Biodiversity Literature Repository

Submit to community
Liberated Data
Published February 28, 2015 | Version v1
Journal article Restricted

Constraints on the timescale of animal evolutionary history

Creators

Description

Benton, MJ, Donoghue, PCJ, Vinther, J, Asher, RJ, Friedman, M, Near, TJ (2015): Constraints on the timescale of animal evolutionary history. Palaeontologia Electronica (Florence, Italy) 15 (1): 1-107, DOI: 10.26879/424, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.26879/424

Files

Restricted

The record is publicly accessible, but files are restricted to users with access.

Linked records

Additional details

Identifiers

LSID
urn:lsid:plazi.org:pub:087CDE79FFA79D1E51465C55FFA8FFCB
URL
http://publication.plazi.org/id/087CDE79FFA79D1E51465C55FFA8FFCB

Has part
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.13305911 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F445A601FFA89D0E52A15F3DFD33FAD4 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.13305913 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F445A601FF809D3751A6581DFB65FBA9 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.13305915 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F445A601FF8E9D34528058DDFAE3FB34 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.13305917 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F445A601FF8D9D35529E5973FC3CF8CA (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.13305919 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F445A601FF8B9D3351895CF3FDF7FE69 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.13305921 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F445A601FF8A9D33505B5D9DFA2CF9E9 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.13305923 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F445A601FF8A9D3052F35A1DFA24F9F4 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.13305925 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F445A601FF979D2F523958B3FF58FB69 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.13305927 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F445A601FF969D2F518F589DFCDDFCC9 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.13305929 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F445A601FF969D2C521B5F7DFD9AFF14 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.13305931 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F445A601FF919D2952095913FB61F9CA (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.13305933 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F445A601FF9D9D2552915CF3FC10FEC9 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.13305935 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F445A601FF9C9D2252825D7DFEFDFDF4 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.13305939 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F445A601FF999D2050035D73FE94FA24 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.13305941 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F445A601FF989D2150705F1DFDD3F8F9 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.13305943 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F445A601FF989D2152AD5CFDFC2AFA1A (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.13305945 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F445A601FFE69D5F500E5A7DFBBFFA2A (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.13305947 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F445A601FFE69D5C52C45A5DFE6FFAF4 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.13305949 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F445A601FFE59D5D52A45893FB50FD69 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.13305951 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F445A601FFE29D5B5071587DFBAFFA0A (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.13305955 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F445A601FFE29D58529A59BDFDBFFB14 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.13305957 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F445A601FFE19D5851AC5953FC03FCB4 (URL)
Taxonomic treatment: 10.5281/zenodo.13305959 (DOI)
Taxonomic treatment: http://treatment.plazi.org/id/F445A601FFED9D54500B5873FA2AFD94 (URL)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.13310892 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.13310894 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.13310896 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.13310898 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.13310900 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.13310902 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.13310904 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.13310906 (DOI)
Figure: 10.5281/zenodo.13310908 (DOI)

