Biodiversity Literature Repository
Published December 31, 2005 | Version v1
Journal article Restricted

Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: Implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions

Creators

  • 1. Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6316, U.S.A., current address: Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University, 1 Brookings Drive, Campus Box 1169, St. Louis, Missouri 63130-489, U.S.A.

Description

Joshua B. Smith (2005): Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: Implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25 (4): 865-887, DOI: 10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0865:HITRIF]2.0.CO;2

Files

Restricted

The record is publicly accessible, but files are restricted to users with access.

Linked records

Additional details

Identifiers

LSID
urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:DC6AFFF0D024FFD5FFA3FFD8BE03D62F
URL
http://publication.plazi.org/id/DC6AFFF0D024FFD5FFA3FFD8BE03D62F

Has part
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.4323776 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/20538788D026FFC1FF0BFB51BC11D506 (URL)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.5178533 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.3942996 (DOI)
Dataset: http://table.plazi.org/id/FC856616D020FFD1FF33FF69BA55D6DD (URL)
Dataset: http://table.plazi.org/id/FC856616D020FFD1FCEDFBF3BDCAD27A (URL)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.3942998 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.3943000 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.3943002 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.3943004 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.3943006 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.3943008 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.3943010 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.3943012 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.3943014 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.3943016 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.3943018 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.3943020 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.3943022 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.3943024 (DOI)
Dataset: http://table.plazi.org/id/FC856616D035FFC4FF33F95FBC06D09E (URL)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.3943026 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.3943028 (DOI)
Is source of
Dataset: http://www.gbif.org/dataset/c8d52e0f-8db2-445d-b087-810821e55bf9 (URL)

