| Length |
25–44 mm |
24–120 mm |
35–80 mm |
73–110 mm |
90–130 mm |
23–27 mm |
21–39 mm |
| Width |
1.35–2.23 mm |
2–5 mm |
3–4 mm |
3–4½ mm |
5–7 mm |
2 mm |
2.5–4.5 mm |
| Segments |
89–119 |
117–188 |
154 |
148–196 |
159 |
? |
106–146 |
| Colour |
Unpigmented |
Yellow-brown or white (unpigmented) |
White (unpigmented) |
White (unpigmented) |
Unpigmented |
Greyish or blueish |
Light grey dorsum, whitish ventrum (unpigmented) |
| Dorsal pores |
Absent |
Present |
Absent |
? |
Absent |
? |
Absent |
| Clitellum |
10–13 (= 4) |
9–14 (= 6) |
10–13 (= 4) |
10–13, 14 (= 4, 5) |
? |
? |
½9–½14 (= 5) |
| Spermathecal pores |
Concealed in furrow at c |
Large slits at or median to cd |
Median to c |
Median to c |
At c |
Close to c (?) |
Large slits at c |
| Male pore location |
On small, eversible penes, penes usually retracted male apertures, between bc |
On short tubular penes pointing forward (length a little more than half the segment), between bc |
Usually on slight teat-like protuberances, between bc |
On rather conical porophores, between bc |
On conical anteriorly directed porophores, between bc |
On anteriomesially directed porophores, between bc |
On short tubular penes, usually concealed within aperture; between bc |
| Genital markings/ tumescence |
Whitened pads anterior and posterior to secondary male aperture |
Whitened areas of epidermal thickenings, in front and behind male pores |
Present, usually whitened epidermal thickenings in segments 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11 |
Present, whitened areas of epidermal thickenings in segments 10, 11, occasionally on 7, 8, 12. |
Present, in segments 8 and circular lips on 10 marked by a deep groove |
Absent, epidermis whitened in bc between equators of 10/11 |
Present, irregularshaped epidermal thickening, together a flower-like impression, with grooves, in 10 and 11 |
| No. of gizzards (within segments) |
Three (in 14–16) |
Three to six (in 12–20) |
Three to five (in 12–18) |
Two to four (in 13–18) |
Four to five (in 17–21) |
Four (in 12–15) |
Three to four (in 12–16) |
| Intestine begins |
? |
24±1 |
23±1 24, 25 |
? |
? |
20±1 |
| Vas deferens; joins prostate at its |
Thin delicate and much coiled; middle |
Quite short, S-shaped and not twisted; subentally |
Rather short, slender; about at the centre of prostate |
Rather short, slender; ental end |
Very long, thickened portion in a cluster of long loops, three times larger than testis sac; ental end |
Long, in a cluster of loops, as large as testis sac; towards ectal end |
Very long, coiled into a large mass, smaller than testis sac; middle portion |
| Prostates |
Glandular, erect, cotton-like with penial chamber |
Glandular, digitiform, not usually long, gland lack at ectal end |
Sessile, circular, discoidal to domes-shaped |
Short, erect |
Glandular, very long, coiled, looped |
Glandular, erect, berry-shaped with fine duct |
Glandular, kidney-shaped, dome-shaped muscular ectal end (penial chamber) |
| Prostatic capsule |
Digitiform |
Digitiform, erect or bent |
Small, spindle-shaped in parietes |
Club-shaped, narrowed ectally, bent |
Digitiform |
Digitiform or club-shaped |
Narrow, round tubular, Cshaped |
| Spermathecal duct |
Long, slender, coiled and contorted |
Simple and quiet straight |
Duct slightly thickened ectally |
Duct slightly thickened ectally |
Very long, muscular, ectal portion strongly muscular |
Short, straight with only one loop, thickness three to four times towards ectal end |
Fairly short, thick with two or three loops |
| Spermathecal atrium |
Small, spherical |
Small simple widening of ectal end of duct, conical-, pinecone-shaped, mostly confined to parietes |
Absent, slight enlargement duct ectally |
Absent, slight enlargment duct ectally |
Absent |
Absent |
Small, sessile on body wall, about oval-shaped, longitudinally placed |
| Ovisacs |
Present, extends in three to eight segments in 11–18 |
Present, in segment 12 |
? |
? |
? |
Present, in 12 |
Present, extends in segments 12–13 |
| Distribution |
Australia, Bahamas, Chile, Cuba, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Mexico, Micronesia, Nicaragua, New Caledonia, Philippines, Puerto Rico, Samoa, São Tomé and Príncipe, Singapore, Taiwan, Tonga |
India, Myanmar, South Korea, Thailand, Vietnam |
Myanmar |
India, Myanmar |
Myanmar |
Myanmar |
India |