ............................................................................................ argos sp.nov. (p. 344)
- Frontovertex with a weak brassy sheen; mesoscutum (Fig. 868) entirely dark brown and with fairly uniform, fine, polygonally reticulate sculpture ........................... ........................................................................................... feritas sp.nov. (p. 347)
65 (63) Mid tibial spur dark brown contrasting with white basitarsus; mid femur orange-brown, without any white areas proximally; mesoscutum (Fig. 873) uniformly dark brown with fine, longitudinally striate to striate-reticulate sculpture in anterior half ........ ........................................................................................... paean sp.nov. (p. 349)
- Mid tibial spur yellow, more or less concolorous with basitarsus; mid femur largely white, normally with at least proximal half white; mesoscutum either entirely dark brown with fairly uniform polygonally reticulate sculpture (Fig. 927), or dark brown with orange or orange-brown areas (Figs 882, 884, 892, 906) the paler areas having obliquely elongate, coarse, striate-reticulate sculpture ...................................... 66
66 (65) Fore wing (Fig. 880) with an infuscate area below proximal part of parastigma; gonostylus (Fig. 881) at least about 2X as long as mid tibia spur ........................ .............................................................................................. bion sp.nov. (p. 352)
- Fore wing without an infuscate area below parastigma (e.g. Figs 890, 895, 902, 920); gonostylus (e.g. Figs 887, 896, 903, 935) at most about as long a mid tibial spur. ............................................................................................................................ 67
67(66) Anterior half or so of mesoscutum (Figs 884, 892) matt orange contrasting with posterior half which is dark brown with a distinct dark blue and purple sheen especially along posterior margin ....................................................................................... 68
- Mesoscutum uniform dark brown (Fig. 927) with a weak metallic lustre, occasionally anterior areas mixed dark orange (Fig. 906, 932)............................................... 69
68 (67) Gaster orange-brown with syntergum orange and with a weak metallic sheen ................ ....................................................................................... zephyrus sp.nov. (p. 354)
- Gaster entirely dark brown with a moderate metallic sheen ...... pherus sp.nov. (p. 356)
69 (67) Antenna (Figs 908, 912, 913, 914) with clava enlarged, at least about 3X as wide as pedicel and either as long as scape or at least slightly longer than F3-F6 combined; sensory area of clava (truncate part) at least 1.25X as long diameter of F6 ........... ............................................................................................. lydia sp.nov. (p. 358)
- Antenna (Fig. 915, 925, 930, 931) with clava relatively smaller, at most 2.5X as wide as pedicel and either clearly shorter than scape or not longer than F3-F6 combined; sensory area of clava usually much shorter than diameter of F6, occasionally as much as 1.1X ..................................................................................................... 70
70 (69) Ovipositor not exserted or hardly so, the exserted part less than 0.3X length of mid tibial spur, gonostylus (Fig. 916) less than 0.8X as long as mid tibia spur ...................... ......................................................................................... parnisa sp.nov. (p. 361)
- Ovipositor clearly exserted, the exserted part at least 0.4X length mid tibial spur, gonostylus (Figs 924, 934, 935) at least as long as mid tibial spur ................... 71
71 (70) Antenna (Fig. 925) with funicle segments not unicolorous, F5 and F6 dark brown and at least F2-F3 marked with some dusky yellow; proximal funicle segments less slender and uniformly increasing in width distally, F3 usually not more than 1.5X as long as broad; head (Fig. 926) in facial view with the gena more convergent above level of lower torular margins ............................. horocles sp.nov. (p. 363)
- Antenna (Figs 930, 931) with funicle segments unicolorous dark brown without any segments marked dusky yellow; proximal funicle segments slender with F4-F6 much wider, F3 usually at least about 2X as long as broad; head (Fig. 928) in facial view with gena less convergent above level of lower torular margins ................... ............................................................................. longisetaceus De Santis (p. 366)
72 (41) Mouth margin completely yellow or pale orange below and between toruli; dorsal part of interantennal prominence sometimes connected to frontovertex, but always rounded, never carinate; includes brachypterous forms .....................................73