References

  • Abler, W. L. 1992. The serrated teeth of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs, and biting structures in other animals. Paleobiology 18:161-183.
  • Abler, W. L. 1999. The teeth of the tyrannosaurs. Scientific American 281:50-51.
  • Abler, W. L. 2001. A kerf-and-drill model of tyrannosaur tooth serrations; pp. 84-89 in D. H. Tanke and K. Carpenter (eds.), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana.
  • Antunes, M. T., and D. Sigogneau-Russell. 1991. Nouvelles donnees sur les Dinosaures du Cretace superieur du Portugal. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Ser. II 313:113-119.
  • Auffenberg, W. 1981. The Behavioral Ecology of the Komodo Monitor. University Presses of Florida, Gainesville, 406 pp.
  • Azuma, Y., and P. J. Currie. 2000. A new carnosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Japan. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 37:1735-1753.
  • Bakker, R. T., M. Williams, and P. Currie. 1988. Nanotyrannus, a new genus of pygmy tyrannosaur, from the latest Cretaceous of Montana. Hunteria 1:2-30.
  • Barsbold, R. 1974. Saurornithoididae, a new family of small theropod dinosaurs from central Asia and North America. Palaeontologia Polonica 30:5-22.
  • Barsbold, R. 1983. [Carnivorous dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of Mongolia]. Sovemestnaa Sovetsko-Mongolskaa Paleontologi1ceskaa Ekspedicia, Trudy 19:1-117. [Russian]
  • Baszio, S. 1997. Investigations on Canadian dinosaurs: systematic palaeontology of isolated dinosaur teeth from the Latest Cretaceous of south Alberta, Canada. Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 196:33-77.
  • Bonaparte, J. F., and F. E. Novas. 1985. Abelisaurus comahuensis, n. g., n. sp., Carnosauria del Cretacico Tardio de Patagonia. Ameghiniana 21:259-265.
  • Bonaparte, J. F., F. E. Novas, and R. A. Coria. 1990. Carnotaurus sastrei Bonaparte, the horned, lightly built carnosaur from the Middle Cretaceous of Patagonia. Contributions in Science of the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 416:1-41.
  • Brochu, C. A. 2002. Osteology of Tyrannosaurus rex: insights from a nearly complete skeleton and high-resolution computed tomographic analysis of the skull. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 7:1-138.
  • Brooks, R. 1763. A New and Accurate System of Natural History. V. The Natural History of Water, Earths, Stones, Fossils, and Minerals, with their Virtues, Properties and Medicinal Uses; to Which is Added the Method in Which Linnaeus has Treated These Subjects. J. Newberry, London, 364 pp.
  • Buckland, W. 1824. Notice on the Megalosaurus or great fossil lizard of Stonesfield. Transactions of the Geological Society of London 21: 390-397.
  • Burnham, D. A., K. L. Derstler, P. J. Currie, R. T. Bakker, Z. Zhou, and J. H. Ostrom. 2000. Remarkable new birdlike dinosaur (Theropoda: Maniraptora) from the Upper Cretaceous of Montana. University of Kansas Paleontological Contributions 13:1-12.
  • Carpenter, K. 1982. Baby dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous Lance and Hell Creek Formations and a description of a new species of theropod. University of Wyoming Contributions to Geology 20:123-134.
  • Carpenter, K. 1990. Variation in Tyrannosaurus rex; pp. 141-145 in K. Carpenter and P. J. Currie (eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
  • Carpenter, K. 1992. Tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria) of Asia and North America; pp. 250-268 in N. Mateer and P. J. Chen (eds.), Aspects of Nonmarine Cretaceous Geology. China Ocean Press, Beijing.
  • Carr, T. D. 1999. Craniofacial ontogeny in Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19:497-520.
  • Carr, T. D., and T. E. Williamson. 2000. A review of Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria, Coelurosauria) from New Mexico; pp. 113-145 in S. G. Lucas and A. B. Heckert (eds.), Dinosaurs of New Mexico. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, Albuquerque.
  • Carr, T. D., and T. E. Williamson. 2004. Diversity of late Maastrichtian Tyrannosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from western North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 142:479-523.
  • Carr, T. D., T. E. Williamson, and D. R. Schwimmer. 2005. A new genus and species of tyrannosauroid from the Late Cretaceous (Middle Campanian) Demopolis Formation of Alabama. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 25:119-143.
  • Carrasco, M. A. 2000a. Variation in the dentition of kangaroo rats (genus Dipodomys) and its implications for the fossil record. The Southwestern Naturalist 45:490-507.
