Published September 12, 2012
| Version v1
Journal article
Open
Four New Bat Species (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Complex) Reflect Plio-Pleistocene Divergence of Dwarfs and Giants across an Afromontane Archipelago
Creators
- 1. Department of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa, Durban Natural Science Museum, Durban, South Africa, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- 2. Evolutionary Genomics Group, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- 3. All Out Africa Research Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Swaziland, Kwaluseni, Swaziland
- 4. School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- 5. Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust, Mulanje, Malawi, Conservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- 6. Africa Earth Observatory Network, Geoecodynamics Research Hub, Department of Botany and Zoology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
Description
Peter J. Taylor, Samantha Stoffberg, Ara Monadjem, Martinus Corrie Schoeman, Julian Baylis, Fenton P. D. Cotterill (2012): Four New Bat Species (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Complex) Reflect Plio-Pleistocene Divergence of Dwarfs and Giants across an Afromontane Archipelago. PLoS ONE 7 (9): 1-23, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041744
Files
source.pdf
Files
(1.2 MB)
Name | Size | Download all |
---|---|---|
md5:4b57300275ef30c47fc9012ba3941755
|
1.2 MB | Preview Download |
Linked records
Additional details
Identifiers
- LSID
- urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:4B573002FFEFFFC4FFC9012BFF941755
- URL
- http://publication.plazi.org/id/4B573002FFEFFFC4FFC9012BFF941755
References
- 1. Van Valen LM (1973) Pattern and the balance of nature. Evolutionary Theory 1: 31-49.
- 2. Lomolino MV (2005) Body size evolution in insular vertebrates: generality of the island rule. Journal of Biogeography 32: 1683-1699.
- 3. Meiri S, Dayan T, Simberloff D (2006). The generality of the island rule reexamined. Journal of Biogeography 33: 1571-1577.
- 4. Meiri S, Cooper N, Purvis A (2008) The island rule: made to be broken? Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B Biological Sciences 275(1631): 141- 148.
- 5. Jacobs DS (1996) Morphological divergence in an insular bat, Lasiurus cinereus semotus. Functional Ecology 10: 622-630.
- 6. Palmeirim JM (1991) Amorphometric assessment of the systematic position of the Nyctalus from Azores and Madeira (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Mammalia 55: 381-388.
- 7. McNab BK, Bonaccorso JK (2001) The metabolism of New Guinean pteropodid bats. Journal of Comparative Physiology B 171: 201-214.
- 8. Juste J, Ferrandez A, Fa JE, Masefield W, Ibanez C (2007) Taxonomy of little bent-winged bats (Miniopterus, Miniopteridae) from the African islands of Sao Tome, Grand Comoro and Madagascar, based on mtDNA. Acta Chiropterologica 9: 27-37.
- 9. Schmidt NM, Jensen PM (1993) Changes in mammalian body length over 175 Years-adaptations to a fragmented landscape? Conservation Ecology 7(2): 6. [online] URL: http://www.consecol.org/vol7/iss2/art6. Accessed 2012 July 7.
- 10. White F (1981) The history of the Afromontane archipelago and the scientific need for its conservation. African Journal of Ecology 19: 33-54.
- 11. White F (1983) The Afromontane archipelago-like regional centre of endemism and the Afroalpine archipelago-like region of extreme floristic impoverishment. In: The Vegetation of Africa. Adescriptive memoir to accompany the UNESCO/AETFAT/UNSO vegetation map of Africa. Natural Resources Research No. 20. Unesco, Paris. pp 161-169.
- 12. Csorba G, Ujhelyip P, Thomas N (2003) Horseshoe Bats of the World (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). Shropshire: Alana books.
- 13. Monadjem A, Taylor PJ, Cotterill FPD, Schoeman MC (2010a) Bats of Southern and Central Africa: A Biogeographic and Taxonomic Synthesis. Johannesburg: Wits University Press. 14. Simmons NB (2005) Order Chiroptera. In Wilson DE Reeder DM (eds.) Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd edition). Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 313-529.
- 15. Jones G, Van Parijs SM (1993) Bimodal echolocation in pipistrelle bats: are cryptic species present? Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B Biological Sciences 251: 119-1258.
- 16. Taylor PJ, Geiselman C, Kabochi P, Agwanda B, Turner S (2005) Intraspecific variation in the calls of some African bats (Order Chiroptera). Durban Museum Novitates 30: 24-37.
- 17. Kingston T, Rossiter SJ (2004) Harmonic hopping in Wallacea's bats. Nature 429: 654-657.