References

  • Delsuc, F., Brinkmann, H., Chourrout, D., and Philippe, H. 2006. Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates. Nature, 439:965-968.
  • Delsuc, F., Tsagkogeorga, G., Lartillot, N., and Philippe, H. 2008. Additional molecular support for the new chordate phylogeny. Genesis, 46:592-604.
  • Demere, T.A., McGowen, M.R., Berta, A., and Gatesy, J. 2008. Morphological and molecular evidence for a stepwise evolutionary transition from teeth to baleen in mysticete whales. Systematic Biology, 57:15-37.
  • Dick, J.R.F. 1978. On the Carboniferous shark Tristychius arcuatus Agassiz from Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 70:63-109.
  • Dietl, G. and Schweigert, G. 2004. The Nusplingen lithographic limestone - a "fossil Lagerstaette" of late Kimmeridigian age from the Swabian Alb (Germany). Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia, 110:303-309.
  • Dilkes, D.W. 1998. The Early Triassic rhynchosaur Mesosuchus browni and the interrelationships of basal archosauromorph reptiles. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 353:501-541.
  • Domning, D.P., Zalmout, I.S., and Gingerich, P.D. 2010. Sirenia, p. 147-160. In Werdelin, L. and Sanders, W.J. (eds.), Cenozoic Mammals of Africa. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Dong, X.-P., Cunningham, J.A., Bengtson, S., Thomas, C.-W., Liu, J.-B., Stampanoni, M., and Donoghue, P.C.J. 2013. Embryos, polyps and medusae of the early Cambrian scyphozoan Olivooides. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 280(20130071):1-8.
  • Donoghue, P.C.J. and Benton, M.J. 2007. Rocks and clocks: calibrating the Tree of Life using fossils and molecules. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 22:424- 431.
  • Donoghue, P.C.J. and Keating, J.N. 2014. Early vertebrate evolution, Palaeontology, 57:879-893.
  • Donoghue, P.C.J. and Purnell, M.A. 2009. Distinguishing heat from light in debate over controversial fossils. BioEssays, 31:178-189.
  • Donoghue, P.C.J. and Smith, M.P. 2001. The anatomy of Turinia pagei (Powrie) and the phylogenetic status of the Thelodonti. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 92:15-37.
  • Donoghue, P.C.J., Forey, P.L., and Aldridge, R.J. 2000. Conodont affinity and chordate phylogeny. Biological Reviews, 75:191-251.
  • Donoghue, P.C.J., Smith, M.P., and Sansom, I.J. 2003. The origin and early evolution of chordates: molecular clocks and the fossil record, p. 190-223. In Donoghue, P.C.J. and Smith, M.P. (eds.), Telling the Evolutionary Time: Molecular Clocks and the Fossil Record. CRC Press, London.
  • dos Reis, M., Donoghue, P.C.J., and Yang, Z. 2014 Neither phylogenomic nor palaeontological data support a Palaeogene origin of placental mammals. Biology Letters, 10:20131003.
  • dos Reis, M., Inoue, J., Hasegawa, M., Asher, R.J., Donoghue, P.C., and Yang, Z. 2012. Phylogenomic datasets provide both precision and accuracy in estimating the timescale of placental mammal phylogeny. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 279:3491-3500.
  • Droser, M.L. and Gehling, J.G. 2012. Old and groovy. Science, 336:1646-1647.
  • Dunkle, D. 1939. A new paleoniscid fish from the Texas Permian. American Journal of Science, 237:262-274.
  • Dunn, C.W., Hejnol, A., Matus, D.Q., Pang, K., Browne, W.E., Smith, S.A., Seaver, E., Rouse, G.W., Obst, M., Edgecombe, G.D., Sorensen, M.V., Haddock, S.H.D., Schmidt-Rhaesa, A., Okusu, A., Kristensen, R.M., Wheeler, W.C., Martindale, M.Q., and Giribet, G. 2008. Broad phylogenomic sampling improves resolution of the animal tree of life. Nature, 452:745-749.
  • Dupret, V., Sanchez, S., Goujet, D., Tafforeau, P., and Ahlberg, P.E. 2014. A primitive placoderm sheds light on the origin of the jawed vertebrate face. Nature, 507:500-503.
  • Dyke, G.J. 2001. The fossil waterfowl (Aves: Anseriformes) from the Eocene of England. American Museum Novitates, 3354:1-15.
  • Dyke, G.J. and van Tuinen, M. 2004. The evolutionary radiation of modern birds (Neornithes): reconciling molecules, morphology and the fossil record. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 141:153-177.
  • Dzik, J. 1995. Yunnanozoon and the ancestry of the vertebrates. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 40:341- 360.
  • Eastman, C.R. 1900. New fossil bird and fish remains from the Middle Eocene of Wyoming. Geological Magazine, Decade 4, 7:54-58.
  • Eastman, C.R. 1908. Devonian fishes of Iowa. Annual Report, Iowa Geological Survey, 18:29-291.
  • Edgecombe, G.D., Giribet, G., Dunn, C.W., Hejnol, A., Kristensen, R.M., Neves, R.C., Rouse, G.W., Worsaae, K., and SOrensen, M.V. 2011. Higher-level metazoan relationships: recent progress and remaining questions. Organisms, Diversity and Evolution, 11:151-172.
  • Eernisse, D.J. and Peterson, K.J. 2004. The interrelationships of animal phyla, p. 197-208. In Cracraft, J. and Donoghue, M.J. (eds.), Assembling the Tree of Life. Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Eibye-Jacobsen, D. 2004. A reevaluation of Wiwaxia and the polychaetes of the Burgess Shale. Lethaia, 37:317-335.
  • Ellison, R.A., Knox, W.O'B., Jolley, D.W., and King, C. 1994. A revision of the lithostratigraphical classification of the early Palaeogene stratigraphy of the London Basin and East Anglia. Proceedings of the Geologists' Association, 105:187-197.
  • Elzanowski, A. and Stidham, T.A. 2011. A galloanserine quadrate from the Late Cretaceous Lance Formation of Wyoming. The Auk, 128:138-145.
  • Emonet, E.-G., Andossa, L., Mackaye, H.T., and Brunet, M. 2014. Subocclusal ental morphology of Sahelanthropus tchadensis and the evolution of teeth in hominins. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 153:116-123.
  • Enay, R., Bernier, P., Barale, G., Borseau, J.-P., Buffetaut, E., Gaillard, C., Gall, J.-C., and Wenz, S. 1994. Les ammonites des calcaires lithographiques de Cerin (Ain, France): stratigraphie et taphonomie. Geobios, Memoire Speciale, 16:25-36.
  • Erdtmann, B.-D., Weber, B., Schultze, H.-P., and Egenhoff, S. 2000. A possible agnathan plate from the lower Arenig (Lower Ordovician) of south Bolivia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 20:394-399.
  • Ericson, P.G., Anderson, C.L., Britton, T. et al . 2006. Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils. Biology Letters, 2:543- 547.
  • Estes, R., and Wake, M.H. 1972. The first fossil record of caecilian amphibians. Nature, 239:228-231.
  • Estes, R., de Queiroz, K., and Gauthier, J. 1988. Phylogenetic relationship within Squamata, p. 119-281. In Estes, R.G. and Pregill, G.K. (eds.), Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.
  • Ettachfini, E.M. and Andreu, B. 2004. Le Cenomanien et le Turonien de la plate-forme Preafricaine du Maroc. Cretaceous Research 25:277-302.
  • Evans, S.E. 1988. The early history and relationships of the Diapsida, p. 221-260. In M.J. Benton (ed.), The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Vol. 1: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds. Clarendon Press. Oxford.
  • Evans, S.E. 2003. At the feet of the dinosaurs: the early history and radiation of lizards. Biological Reviews, 78:513-551.
  • Evans, S.E. and Jones, M.E.H. 2010. The origin, early history and diversification of lepidosauromorph reptiles, p. 27-44. In Bandyopadhyay, S. (ed.), New Aspects of Mesozoic Biodiversity. Springer, Berlin.
  • Evans, S.E., Milner, A.R., and Mussett, F. 1990. A discoglossid frog (Amphibia: Anura) from the Middle Jurassic of England. Palaeontology, 33:299-311.
  • Evans, S.E., Prasad, G.V.R., and Manhas, B. 2002. An acrodont iguanian from the Mesozoic Kota Formation of India. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22:299- 312.
  • Evans, S.E., Lally, C., Chure, D.C., Elder, A., and Maisano, J.A. 2005. A late Jurassic salamander (Amphibia: Caudata) from the Morrison Formation of North America. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 143:599-616.