  • Carrasco, M. A. 2000b. Species discrimination and morphological relationships of kangaroo rats (Dipodomys) based on their dentition. Journal of Mammalogy 81:107-122.
  • Chandler, C. L. 1990. Taxonomic and functional significance of serrated tooth morphology in theropod dinosaurs. Unpublished M.S. thesis, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 163 pp.
  • Chapman, R. E., D. B. Weishampel, G. Hunt, and D. Rasskin-Gutman. 1997. Sexual dimorphism in dinosaurs; pp. 83-93 in D. L. Wolberg, E. Stump, and G. D. Rosenberg (eds.), Dinofest International. Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.
  • Charig, A. J., and A. C. Milner. 1986. Baryonyx, a remarkable new theropod dinosaur. Nature 324:359-361.
  • Charig, A. J., and A. C. Milner. 1997. Baryonyx walkeri, a fish-eating dinosaur from the Wealden of Surrey. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum of London 53:11-70.
  • Chen, P.-J., Z. Dong, and S. Zhen. 1998. An exceptionally well-preserved theropod dinosaur from the Yixian Formation of China. Nature 391:147-152.
  • Chure, D. J. 1994. Koparion douglassi, a new dinosaur from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Dinosaur National Monument: the oldest troodontid (Theropoda: Maniraptora). Brigham Young University Geology Studies 40:11-15.
  • Chure, D. J. 2001. On the type and referred material of Laelaps trihedrodon Cope 1877 (Dinosauria: Theropoda); pp. 10-18 in D. H. Tanke and K. Carpenter (eds.), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana.
  • Chure, D. J., M. Manabe, M. Tanimoto, and Y. Tomida. 1999. An unusual theropod tooth from the Mifune Group (late Cenomanian to early Turonian), Kumamoto, Japan; pp. 291-296 in Y. Tomida, T. H. Rich, and P. Vickers-Rich (eds.), Proceedings of the Second Gondwana Dinosaur Symposium. National Science Museum, Tokyo, Tokyo.
  • Colbert, E. H. 1989. The Triassic dinosaur Coelophysis. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin 57:1-160.
  • Cope, E. D. 1889. On a new species of Triassic Dinosauria. American Naturalist 23:626.
  • Coria, R. A., and L. Salgado. 1995. A new giant carnivorous dinosaur from the Cretaceous of Patagonia. Nature 377:224-226.
  • Currie, P. J. 1987. Bird-like characteristics of the jaws and teeth of troodontid theropods (Dinosauria, Saurischia). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 7:72-81.
  • Currie, P. J. 1995. New information on the anatomy and relationships of Dromaeosaurus albertensis (Dinosauria: Theropoda). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15:576-591.
  • Currie, P. J. 1997a. Theropods; pp. 216-233 in J. O. Farlow and M. K. Brett-Surman (eds.), The Complete Dinosaur. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.
  • Currie, P. J. 1997b. Theropoda; pp. 731-737 in P. J. Currie and K. Padian (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Academic Press, San Diego.
  • Currie, P. J. 1998. Possible evidence of gregarious behavior in tyrannosaurids; pp. 271-277 in B. P. Perez-Moreno, T. Holtz, J. L. Sanz, and J. J. Moratalla (eds.), Gaia 15: Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural, Lisbon, Portugal.
  • Currie, P. J. 2003a. Cranial anatomy of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48:191-226.
  • Currie, P. J. 2003b. Allometric growth in tyrannosaurids (Dinosauria, Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of North America and Asia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 40:651-665.
  • Currie, P. J., and K. Carpenter. 2000. A new specimen of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Lower Cretaceous Antlers Formation (Lower Cretaceous, Aptian) of Oklahoma, USA. Geodiversitas 22:207-246.
  • Currie, P. J., and Z.-M. Dong. 2001. New information on Shanshanosaurus huoyanshanensis, a juvenile tyrannosaurid (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38:1729-1737.
  • Currie, P. J., and P.-J. Chen. 2001. Anatomy of Sinosauropteryx prima from Liaoning, northeastern China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 38:1705-1727.
  • Currie, P. J., J. K. Rigby, Jr., and R. E. Sloan. 1990. Theropod teeth from the Judith River Formation of southern Alberta, Canada; pp. 107-125 in K. Carpenter and P. J. Currie (eds.), Dinosaur Systematics: Perspectives and Approaches. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.
  • Currie, P. J., J. H. Hurum, and K. Sabath. 2003. Skull structure and evolution in tyrannosaurid dinosaurs. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48:227-234.