- 18. Kingston T, Lara MC, Jones G, Zubaid A, Kunz TH, et al. (2001) Acoustic divergence in two cryptic Hipposideros species: a role for social selection? Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B Biological Sciences 268: 1381-1386.
- 19. Thabah A, Rossiter SJ, Kingston T, Zhang S, Parsons S, et al. (2006) Genetic divergence and echolocation call frequency in cryptic species of Hipposideros lardatus s.l . (Chiroptera: Hipposideridae) from the Indo-Malayan region. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 88: 119-130.
- 20. Russo D, Mucedda M, Bello M, Biscardi S, Pidinchedda E, et al. (2007) Divergent echolocation frequencies in insular rhinolophids (Chiroptera): a case of character displacement. Journal of Biogeography 34: 2129-2138.
- 21. Monadjem A, Schoeman MC, Reside A, Pio DV, Stoffberg S, et al. (2010) A recent inventory of the bats of Mozambique with documentation of seven new species to the country. Acta Chiropterologica 12: 371-391.
- 22. Bayliss J, Monteiro J, Fishpool L, Congdon C, Bampton I, Bruessow C, Matimele H, Banze A, Timberlake JR (2010) Biodiversity and Conservation of Mount Inago, Mozambique. Report produced under Darwin Initiative Award 15/036. Mulanje Mountain Conservation Trust, Malawi. 32 pp.
- 23. Aplers DL, Van Vuuren BJ, Arctander T, Robinson TJ (2004) Population genetics of the roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus) with suggestions for conservation. Molecular Ecology 13: 1771-1784. doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 294X.2004.02204.x.
- 24. Palumbi S, Martin A, Romano S, McMillian WO, Stice L, et al. (1991) The simple fool's guide to PCR. Honolulu: University of Hawaii, 46pp.
- 25. Mao XG, Zhu GJ, Zhang S, Rossiter SJ (2010) Pleistocene climatic cycling drives intra-specific diversification in the intermediate horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus affinis) in southern China. Molecular Ecology 19: 2754-2769. doi:10.1111/ j.1365-294X.2010.04704.x.
- 26. Hall TA (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41: 95-98.
- 27. Kjer KM, Swigonova Z, LaPolla JS, Broughton RE (2007) Why weight? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 43: 999-1004.doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.028.
- 28. Swofford DL (2002) PAUP* Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony (*and other methods). Version 4.0b10 for Macintosh. Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates, Inc.
- 29. Felsenstein J (1985) Confidence limits on phylogenies: an approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783-791.
- 30. Posada D (2008) jModelTest: Phylogenetic Model Averaging. Molecular Biology and Evolution 25: 1253-1256. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn083.
- 31. Ronquist F, Huelsenbeck JP (2003) MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19: 1572-1574. doi: 10.1093/ bioinformatics/btg180.
- 32. Drummond AJ, Rambaut A (2007) BEAST: Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees. BMC Evolutionary Biology 7: 214.
- 33. Stoffberg S (2007) Molecular phylogenetics and the evolution of high-frequency echolocation in horseshoe bats (Genus Rhinolophus). Unpublished PhD dissertation. Cape Town: University of Cape Town.
- 34. Zhou Z-M, Guillen-Servent A, Lim BK, Eger JL, Wang Y-X, et al. (2009) A new species from southwestern China in the Afro-palearctic lineage of the horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus). Journal of Mammalogy 90: 57-73.
- 35. Teeling EC, Madsen O, Murphy WJ, Springer MS, O'Brien SJ (2003) Nuclear gene sequences confirm ancient link between New Zealand's short-tailed bat and South American noctilionoid bats. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28: 308-319.
- 36. Eick GN, Jacobs DS, Matthee CA (2005) Anuclear DNA phylogenetic perspective on the evolution of echolocation and historical biogeography of extant bats (Chiroptera). Molecular Biology and Evolution 22: 1869-1886.
- 37. Aldridge HDJN, Rautenbach IL (1987) Morphology, echolocation and resource partitioning in insectivorous bats. Journal of Animal Ecology 56: 763-778.
- 38. Schoeman MC, Jacobs DS (2008) The relative influence of competition and prey defenses on the phenotypic structures of insectivorous bat ensembles in southern Africa. PLoSONE 3 (11): e3715. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003715.
- 39. Monadjem A, Reside A, Lumsden L (2007) Echolocation calls of rhinolophid and hipposiderid bats in Swaziland. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 37: 9-15.