  • Ezcurra, M.D., Scheyer, T.M., and Butler, R.J. 2014. The origin and early evolution of Sauria: reassessing the Permian saurian fossil record and the timing of the crocodile-lizard divergence. PLoS ONE, 9(2):e89165.
  • Falcon-Lang, H.J., Benton, M.J., and Stimson, H. 2007. Ecology of earliest reptiles inferred from basal Pennsylvanian trackways. Journal of the Geological Society, 164:1113-1118.
  • Falcon-Lang, H.J., Benton, M.J., Braddy, S.J., and Davies, S.J. 2006. The Pennsylvanian tropical biome reconstructed from the Joggins Formation of Canada. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 163:561-576.
  • Fara, E., Gayet, M., and Taverne, L. 2010. The fossil record of Gonorynchiformes, p. 173-226. In Grande, T., Poyato-Ariza, F.J., and Diogo, R. (eds.), Gonorynchiformes and Ostariophysan Relationships: a Comprehensive Review. Science Publishers, Enfield, New Hampshire, USA.
  • Fedonkin, M.A. and Waggoner, B.M. 1997. The Late Precambrian fossil Kimberella is a mollusc-like bilaterian organism. Nature, 388:868-871.
  • Fedonkin, M.A., Gehling, J.G., Grey, K., Narbonne, G.M., and Vickers-Rich, P. 2007. The Rise of Animals: Evolution and Diversification of the Kingdom Animalia. Johns Hopkins, Baltimore.
  • Feduccia, A. 1999. The Origin and Evolution of Birds. 2nd ed. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
  • Feduccia, A. 2003. Big Bang for Tertiary birds? Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18:172-176.
  • Felsenstein, J. 1978. Number of evolutionary trees. Systematic Zoology, 27:27-33.
  • Field, D.J., Gauthier, J.A., King, B.L., Pisani, D., Lyson, T.R., and Peterson, K.J. 2014. Toward consilience in reptile phylogeny: miRNAs support an archosaur, not lepidosaur, affinity for turtles. Evolution and Development, 16:189-196.
  • Fierstine, H.L., Huddleston, R.W., and Takeuchi, G.T. 2012. Catalog of the Neogene bony fishes of California. A systematic inventory of all published accounts. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, 159:1-206.
  • Finarelli, J.A. and Clyde, W.C. 2004. Reassessing hominoid phylogeny: evaluating congruence in the morphological and temporal data. Paleobiology, 30:614- 651.
  • Finarelli, J.A. and Coates, M.I. 2012. First tooth-set outside the jaws in a vertebrate. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 279:775-779.
  • Finarelli, J.A. and Coates, M.I. 2014. Chondrenchelys problematica (Traquair, 1888) redescribed: a Lower Carboniferous, eel-like holocephalan from Scotland. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 105:35-59.
  • Fischer, M.S. and Tassy, P. 1993. The interrelation between Proboscidea, Sirenia, Hyracoidea, and Mesaxonia: the morphological evidence, p. 217-234. In Szalay, F.S., Novacek, M.J., and McKenna, M.C. (eds.), Mammal Phylogeny, Vol. 2: Placentals. Springer, New York.
  • Fitzgerald, E.M.G. 2010. The morphology and systematics of Mammalodon colliveri (Cetacea: Mysticeti), a toothed mysticete from the Oligocene of Australia. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 158:367- 476.
  • Fitzgerald, E.M.G. 2011. Archaeocete-like jaws in a baleen whale. Biology Letters, 8:94-96.
  • Fleagle, J.G. 1999. Primate Adaptation and Evolution, 2nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego.
  • Flynn, J.J., Finarelli, J.A., Zehr, S., Hsu, J., and Nedbal, M.A. 2005. Molecular phylogeny of the carnivora (mammalia): assessing the impact of increased sampling on resolving enigmatic relationships. Systematic Biology, 54:317-337.
  • Flynn, J.J., Parrish, J.M., Rakotosamimanana, B., Simpson, W.F., and Wyss, A.R. 1999. A Middle Jurassic mammal from Madagascar. Nature, 401:57-60.
  • Fong, J.J., Brown, J.M., Fujita, M.K., and Boussau, B. 2012. A phylogenomic approach to vertebrate phylogeny supports a turtle-archosaur affinity and a possible paraphyletic Lissamphibia. PLoS ONE, 7(11):e48990.
  • Fordyce , R.E. 2003. Early crown-group Cetacea in the southern ocean: the toothed archaic mysticete Llanocetus. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23:50A.
  • Forey, P.L. and Longbottom, A. 2010. Bony fishes, p. 261-296. In Young, J.R., Gale, A.S., Knight, R.I., and Smith, A.B. (eds.), Fossils of the Gault Clay. Palaeontological Association, London.
  • Forey, P.L., Longbottom, A., and Mulley, J. 2010. Fishes - bony fishes, p. 341-371. In Lord, A.R. and Davis, P.G. (eds.), Fossils from the Lower Lias of the Dorset Coast. Palaeontological Association, London.
  • Forey, P.L., Lu, Y., Patterson, C., and Davies, C.E. 2003. Fossil fishes from the Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) of Namoura, Lebanon. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 4:227-330.
  • Fox, R.C. and Youzwyshyn, G.P. 1994. New primitive carnivorans (Mammalia) from the Paleocene of Western Canada, and their bearing on relationships of the order. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 14:382-404.
  • Fox, R.C., Scott, C.S., and Rankin, B.D. 2010. New early carnivoran specimens from the Puercan (earliest Paleocene) of Saskatchewan, Canada. Journal of Paleontology, 84:1035-1039.
  • Fraser, N.C. 1988. The osteology and relationships of Clevosaurus (Reptilia: Sphenodontida). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 321:125-178.
  • Fraser, N.C. and Benton, M.J. 1989. The Triassic reptiles Brachyrhinodon and Polysphenodon and relationships of the sphenodontids. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 96:413-445.
  • Friedman, M. 2007a. Styloichthys as the oldest coelacanth: implications for early osteichthyan interrelationships. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 5:289-343.
  • Friedman, M. 2007b. The interrelationships of Devonian lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) as inferred from neurocranial evidence and new data from the genus Soederberghia Lehman, 1959. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 151:115-171.
  • Friedman, M. 2012a. Parallel evolutionary trajectories underlie the origin of giant suspension-feeding whales and bony fishes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 279:944-951.
  • Friedman, M. 2012b. Ray-finned fishes (Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii) from the type Maastrichtian, the Netherlands and Belgium. Scripta Geologica Special Issue, 8:113-142.
  • Friedman, M. and Brazeau, M.D. 2010. A reappraisal of the origin and basal radiation of the Osteichthyes. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30:35-56.
  • Friedman, M. and Sallan, L.C. 2012. Five hundred million years of extinction and recovery: a Phanerozoic survey of large- scale diversity patterns in fishes. Palaeontology, 55:707-742.
  • Friedman, M., Keck, B.P., Dornburg, A., Eytan, R.I., Martin, C.H., Hulsey, C.D., Wainwright, P.C., and Near, T.J. 2013. Molecular and fossil evidence place the origin of cichlid fishes long after Gondwanan rifting. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 280:20131733.
  • Frost, D.R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R.H., Haas, A., Haddad, C.F.B., De Sa, R.O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S.C., Raxworthy, C.J., Campbell, J.A., Blotto, B.L., Moler, P., Drewes, R.C., Nussbaum, R.A., Lynch, J.D., Green, D.M., and Wheeler, W.C. 2006. The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 297:8-370.
  • Fujita, K. 1990. The Caudal Skeleton of Teleostean Fishes. Tokai University Press, Tokyo, 897 pp.
  • Furlong, R.F. and Holland, P.W.H. 2002. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis supports monophyly of Ambulacraria and of cyclostomes. Zoological Science, 19:593-599.
  • Gagnier, P.-Y. 1989. The oldest vertebrate: a 470 million years old jawless fish, Sacabambaspis janvieri, from the Ordovician of Bolivia. National Geographic Research, 5:250-253.
  • Gagnier, P.-Y. and Wilson, M.V.H. 1996. Early Devonian acanthodians from northern Canada. Palaeontology, 39:241-258.
