A 21-month-old female was brought by her mother to the emergency department of the hospital. The mother reported that, upon waking up, approximately 90 minutes prior to her arrival at the hospital, she found the infant next to her on the bed carrying a caustic soda container. The infant would have had access to the container while the mother was asleep. The mother then realized that the substance was present in her daughter's vulvar region, and reported having thoroughly washed it with water and then sought medical care. Upon clinical examination, the child was in good general condition and active. She presented a burn injury affecting the vulvar region and the perineum, with a necrotic area of approximately 2cm in diameter, a bilateral second degree burn of approximately 0.5cm in diameter, and hyperemia in the surrounding area ( and ). The region was cleaned with 0.9% saline and moisturized with a dermatological oil, according to guidelines from the Rio de Janeiro Intoxication Center. Pediatric surgery and gynecology services were consulted, and the case was referred to the social service due to suspicion of sexual abuse. The social worker who evaluated the patient and her family is part of a multidisciplinary team - also comprising pediatricians, psychologists, and nurses - that provides assistance to families experiencing violence situations. The case was analyzed by the team soon after the patient was admitted to the emergency department. The child remained hospitalized. On the following day, the mother told the gynecologist that she generally used talcum powder when changing her daughter's diapers, and believed that the infant had mistakenly used caustic soda on her vulva, thinking it was talcum powder. Examination showed slight improvement of the genital injury, absence of active bleeding, and an intact hymen. During physical examination, the child imitated gestures made by the team, corroborating the mother's account that the girl used to imitate gestures. The gynecology service concluded that the injuries were consistent with maternal report and with burn caused by caustic soda. At an appointment with the social service, on the same day, the mother reported that the substance causing the injury was a cleaning product used to unclog sinks. The product was kept in the kitchen, on the floor, behind the stove, so that the infant could not reach it. The family was from the state of Ceará and had been living in Rio de Janeiro for a few months. The mother was 19 years old and worked as a waitress at night. The father was 20 years old and worked as a kitchen assistant in the morning. Both parents took turns in taking care of the infant during the day, with occasional help from other family members. The infant did not attend daycare. Maternal report and physical examination failed to confirm the multidisciplinary team's suspicion of sexual abuse. As a result, the case was considered to be an accident, and was not notifiedto the Guardianship Council. The patient was discharged after four days of hospitalization. During outpatient follow-up, the team considered it appropriate to learn more about the circumstances of the accident so as to assess the possibility of supervisory neglect. The mother confirmed the same facts reported previously, adding that, before washing the region, she had tried to remove the product from the infant's vulva by rubbing it with her hand to "clean" it. She felt guilty because she found out, at the hospital, that this action may have contributed to worsen the burn. Subsequent contact with the family after discharge did not suggest care neglect.