- 40. Obrist MK (1995) Flexible bat echolocation: the influence of individual, habitat and conspecifics on sonar signal design. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 36: 207-219.
- 41. Cotterill FPD (2002) Anew species of horseshoe bat (Microchiroptera: Rhinolophidae) from south-central Africa: with comments on its affinities and evolution, and the characterization of rhinolophid species. Journal of Zoology, London 256: 165-179.
- 42. Addinsoft (2007) XLSTAT, Version 2007.5. New York: Addinsoft.
- 43. Rohlf FJ (2009) tpsDig version 2.14. State University of New York at Stony Brook. Available at: http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/morph/. Accessed 2009 Dec 20.
- 44. Rohlf FJ (2008). tpsRelw version 1.48. State University of New York at Stony Brook. Available: http://life.bio.sunysb.edu/morph/. Accessed 2008 Nov 19.
- 45. Rohlf FJ, Slice D (1990) Extensions of the Procrustes method for the optimal superimposition of landmarks. Systematic Zoology 39: 40-59.
- 46. Corti M (1993) Geometric morphometrics: an extension of the revolution. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8: 302-303.
- 47. Marcus LF, Corti M (1996) Overview of the new, or geometric morphometrics. In: Marcus LF, Corti M, Loy A, Naylor GJP, Slice DE, Eds. Advances in morphometrics. New York: Plenum Press 1-13.
- 48. Rohlf FJ (1998) On applications of geometric morphometrics to studies of ontogeny and phylogeny. Systematic Biology 47: 147-158.
- 49. Rohlf FJ, Marcus LF (1993) A revolution in morphometrics. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8: 129-132.
- 50. Rohlf FJ (2002) Geometric morphometrics in phylogeny. In: Macleod N, Forey PL, eds. Morphology, shape and phylogenetics. Systematic Association Special Volume Series 64. London: Francis & Taylor, 175-193.
- 51. Hill JE, Harrison DL (1987) The baculum in the Vespertilionidae (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) with a systematic review, a synopsis of Pipistrellus and Eptesicus, and the descriptions of a new genus and subgenus. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology Series 52: 225-305.
- 52. Lidicker WR (1968) Aphylogeny of New Guinea rodent genera based on phallic morphology. Journal of Mammalogy 49: 609-643.
- 53. Kearney T, Volleth M, Contrafatto G, Taylor PJ (2002) Systematic implications of chromosome GTG-band and bacula morphology for southern African Eptesicus and Pipistrellus and several other species of Vespertilionidae (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Acta Chiropterologica 4: 55-76.
- 54. Jones G (1996) Does echolocation constrain the evolution of body size in bats? Symposium of the Zoological Society London 69: 111-128.
- 55. Jones G (1999) Scaling of echolocation call parameters in bats. Journal of Experimental Biology 202: 3359-3367.
- 56. Stoffberg S, Jacobs DS, Mackie IJ, Matthee CA (2011) Molecular phylogenetics and historical biogeography of Rhinolophus bats. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54: 1-9. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.09.021.
- 57. Houston RD, Boonman AM, Jones G (2004) Do echolocation signal parameters restrict bats' choice of prey? In Thomas JA, Moss CF, Vater M (eds). Echolocation in Bats and Dolphins. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp 339-345.
- 58. Fenton MB, Fullard JH (1979) The influence of moth hearing on bat echolocation strategies. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 132: 77-86.
- 59. Jones G (1992) Bats vs moths: studies on the diets of rhinolophid and hipposiderid bats support the allotonic frequency hypothesis. In: Horaceck I, Vohralik V (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Prague (Czech Republic), Charles University Press. pp. 87-92.
- 60. Heller KG, von Helversen O (1989) Resource partitioning of sonar frequency bands in rhinolophoid bats. Oecologia 80: 178-186.
- 61. Jacobs DS, Barclay RMR, Walker MH (2007) The allometry of echolocation call frequencies of insectivorous bats: why do some bats deviate from the pattern? Oecologia 152: 583-594.
- 62. Siemers BM, Beedholm K, Dietz C, Dietz I, Ivanova T (2005) Is species identity, sex, age or individual quality conveyed by echolocation call frequency in European horseshoe bats? Acta Chiropterologica 7: 259-274.
- 63. Jones G, Barlow KE (2004) Cryptic species of echolocating bats.In Thomas JA, Moss CF, Vater M (eds.) Echolocation in Bats and Dolphins, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 345-349.