  • Delair, J. B., and W. A. S. Sarjeant. 2002. The earliest discoveries of dinosaur bones: the records re-examined. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association 113:185-197.
  • Deperet, C., and J. Savornin. 1927. La faune de reptiles et de poissons Albiens de Timimoun (Sahara algerien). Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France 27:257-265.
  • Dong, Z., Y. Zhang, X. Li, and S. Zhou. 1975. A new carnosaur from Yongchuan County, Sichuan Province. Kexue Tongbao (Science Newsletter) 23:302-304.
  • Edmund, A. G. 1969. Dentition; pp. 117-200 in C. Gans, A. d. A. Belairs, and T. S. Parsons (eds.), Biology of the Reptilia. Academic Press, London.
  • Erickson, G. M. 1995. Split carinae on tyrannosaurid teeth and implications of their development. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15: 268-274.
  • Erickson, G. M., S. D. Van Kirk, J. Su, E. Levenston, W. E. Caler, and D. R. Carter. 1996. Bite-force estimation for Tyrannosaurus rex from tooth-marked bones. Nature 382:706-708.
  • Farlow, J. O., and D. L. Brinkman. 1987. Serration coarseness and patterns of wear of theropod dinosaur teeth. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 19:151.
  • Farlow, J. O., and D. L. Brinkman. 1994. Wear surfaces on the teeth of tyrannosaurs; pp. 165-175 in G. D. Rosenberg and D. L. Wolberg (eds.), Dino Fest. The Paleontological Society, Knoxville.
  • Farlow, J. O., D. L. Brinkman, W. L. Abler, and P. J. Currie. 1991. Size, shape, and serration density of theropod dinosaur lateral teeth. Modern Geology 16:161-198.
  • Ford, T. L., and D. J. Chure. 2001. Ghost lineages and the paleogeographic and temporal distribution of tyrannosaurids. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 21:50A-51A.
  • Galton, P. M. 1999. Sex, sacra and Sellosaurus gracilis (Saurischia, Sauropodomorpha, Upper Triassic, Germany)-or why the character ''two sacral vertebrae' is plesiomorphic for Dinosauria. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Abhandlungen 213:19-55.
  • Gao, Y. 1992. [Yangchuanosaurus hepingensis-a new species of carnosaur from Zigong, Sichuan]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 30:313-324.
  • Gauthier, J. 1986. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds; pp. 1-55 in K. Padian (ed.), The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California.
  • Gilmore, C. W. 1920. Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. United States National Museum Bulletin 110:1-159.
  • Gilmore, C. W. 1933. On the dinosaurian fauna of the Iren Dabasu Formation. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 67:23-78.
  • Harris, J. D. 1998. A reanalysis of Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, its phylogenetic status, and paleobiogeographic implications, based on a new specimen from Texas. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 13:1-75.
  • Holtz, T. R., Jr. 1994. The phylogenetic position of the Tyrannosauridae: implications for theropod systematics. Journal of Paleontology 68: 1100-1117.
  • Holtz, T. R., Jr. 1998. A new phylogeny of the carnivorous dinosaurs; pp. 5-61 in B. P. Perez-Moreno, T. Holtz, J. L. Sanz, and J. J. Moratalla (eds.), Gaia 15: Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural, Lisbon, Portugal.
  • Holtz, T. R., Jr. 2001. The phylogeny and taxonomy of the Tyrannosauridae; pp. 64-75 in D. H. Tanke and K. Carpenter (eds.), Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, Indiana.
  • Holtz, T. R., Jr. 2004. Tyrannosauroidea; pp. 111-136 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (eds.), The Dinosauria, Second Edition. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Holtz, T. R., Jr., and H. Osmolska. 2004. Saurischia; pp. 21-24 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (eds.), The Dinosauria, Second Edition. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Holtz, T. R., Jr., D. L. Brinkman, and C. L. Chandler. 1998. Denticle morphometrics and a possibly omnivorous feeding habit for the theropod dinosaur Troodon; pp. 159-166 in B. P. Perez-Moreno, T. Holtz, J. L. Sanz, and J. J. Moratalla (eds.), Gaia 15: Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural, Lisbon, Portugal.
  • Holtz, T. R., Jr., R. E. Molnar, and P. J. Currie. 2004. Basal Tetanurae; pp. 71-110 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (eds.), The Dinosauria, Second Edition. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Hungerbuhler, A. 2000. Heterodonty in the European phytosaur Nicrosaurus kapffi and its implications for the taxonomic utility and functional morphology of phytosaur dentitions. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20:31-48.
