Key messages

Global mean temperature

The year 2025 was ranked between the 2nd and 3rd warmest on record. The mean value for 2025 was 0.55°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.51-0.59°C depending on the data set used). 8 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth Hires, CMA-GMST, CMST, DCENT-I, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, and JRA-3Q. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2025 was 1.08°C (1.04-1.11°C depending on the data set used). 8 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2026-03-30 11:20

Global mean temperature

The year 2025 was ranked between the 2nd and 3rd warmest on record. The mean value for 2025 was 1.08°C relative to the 1961-1990 average (1.04-1.11°C depending on the data set used). 8 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth Hires, CMA-GMST, CMST, DCENT-I, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, and JRA-3Q. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2025 was 1.08°C (1.04-1.11°C depending on the data set used). 8 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2026-03-30 11:20

Regional mean temperature for WMO RA 1 Africa

The year 2025 was ranked between the 3rd and 7th highest on record. The mean value for 2025 was 0.51°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.31-0.60°C depending on the data set used). 9 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth Hires, CMA-GMST, CMST, DCENT-I, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-3Q, and NOAAGlobalTemp v6. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2025 was 1.21°C (1.06-1.32°C depending on the data set used). 7 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2026-03-30 11:20

Regional mean temperature for WMO RA 2 Asia

The year 2025 was ranked between the 2nd and 4th highest on record. The mean value for 2025 was 0.96°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.88-1.04°C depending on the data set used). 9 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth Hires, CMA-GMST, CMST, DCENT-I, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-3Q, and NOAAGlobalTemp v6. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2025 was 1.90°C (1.82-1.99°C depending on the data set used). 7 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2026-03-30 11:20

Regional mean temperature for WMO RA 3 South America

The year 2025 was ranked between the 5th and 9th highest on record. The mean value for 2025 was 0.34°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.20-0.46°C depending on the data set used). 9 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth Hires, CMA-GMST, CMST, DCENT-I, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-3Q, and NOAAGlobalTemp v6. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2025 was 0.92°C (0.69-1.06°C depending on the data set used). 7 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2026-03-30 11:20

Regional mean temperature for WMO RA 4 North America

The year 2025 was ranked between the 3rd and 4th highest on record. The mean value for 2025 was 0.96°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.81-1.07°C depending on the data set used). 9 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth Hires, CMA-GMST, CMST, DCENT-I, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-3Q, and NOAAGlobalTemp v6. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2025 was 1.82°C (1.68-1.91°C depending on the data set used). 7 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2026-03-30 11:20

Regional mean temperature for WMO RA 5 South-West Pacific

The year 2025 was ranked between the 2nd and 4th highest on record. The mean value for 2025 was 0.51°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (0.42-0.57°C depending on the data set used). 9 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth Hires, CMA-GMST, CMST, DCENT-I, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-3Q, and NOAAGlobalTemp v6. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2025 was 1.01°C (0.83-1.08°C depending on the data set used). 7 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2026-03-30 11:20

Regional mean temperature for WMO RA 6 Europe

The year 2025 was ranked between the 1st and 2nd highest on record. The mean value for 2025 was 1.34°C relative to the 1991-2020 average (1.19-1.55°C depending on the data set used). 9 data sets were used in this assessment: Berkeley Earth Hires, CMA-GMST, CMST, DCENT-I, ERA5, GISTEMP, HadCRUT5, JRA-3Q, and NOAAGlobalTemp v6. Relative to a 1961-1990 baseline, the mean value for 2025 was 2.37°C (2.24-2.44°C depending on the data set used). 8 data sets were used in the assessment relative to 1961-1990.

Paragraph updated: 2026-03-30 11:20

Dataset and processing details

WMO RA I Africa main

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: WMO_RA_I_Africa_main_data_files.zip
Checksum: b4577d0c19aaedd4fbd0db5d5a05d4a3 Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:10:08']

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_CMA_GMST.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_CMA_GMST.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:33:26']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-15 14:49:35']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_CMST v3.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_CMST v3.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:34:36']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224'] at ['2026-01-15 15:20:21']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_DCENT_I.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_DCENT_I.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:32:28']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-25 12:30:36)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2026.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:30:36']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:10']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-15 14:43:15 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 14:43:15']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:52']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 20:05:44']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_1_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_1_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:36:36']

WMO RA II Asia main

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: WMO_RA_II_Asia_main_data_files.zip
Checksum: 6147a5184a8d9fbffe1efa11fc9f8bff Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:10:10']