  • Gale, A.S. and Owen, H.G. 2010. Introduction to the Gault, p. 1-15. In Young, J.R., Gale, A.S., Knight, R.I., and Smith, A.B. (eds.), Fossils of the Gault Clay. Palaeontological Association, London.
  • Gallagher, W.B., Miller, K.G., Sherrell, R.M., Browning, J.V., Field, M.P., Olsson, R.K., Sugarman, P.J., Tuorto, S., and Wahyudi, H. 2012. On the last mosasaurs: Late Maastrichtian mosasaurs and the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary in New Jersey. Bulletin de la Societe Geologique du France. 183:145-150.
  • Gallo, V. and Coelho, P.M. 2008. First occurrence of an aulopiform fish in the Barremian of the Sergipe- Algoas Basin, northeastern Brazil, p. 351-371. In Arratia, G., Schultze, H.-P., and Wilson, M.V.H. (eds.), Mesozoic Fishes 4-Homology and Phylogeny. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich.
  • Gallo, V., Carvalho, M.S.S. de, and Suto, A.A. 2009. A possible occurrence of Diodontidae (Teleostei, Tetraodontiformes) in the Upper Cretaceous of the Paraiba Basin, northeastern Brazil. Cretaceous Research, 30:599-604.
  • Gardiner, B.G. 1984. The relationships of palaeoniscid fishes, a review based on new specimens of Mimia and Moythomasia from the Upper Devonian of Western Australia. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History): Geology, 37:173-428.
  • Gardiner, B.G. and Schaeffer, B. 1989. Interrelationships of lower actinopterygian fishes. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 97:135-187.
  • Gardiner, B.G., Maisey, J.G., and Littlewood, D.T.J. 1996. Interrelationships of basal neopterygians, p. 117-146. In Stiassny, M.L.J., Parenti, L.R., and Johnson, G.D. (eds.), Interrelationships of Fishes. Academic Press, San Diego.
  • Gardiner, B.G., Schaeffer, B., and Masserie, J.A. 2005. A review of the lower actinopterygian phylogeny. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 144:511-525.
  • Gatesy, J., Matthee, C., DeSalle, R., and Hayashi, C. 2002. Resolution of a supertree/ supermatrix paradox. Systematic Biology, 51:652-664.
  • Gaucher, C., Poire, D.G., Bossi, J., Bettucci, L.S., and Beri, A. 2013. Comment on "Bilaterian Burrows and Grazing Behavior at >585 Million Years Ago." Science, 339:906.
  • Gaudant, J. 1968. Contribution a une revision des Anaethalion de Cerin (Ain). Bulletin du Bureau de Recherches Geologiques et Minieres, 4:95-107.
  • Gauthier, J.A. 1986. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. Memoirs of the California Academy of Sciences, 8:1-55.
  • Gauthier, J.A. 1994. The diversification of the amniotes, p. 129-159. In Prothero, D.R. and Schoch, R.M. (eds.), Major Features of Vertebrate Evolution. Paleontological Society, Knoxville, Tennessee.
  • Gauthier, J.A. and de Queiroz, K. 2001. Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name "Aves", p. 7-41. In Gauthier, J.A. and Gall, L.F. (eds.), New Perspectives on the Origin and Early Evolution of Birds: Proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
  • Gauthier, J.A., Estes, R., and de Queiroz, K. 1988. A phylogenetic analysis of Lepidosauromorpha, p. 15- 98. In Estes, R. and Pregill, G. (eds.), The Phylogenetic Relationships of the Lizard Families. Stanford University Press, Palo Alto.
  • Gauthier, J.A., Kluge, A.G., and Rowe, T. 1988 Amniote phylogeny and the importance of fossils. Cladistics, 4:105-209.
  • Gayet, M. 1980. Contribution a l'etude anatomique et systematique des poissons cenomaniens du Liban, anciennement places dans les acanthopterygiens. Memoires du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Nouvelle Serie, Serie C, 44:1-149.
  • Gayet, M. 1982. Essai de definition des relations phylogenetiques des Holocentroidea nov. et des Trachichthyoidea nov. (Pisces, Acanthopterygii, Beryciformes). Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 4e ser., section C, 1-2:21-41.
  • Gayet, M. 1991. "Holostean" and teleostean fishes of Bolivia, p. 453-494. In Suarez Soruco, R. (ed.), Fosiles y Facies de Bolivia. Volumen I - Vertebrados. Revista Tecnica de YPFB 12:359-369.
  • Gayet, M., Belouze, A., and Abi Saad, P. 2003. Liban- Memoire du Temps: les Poissons Fossiles. Editions DesIris, Meolans-Revel, France.
  • Gebo, D.L., MacLatchy, L., Kityo, R., Deino, A., Kingston, J., and Pilbeam, D. 1997. A hominoid genus from the early Miocene of Uganda. Science, 276:401-404.
  • Geisler, J.H. and Theodor, J.M. 2009. Hippopotamus and whale phylogeny. Nature, 458:E1-4; discussion E5.
  • Geisler, J.H. and Uhen, M.D. 2003. Morphological support for a close relationship between hippos and whales. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23:991- 996.
  • Genner, M.J., Seehausen, O., Lunt, D.H., Joyce, D.A., Shaw, P.W., Carvalho, G.R., and Turner, G.F. 2007. Age of cichlids: new dates for ancient lake fish radiations. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 24:1269- 1282.
  • Gess, R.W. 2011. High-latitude Gondwanan Famennian Biodiversity Patterns-Evidence from the South African Witpoort Formation (Cape Supergroup, Witteberg Group). Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburgh, South Africa.
  • Gess, R.W. and Coates, M.I. 2014. High-latitude chondrichthyans from the Late Devonian (Famennian) Witpoort formation of South Africa. Palaontologische Zeitschrift.
  • Gess, R.W. and Hiller, N. 1995. A preliminary catalogue of fossil algal, plant, arthropod, and fish remains from a Late Devonian black shale near Grahamstown, South Africa. Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums (Natural History), 19:225-304.
  • Gess, R.W., Coates, M.I., and Rubidge, B.S. 2006. A lamprey from the Devonian period of South Africa. Nature, 443:981-984.
  • Geyer, G. and Landing, E. 1995. The Cambrian of the Moroccan Atlas regions. Beringeria, (special issue):7-46.
  • Gheerbrant, E. 2009. Paleocene emergence of elephant relatives and the rapid radiation of African ungulates. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 106:10717-10721.
  • Gill, E.L. 1923. The Permian fishes of the genus Acentrophorus. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 93:19-40.
  • Gingerich, P.D. 2005. Cetacea, p. 234-252. In Rose, K.D. and Archibald, J.D. (eds.), The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origins and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
  • Gingerich, P.D. and Winkler, D.A. 1985. Systematics of Paleocene Viverravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora) In the Bighorn Basin and Clark's Fork Basin, Wyoming. University of Michigan Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, 27:87-128.
  • Glaessner, M.F. 1971. The genus Conomedusites Glaessner & Wade and the diversification of the Cnidaria. Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 45:7-17.
  • Glaessner, M.F. and Wade, M. 1966. The Late Precambrian fossils from Ediacara, South Australia. Palaeontology, 9:599-628.
  • Goin, F.J., Pascual, R., Tejedor, M.F., and Gelfo, J.N. 2006. The earliest Tertiary therian mammal from South America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26:505-510.
  • Goldring, R. and Jensen, S. 1996. Trace fossils and biofabrics at the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary interval in western Mongolia. Geological Magazine, 133:403-415.
  • Gomez, B., Martin-Closas, C., Barale, G., Sole de Porta, N., Thevenard, F., and Guignard, G. 2002. Frenelopsis (Coniferales: Cheirolepidiaceae) and related male organ genera from the Lower Cretaceous of Spain. Palaeontology, 45:997-1036.
  • Gonzalez-Rodriguez, K. and Fielitz, C. 2008. A new species of acanthomorph fish from the Upper Cretaceous Muhi Quarry, Hidalgo, central Mexico, p. 399- 411. In Arratia, G., Schultze, H.-P., and Wilson, M.V.H. (eds.), Mesozoic Fishes 4 - Homology and Phylogeny. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich.
