A 72-year-old female who underwent conventional fusion surgery elsewhere twelve years ago at the L5-S1 level presented with severe back pain (VAS 8/10) and radicular pain in both legs (left > right) (left VAS 7/10, right VAS 7/10) for 1 year with an ODI score of 70%. Her pain aggravated on bending forward and performing daily routine activities. She also complained of severe intermittent neurological claudication with a claudication distance of less than 50 meters. On physical examination power in lower limbs was 5/5 as per the MRC grading and deep tendon reflexes were normal. She was a known case of diabetes Mellitus and hypertension on treatment with oral medications. Preoperative X-ray and MRI showed dynamic instability with spondylolisthesis at L4–5. We performed an upper-level extension using UBE FES techniques to resolve ASD. The operative time was 132 minutes, blood loss was 40 ml. After surgery, the patient was followed up at 1 week, 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, and 2 years. The pain and tingling sensation in the legs got better at the 1-week follow-up itself with a VAS score of 0/10 and an ODI score of 10% at the 2-year follow-up. Patient satisfaction was surveyed using Odom’s criteria at each follow-up visit (at 1 week, 6 weeks,3 months, 6 months, and 2 years) and found to be excellent. Postoperative imaging showed a good reduction and canal decompression at L4–5 (,). Careful preoperative planning is a must for revision spine surgery as previously placed pedicle screws or rods must be removed, surgical records should be sought and studied along with dynamic X-ray images and three-dimensional computed tomography and MRI scans must be performed before surgery to confirm the state of existing pedicle screws, rods, anatomy, and fusion mass of the previous surgery with neurological structures, adhesions, and soft tissues. The patient is positioned prone under general endotracheal anesthesia. However, surgeons can choose limited epidural anesthesia with sedation or their preferred choice of anesthesia. UBE-TLIF (Unilateral Biportal Endoscopic Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion) The first step is to perform an endoscopic transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (UBE-TLIF) for adjacent levels that need to be extended before removing the previously inserted pedicle screws and rods. The portals are designed under C-arm fluoroscopy, similar to the well-known UBE TLIF technique []. The surgeon makes ipsilateral skin incisions vertically (authors preferred choice) or transversely on the pedicles of the ASD level and screw head of and previous fusion level (). In the case of left-sided approaches for upper-level ASD, the left cranial hole acts as the endoscopic viewing portal, and the right caudal hole acts as the working portal. After making two small skin and fascia incisions, we insert serial dilators and dissectors to make two portals. After confirming bony feedback on the dorsal surface of the lamina, periosteal dissection is achieved gently after confirming the location using a C-arm fluoroscope. Finally, an endoscopic irrigation system is used, and the irrigation fluids are drained from viewing the endoscopic portal to the working portal. Irrigation water naturally forms a water chamber above the lamina, it helps in bleeding control due to its hydrostatic pressure and also provides clear surgical field visibility, creating a space for endoscopic interbody fusion. We first perform a unilateral laminectomy with facetectomy and over-the-top decompression for bilateral decompression through a highly magnified endoscopic view []. The major advantage of the UBE fusion technique is by inserting the endoscope directly into the intervertebral space, the surgeon can confirm the adequacy of disc removal and endplate preparation. Finally, a long, straight cage is inserted after dural retraction under fluoroscopic guidance []. Previous hardware removal and new hardware insertion Skin incisions (1–1.5 cm) are made on the lateral margin of the pedicle. These incisions are used for removing previous surgery-inserted screws and for inserting new percutaneous pedicle screws. The skin incisions recently made for interbody fusion extension, can be used to remove, or insert screws too. To remove the previously inserted screw, the authors prefer to insert the working portal and the viewing portal together through the same skin incision directly above the target screw to be removed (). The size of the UBE endoscope is approximately 4 mm in diameter, which gives enough space to work with these two portals at the same time. The muscle dissection over the head of the screw is done using a radiofrequency coagulation/ablation wand and the set screw is exposed after peeling off the adhesion covering the head. A similar procedure is repeated over all the screws and the set screws are removed using the set screw remover through the working portal under endoscopic vision. Once all the set screws of the previously inserted pedicle screws are removed, we expose the rod around the screw head and at the cranial end of the rod. It is not necessary to expose the whole rod because the rod will be naturally pulled out through the skin wound (.). The curved curate is placed on the ventral side of the rod, and the rod is lifted slightly through the lever principle. After holding the end part of the exposed rods with a rod holder, the rods can be pulled out gently through the skin incision. After removing the rods, we insert the endoscope into the skin incision point of the adjacent area. We confirm the location of the pedicle screw head using an endoscopic view. Finally, we attach a screwdriver to the screw head under endoscopic guidance. We then remove the pedicle screws. After removing the old screw, the entrance of the screw insert hole can be checked directly through the endoscope. We insert guide wires into the pedicle screw holes for the new pedicle screw insertion. The above-mentioned actions are repeated to remove all old screws and replace them with guide wires for new pedicle screws. The subsequent process is similar to the usual method of using the percutaneous pedicle screw system. In terms of lumbar interbody cage insertion and fusion on the level of ASD, complications of UBE FES techniques were similar to fusion surgeries using the unilateral biportal technique[, ]. In cases of old or broken hardware retained from previous surgeries, it may be difficult to remove the hardware under endoscopic assistance because the screw and head system may be complicated. In such cases, it is beneficial to switch to open surgery.