- Mouth margin dark brown below and between toruli or with a subparallel, curved brown line connecting lower margins of toruli, in rare cases (some fautrix and perhaps amethes) where the mouth margin is yellow, the dorsal part of the interantennal prominence has a longitudinal carinate ridge that connects narrowly with frontovertex; no brachypterous forms known .....................................................88
73 (72) Scape (Figs 937, 940, 947, 952, 960, 967, 969) relatively stout, sometimes broadened and flattened, not more than about 5X as long as broad .................................... 74
- Scape (e.g. Figs 974, 977, 995, 999, 1008, 1014, 1034) slender and subcylindrical, at least about 6X as long as broad .......................................................................... 80
74 (73) Ovipositor strongly exserted, the exserted part at least about 4X as long as mid tibial spur .................................................................................. numida sp.nov. (p. 368)
- Ovipositor less strongly exserted, the exserted part not more than about as long as mid tibial spur ........................................................................................................... 75
75 (74) Scape (Fig. 940) less than 3X as long as broad; clava at least as long as funicle ............. ............................................................................................ aunes sp.nov. (p. 370)
- Scape (Figs 947, 952, 960, 967, 969) more than 3X as long as broad; clava clearly shorter F2-F6 combined ................................................................................................. 76
76 (75) Clava with apex pale yellow to pale orange (Fig. 947, 952), clearly paler than distal dark brown funicle segments, concolorous or paler than proximal funicle segments .... ............................................................................................................................ 77
- Clava uniformly dark brown (Fig. 960, 967, 969), concolorous with distal dark brown funicle segments, darker than paler proximal funicle segments ........................ 78
77 (76) Clava (Fig. 947) brown, with only apical segment dusky orange and not paler than proximal funicle segments; funicle with linear sensilla present at most on F4-F6. ..................................................................................... elegans (Dalman) (p. 372)
- Clava (Fig. 952) proximally brown with at least two apical segments white or pale yellow, clearly paler than proximal funicle segments; funicle with linear sensilla present on F3-F6 ...................................... tainus Trjapitzin & Triapitsyn (p. 374)
78 (76) Ventral margin of scape (Fig. 960) distinctly marked brown in proximal 0.6X; gonostylus pale yellow with apex broadly brown .................................. leda sp.nov. (p. 377) [Only fully winged forms known]
- Scape uniformly pale orange (Figs 967, 969); gonostylus uniform pale yellow or pale orange ................................................................................................................. 79 [Only brachypterous forms known]
79 (78) Frontovertex with fewer than 10 setae in front of anterior ocellus, excluding those along inner eye margins; frontovertex clearly narrower than an eye in facial view; eye about 2.2X as long as malar space; scutellar tuft not more than 0.5X as long as scutellum (Fig. 965) .......................................................... luceres sp.nov. (p. 379) Frontovertex (Fig. 968) with more than 30 setae in front of anterior ocellus, excluding those along inner eye margins; frontovertex at least as wide as an eye in facial view; eye about 2.7X as long as malar space; scutellar tuft at least about 0.7X as long as scutellum(Fig. 971) ............................................... perses sp.nov. (p. 381)
80 (73) Funicle (Figs 974, 977, 990, 995) with at least two white segments contrasting with dark brown remainder ................................................................................................ 81
- Funicle (Figs 999, 1003, 1008, 1013, 1014, 1023) uniformly dark brown, occasionally some proximal segments partly pale orange to dark orange-brown .................. 84
81 (80) Mesoscutum (Fig. 976) mostly or entirely dark brown ................................................ 82
- Mesoscutum (Fig. 982) entirely pale orange ................................................................ 83
82 (81) Funicle (Fig. 974) with proximal segments white or marked with white, distal segments dark brown ............................................................. albinotatus De Santis (p. 383)