  • Gonzalez-Rodriguez, K., Schultze, H.-P., and Arratia, G. 2013. Miniature armoured acanthomorph teleosts from the Albian/Cenomanian (Cretaceous) of Mexico, p. 457-487. In Arratia, G., Schultze, H.-P., and Wilson, M.V.H. (eds.), Mesozoic Fishes 5 - Global Diversity and Evolution. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich.
  • Goodman, M., Miyamoto, M.M., and Czelisniak, J. 1987. Pattern and process in vertebrate phylogeny revealed by coevolution of molecules and morphologies, p. 141-176. In Patterson, C. (ed.), Molecules and Morphology in Evolution: Conflict or Compromise? Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Goswami, A., Prasad, G.V., Upchurch, P., Boyer, D.M., Seiffert, E.R., Verma, O., Gheerbrant, E., and Flynn, J.J.2011. A radiation of arboreal basal eutherian mammals beginning in the Late Cretaceous of India. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 108:16333-16338.
  • Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Schmitz, M., and Ogg, G. 2012. The Geologic Time Scale 2012. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1176 pp.
  • Grande, L. 2010. An empirical synthetic pattern study of gars (Lepisosteiformes) and closely related species, based mostly on skeletal anatomy. The resurrection of the Holostei. Amercan Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication, 6:1-871.
  • Grande, L. and Bemis, W.E. 1991. Osteology and phylogenetic relationships of fossil and Recent paddlefishes (Polyodontidae) with comments on the interrelationships of Acipenseriformes. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir, 1:1-121.
  • Grande, L. and Bemis, W.E. 1996. Interrelationships of Acipenseriformes, with comments on "Chondrostei", p. 85-115. In Stiassny, M.L.J., Parenti, L.R., and Johnson, G.D. (eds.), Interrelationships of Fishes. Academic Press, San Diego.
  • Grande, L. and Bemis, W.E. 1998. A comprehensive phylogenetic study of amiid fishes (Amiidae) based on comparative skeletal anatomy: an empirical search for interconnected patterns of natural history. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir, 4:1-690.
  • Grande, L., Fan, J., Yabumoto, Y., and Bemis, W.E. 2002. †Protopsephurus liui, a well-preserved primitive paddlefish (Acipenseriformes: Poylodontidae) from the Lower Cretaceous of China. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 22:209-237.
  • Grande, L. and Grande, T. 1999. A new species of †Notogoneus (Teleostei: Gonorynchidae) from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana, and the poor Cretaceous record of freshwater fishes from North America. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19:612-622.
  • Grande, L. and Hilton, E.J. 2006. An exquisitely preserved skeleton representing a primitive sturgeon from the Upper Cretaceous Judith River Formation of Montana (Acipenseriformes: Acipenseridae: n. gen. and sp.). Journal of Paleontology, Memoir, 65:1-39.
  • Grande, T. and Poyato-Ariza, F.J. 1995. A cladistic analysis of fossil and living gonorynchiform ostariophysan fishes. Geobios, Memoire Speciale, 19:197-199.
  • Grande, T. and Poyato-Ariza, F.J. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships of fossil and Recent gonorynchiform fishes (Teleostei: Ostariophysi). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 125:197-238.
  • Grazhdankin, D. and Gerdes, G. 2007. Ediacaran microbial colonies. Lethaia, 40:201-210.
  • Greenwood, D.R., Archibald, S.B., Mathewes, R.W., and Moss, P.T. 2005. Fossil biotas from the Okanagan Highlands, southern British Columbia and northeastern Washington State: climates and ecosystems across an Eocene landscape. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 42:167-185.
  • Gregory, W.K. 1910. The orders of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 27:1-524.
  • Grey, M. and Fink, Z.V. 2010. The Joggins Fossil Cliffs UNESCO World Heritage site: a review of recent research. Atlantic Geology, 47:185-200.
  • Griffith, J. 1977. The Upper Triassic fishes from Polzberg bei Lunz, Austria. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 60:1-93.
  • Guipert, G., Lumley, M.-S. de, Tuffreau, A., and Mafart, B. 2011. A late Middle Pleistocene hominid: Biache- Saint-Vaast2, North France. Comptes Rendus Palevol, 10:21-33.
  • Hackett, S.J., Kimball, R.T., Reddy, S., Bowie, R.C.K., Braun, E.L., Braun, M.J., Chojnowski, J.L., Cox, W.A., Han, K.L., Harshman, J., Huddleston, C.J., Marks, B.D., Miglia, K.J., Moore, W.S., Sheldon, F.H., Steadman, D.W., Witt, C.C., and Yuri, T. 2008. A phylogenomic study of birds reveals their evolutionary history. Science, 320:1763-1768.
  • Halanych, K.M. 2004. The new view of animal phylogeny. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 35:229-56.
  • Halanych, K.M., Bacheller, J.D., Aguinaldo, A.M.A., Liva, S.M., Hillis, D.M., and Lake, J.A. 1995. Evidence from 18S ribosomal DNA that the lophophorates are protostome animals. Science, 267:1641-1643.
  • Hallstrom, B.M. and Janke, A.2010. Mammalian evolution may not be strictly bifurcating. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 27:2804-2816.
  • Halverson, G.P., Hoffman, P.F., Schrag, D.P., Maloof, A.C., and Rice, A.H.N. 2005. Toward a Neoproterozoic composite carbon-isotope record. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 117:1181-1207.
  • Halverson, G.P., Maloof, A.C., Schrag, D.P., Dudas, F.O., and Hurtgen, M. 2007. Stratigraphy and geochemistry of a ca 800 Ma negative carbon isotope interval in northeastern Svalbard. Chemical Geology, 237:5-27.
  • Harrison, T. and Gu, Y. 1999. Taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of early Miocene catarrhines from Sihong, China. Journal of Human Evolution, 37:225- 277.
  • Harrison, T., Msuya, C.P., Murray, A.M., Jacobs, B.F., Baez, A.M., Mundil, R., and Ludwig, K.R. 2001. Paleontological investigations at the Eocene locality of Mahenge in north-central Tanzania, East Africa, p. 39-74. In Gunnell, G.F. (ed.), Eocene Biodiversity: Unusual Occurrences and Rarely Sampled Habitats. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York.
  • Harvey, T.H.P., Williams, M., Condon, D.J., Wilby, P.R., Siveter, D.J., Rushton, A.W.A., Leng, M.J., and Gabbott, S.E. 2011. A refined chronology for the Cambrian succession of southern Britain. Journal of the Geological Society, 168:705-716.
  • Hasegawa, M., Kishino, H., and Yano, T. 1985. Dating of the human-ape splitting by a molecular clock of mitochondrial DNA. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 22:160-174.
  • Hauff, B. and Hauff, R.B. 1981. Das Holzmadenbuch. REPRO-DRUCK GmbH, Fellbach, Germany.
  • Hautier, L., Weisbecker, V., Sanchez-Villagra, M.R., Goswami, A., and Asher, R.J. 2010. Skeletal development in sloths and the evolution of mammalian vertebral patterning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 107:18903-18908.
  • Hedges, S.B. 2011. On the use of high-level taxonomic names. Zootaxa, 2867:67-68.
  • Hedges, S.B. and Poling, L.L. 1999. A molecular phylogeny of reptiles. Science, 283:998-1001
  • Hedges, S.B. and Vidal, N. 2009. Lizards, snakes, and amphisbaenians (Squamata), p. 383-389. In Hedges, S.B. and Kumar, S. (eds.), The Timetree of Life. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Hedges, S.B., Parker, P.H., Sibley, C.G., and Kumar, S. 1996. Continental breakup and the ordinal diversification of birds and mammals. Nature, 381:226-229.
  • Heimberg, A.M., Cowper-Sal lari, R., Semon, M., Donoghue, P.C.J., and Peterson, K.J. 2010. microRNAs reveal the interrelationships of hagfish, lampreys, and gnathostomes and the nature of the ancestral vertebrate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 107:19379-19383.
  • Heimberg, A.M., Sempere, L.F., Moy, V.N., Donoghue, P.C.J., and Peterson, K.J. 2008. MicroRNAs and the advent of vertebrate morphological complexity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 105:2946-2950.