  • Hurum, J. H., and K. Sabath. 2003. Giant theropod dinosaurs from Asia and North America: Skulls of Tarbosaurus bataar and Tyrannosaurus rex compared. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 48:161-190.
  • Hutt, S., D. M. Martill, and M. J. Barker. 1996. The first European allosaurid dinosaur (Lower Cretaceous, Wealden Group, England). Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie Monatschefte 1996: 635-644.
  • Hutt, S., D. Naish, D. M. Martill, M. J. Barker, and P. Newberry. 2001. A preliminary account of a new tyrannosaurid theropod from the Wessex Formation (Early Cretaceous) of southern England. Cretaceous Research 22:227-242.
  • Ji, Q., and S.-A. Ji. 1996. On discovery of the earliest bird fossil in China and the origin of birds. Chinese Geology 233:30-33.
  • Ji, Q., and S.-A. Ji. 1997. Advance in the study of the avian Sinosauropteryx prima. Chinese Geology 242:30-32.
  • Korth, W. W. 1996. Geomyoid rodents (Mammalia) from the Bijiou HIlls local fauna (Barstovian), South Dakota. Contributions to Geology, University of Wyoming 31:49-55.
  • Kramer, C. Y. 1956. Extension of multiple range tests to group means with unequal numbers of replications. Biometrics 12:307-310.
  • Lamanna, M. C. 1998. Addressing uncertainty in theropod dinosaur systematics: an example using premaxillary tooth count; p. 34 in D. L. Wolberg, K. Gittis, S. Miller, L. Carey, and A. Raynor (eds.), The Dinofest™ Symposium, Abstracts with Program 3. The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
  • Lambe, L. M. 1914. On a new genus and species of carnivorous dinosaur from the Belly River Formation of Alberta, with a description of the skull of Stephanosaurus marginatus from the same horizon. Ottawa Naturalist 28:13-20.
  • Larson, P. L. 1994. Tyrannosaurus sex; pp. 147-157 in G. E. Nelson (ed.), The Dinosaurs of Wyoming. Wyoming Geological Association, Casper.
  • Leidy, J. P. 1856. Notices of the remains of extinct reptiles and fishes discovered by Dr. F. V. Hayden in the badlands of the Judith River, Nebraska Territory. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 8:72-73.
  • Lieberman, D. E., B. M. McBratney, and G. Krovitz. 2002. The evolution and development of cranial form in Homo sapiens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99:1134-1139.
  • Madsen, J. H., Jr. 1976. Allosaurus fragilis: a revised osteology. Utah Geological Survey Bulletin 109:1-163.
  • Madsen, J. H., Jr., and S. P. Welles. 2000. Ceratosaurus (Dinosauria, Theropoda): a revised osteology. Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication 00-2:1-80.
  • Maleev, E. A. 1955. [Carnivorous dinosaurs of Mongolia]. Priroda 1955(6):112-115. [Russian]
  • Marko, P. B., and J. B. C. Jackson. 2001. Patterns of morphological diversity among and within arcid bivalve species pairs separated by the Isthmus of Panama. Journal of Paleontology 75:590-606.
  • Marsh, O. C. 1877a. Notice of new dinosaurian reptiles from the Jurassic formation. American Journal of Science (series 3) 14:514-516.
  • Marsh, O. C. 1877b. Notice of a new gigantic dinosaur. American Journal of Science (ser. 3):87-88.
  • Marsh, O. C. 1884. Principal characters of American Jurassic dinosaurs. Part VIII. The Order Theropoda. American Journal of Science (ser. 3) 28:161-162.
  • Martill, D. M., A. R. I. Cruickshank, E. Frey, P. G. Small, and M. Clarke. 1996. A new crested maniraptoran dinosaur from the Santana Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of Brazil. Journal of the Geological Society of London 153:5-8.
  • Matthew, W. D., and B. Brown. 1922. The family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 46:367-385.
  • McIntosh, J. S. 1981. Annotated catalog of the dinosaurs (Reptilia, Archosauria) in the collections of Carnegie Musuem of Natural History. Bulletin of the Carnegie Museum of Natural History 18:1-67.
  • Minagi, S., T. Hara, T. Sato, N. Natsuaki, and Y.-T. Akamatsu. 1999. Relationship between anterior guidance and mesiodistal inclination of lower incisor in human subject with or without TMJ noise. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 26:781-785.
  • Molnar, R. E. 1978. A new theropod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of central Montana. Journal of Paleontology 52:73-82.
  • Molnar, R. E. 1991. The cranial morphology of Tyrannosaurus rex. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 217:137-176.
  • Molnar, R. E. 1998. Mechanical factors in the design of the skull of Tyrannosaurus rex (Osborn, 1905); pp. 193-218 in B. P. Perez- Moreno, T. Holtz, J. L. Sanz, and J. J. Moratalla (eds.), Gaia 15: Aspects of Theropod Paleobiology. Museu Nacional de Historia Natural, Lisbon, Portugal.
