An intact, 11 -year-old, mixed breed female dog, weighing 15 kg was admitted with signs of urinary obstruction and resistance to inserting a urinary catheter into the urethra. Signs of urinary obstruction had been recorded by the owner two weeks earlier. During this period, the patient was treated conservatively in another clinic, and after the clinical symptoms worsened, he was referred to the Department and Clinic of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of Wroclaw Environmental and Life Sciences. After admitting the patient to the clinic, vaginal and rectal examinations revealed a firm mass in the pelvic cavity at the level of the pelvic part of the urethra was perceptible. Abdominal palpation revealed a severely distended bladder. After a clinical examination and blood screening test, the patient was referred for ultrasound, CT, and endoscopy. The ultrasonographic examination revealed a strongly filled urine bladder, occupying almost the entire mid abdomen, and extending to the cranial abdomen. The ultrasound examination revealed only the initial, clearly extended (about 1.3 cm) section of the urethra, apart from the bladder. However, no cause of obstruction was visualized in the segment available for examination. The urethra and the wall of the entire bladder available for ultrasound examination did not show any hyperplastic changes. Computed tomography examination showed well-contrasting, heterodense enlargement of the urethral wall extending into the lumen. The growth was about 5.5 cm long (taking up about 3/5 of the length of the entire urethra). The lesion was about 3 cm thick, significantly restricting the patency of the urethra. The part of the urethra in front of the tumor was approximately 1.5 cm in diameter. Cranially there was a 1.3 cm long, hypodense growth coming out of the tumor into the lumen of the urethra. Contrast CT examination did not reveal any metastatic changes, both local and distant. This also applied to the bladder, lymph nodes, and lungs. Prior to surgery, vaginoscopy and an attempt of urethrocystoscopy was performed to localize the lesion that prevents the outflow of urine from the bladder (Storz rigid endoscope, diameter of 2.7 mm). Endoscopic examination showed no macroscopic changes in the lumen of the vagina and in the external exit of the urethra. During the attempt of performing urethrocystoscopy, a mass occluding the lumen of the urethra (0.5 cm from the external exit of the urethra) was found without the possibility of introducing the optics into the lumen of the bladder. During the same examination, a fine-needle biopsy was also performed for cytological evaluation of the examined lesion. Based on the results of the clinical trials and additional examinations (only the distal part of the urethra was changed and no metastases), the owner of the animal was presented with possible options for conservative and surgical treatment. The owner of the animal did not consent for the removal of the tumor from the pathway of the pelvic symphysis osteotomy. At the same time, he accepted less invasive procedures with the possible risk of only palliative treatment. Therefore, it was decided to perform a pre-pubic urethrostomy and an attempt of removal of the altered part of the urethra by laparoscopy. Patient was pre-medicated by intramuscular injection of medetomidine (Cepetor, CP-Pharma, Handelsges. mbH Ostlandring 13 31,303, Burgdorf Germany) at a dose of 10 µg/kg with butorphanol (Butomidor, Richter Pharma AG) at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg. Endotracheal intubation was performed after induction of general anaesthesia with propofol at a dose of 1 mg/kg intravenously to effect. After intubation, the epidural anaesthesia was provided with a lidocaine at a dose of 4 mg/kg (Warszawskie Zakłady Farmaceutyczne Polfa S.A. ul. Karolkowa 22/24; 01-207 Warsaw, Poland). General inhalation anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane (IsoVet, Piramal Healthcare, United Kingdom) in 100 % oxygen using a circle system (Mindary Wato-Ex 65 Pro). Before placing the patient on the operating table, a catheter with a diameter of 1 mm was inserted into the bladder through which the residual urine was removed. The patient was placed in dorsal recumbency for the procedure (Trendelenburg position). After the surgical field was prepared, the procedure was started with the introduction of a 5 mm diameter optical trocar using the Hasson method in the Linea alba cranially to the umbilicus. All endoscopic equipment used for the laparoscopic procedure with a 5mm 30˚ scope manufactured by Karl Storz SE & Co. KG (Tuttlingen, Germany). After the insufflation of the abdominal cavity with an insufflator (Storz) and reaching a pressure of 8 mm Hg, optics were inserted into the abdominal cavity. Subsequently, under the control of the endoscope, two consecutive 5 mm and 10 mm diameter trocars were inserted caudo-laterally to the optical trocar in a triangular fashion. After accessing the abdominal cavity, the pelvic part of the urethra was successively dissected from the surrounding tissues. For this purpose, different types of vessel-sealing devices (BiCision, BiSect, Erbe Vio 3, Tübingen, Germany) were used alternately. Preparation began with cutting the median ligament of the bladder. The vesicogenital and pubovesical pouches were then opened and bluntly prepared using laparoscopic forceps. The fatty tissue present in this place, surrounding the urethra was dissected and cut off. The vessels were closed successively using the previously mentioned vessel-sealing devices. This procedure revealed a considerable length of the pelvic urethra. Then, to improve visibility and facilitate the preparation (obtaining constant tension of the urethra without the need for an additional trocar), the urethra was suspended from the abdominal wall with a monofilament suture (Monosyn 0, Braun, Rubi, Spain). A situational suspension suture was introduced in the unchanged part of the urethra. This place was determined based on the macroscopic difference in the laparoscopic image of the dissected urethra (significant widening of the affected part). Additionally, intraoperatively, the difference in the structure (hardness) of the altered and unchanged urethra was assessed by very gentle squeezing