  • Heineke, E. 1906. Die Ganoiden und Teleostier des lithografischen Schiefers von Nusplingen. Geologische und Palaontolgoische Abhandlungen, N.F., 8:159-214.
  • Helm, C., Bernhart, S.H., Honer zu Siederdissen, C., Nickel, B., and Bleidorn, C. 2012. Deep sequencing of small RNAs confirms an annelid affinity of Myzostomida. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 64:198-203.
  • Hilgen, F.J., Lourens, L.J., Van Dam, J.A., Krijgsman, W., Ogg, J.G., Piller, W.E., and Wilson, D.S. 2012. The Neogene Period, p. 923-1010. In Gradstein, F.M., Ogg, J.G., Schmitz, M., and Ogg, G. (eds.), The Geologic Time Scale 2012. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
  • Hill, A. 2002. Paleoanthropological research in the Tugen Hills, Kenya. Introduction. Journal of Human Evolution, 42:1-10.
  • Hill, R.V. 2005. Integration of morphological data sets for phylogenetic analysis of Amniota: the importance of integumentary characters and increased taxonomic sampling. Systematic Biology, 54:530-547.
  • Hill, A.C., Cotter, K.L., and Grey, K. 2000. Mid-Neoproterozoic biostratigraphy and isotope stratigraphy in Australia. Precambrian Research, 100:281-298.
  • Hill, A.C. and Walter, M.R. 2000. Mid-Neoproterozoic (similar to 830-750 Ma) isotope stratigraphy of Australia and global correlation. Precambrian Research, 100:181-211.
  • Hilton, E.J. and Forey, P.L. 2009. Redescription of †Chondrosteus acipenseroides Egerton, 1858 (Acipenseriformes, †Chondrosteidae) from the Lower Lias of Lyme Regis (Dorset, England) with comments on the early evolution of sturgeons and paddlefishes. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 7:427-453.
  • Hilton, E.J. and Grande, L. 2006. Review of the fossil record of sturgeons, family Acipenseridae (Actinopterygii: Acipenseriformes), from North America. Journal of Paleontology, 80:672-683.
  • Hilton, E.J., Grande, L., and Bemis, W.E. 2011. Skeletal anatomy of the shortnose sturgeon, Acipenser brevirostrum Lesueur, 1818, and the systematic of sturgeons (Acipenseriformes, Acipenseridae). Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences, 3:1-168.
  • Hints, O. and Nolvak, J. 2006. Early Ordovician scolecodonts and chitinozoans from Tallinn, North Estonia. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 139:189- 209.
  • Holcroft, N. 2005. A molecular analysis of the interrelationships of tetraodontiform fishes (Acanthomorpha: Tetraodontiformes). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 34:525-544.
  • Holland, N.D. and Chen, J.Y. 2001. Origin and early evolution of the vertebrates: new insights from advances in molecular biology, anatomy, and palaeontology. BioEssays, 23:142-151.
  • Hope, S. 2002. The Mesozoic radiation of Neornithes, p. 339-388. In Chiappe, L.M. and Witmer, L.D. (eds.), Mesozoic Birds: Above the Heads of Dinosaurs. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Horovitz, I., Martin, T., Bloch, J., Ladeveze, S., Kurz, C., and Sanchez-Villagra, M.R. 2009. Cranial anatomy of the earliest marsupials and the origin of opossums. PLoS ONE, 4:e8278.
  • Hou, X.G., Aldridge, R.J., Siveter, D.J., and Feng, X.H. 2002. New evidence on the anatomy and phylogeny of the earliest vertebrates. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B, 269:1865-1869.
  • Hou, X.G., Aldridge, R.J., Bergstrom, J., Siveter, D.J., Siveter, D.J., and Feng, X.H. 2004. The Cambrian Fossils of Chengjiang, China: the Flowering of Animal Life. Blackwell Science Ltd, London.
  • Houde, P.W. 1988. Palaeognathous birds from the early Tertiary of the Northern Hemisphere. Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club, 22:1-148.
  • Houde, P.W. and Olson, S.L. 1981. Palaeognathous carinate birds from the Early Tertiary of North America. Science, 214:1236-1237.
  • Hounslow, M. and Muttoni, G. 2010. The geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Triassic: linkage to stage boundary definitions, p. 61-102. In S.G. Lucas (ed.), The Triassic Timescale: Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 334.
  • Hu, D., Hou, L., Zhang, L., and Xu, X. 2009. A pre- Archaeopteryx troodontid theropod from China with long feathers on the metatarsus. Nature 461:640- 643.
  • Huckel, U. 1970. Die Fischschiefer von Haqel und Hjoula in der Oberkreide des Libanon. Neues Jahrburch fur Geologie und Palaontologie, Abhandlungen, 135:113-149.
  • Hudson, J.D. and Martill, D.M. 1991. Introduction, p. 11- 34. In Hudson, J.D. and Martill, D.M. (eds.), Fossils of the Oxford Clay. Palaeontological Association, London.
  • Hunt, R.M. 2004. Global climate change and the evolution of large mammalian carnivores during the later Cenozoic in North America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 285:139-156.
  • Hurley, I.A., Mueller, R.L., Dunn, K.A., Schmidt, E.J., Friedman, M., Ho, R.K., Prince, V.E., Yang, Z., Thomas, M.G., and Coates, M.I. 2007. A new timescale for ray-finned fish evolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 274: 489-498.
  • Hutchinson, M.N., Skinner, A., and Lee, M.S.Y. 2012. Tikiguania and the antiquity of squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes). Biology Letters, 8:665-669.
  • Huxley, T.H. 1867. On the classification of birds; and on the taxonomic value of the modifications of certain of the cranial bones observable in that class. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1867:415- 472.
  • Isachsen, C.E., Bowring, S.A., Landing, E., and Samson, S.D. 1994. New constraint on the division of Cambrian time. Geology, 22:496-498.
  • Ivantsov, A.Y. 2009. New reconstruction of Kimberella, problematic Vendian metazoan. Paleontological Journal, 43:601-611.
  • Ivantsov, A.Y. 2010. Paleontological evidence for the supposed Precambrian occurrence of mollusks. Paleontological Journal, 44:1552-1559.
  • Iwabe, N., Hara, Y., Kumazawa, Y., Shibamoto, K., Saito, Y., and Miyata, T. 2005. Sister group relationship of turtles to the bird - crocodilian clade revealed by nuclear DNA-coded proteins. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 22:810-813.
  • Jacobs, L.L. 1978. Fossil rodents (Rhizomyidae and Muridae) from Neogene Siwalik deposits, Pakistan. Museum of Northern Arizona Press, Bulletin, 52:1- 103.
  • Jacobs, L.L. and Downs, W.R. 1994. The evolution of murine rodents in Asia, p. 149-156. In Tomida, Y., Li, C.K., and Setoguschi, T. (eds.), Rodent and Lagomorph Families of Asia, Origins and Their Diversification. National Science Museum Monograph, Tokyo.
  • Jacobs, L.L. and Flynn, L.J. 2005. Of mice ... again: the Siwalik rodent record, murine distribution, and molecular clocks, p. 63-80. In Lieberman, D., Smith, R., and Kelley, J. (eds.), Interpreting the Past: Essays on Human, Primate and Mammal Evolution. Brill Academic Publishers, Leiden.
  • Jacobs, L.L. and Pilbeam, D. 1980. Of mice and men - fossil-based divergence dates and molecular clocks. Journal of Human Evolution, 9:551-555.
  • Jaeger, J.J., Tong, H., and Denys, C. 1986. The age of the Mus -Rattus divergence - paleontological data compared with the molecular clock. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Serie II, 302:917- 922.
  • Jakobsen, K.G., Nielsen, A.T., Harper, D.A.T., and Brock. G.A. 2014. Trilobites from the Middle Ordovician Stairway Sandstone, Amadeus Basin, central Australia. Alcheringa, 38:70-96.
  • Janecka, J.E., Miller, W., Pringle, T.H., Wiens, F., Zitzmann, A., Helgen, K.M., Springer, M.S., and Murphy, W.J. 2007. Molecular and genomic data identify the closest living relative of primates. Science, 318:792- 794.
  • Janke, A., Xu, X., and Arnason, U. 1997. The complete mitochondrial genome of the wallaroo (Macropus robustus) and the phylogenetic relationship among Monotremata, Marsupialia, and Eutheria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 94:1276-1281.
  • Jansa, S.A. and Weksler, M. 2004. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.