  • Molnar, R. E., and K. Carpenter. 1989. The Jordan theropod (Maastrichtian, Montana, U.S.A.) referred to the genus Aublysodon. Geobios 22:445-454.
  • Molnar, R. E., S. M. Kurzanov, and Z. Dong. 1990. Carnosauria; pp. 169-209 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (eds.), The Dinosauria. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Nesov, L. A. 1995. [Dinosaurs of Northern Eurasia: New Data about Assemblages, Ecology and Paleobiogeography]. University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, 156 pp. [Russian]
  • Norell, M. A., P. Makovicky, and J. M. Clark. 2000. A new troodontid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod, Mongolia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 20:7-11.
  • Norell, M. A., J. M. Clark, and P. J. Makovicky. 2001. Phylogenetic relationships among coelurosaurian theropods; pp. 49-67 in J. Gauthier and L. F. Gall (eds.), New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds. Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven.
  • Okazaki, Y. 1992. A new genus and species of carnivorous dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Kwanmon Group, Northern Kyushu. Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History 11:87-90.
  • Osborn, H. F. 1905. Tyrannosaurus and other Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 21:259-265.
  • Osborn, H. F. 1906. Tyrannosaurus, Upper Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaur. (Second communication). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 22:281-296.
  • Osborn, H. F. 1912. Crania of Tyrannosaurus and Allosaurus. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History 1:3-30.
  • Osborn, H. F. 1913. Tyrannosaurus, restoration and model of the skeleton. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 32: 91-92.
  • Osborn, H. F. 1917. Skeletal adaptations of Ornitholestes, Struthiomimus, Tyrannosaurus. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 35:733-771.
  • Osborn, H. F. 1924. Three new Theropoda, Protoceratops zone, central Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 144:1-12.
  • Osborn, J. W. 1973. The evolution of dentitions. American Scientist 61:548-559.
  • Ostrom, J. H. 1969. A new theropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Montana. Postilla 128:1-17.
  • Perez-Moreno, B., J. L. Sanz, A. D. Buscalioni, J. J. Moratalla, F. Ortega, and D. Rasskin-Gutman. 1994. A unique multitoothed ornithomimosaur dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. Nature 370: 363-367.
  • Peyer, B. 1968. Comparative Odontology (translated and edited by R. Zangerl). University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 347 pp.
  • Polly, P. D. 1998a. Variability in mammalian dentitions: size-related bias in the coefficient of variation. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 64:83-99.
  • Polly, P. D. 1998b. Variability, selection, and constraints: development and evolution in viverravid (Carnivora, Mammalia) molar morphology. Paleobiology 24:409-429.
  • Poyato-Ariza, F. J. 2003. Dental characters and phylogeny of pycnodontiform fishes. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23:937-940.
  • Rauhut, O. W. M. 2004. Provenance and antomy of Genyodectes serus, a large-toothed ceratosaur (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from Patagonaia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24:894-902.
  • Rauhut, O. W. M., and C. Werner. 1995. First record of the family Dromaeosauridae (Dinosauria: Theropoda) in the Cretaceous of Gondwana (Wadi Milk Formation, northern Sudan). Palaontologische Zeitshrift 69:475-489.
  • Russell, D. A. 1970. Tyrannosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western Canada. National Museum of Natural Science, Publications in Paleontology 1:1-34.
  • Sampson, S. D., M. T. Carrano, and C. A. Forster. 2001. A bizarre predatory dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar. Nature 409:504-506.
  • Sander, P. M. 1997. Teeth and jaws; pp. 717-725 in P. J. Currie and K. Padian (eds.), Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs. Academic Press, San Diego.
  • Sankey, J. T. 2001. Late Campanian southern dinosaurs, Aguja Formation, Big Bend, Texas. Journal of Paleontology 75:208-215.
  • Senter, P., and J. H. Robins. 2003. Taxonomic status of the specimens of Archaeopteryx. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23:961-965.