with Maryland laparoscopic forceps along the urethra, starting from the bladder. Before cutting the urethra, the residual urine was once again removed from the bladder and the catheter was removed. A transverse urethral resection was performed using vessel-sealing devices (BiCision) in front of its thickening (affected part) and just behind the applied situational suture. After the urethra was cut transversely, behind the place of the previously conducted situational seam, the proximal part of the urethra was temporarily suspended to the abdominal wall.. The distal part of the urethra was dissected from the surrounding tissue maximally caudal up to the vaginal vestibule. This allowed for the coagulation of both cut edges of the urethra, which, combined with the earlier removal of urine from the bladder through the preoperative catheter, was aimed at limiting the possible spread of neoplastic cells. Using a speculum and per-vaginal palpating the course of this part of the procedure - initially palpable in the per-vaginal examination, movements of laparoscopic tools pressing on the wall of the vaginal vestibule, and then periodically visual inspection of cutting the opening of the urethra. After laparoscopic dissection of the urethra from the vaginal vestibule, the dissected distal part of the urethra was removed from the abdominal cavity through an opening in the wall of the vaginal vestibule using haemostatic forceps inserted from the side of the vaginal vestibule The surgical wound in the vaginal vestibule wall was then closed with three endoscopically inserted simple interrupted sutures from abdomen cavity. The tightness of the performed sutures was checked intraoperatively by per-vaginal examination. Then, after making a small incision in the Linea alba, the proximal part of the urethra was led out. The rim of the urethra was levelled with scissors, where the coagulated part of the urethra was removed at the time of its previous transverse cut. The urethra was sewn to the skin with simple interrupted sutures (Monosyn 4 − 0, B. Braun, Rubi, Spain). The trocar wounds were closed with simple interrupted sutures on the fascia and muscles (Monosyn 2 − 0, B. Braun, Rubi, Spain) and the same sutures on the skin and subcutaneous tissue (Dafilon 2 − 0, B. Braun, Rubi, Spain) - Fig. B. After surgery, the affected distal part of the urethra was sent for histopathological evaluation, as well as the fragment of the proximal part of the urethra (from the side of the bladder) obtained during the alignment of its edges prior to the pre-pubic urethrostomy. Immediately after recovery from anaesthesia, the patient was able to get up and move without any problems. Controlled urination, without symptoms of incontinence, was found immediately after the anaesthesia subsided. The patient was discharged from the clinic the second day after surgery. Information about the dog’s health status was transferred to the clinic by the owner by phone, where no postoperative complications were noted for a period of the first 2 weeks. After this period, the authors had no possibility of direct supervision during treatment, despite the recommendations of regular monitoring in the clinic. Lack of contact with the owner was because he lived far away from the clinic and his advanced age. Unfortunately, it was only three months after the procedure that the owner returned to the clinic with the patient showing difficulty in moving and defecating, noting while for a period of 2.5 months he did not observe any negative changes in the dog’s behaviour. Another clinical (per rectum) examination showed the presence of a firm, strongly painful mass in the ventral part of the pelvis. Subsequent CT scan showed the presence of extensive recurrence in the form of a heterogeneous tumor covering the entire width of the medial and ventral pelvic cavity and extending to the posterior abdomen, ventral and right sided to the bladder. The enlargement completely included the pubic bones and the medial-ventral edges of the iliac bones. Additionally, metastatic changes in the lungs were visualized. The patient was euthanized, and an autopsy was performed. A fine-needle biopsy performed before the surgery did not give a definite answer as to the nature of the examined lesion. However, the cytological specimens showed mainly erythrocytes, weakly eosinophilic, amorphous necrotic masses, few neutrophils, and single cells showing features of anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. The microscopic examination of the histopathological specimens from both intraoperative specimens of the lesion, i.e., the fragment of the urethra from the side of the bladder together with the remaining removed tumor tissues, showed the weaving of a typical well-differentiated transitional cell carcinoma (carcinoma urothelial). Tumor cells were present in the incision line from the urethral opening to the vaginal vestibule. No neoplastic cells were observed in the connective tissue surrounding the urethral section in the incision line from the bladder side. The cytological and histopathological slides were observed under Olympus BX53 microscope couplet with Olympus UC90 camera. To take acquisition the cellSens Standard V1 software was used (Olympus). At the site of the urethrostomy, an irregular thickening of the skin and subcutis, about 1 cm thick, with no signs of neoplastic infiltration was found. The neoplastic tissue, however, comprised the urethra, circumscribed the bladder neck, and grew irregularly around these structures, reaching dimensions of approximately 12 × 7 × 7 cm. The tumor did not penetrate the lumen of the urethra and the bladder, growing exophytically. Furthermore, the surrounding soft tissues (rectal intestine and uterine body) were not infiltrated but only pressed by the mass of the tumor. The hypogastric and sublumbar lymph nodes were swollen and bloodshot. The pubic bones and ilium bones at the site adjacent to the tumor were thickened with irregular surface. Small foci of distant metastases in the form of diffuse gray-white single nodules were observed under the pulmonary pleura and in the lung parenchyma. Histopathological examination of metastatic foci revealed neoplastic cells corresponding to the image of the primary tumor - transitional cell carcinoma - Fig. B.