- Funicle (Fig. 977) with distal segments white or marked with white, proximal segments dark brown .................................................................... dymorus sp.nov. (p. 384)
83 (81) Antenna (Fig. 990) with F4-F6 completely white; funicle segments relatively shorter so that F3 is subquadrate and pedicel and funicle combined are about as long as width of head; head (Fig. 991) at least about 1.35X as high as wide; fully winged forms (Fig. 987) with parastigma only moderately curved downwards so that widest part of costal cell is not more than 1.5X as wide as parastigma ................................... ........................................................................................... glycon sp.nov. (p. 386)
- Antenna (Fig. 995) with F4-F6 white to pale yellow, F4 always partially marked brown or orange-brown; funicle segments relatively long so that F3 is at least about 2X as long as broad and pedicel and funicle combined are more than 1.1X as long as width of head; head (Fig. 996) not more than about 1.2X as high as wide; fully winged forms(Fig. 997) with parastigma strongly curved downwards so that widest part of costal cell is very nearly 3X as wide as parastigma ......................... ......................................................................................... meryae sp.nov. (p. 389)
84 (80) Funicle segments (Figs 999, 1003) gradually increasing in width distad so that neither F4 or F5 are wider than F6 and at least a little narrower than clava........................ 85
- Funicle segments (Figs 1008, 1013, 1014, 1023) with F4 or F5 are broadest and at least as wide as F6 or clava or a little wider ...............................................................86
85 (84) Head width (Fig. 1000) at least 1.1X length of funicle; ovipositor clearly exserted, the exserted part nearly as long as mid tibial spur; mid tibia pale orange .................... .............................................................................................. zeno sp.nov. (p. 391)
- Head width (Fig. 1001) less than length of funicle; ovipositor not exserted or hardly so; mid tibia dark brown ............................................. cupreicollis Ashmead (p. 393)
86 (84) Ovipositor well exserted with exserted part at least about as long as mid tibial spur; mid tibia less than 2X as long as gonostylus; propodeum with setae present on side and submedially; only brachypterous form known ................. repola sp.nov. (p. 395)
- Ovipositor slightly exserted with exserted part not more than about half as long as mid tibial spur; mid tibia at least 3X as long as gonostylus; propodeum with setae present only on side near spiracle; only fully winged form known ....................87
87 (86) Hind coxa concolourous with fore coxa, white or pale-yellow; apex of clava conspicuously asymmetric (Fig. 1013, 1014) ..................... compressicornis (Ashmead) (p. 397)
- Hind coxa dark orange-brown contrasting with pale-orange fore coxa; apex of clava symmetrically rounded (Fig. 1023) .................................... leone sp.nov. (p. 399)
88 (72) Clava longer than funicle (Fig. 1027, 1034, 1041, 1045, 1053) ................................... 89
- Clava not longer than funicle (e.g. Figs 1060, 1062, 1075, 1092, 1106, 1120, 1152) ....... ............................................................................................................................ 93
89 (78) Scape (Figs 1027, 1034) less than 2X as long as broad; costal cell virtually naked, but with a few setae ventrally in proximal one-third ............................................... 90
- Scape (Fig. 1041, 1045, 1053) more than 2X as long as broad; costal cell with a complete line of setae ventrally, at most narrowly interrupted in distal half ..................... 91
90 (89) Clava (Fig. 1027) longer than pedicel and funicle combined; head not more than 6X as wide as frontovertex; F6 mostly pale orange, clearly paler than clava and not darker than other funicle segments ..................................... betes sp.nov. (p. 401)
- Clava (Fig. 1034) very slightly shorter than pedicel and funicle combined; head (Fig. 1035) at least 8X as wide as frontovertex; F6 dark brown, concolourous with clava and clearly darker than other funicle segments ................ diaces sp.nov. (p. 403)
91 (89) Posterior half of mesoscutum pale orange-brown with a weak metallic sheen and hardly contrasting with anterior half ........................................... ariston sp.nov. (p. 406)
- Posterior half of mesoscutum dark brown with a distinct metallic sheen, contrasting strongly with anterior half .................................................................................. 92