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_CMA_GMST.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_CMA_GMST.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:33:28']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-15 14:49:35']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_CMST v3.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_CMST v3.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:34:40']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224'] at ['2026-01-15 15:20:21']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_DCENT_I.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_DCENT_I.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:32:30']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-25 12:30:38)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2026.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:30:38']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:12']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-15 14:43:15 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 14:43:15']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:54']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 20:05:46']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_2_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_2_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:36:38']

WMO RA III South America main

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: WMO_RA_III_South_America_main_data_files.zip
Checksum: 461ed86fe5b11df26abd4f9fc31639d5 Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:10:12']

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_CMA_GMST.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_CMA_GMST.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:33:32']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-15 14:49:35']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_CMST v3.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_CMST v3.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:34:42']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224'] at ['2026-01-15 15:20:21']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_DCENT_I.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_DCENT_I.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:32:32']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-25 12:30:38)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2026.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:30:38']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:12']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-15 14:43:15 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 14:43:15']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:58']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 20:05:46']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_3_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_3_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:36:42']

WMO RA IV North America main

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: WMO_RA_IV_North_America_main_data_files.zip
Checksum: 9533e8b06679fcf70a27014085b33922 Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:10:14']

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_CMA_GMST.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_CMA_GMST.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:33:34']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-15 14:49:35']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_CMST v3.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_CMST v3.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:34:44']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224'] at ['2026-01-15 15:20:21']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_DCENT_I.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_DCENT_I.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:32:34']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-25 12:30:40)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2026.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:30:40']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:14']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-15 14:43:15 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 14:43:15']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:35:00']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 20:05:48']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_4_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_4_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:36:44']

WMO RA V Southwest Pacific main

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: WMO_RA_V_Southwest_Pacific_main_data_files.zip
Checksum: 90edf148bb3080fa7e7f94f798650b54 Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:10:18']

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_CMA_GMST.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_CMA_GMST.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:33:36']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-15 14:49:35']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_CMST v3.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_CMST v3.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:34:46']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224'] at ['2026-01-15 15:20:21']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_DCENT_I.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_DCENT_I.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:32:36']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-25 12:30:42)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2026.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:30:42']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:16']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-15 14:43:15 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 14:43:15']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:35:02']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 20:05:48']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_5_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_5_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:36:46']

WMO RA VI Europe main

The data in the above plot are available in a zip file containing a csv file for each data set.

Data file: WMO_RA_VI_Europe_main_data_files.zip
Checksum: 727c55115103fcbbf3aa49bfdf566af1 Copy
Format: BADC CSV format

Berkeley Earth Hires

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Rohde, R. A. and Hausfather, Z.: The Berkeley Earth Land/Ocean Temperature Record, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 3469-3479, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3469-2020, 2020.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] downloaded from ['https://storage.googleapis.com/berkeley-earth-temperature-hr/global/gridded/Global_TAVG_Gridded_1deg.nc'] at ['2026-01-25 12:05:14']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_Berkeley Earth Hires.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:10:20']

CMA-GMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Chen, L., Xu, W., Zhou, Z. et al. A new global land–ocean merged surface temperature dataset since the 1850s: the CMA-GMST dataset. Clim Dyn 63, 187 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-025-07614-x.

Data citation: https://data.cma.cn/en/#/Visualization/Visualization-detail?id=16

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['SURF_CLI_GLB_MST_MON_GRID_2DEG_2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from [] at ['2026-01-08 17:38:51']"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_CMA_GMST.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_CMA_GMST.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:33:38']

CMST

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Sun, W., Yang, Y., Chao, L., Dong, W., Huang, B., Jones, P., and Li, Q.: Description of the China global Merged Surface Temperature version 2.0, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 14, 1677–1693, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-1677-2022, 2022.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['China-MST3.0-Imax.nc'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-15 14:49:35']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_CMST v3.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_CMST v3.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 18:34:50']

DCENT-I

Original data file (external link)

Citations:

• Chan, D., Gebbie, G., Huybers, P. & Kent, E. C. DCENT: Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth Surface. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/NU4UGW (2024)..
• Chan, D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/ZY0WM8 (2025)..
• Chan D., Chan, S. C., Siddons, J. T., Cable, A., Cornes, R. C., Kent, E. C., Gebbie, G., & Huybers, P. (2025). DCENT-I: A Globally Infilled Extension of the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature Dataset. Geoscience Data Journal..