- 64. Chen S-F, Jones G, Rossiter SJ (2009) Determinants of echolocation call frequency variation in the Formosan lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus monoceros). Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B Biological Sciences 276: 3901-3909.
- 65. Francis CM, Habersetzer J (1998) Interspecific and intraspecific variation in echolocation frequency and morphology of horseshoe bats, Rhinolophus and Hipposideros. In Kunz TH, Racey PA (eds.) Bat Biology and Conservation. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 169-179.
- 66. Robinson MF (1996) Arelationship between echolocation calls and noseleaf widths in bats of the genera Rhinolophus and Hipposideros. Journal of Zoology 239:389-393.
- 67. Guillen Servent A, Francis CM, Ricklefs RE (2003) Phylogeny and biogeography of the horseshoe bats. In: Csorba G, Ujhelyi P, Thomas N (eds.) Horseshoe Bats of the World (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae). Shropshire, UK: Alana Books, pp. xii-xxiv.
- 68. Stadlmann B, Jacobs DS, Schoeman C, Ruedi M (2004) Phylogeny of African Myotis bats (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) inferred from cytochrome b sequences. Acta Chiropterologica 6: 177-192.
- 69. Datzmann T, von Helversen O, Mayer F (2010) Evolution of nectarivory in phyllostomid bats (Phyllostomidae Gray, 1825, Chiroptera: Mammalia). BMC Evolutionary Biology 10:65. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-165.
- 70. Zachos J, Pagani M, Sloan L, Thomas E, Billups K (2001) Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to Present. Science 292: 686-693.
- 71. Janis CM (1993) Tertiary mammal evolution in the context of changing climates, vegetation, and tectonic events. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 24: 467-500.
- 72. deMenocal PB (2004) African climate change and faunal evolution during the Pliocene-Pleistocene. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 220: 3-24.
- 73. National Research Council (2010) Understanding Climate's Influence on Human Evolution. National Academies Press, Washington, DC.
- 74. deMenocal PB (2011) Climate and human evolution. Science 331: 540-542. doi:10.1126/science.1190683.
- 75. Speigel C, Kohn BP, David X, Belton DX, Gleadow AJW (2010) Morphotectonic evolution of the central Kenya rift flanks: implications for late Cenozoic environmental change in East Africa. Geology 35: 427-430. doi: 10.1130/G23108A.
- 76. Bauer FU, Glasmacher UA, Ring U, Schumann A, Nagudi B (2010) Thermal and exhumation history of the central Rwenzori Mountains, Western Rift of the East African Rift System, Uganda. International Journal of Earth Science 99: 1575-1597. doi:10.1007/s00531-010-0549-7.
- 77. Abebe T, Balestrieri ML, Bigazzi G (2010) The Central Main Ethiopian Rift is younger than 8 Ma: confirmation through apatite fission-track thermochronology. Terra Nova 22: 470-476. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3121.2010.00968.x
- 78. Partridge TC (2010) Tectonics and geomorphology of Africa during the Phanerozoic. In: L. Werdelin Land Sanders WJ (eds), Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley, 3-26.
- 79. Cotterill FPD, de Wit MJ (2011) Geoecodynamics and the Kalahari Epeirogeny: linking its genomic record, tree of life and palimpsest into a unified narrative of landscape evolution.South African Journal of Geology 114: 489-514.
- 80. Goodier SAM, Cotterill FPD, O'Ryan C, Skelton PH, de Wit MJ (2011) Cryptic diversity of African tigerfish (Genus Hydrocynus) reveals palaeogeographic signatures of linked Neogene geotectonic events. PLoS ONE 6(12): e28775. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0028775
- 81. Cerling TE, Wynn JG, Andanje SA, Bird MI, Kimutai Korir D, Levin NE, Mace W, Macharia AN, ouade J, Remien CH (2011) Woody cover and hominin environments in the past 6 million years. Nature 476: 51-56.
- 82. Fjeldsa J, Bowie RCK (2008) New perspectives on the origin and diversification of Africa's forest avifauna. African Journal of Ecology 46: 235-247.
- 83. Voelker G, Outlaw RK, Bowie RCK (2010) Pliocene forest dynamics as a primary driver of African bird speciation. Global Ecology and Biogeography 19: 111-121.
- 84. Hunn CA, Upchurch P (2001) The importance of time/space in diagnosing the causality of phylogenetic events: towards a ''Chronobiogeographical'' paradigm? Systematic Biology 50: 391-407.