  • Janvier, P. 1981. The phylogeny of the Craniata, with particular reference to the significance of fossil "agnathans". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 1:121-159.
  • Janvier, P. 1996a. The dawn of the vertebrates: characters versus common ascent in the rise of current vertebrate phylogenies. Palaeontology, 39:259-287.
  • Janvier, P. 1996b. Early Vertebrates. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Janvier, P. and Blieck, A. 1993. The Silurian-Devonian agnathan biostratigraphy of the Old Red continent, p. 67-86. In Long, J.A. (ed.), Palaeozoic Vertebrate Biostratigraphy and Biogeography. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
  • Jenkins, F.A., Gatesy, S.M., Shubin, N.H. and Amaral, W.W. 1997. Haramiyids and Triassic mammalian evolution. Nature, 385:715-718.
  • Jensen, S., Gehling, J.G., Droser, M.L., and Grant, S.W.F. 2002. A scratch circle origin for the medusoid fossil Kullingia. 35:291-299.
  • Jepsen, G.L. 1937. A Paleocene rodent, Paramys atavus. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 78:291-301.
  • Jessen, H.L. 1980. Lower Devonian Porolepiformes from the Canadian Arctic with special reference to Powichthys thorsteinssoni Jessen. Palaeontographica, Abteilung A, 167:180-214.
  • Ji, Q., Luo, Z.X., Yuan, C.X., Wible, J.R., Zhang, J.P., and Georgi, J.A. 2002. The earliest known eutherian mammal. Nature, 416:816-822.
  • Johnson, G.D. and Patterson, C. 1993. Percomorph phylogeny: a survey of acanthomorphs and a new proposal. Bulletin of Marine Science, 52:554-626.
  • Johnson, N.M., Stix, J., Tauxe, L., Cerveny, P.F., and Tahirkheli, R.A.K.1985. Paleomagnetic chronology, fluvial processes, and tectonic implications of the Siwalik deposits near Chinji Village, Pakistan. Journal of Geology, 93:27-40.
  • Jones, M.E.H., Anderson, C.L., Hipsley, C.A., Muller, J., Evans, S.E., and Schoch, R.R. 2013. Integration of molecules and new fossils supports a Triassic origin for Lepidosauria (lizards, snakes, and tuatara). BMC Evolutionary Biology, 13:208.
  • Kaas, J.H. and Preuss, T.M. 1993. Archontan affinities as reflected in the visual system, p. 115-128. In Szalay, F.S., Novacek, M.J., and McKenna, M.C. (eds.), Mammal Phylogeny, Vol. 2: Placentals. Springer, New York.
  • Kappelman, J., Kelley, J., Pilbeam, D., Sheikh, K.A., Ward, S., Anwar, M., Barry, J.C., Brown, B., Hake, P., Johnson, N.M., Raza, S.M., and Shah, S.M.I. 1991. The earliest occurrence of Sivapithecus from the Middle Miocene Chinji Formation of Pakistan. Journal of Human Evolution, 21:61-73.
  • Karatajute-Talimaa, V. and Predtechenskyj, N. 1995. The distribution of the vertebrates in the Late Ordovician and Early Silurian palaeobasins of the Siberian Platform. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, 4e ser., Section C, 17:39-55.
  • Kawahara, R., Miya, M., Mabuchi, K., Lavoue, S., Inoue, J.G., Satoh, T.P., Kawaguchi, A., and Nishida, M. 2008. Interrelationships of the 11 gasterosteiform families (sticklebacks, pipefishes, and their relatives): a new perspective based on whole mitogenome sequences from 75 higher teleosts. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 46:224-236.
  • Kay, R.F. and Meldrum, D.J. 1997. A new small Platyrrhine and the Phyletic Position of Callitrichinae. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
  • Khalloufi, B., Ouarhache, D., and Lelievre, H. 2010. New paleontological and geological data about Jbel Tselfat (Late Cretaceous of Morocco). Historical Biology, 22:57-70.
  • Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. 1978. Evolution of the therian mammals in the Late Cretaceous of Asia. Part III. Postcranial skeleton in Zalambdalestidae. Palaeontologica Polonica, 38:5-41.
  • Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. and Dashzeveg, D. 1989. Eutherian mammals from the Early Cretaceous of Mongolia. Zoologica Scripta 18:347-355.
  • Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Bown, T.M., and Lillegraven, J.A. 1979. Eutheria, p. 221-258. In Lillegraven, J.A., Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., and Clemens, W.A. (eds.), Mesozoic Mammals. University of California Press, Los Angeles.
  • Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Cifelli, R.L., and Luo, Z.-X. 2004. Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution and Structure. Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Klein, R.G. 1999. The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins, 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Kocot, K.M., Cannon, J.T., Todt, C., Citarella, M.R., Kohn, A.B., Meyer, A., Santos, S.R., Schander, C., Moroz, L.L., Lieb, B., and Halanych, K.M. 2011. Phylogenomics reveals deep molluscan relationship. Nature, 477:452-456.
  • Kondrashov, P.E. and Lucas, S.G.2004. Revised distribution of condylarths (Mammalia, Eutheria) in Asia. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 26:209-214.
  • Korth, W.W. 1984. Earliest Tertiary evolution and radiation of rodents in North America. Bulletin of Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 24:1-71.
  • Kouchinsky, A., Bengtson, S., Runnegar, B., Skovsted, C., Steiner, M., and Vendrasco, M. 2012. Chronology of early Cambrian biomineralization. Geological Magazine, 149:221-251.
  • Kozur, H.W. and Bachmann, G.H. 2005. Correlation of the Germanic Triassic with the international scale. Albertiana, 32:21-35.
  • Kozur, H.W. and Bachmann, G.H. 2008. Updated correlation of the Germanic Triassic with the Tethyan scale and assigned numeric ages. In Krystyn, L., Mandl, G.W. (eds.), Upper Triassic zonations and events. Berichte der Geologische Bundesanstalt, 76:53-58.
  • Ksepka, D., Bertelli, S., and Giannini, N. 2006. The phylogeny of the living and fossil Sphenisciformes (penguins). Cladistics, 22:412-441.
  • Ksepka, D.T., Fordyce, R.E., Ando, T., and Jones, C.M. 2012. New fossil penguins (Aves, sphenisciformes) from the Oligocene of New Zealand reveal the skeletal plan of stem penguins. Journal of Vertebrate Palaeontology, 32:235-254.
  • Kumazawa, Y. and Nishida, M. 1999. Complete mitochondrial DNA sequences of the green turtle and blue-tailed mole skink: statistical evidence for archosaurian affinity of turtles. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 16:784-792.
  • Kuraku, S., Hoshiyama, D., Katoh, K., Suga, K., and Miyata, T. 1999. Monophyly of lampreys and hagfishes supported by nuclear DNA-coded genes. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 49:729-735.
  • Kurochkin, E.N. and Dyke, G.J. 2010. A large collection of Presbyornis (Aves, Anseriformes, Presbyornithidae) from the late Paleocene and early Eocene of Mongolia. Geological Journal, 45:375-387.
  • Kurochkin, E.N., Dyke, G.J., and Karhu, A.A. 2002. A new presbyornithid (Aves, Anseriformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates, 3386:1-11.
  • Lacalli, T.C. 2002. Vetulicolians - are they deuterostomes? Chordates? Bioessays, 24:208-211.
  • Landman, N.H., Garb, M.P., Rovelli, R., Ebel, D.S., and Edwards, L.E. 2012. Short-term survival of ammonites in New Jersey after the end-Cretaceous bolide impact. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 57:703-715.
  • Langer, M.C., Ezcurra, M.D., Bittencourt, J.S., and Novas, F.E. 2010. The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs. Biological Reviews, 85:55-110.
  • Laurin M. 1991. The osteology of a Lower Permian eosuchian from Texas and a review of diapsid phylogeny. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 101:59-95.
  • Laurin, M. 2002. Tetrapod phylogeny, amphibian origins, and the definition of the name Tetrapoda. Systematic Biology, 51:364-369.
  • Laurin, M. and Anderson, J.S. 2004. Meaning of the name Tetrapoda in the scientific literature: an exchange. Systematic Biology, 53:68-80.
  • Laurin, M. and Reisz, R.R. 1995. A reevaluation of early amniote phylogeny. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 113:165-223.