  • Sereno, P. C., and F. E. Novas. 1993. The skull and neck of the basal theropod Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 13:451-476.
  • Sereno, P. C., C. A. Forster, R. R. Rogers, and A. M. Monetta. 1993. Primitive dinosaur skeleton from Argentina and the early evolution of Dinosauria. Nature 361:64-66.
  • Sereno, P. C., D. B. Dutheil, M. Iarochene, H. C. E. Larsson, G. H. Lyon, P. M. Magwene, C. A. Sidor, D. J. Varricchio, and J. A. Wilson. 1996. Predatory dinosaurs from the Sahara and Late Cretaceous faunal differentiation. Science 272:986-991.
  • Sereno, P. C., A. L. Beck, D. B. Dutheil, B. Gado, H. C. E. Larsson, G. H. Lyon, J. D. Marcot, O. W. M. Rauhut, R. W. Sadleir, C. A. Sidor, D. J. Varricchio, G. P. Wilson, and J. A. Wilson. 1998. A long-snouted predatory dinosaur from Africa and the evolution of spinosaurids. Science 282:1298-1302.
  • Slaughter, R. W., W. J. Hickerson, and W. R. Hammer. 1994. Analysis of Antarctic theropod teeth based on serration densities and patterns. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program 26:61A.
  • Smith, J. B. 2002. An examination of dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the identification of isolated teeth. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 617 pp.
  • Smith, J. B., and P. Dodson. 2003. A proposal for a standard terminology of anatomical notation and orientation in fossil vertebrate dentitions. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23:1-14.
  • Smith, J. B., D. R. Vann, and P. Dodson. 2005. Dental morphology and variation in theropod dinosaurs: implications for the taxonomic identification of isolated teeth. The Anatomical Record Part A 285: 699-736.
  • Sokal, R. R., and C. A. Braumann. 1980. Significance tests for coefficients of variation and variability profiles. Systematic Zoology 29: 50-66.
  • Sokal, R. R., and F. J. Rohlf. 1995. Biometry. W. H. Freeman and Company, New York, New York, 887 pp.
  • Stovall, J. W., and W. Langston, Jr. 1950. Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, a new genus and species of Lower Cretaceous Theropoda from Oklahoma. American Midland Naturalist 43:696-728.
  • Stromer, E. 1915. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wusten Agyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 3. Das Original des Theropoden Spinosaurus aegyptiacus nov. gen., nov. spec. Abhandlungen der Koniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-physikalische Classe 28(3):1-32.
  • Stromer, E. 1931. Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen Prof. E. Stromers in den Wusten Agyptens. II. Wirbeltier-Reste der Baharije-Stufe (unterstes Cenoman). 10. Ein Skelett-Rest von Carcharodontosaurus nov. gen. Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung N. F. 9: 1-23.
  • Stromer, E. 1934. Die zahne des Compsognathus und bemerkungen uber das gebiss der Theropoda. Centralblatt fur Mineralogie, Geologie, und Palaontologie, Arbeit B 2:74-85.
  • Sues, H.-D. 1978. A new small theropod dinosaur from the Judith River Formation (Campanian) of Alberta, Canada. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 62:381-400.
  • Sues, H.-D., and P. Taquet. 1979. A pachycephalosaurid dinosaur from Madagascar and a Laurasia-Gondwanaland connection in the Cretaceous. Nature 279:633-635.
  • Sues, H.-D., E. Frey, D. M. Martill, and D. M. Scott. 2002. Irritator challengeri, a spinosaurid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 22: 535-547.
  • Welles, S. P. 1970. Dilophosaurus (Reptilia: Saurischia), a new name for a dinosaur. Journal of Paleontology 44:989.
  • Welles, S. P. 1984. Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria, Theropoda). Osteology and comparisons. Palaeontographica Abteilung A 185: 85-180.
  • Williamson, T. E. 1996. ?Brachychampsa sealeyi, sp. nov., (Crocodylia, Alligatoroidea) from the Upper Cretaceous (lower Campanian) Menefee Formation, northwestern New Mexico. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 16:421-431.
  • Xu, X., X.-L. Wang, and X.-C. Wu. 1999. A dromaeosaurid dinosaur with a filamentous integument from the Yixian Formation of China. Nature 401:262-266.
  • Xu, X., Y. Cheng, X.-L. Wang, and C. Chang. 2002. An unusual oviraptorosaurian dinosaur from China. Nature 419:291-293.
  • Yablokov, A. V. 1974. Variability of Mammals. Amerind, New Delhi, India, 350 pp.
  • Zhao, Z., K. M. Weiss, and D. W. Stock. 2000. Development and evolution of dentition patterns and their genetic basis; pp. 152-172 in M. F. Teaford, M. M. Smith, and M. J. W. Ferguson (eds.), Development, Function, and Evolution of Teeth. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.