- 85. Crisp MD, Trewick SA, Cook LG (2011) Hypothesis testing in biogeography. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 26: 66-72.
- 86. Blackburn DC, Measey GJ (2009) Dispersal to or from an African biodiversity hotspot? Molecular Ecology 18: 1904-1915. doi: 10.1111/j.1365- 294X.2009.04156.x.
- 87. Lawson L (2010) The discordance of diversification: evolution in the tropicalmontane frogs of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania. Molecular Ecology 19: 4046-4060. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2010.04788.x.
- 88. Nicolas V, ouerouil S, Verheyen E, Verheyen W, Mboumba JF, Dillen M, Colyn M (2006) Mitochondrial phylogeny of African wood mice, genus Hylomyscus (Rodentia, Muridae): implications for their taxonomy and biogeography. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 38: 779-793.
- 89. Taylor PJ, Maree S, van Sandwyk J, Kerbis Peterhans JC, Stanley WT, Verheyen E, Kaliba P, Verheyen W, Kaleme P, Bennett NC (2009) Speciation mirrors geomorphology and palaeoclimatic history in African laminate-toothed rats (Muridae: Otomyini) of the Otomys denti and O. lacustris species-complexes in the ''Montane Circle'' of East Africa. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 96: 913-941.
- 90. Taylor PJ, Lavrenchenko LA, Carleton MD, Verheyen E, Bennett N, Oosthuisen C, Maree S (2011) Specific limits and emerging diversity patterns in east African populations of laminate-toothed rats, genus Otomys (Muridae: Murinae: Otomyini): revision of the Otomys typus complex. Zootaxa 3024: 1-66.
- 91. Stanley WT, Olson LE (2005) Phylogeny, phylogeography, and geographic variation of Syldisorex hoaeelli (Soricidae), an endemic shrew of the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania. Journal of Zoology, London 266: 341-354.
- 92. Stanley WT, Esselstyn JA, (2010) Biogeography and diversity among montane populations of mouse shrew (Soricidae: Myosorex) in Tanzania. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 100: 669-680.
- 93. Galley G, Bytebier B, Bellstedt DU, Linder HP (2007) The Cape element in the Afrotemperate flora: from Cape to Cairo? Proceedings of the Royal Society Series B Biological Sciences 2007 274, 535-543. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2006.0046.
- 94. Lawes MJ, Eeley HAC, Findlay NJ, Forbes D (2007) Resilient forest faunal communities in South Africa: a legacy of palaeoclimatic change and extinction filtering? Journal of Biogeography 34: 1246-1264.
- 95. Taylor PJ, Lamb J, Reddy D, Naidoo T, Ratrimomanarivo F, et al. (2009) Cryptic lineages of little free-tailed bats, Chaerephon pumilus (Chiroptera: Molossidae) from southern Africa and the western Indian Ocean islands. African Zoology 277: 317-332.
- 96. Wilme L, Goodman SM, Ganzhorn JU (2006) Biogeographic evolution of Madagascar's microendemic biota. Science 312: 1063-1065.
- 97. Droxler AW, Poore RZ, Burckle LH (eds.) (2003) Earth's Climate and Orbital Eccentricity: the Marine Isotope Stage 11 ouestion. Geophysical Monograph. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 240 pp.
- 98. Rohling EJ, Braun K, Grant K, Kucera M, Roberts AP, Siddall M, Trommer G (2010) Comparison between Holocene and Marine Isotope Stage-11 sealevel histories. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 291: 97-105.
- 99. Cracraft J (1989) Species as entities of biological theory. In M . Ruse (Ed.). What the Philosophy of Biology is - Essays for David Hull. Kluwer, The Netherlands. pp 33-54.
- 100. Cotterill FPD (2003) Species concepts and the real diversity of antelopes. In Plowman A (Ed.) Proceedings of the Ecology and Conservation of Miniantelope: An International Symposium on Duiker and Dwarf Antelope in Africa. Filander Verlag: Fuurth. pp. 59-118.
- 101. Paterson HEH (1985) The recognition concept of species. In Species and speciation. Transvaal Museum Monograph No. 4. pp. 21-29. Vrba E S (ed.). Pretoria: Transvaal Museum.
- 102. Grantham TA (1995) Hierarchical approaches to macroevolution - recent work on species selection and the effect hypothesis. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics 26:301-21
- 103. Prendini L (2001) Substratum specialization and speciation in southern African scorpions: the effect hypothesis revisited. In: Fet V, Selden PA (eds.) Scorpions 2001: In Memoriam Gary A. Polis. The British Arachnological Society, Burnham Beeches, UK. pp. 113-138.