92 (91) Fore wing (Fig. 1044) below parastigma with a group of about 15 pale setae not arranged in lines, but which continue in a single line along cubital vein towards based of wing; mesoscutum with only anterior half pale orange contrasting with dark brown posterior half .................................................. jeroba sp.nov. (p. 408)
- Fore wing (Fig. 1050) below parastigma with a line of 5 or 6 dark setae which continues towards base of wing along cubital vein; mesoscutum (Fig. 1052) with anterior two-thirds pale orange contrasting with dark brown posterior one-third ............... .............................................................................................. letos sp.nov. (p. 410)
93 (88) Clava (Figs 1060, 1062) with sensory part reaching more than half-way along its ventral surface ................................................................................................................ 94
- Clava (e.g. Figs 1072, 1075, 1081, 1092, 1106, 1120, 1152) with sensory part not reaching half-way along its ventral surface ....................................................... 95
94 (93) Head (Fig. 1056) about 5X as wide as frontovertex .................... cero sp.nov. (p. 413)
- Head (Fig. 1066) at least 10X as wide as frontovertex ............. finator sp.nov. (p. 415)
95 (93) Scape (Figs 1072, 1073, 1075) at least 3.3X as long as broad ................................... 96
- Scape (e.g. Figs 1081, 1088, 1096, 1104, 1106, 1131, 1152,) less than 3.3X as long as broad .................................................................................................................. 97
96 (95) Head (Fig. 1067) not more than 6X as wide as frontovertex; interantennal prominence clothed with conspicuous dense setae arranged in 3 or 4 lines on either side ........ ............................................................................................ idifex sp.nov. (p. 418)
- Head more than 8X as wide as frontovertex; interantennal prominence clothed with inconspicuous sparse setae arranged in 1 or 2 lines on either side ......................... .......................................................................................... orbona sp.nov. (p. 420)
97 (95) Mesoscutum (Fig. 1080, 1087) without a distinct brown band in posterior half, completely orange or with posterior half very slightly dusky orange with a weak metallic sheen .................................................................................................... 98
- Mesoscutum (e.g. Figs 1095, 1100, 1105, 1121, 1129) in posterior half, with a distinct, complete, brown band with a distinct metallic sheen ........................................ 99
98 (97) Posterior half of mesoscutum orange (Fig. 1080) without a noticeable metallic sheen and very few silvery setae; clava (Fig. 1081) with a weak truncation with sensory part extends only about 0.15X along ventral surface ........ fautrix sp.nov. (p. 422)
- Posterior half of mesoscutum (Fig. 1087) dusky orange with a weak metallic blue and purple sheen and clothed in dense silvery setae; clava (Fig. 1088) with a relatively strong truncation with sensory part reaching at least 0.3X along ventral surface .. ....................................................................................... aesernia sp.nov. (p. 425)
99 (97) Ventral surface of costal cell (Figs 1093, 1101, 1108) with complete line of setae that are evenly spaced and separated by much less than their own lengths ............ 100
- Ventral surface of costal cell (e.g. Figs 1112, 1115, 1126, 1130, 1139, 1147, 1159) in many cases virtually naked, but mostly with line of setae broadly interrupted above parastigma and frequently separated by more than their own lengths ............... 103
100 (99) Head (Figs 1091, 1094, 1097) at least 5.5X as wide as frontovertex ....................... 101
- Head not more than 5X as wide as frontovertex ...................................................... 102
101 (100) Scrobal margin (Figs 1091, 1094) generally sharp, carinate below eye; scape (Fig. 1092) about 2.5X as long as broad; sensory area extending about half way along ventral surface of clava; anterolateral surface of propodeum anterior to spiracle with distinct, polygonally reticulate sculpture .................... gyges sp.nov. (p. 427)
- Scrobal margin (Fig. 1097) rounded; scape (Fig. 1096) about 3.2X as long as broad; sensory area of clava extending not more than one-third along ventral surface; anterolateral surface of propodeum anterior to spiracle devoid of sculpture ......... ......................................................................................... lexovus sp.nov. (p. 429)
102 (100) Fore wing (Fig. 1101) with line of setae below proximal part of parastigma completely separate from group forming proximal margin of linea calva; hyaline area at apex of fore wing smaller, extending into wing disc for a distance less than length of marginal vein; scape (Fig. 1104) about 2.5X as long as broad .............................. ......................................................................................... numitor sp.nov. (p. 432)