  • Lavoue, S., Miya, M., Moritz, T., and Nishida, M. 2011. A molecular timescale for the evolution of the African freshwater fish family Kneriidae (Teleostei: Gonorynchiformes). Ichthyological Research, 59:104-112.
  • Le Gros Clark, W.E. and Sonntag, C.F. 1926. A monograph of Orycteropus afer. III. The skull, the skeleton of the trunk, and limbs. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1926:445-485.
  • Lee, M.S.Y. 1998. Convergent evolution and character correlation in burrowing reptiles: towards a resolution of squamate relationships. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 65:369-453.
  • Lee, M.S.Y. 1999. Molecular clock calibrations and metazoan divergence dates. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 49:385-391.
  • Lee, M.S.Y. 2001 Molecules, morphology, and the monophyly of diapsid reptiles. Contributions to Zoology, 70:121-138.
  • Lehman, J.-P. 1952. Notes paleoichthyologiques. Annales de Paleontologie, 38:59-67.
  • Lehmann, T. 2009. Phylogeny and systematics of the Orycteropodidae (Mammalia, Tubulidentata). Zoological journal of the Linnean Society, 155:649-702.
  • Lelievre, H., Feist, R., Goujet, D., and Blieck, A. 1987. Les vertebres devoniens de la Montagne Noire (sud de la France) et leur apport a la phylogenie des Pachyosteomorphes (Placodermes, Arthrodires). Palaeovertebrata, 17:1-26.
  • Leonard, L.M. Dyke, G.J., and Van Tuinen, M. 2005. A new specimen of the fossil palaeognath Lithornis from the Lower Eocene of Denmark. American Museum Novitates, 3491:1-11.
  • Leonov, Y.G., Akhmetiev, M.A., Gavrilov, Y.O., Karyakin, Y.V., Kurenov, S.A., and Semikhatov, M.A. 1998. Late Eocene-Early Oligocene Geological and Biological Events on the Territory of the Former Soviet Union. Part II. The Geological and Biotical Events. GEOS, Moscow, 250 pp.
  • Li, B., Dettai, A., Cruaud, C., Couloux, A., Dsoutter- Meniger, M., and Lecointre, G. 2009. RNF213, a new marker for acanthomorph phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 50:345-363.
  • Li, C.K. 1977. Paleocene eurymyloids (AnagalidA.Mammalia) of Qianshan Anhui. Vertebrata PalAsiatica, 15:103-118.
  • Li, C.K. and Ting, S. 1983. The Paleogene mammals of China. Bulletin Carnegie Museum, 21:1-98.
  • Lillegraven, J.A. and McKenna, M.C. 1986. Fossil mammals from the ''Verde'' Formation (Late Cretaceous, Judithian) of the Bighorn and Wind River Formations, Wyoming, with definitions of Late Cretaceous North American Land Mammal ''Ages''. American Museum Novitates, 2840:1-68.
  • Lindow, B.E.K. and Dyke, G.J. 2006. Bird evolution in the Eocene: climate change in Europe and a Danish fossil fauna. Biological Reviews, 81:483-499.
  • Liu, A.G., Mcllroy, D., and Brasier, M.D. 2010. First evidence for locomotion in the Ediacara biota from the 565 Ma Mistaken Point Formation, Newfoundland. Geology, 38:123-126.
  • Liu, A.G., McIlroy, D., and Brasier, M.D. 2010. First evidence for locomotion in the Ediacara biota from the 565 Ma Mistaken Point Formation, Newfoundland: REPLY. Geology, 38(10):e224.
  • Liu, P., Xiao, S., Yin, C., Zhou, C., Gao, L., and Tang, F. 2008. Systematic description and phylogenetic affinity of tubular microfossils from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation at Weng'an, South China. Palaeontology, 51:339-366.
  • Livezey, B.C. and Zusi, R.L. 2007. Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 149:1-95.
  • Lloyd, G.T. and Friedman, M. 2013. A survey of palaeontological sampling biases in fishes based on the phanerozoic record of Great Britain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 372:5-17.
  • Lofgren, A. and Zhang, J.-h. 2003. Element assocition and morphology in some Middle Ordovician platformequipped conodonts. Journal of Paleontology, 77:721-737.
  • Lofgren, D.L., Lillegraven, J.A., Clemens, W.A., Gingerich, P.D., and Williamson, T.E. 2004. Paleocene biochronology: The Puercan through Clarkforkian Land Mamma Ages, p. 43-105. In Woodburne, M.O. (ed.), Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic Mammals of North America. Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Long, J.A. 1988. New palaeoniscoid fish from the Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous of Victoria. Memoir of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists, 7:1-64.
  • Long, J.A. and Trinajstic, K. 2010. The Late Devonian Gogo Formation Lagerstatte [sic] of Western Australia: exceptional early vertebrate preservation and diversity. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 38:255-279.
  • Longrich, N.R., Tokaryk, T., and Field, D.J. 2011. Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K- Pg) boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 108:15253-15257.
  • Lopatin, A.V. and Averianov, A.O. 2006. Eocene Lagomorpha (Mammalia) of Asia:2. Strenulagus and Gobiolagus (Strenulagidae). Paleontological Journal, 40:198-206.
  • Lopez-Arbarello, A. 2012. Phylogenetic interrelationships of ginglymodian fishes (Actinopterygii: Neopterygii). PloS ONE, 7:e39370.
  • Lopez-Arbarello, A., Arratia, G., and Tunik, M.A. 2003. Saldenoichthys remotus gen. et sp. nov. (Teleostei, Perciformes) and other acanthomorph remains from the Maastrichtian Saldeno Formation (Mendoza, Argentina). Mitteilungen aus dem Museum fur Naturkunde in Berlin, Geowissenschaftliche Reihe, 6:161-172.
  • Lopez-Fernandez, H., Arbour, J.H., Winemiller, K.O., and Honeycutt, R.L. 2013. Testing for ancient adaptive radiations in neotropical cichlid fishes. Evolution, 67:1321-1337.
  • Lordkipanidze, D., Jashashvili, T., Vekua, A., Ponce de Leon, M.S., Zollikofer, C.P., Rightmire, G.P., Pontzer, H., Ferring, R., Oms, O., Tappen, M., Bukhsianidze, M., Agusti, J., Kahlke, R., Kiladze, G., Martinez- Navarro, B., Mouskhelishvili, A., Nioradze, M., and Rook, L. 2007. Postcranial evidence from early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia. Nature, 449:305-310.
  • Love, G.D., Grosjean, E., Stalvies, C., Fike, D.A., Grotzinger, J.P., Bradley, A.S., Kelly, A.E., Bhatia, M., Meredith, W., Snape, C.E., Bowring, S.A., Condon, D.J., and Summons, R.E. 2009. Fossil steroids record the appearance of Demospongiae during the Cryogenian period. Nature, 457:718-721.
  • Lovejoy, N.R., Iranpour, M., and Collette, B.B. 2004. Phylogeny and jaw ontogeny of beloniform fishes. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 44:366-377.
  • Lu, J., Unwin, D.M., Jin, X., Liu, Y., and Ji, Q. 2009. Evidence for modular evolution in a long- tailed pterosaur with a pterodactyloid skull. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B, 227:383-389.
  • Lucas, S.G. 1998. Fossil mammals and the Paleocene/ Eocene Series boundary in Europe, p. 451-500, In Aubry, M.P., Lucas, S.G., and Berggren, W.A. (eds.), Late Paleocene-Early Eocene Climatic and Biotic Events in the Marine and Terrestrial Records. Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Luksevics, E., Lebedev, O.A., and Zakharenko, G.V. 2010. Palaeozoogeographical connections of the Devonian communities of the Baltica Province. Part I. Eifelian-Givetian. Palaeoworld, 19:94-107.
  • Lund, R. and Grogan, E.D. 1997. Relationships of the Chimaeriformes and the basal radiation of the Chondrichthyes. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 7:65-123.
  • Lund, R. and Poplin, C. 1999. Fish diversity of the Bear Gulch Limestone, Namurian, Lower Carboniferous of Montana, USA. Geobios, 32:285-295.
  • Lund, R., Poplin, C., and McCarthy, K. 1995. Preliminary analysis of the interrelationships of some Paleozoic Actinopterygii. Geobios, Memoire Speciale, 19:215- 220.
  • Lundberg, J.G. 1993. African-South American freshwater fish clades and continental drift: problems with a paradigm, p. 156-199. In Goldblatt, P. (ed.) Biological Relationships between Africa and South America (ed. by P. Goldblatt). Yale University Press, New Haven.
  • Luo, Z.X. 2007. Transformation and diversification in early mammal evolution. Nature, 450:1011-1019.