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['DCENT_I_1.1.0.0_mean_spread_tas.nc'] downloaded from ['https://dataverse.harvard.edu/api/access/datafile/11910224'] at ['2026-01-15 15:20:21']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_DCENT_I.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_DCENT_I.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:32:40']

ERA5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al. 2020. The ERA5 global reanalysis. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 146: 1999-2049. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.3803.

Data citation: Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 monthly averaged data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.f17050d7 (Accessed on 2026-01-25 12:30:42)

Acknowledgement: Contains using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2026]. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Gridded dataset created from file ['era5_2m_tas_2026.nc'] downloaded from ['']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1950 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_ERA5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_ERA5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-25 12:30:42']

GISTEMP

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Lenssen, N., G. Schmidt, J. Hansen, M. Menne, A. Persin, R. Ruedy, and D. Zyss, 2019: Improvements in the GISTEMP uncertainty model. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 124, no. 12, 6307-6326, doi:10.1029/2018JD029522.

Data citation: GISTEMP Team, 2022: GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP), version 4. NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies. Dataset accessed 2026-01-15 14:45:33 at data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] downloaded from ['https://data.giss.nasa.gov/pub/gistemp/gistemp1200_GHCNv4_ERSSTv5.nc.gz'] at ['2026-01-15 14:45:33']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_GISTEMP.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_GISTEMP.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:34:16']

HadCRUT5

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Morice, C. P., Kennedy, J. J., Rayner, N. A., Winn, J. P., Hogan, E., Killick, R. E., et al. (2021). An updated assessment of near-surface temperature change from 1850: the HadCRUT5 data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 126, e2019JD032361. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JD032361.

Acknowledgement: HadCRUT.5.1.0.0 data were obtained from http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5 on 2026-01-15 14:43:15 and are © British Crown Copyright, Met Office 2026, provided under an Open Government License, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcrut5/data/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0/analysis/HadCRUT.5.1.0.0.analysis.anomalies.ensemble_mean.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 14:43:15']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_HadCRUT5.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_HadCRUT5.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:35:04']

JRA-3Q

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Kosaka, Y.; Kobayashi, S.; Harada, Y.; Kobayashi, C.; Naoe, H.; Yoshimoto, K.; Harada, M.; Goto, N.; Chiba, J.; Miyaoka, K.; Sekiguchi, R.; Deushi, M.; Kamahori, H.; Nakaegawa, T.; Tanaka, T. Y.; Tokuhiro, T.; Sato, Y.; Matsushita, Y.; Onogi, K. The JRA-3Q Reanalysis. J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser II 2024, 102 (1), 49–109. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.2024-004.

Data citation: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2023, updated monthly. Japanese Reanalysis for Three Quarters of a Century (JRA-3Q). Research Data Archive at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, Computational and Information Systems Laboratory. https://doi.org/10.5065/AVTZ-1H78. Accessed 2026-01-08 12:43:38.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['anl_surf125.2026MMMM', 'anl_surf125.2026MMMM.nc'] downloaded from ['', ''] at ['2026-01-08 12:43:38']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1979 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_JRA-3Q.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_JRA-3Q.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 20:05:50']

NOAAGlobalTemp v6

Original data file (external link)

Citation:

• Yin, X., and Coauthors, 2024: NOAAGlobalTemp Version 6: An AI-Based Global Surface Temperature Dataset. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 105, E2184–E2193, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-24-0012.1..

Data citation: Huang, Boyin; Yin, Xungang; Menne, Matthew J.; Vose, Russell S.; and Zhang, Huai-Min. 2024. NOAA Global Surface Temperature Dataset (NOAAGlobalTemp), Version 6.0.. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. https://doi.org/10.25921/rzxg-p717. Accessed 2026-01-15 22:33:34.

To produce the plot, the following processing steps were performed:

• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Data set created from file ['NOAAGlobalTemp_v*.nc'] downloaded from ['https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/noaa-global-surface-temperature/v6/access/gridded/NOAAGlobalTemp_v.*.nc'] at ['2026-01-15 22:33:34']"
• "Regridded to 1 degree latitude-longitude resolution"
• "Rebaselined to 1991-2020"
• "Calculated area-average"
• "Calculated annual average from monthly averages using arithmetic mean"
• "Selected years within the range 1900 to 2025."
• "Wrote to file wmo_ra_6_NOAA v6.csv"
• Data set created from file ['wmo_ra_6_NOAA v6.csv'] downloaded from [''] at ['2026-01-18 16:36:48']