- Fore wing (Fig. 1108) with line of setae below proximal part of parastigma connected to group forming proximal margin of linea calva by several scattered setae; hyaline area at apex of fore wing larger and extending into wing disc a distance more than length of marginal vein; scape (Fig. 1106) about 3X as long as broad ................... ............................................................................................. mora sp.nov. (p. 434)
103 (99) Scape (Figs 1111, 1120) less than 2.4X as long as wide .......................................... 104
- Scape (Figs 1125, 1131, 1132, 11424, 1146, 1152, 1158) more than 2.4X as long as wide .................................................................................................................. 105
104 (103) Scape (Fig. 1111) less than 2X as long as broad; clava with sensory area relatively small, not reaching more than 0.2X along its ventral surface ................................. ............................................................................................ ceiba sp.nov. (p. 436)
- Scape (Fig. 1120) more than 2X as long as broad; clava with sensory part large and reaching at least 0.3X along its ventral surface ................ nasica sp.nov. (p. 439)
105 (103) Head (Figs 1123, 1127, 1137) at least 7.5X as wide as frontovertex ....................... 106
- Head Figs 1133, 1153) not more than 6.5X as wide as frontovertex ....................... 108
106 (105) Antenna (Fig. 1125) with F6 mostly pale orange, contrasting with dark brown clava; interantennal prominence (Fig. 1123) dorsally keel-like but not connected to frontovertex ....................................................................... alopes sp.nov. (p. 441)
- Antenna (Figs 1131, 1132) with F6 dark brown and more or less concolourous with clava; interantennal prominence (Fig. 1127, 1137) dorsally keel-like and connected to frontovertex .................................................................................................. 107
107 (106) Head (Fig. 1127) about 7.7-8X as wide as frontovertex; antenna (Fig. 1131) with scape more than 3X as long as broad and funicle largely pale orange contrasting with dark brown clava; gaster largely pale orange with Gt1-Gt3 dark brown with a moderate metallic sheen, extreme apex of syntergum dark brown ......................... .......................................................................................... janzeni sp.nov. (p. 444)
- Head (Fig. 1137) about 10-11.5X as wide as frontovertex; antenna (Fig. 1132) with scape less than 3X as long as broad and flagellum unicolourous dark brown; gaster entirely dark brown with a strong to moderate metallic sheen ............................... ............................................................................................. dirce sp.nov. (p. 446)
108 (105) Head (Fig. 1144) with area between eye and scrobe hardly wider than diameter of anterior ocellus; scrobes sharply margined below eye .................................... 109
- Head (Fig. 1153) with area between eye and scrobe about 2X as wide as diameter of anterior ocellus; scrobes with rounded margin below eye ............................... 110
109 (108) Hyaline area at apex of fore wing (Fig. 1139) very extensive, extending along wing margin for most of the apex or more than 3X the length of the marginal vein; anterior half or so of mesoscutum (Fig. 1145) with fine striate sculpture; gonostylus (Fig. 1141) longer than mid tibial spur .......................... amethes sp.nov. (p. 448)
- Hyaline area at apex of fore wing (Fig. 1147) very small, extending along wing margin for hardly more than length of marginal vein; anterior half of mesoscutum (Fig. 1150) composed of coarse striate-reticulate sculpture; gonostylus shorter than mid tibial spur ....................................................................... metheus sp.nov. (p. 451)
110 (108) Hyaline area on apical part of fore wing (Fig. 1155) not triangular but extending across most of the apex; mesoscutum (Fig. 1151) in anterior half with lineolate-reticulate to striate sculpture; clava (Fig. 1152) with sensory area relatively large, reaching at least 0.3X along its ventral surface ............................. omorus sp.nov. (p. 453)
- Hyaline area on apical part of fore wing (Fig. 1159) more or less triangular and confined to extreme apex; mesoscutum in anterior two-thirds with fine striate sculpture; clava (Fig. 1158) with sensory area relatively small, not reaching 0.2X along its ventral surface ................................................................ nebucha sp.nov. (p. 455)