- 104. Rabosky DL, McCune AR (2010) Reinventing species selection with molecular phylogenies. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 25: 68-74.
- 105. Eastman JM, Storfer A (2011) Correlations of life-history and distributionalrange variation with salamander diversification rates: evidence for species selection. Systematic Biology 60: 503-518. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syr020.
- 106. Bates PJ, Harrison D. (1997) Bats of the Indian Subcontinent. Sevenoaks, Harrison Zoological Museum.
- 107. Hall R (2002) Cenozoic geological and plate tectonic evolution of SE Asia and the SW Pacific: computer-based reconstructions, model and animations. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 20: 353-431.
- 108. ouigley MC, Clark D Sandiford M (2010) Tectonic geomorphology of Australia. In P Bishop P, Pillans B (eds.) Australian Landscapes. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 346: 243-265. doi:10.1144/SP346.13.
- 109. Baldwin SL, Fitzgerald PG, Webb LE (2012) Tectonics of the New Guinea Region. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 40: 495-520 doi:10.1146/annurev-earth-040809-152540.
- 110. Groves CP (2001) Primate Taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC, 350pp.
- 111. Groves CP, Grubb P (2011) Ungulate Taxonomy. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore. 317 pp.
- 112. Baker RJ, Bradley RD (2006) Speciation in mammals and the genetic species concept. Journal of Mammalogy 87: 643-662.
- 113. Goodman SM, Buccas W, Naidoo T, Ratrimomanarivo F, Taylor PJ, Lamb J (2010) Patterns of morphological and genetic variation in western Indian Ocean members of the Chaerephon 'pumilus ' complex (Chiroptera: Molossidae), with the description of a new species from Madagascar. Zootaxa 2551: 1-36.
- 114. Mucina L, Rutherford MC (2006) The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland. Strelitzia 19, South African National Biodiversity Institute, Pretoria.
- 115. Branch WR, Bayliss J (2009) Anew species of Atheris (Serpentes: Viperidae) from northern Mozambique. Zootaxa 2113: 41-54.
- 116. Branch WR, Tolley KA (2010) Anew species of chameleon (Sauria: Chamaeleonidae: Nadzikambia) from Mount Mabu, central Mozambique. African Journal of Herpetology 59: 157-172.
- 117. Congdon C, Collins S, Bayliss J (2010) Butterflies of south east Africa's mountains (Mozambique and Malawi). Metamorphosis 21: 45-107.
- 118. Daniels S, Bayliss J (2011). Unexplored refugia of biodiversity: mountainous regions in Mozambique and Malawi yield two novel freshwater crab species (Potamonautidae: Potamonautes). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 164: 498-509.
- 119. Stanley WT, Goodman SM (2011) Small mammal inventories in the east and west Usambara and south Pare Mountains, Tanzania. 3. Chiroptera. Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences 4: 34-52.
- 120. Fenton MB (1985) The feeding behaviour of insectivorous bats: echolocation, foraging strategies, and resource partitioning. Transvaal Museum Bulletin 21: 5-16.
- 121. Fenton MB, Thomas DW (1980) Dry-season overlap in activity patterns, habitat use, and prey selection by sympatric African insectivorous bats. Biotropica 12: 81-90.
- 122. Fenton MB, Boyle NGH, Harrison TM, Oxley DJ (1977) Activity patterns, habitat use, and prey selection by some African insectivorous bats.Biotropica 9: 73-85.
- 123. Fenton MB, Bell GP (1981) Recognition of species of insectivorous bats by their echolocation calls. Journal of Mammalogy 62: 233-243.
- 124. Fenton MB (1975) Observations on the biology of some Rhodesian bats, including a key to the Chiroptera of Rhodesia. Life Sciences Contributions to the Royal Ontario Museum 104.
- 125. Hartley DJ, Suthers RA, (1988) The acoustics of the vocal tract in the horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus hildebrandti. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 84: 1201-1213.
- 126. Suthers RA, Hartley DJ, Wenstrup JJ (1988) The acoustic role of tracheal chambers and nasal cavities in the production of sonar pulses by the horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus hildebrandti. Journal of Comparative Physiology A 162: 799-813.
- 127. Smithers RHN (1983) The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion. Pretoria: University of Pretoria Press. 736 p.